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alteration that can be replicated and passed on to subsequent cell generations. Both, when occurring within a gene, may silence expression of the gene. Whereas mutant cell lineages arise as a change in the sequence of standard bases, epigenetically altered cell lineages retain the sequence of
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is an abnormal chemical structure in DNA, such as a strand break or an oxidized base, whereas a mutation, by contrast, is a change in the sequence of standard base pairs. Errors of repair occur when repair processes inaccurately replace a damaged DNA sequence. The DNA repair process
226:. The study of mutants is an integral part of biology; by understanding the effect that a mutation in a gene has, it is possible to establish the normal function of that gene.
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standard bases but have gene sequences with changed levels of expression that can be passed down to subsequent cell generations. Epigenetic alterations include
552:"Microhomology-mediated End Joining and Homologous Recombination share the initial end resection step to repair DNA double-strand breaks in mammalian cells"
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as well as specific chromatin histone modifications. Faulty repair of chromosomes at sites of DNA damage can give rise both to mutant cell lineages and/or
317:; these may also cause mutations, but their effect on development is not related to mutations. Chemicals that induce mutations are called
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306:. In a developmental abnormality, the DNA of the organism is unchanged and the abnormality cannot be passed on to progeny.
166:, an overview (upper row, scale bar corresponds to 1 mm) and a close-up (bottom row, scale bar equals 0.5 mm) is shown. A,
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wild-type moss plant completely covered with leafy gametophores and close-up of wild-type leaf. B–E, Different mutants.
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206:. It is a characteristic that would not be observed naturally in a specimen. The term mutant is also applied to a
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wild-type and transformed plants were grown on minimal Knop medium to induce differentiation and development of
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term, only used for genetically or phenotypically noticeable mutations. Previously, people used the word "
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503:"MMEJ repair of double-strand breaks (director's cut): deleted sequences and alternative endings"
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295:. The word finds its origin in the Latin term mūtant- (stem of mūtāns), which means "to change".
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Truong LN, Li Y, Shi LZ, Hwang PY, He J, Wang H, Razavian N, Berns MW, Wu X (May 2013).
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Waters LS, Minesinger BK, Wiltrout ME, D'Souza S, Woodruff RV, Walker GC (March 2009).
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is an organism or a new genetic character arising or resulting from an instance of
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when it encounters and bypasses a damaged base in the template strand. A
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154:: Deviating phenotypes induced in gene-disruption library transformants.
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alterations, although they share some common features. Both arise as a
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616:, Fourth Edition. Retrieved March 05, 2008, from Dictionary.com
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effect, the common usage of the word "mutant" is generally a
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Chemicals that cause developmental abnormalities are called
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Phenotypically-different organism resulting from a mutation
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The
American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
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Mutants should not be confused with organisms born with
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629:"Epigenome Maintenance in Response to DNA Damage"
310:are the result of developmental abnormalities.
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275:Although not all mutations have a noticeable
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321:. Most mutagens are also considered to be
190:, which is generally an alteration of the
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627:Dabin J, Fortuny A, Polo SE (June 2016).
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250:. Errors of replication often involve
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265:microhomology-mediated end joining
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501:McVey M, Lee SE (November 2008).
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41:needs additional citations for
336:are distinctly different from
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381:Genetically modified organism
267:is particularly error-prone.
645:10.1016/j.molcel.2016.04.006
556:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
300:developmental abnormalities
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238:occurring in pre-existing
210:with an alteration in its
136:is an example of a mutant.
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519:10.1016/j.tig.2008.08.007
455:Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev
242:as a result of errors of
230:Mutants arise by mutation
577:10.1073/pnas.1213431110
437:Drosophila melanogaster
21:Mutant (disambiguation)
359:epigenetically altered
329:Epigenetic alterations
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467:10.1128/MMBR.00034-08
424:10.1186/1471-2229-2-6
252:translesion synthesis
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694:Evolutionary biology
178:, and especially in
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
679:Antennapedia mutant
568:2013PNAS..110.7720T
401:Synthetic viability
396:Synthetic lethality
376:Genetic engineering
212:nucleotide sequence
699:Classical genetics
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48:Please help
43:verification
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391:Mutationism
351:CpG islands
347:methylation
342:chromosomal
323:carcinogens
162:. For each
106:August 2017
688:Categories
407:References
353:of a gene
338:epigenetic
315:teratogens
281:pejorative
277:phenotypic
260:DNA damage
248:DNA repair
218:is in the
200:chromosome
144:Wild-type
76:newspapers
633:Mol. Cell
371:Evolution
334:Mutations
293:wild type
271:Etymology
236:mutations
224:evolution
704:Mutation
663:27259203
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365:See also
355:promoter
319:mutagens
204:organism
188:mutation
180:genetics
65:"Mutant"
654:5476208
587:3651503
564:Bibcode
528:5303623
476:2650891
240:genomes
176:biology
168:Haploid
90:scholar
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208:virus
164:plant
97:JSTOR
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182:, a
150:and
132:The
69:news
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