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810:. Beach comments that the Mutapa was one of only four Shona states that was not entirely "uprooted by new settlements of people" and the only one "close to Portuguese centers" thus providing important data on contact and relationships between this and other Shona states as well as with Europeans. The Mutapa Empire is an example of a working system of government in Africa and of a flourishing civilization, both of which are often assumed to have been absent before the coming of the Europeans.
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692:. When Mukombwe died in 1692, a succession crisis erupted. The Portuguese backed one successor and Dombo another. In support of his candidate, Changamire Dombo razed the Portuguese fair-town of Dembarare next to the Mutapa capital and slaughtered the Portuguese traders and their entire following. From 1692 until 1694, Mwenemutapa Nyakambira ruled Mutapa independently. Nyakambira was later killed in battle with the Portuguese who then placed
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594:, but local disease decimated the force. The Portuguese returned to their base in 1572 and took their frustrations out on the Swahili traders, whom they massacred. They replaced them with Portuguese and their half-African progeny who became prazeiros (estate holders) of the lower Zambezi. Mutapa maintained a position of strength exacting a subsidy from each captain of
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545:, Great Zimbabwe was a medieval capital city built of stones of marvellous size without the use of mortar. And while the site was not within Mutapa's borders, the Mwenemutapa kept noblemen and some of his wives there. By the 17th century, other Europeans would extensively describe Mutapa architecture through paintings.
518:, by 1515. Their main goal was to dominate the trade with India; however, they unwittingly became mere carriers for luxury goods between Mutapa's sub-kingdoms and India.Main commodity brokers included Zharare and mhere mhere As the Portuguese settled along the coast, they made their way into the hinterland as
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managed to make his way into the
Mwenemutapa's court and convert him to Christianity. This did not go well with the Muslim merchants in the capital, and they persuaded the king to kill the Jesuit only a few days after his baptism. This was all the justification the Portuguese needed to penetrate the
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It appears neither the Rozwi nor the
Portuguese could maintain control of the Mutapa state for very long, and it moved back and forth between the two throughout the 17th century. Far from a victim of conquest, the Mutapa rulers actually invited in foreign powers to bolster their rule. This included
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on the throne. Mutapa signed treaties making it a
Portuguese vassal and ceding gold mines, but none of these concessions were ever put into effect. Mutapa remained nominally independent, though practically a client state. All the while, Portugal increased control over much of southeast Africa with
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by building strong, well-trained armies and encouraging states to join voluntarily, offering membership in the Great council of the Empire to any who joined without resistance. Matope's armies overran the kingdom of the
Manyika as well as the coastal kingdoms of Kiteve and Madanda. By the time the
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from 1663 until the
Portuguese return in 1694. Portuguese control of Mutapa was maintained or at least represented by an armed garrison at the capital. In 1712, yet another coveter of the throne invited the Rozwi back to put him on the throne and kick out the Portuguese. This they did, and Mutapa
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In 1695, Changamire Dombo overran the gold-producing
Kingdom of Manyika and took his army east and destroyed the Portuguese fair-town of Masikwesi. This gave him complete control of all gold-producing territory from Butwa to Manyika, supplanting Mutapa as the premier Shona Kingdom in the region.
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Mutapa proved invulnerable to attack and even economic manipulation due to the
Mwenemutapa's strong control over gold production. What posed the greatest threat was infighting among different factions which led to opposing sides calling on the Portuguese for military aid. However, the Portuguese
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who expanded the reach of the kingdom initially to discover new sources of salt in the north. It is believed Prince Mutota found salt in his conquest of the Tavara, a Shona subdivision. Another historical narrative of the empire's origins is that Prince Mutota had broken away from Great
Zimbabwe
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For several centuries, this trading empire enabled people across a large territory to live in peace and security under a stable government and succession of rulers. With primary records dating back to 1502, the empire is a "prime testing ground for theories … concerning economic, political and
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of the hinterland of Sofala in the 16th century, and this contributed to early development of
Mozambique, as the legend was widely used among the less educated populace to recruit colonists. Some documents suggest that most of the early colonists dreamt of finding the legendary city of gold in
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In the 17th century, a low ranking Mutapa prince broke away from the Empire, invading the neighboring
Kingdom of Butua. The leader of this Dynasty became known as Changamire Dombo. A possible reason for the breakaway was Dombo's dissatisfaction with the levels of Portuguese interference in the
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near Barwe was on the rise. All of this was hastened by Portugal retaining a presence on the coast and in the capital. At least one part of the 1629 treaty that was acted on was the provision allowing Portuguese settlement within Mutapa. It also allowed the praezeros to establish fortified
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Portuguese arrived on the coast of Mozambique, the Mutapa Kingdom was the premier state in the region. He raised a strong army which conquered the Dande area of the Tonga and Tavara. The empire had reached its full extent by the year 1480 a mere 50 years following its creation.
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By the late 17th century, Changamire Domborakonachingwango (or Dombo for short. Pronounced as Ɗömbö) was actively challenging Mutapa. In 1684 his forces encountered and decisively defeated those of Mwenemutapa Kamharapasu Mukombwe just south of Mutapa's metro district at the
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The Emperor Mutope had left the empire with a well-organised religion with a powerful shamanism. The religion of the Mutapa kingdom revolved around ritual consultation of spirits and of ancestors. Shrines were maintained within the capital by spirit mediums known as
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The Mwenemutapa died in 1759, sparking yet another civil war for the throne. This one was more destructive than its predecessors and Mutapa never recovered. The "winners" ended up governing an even more reduced land from Chidima. They used the title
534:, António Fernandes, managed to travel through almost all the Shona kingdoms, including Mutapa's metropolitan district, between 1512 and 1516.He mainly travelled with Dhafa Zharare,son of Chipere Zharare who wanted the son to learn how to trade
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The Rozwi quickly lost interest in Mutapa, as they sought to consolidate their position in the south. Mutapa regained its independence around 1720. By this time, the Kingdom of Mutapa had lost nearly all of the Zimbabwe plateau to the
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and quite possibly inspired by it. Early trade in gold came to an end as the mines ran out, and the deterioration of the Mutapa state eliminated the financial and political support for further developing sources of gold.
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made a grant of arms to the Mwenemutapa. These were blazoned: Gules between two arrows Argent an African hoe barwise bladed Or handled Argent – The shield surmounted by a Crown Oriental. This was probably the first
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The empire had another indirect side effect on the history of southern Africa. Gold from the empire inspired in Europeans a belief that Mwenemutapa held the legendary mines of King
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The Portuguese finally entered into direct relations with the Mwenemutapa in the 1560s. They recorded a wealth of information about the Mutapa Kingdom as well as its predecessor,
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revealed four grand gateways which led to several halls and chambers in the Mutapa palace. The ceilings of the rooms in the palace were gilt with golden plates alongside ivory
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meaning conquerer. Over time the monarch's royal title was applied to the kingdom as a whole, and used to denote the kingdom's territory on maps from the period.
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In 1629 the Mwenemutapa attempted to throw out the Portuguese. He failed and in turn he himself was overthrown, leading to the Portuguese installation of
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took power. He sought Portuguese support and invited them back to Mutapa along with their garrison of armed men, but Mutapa remained independent.
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Mutota's son and successor, Nyanhewe Matope, extended this new kingdom into an empire encompassing most of the lands between Tavara and the
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interior and take control of the gold mines and ivory routes. After a lengthy preparation, an expedition of 1,000 men under
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after going to war with Prince Mukwati, (believed to have been either his brother or cousin) over control of the Kingdom.
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The belief that the mines were inside the Mwenemutapa kingdom in southern Africa was one of the factors that led to the
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654:. The baptism of Siti Kazurukamusapa was celebrated by João de Mello on 4 August 1652, the feast day of St Dominic.
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to a native of southern Africa; however it is unlikely that these arms were ever actually used by the Mwenemutapa.
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There are several Mutapa origin stories, the most widely accepted told by oral tradition is of the princes of
1269:
D.N. Beach, Review: The Mutapa State by D.N. Beach. The Journal of African History. 17(2): 311-313.
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the beginnings of a colonial system. The Portuguese were now in control of the trade and the trade routes.
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that took the office. The Mwenemutapa also levied a duty of 50 percent on all trade goods imported.
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traders and even took up service among Shona kings as interpreters and political advisors. One such
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become their vassal, while the outgoing king was forced to retreat to Chidama in what is now
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The Quest for an African Eldorado: Sofala, Southern Zambezia, and the Portuguese, 1500–1865
1114:
The Quest for an African Eldorado: Sofala, Southern Zambezia, and the Portuguese, 1500–1865
823:. The mhondoro also served as oral historians recording the names and deeds of past kings.
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A sixteenth-century Portuguese map of Monomotapa lying in the interior of southern Africa.
541:. According to Swahili traders whose accounts were recorded by the Portuguese historian
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settlements across the kingdom. In 1663, the praezeros were able to depose Mwenemutapa
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1254:(1976). "The Mutapa Dynasty: A Comparison of Documentary and Traditional Evidence".
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southern Africa, a belief mirroring the early South American colonial search for
413:) – was an African kingdom in Zimbabwe, which expanded to what is now modern-day
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Another problem for Mutapa was that its tributaries such as Kiteve, Madanda and
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17:
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The Diamond Mines of South Africa: Some Account of Their Rise and Development
768:, the last king of the dynasty, was killed in battle against the Portuguese.
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Martyrdom by strangulation of Jesuit Father Gonçalo da Silveira in Monomotapa
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The Portuguese dominated much of southeast Africa's coast, laying waste to
480:. The first "Mutapa" was a warrior prince named Nyatsimba Mutota from the
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Cities and economic development: from the dawn of history to the present
131:
Coat of arms granted to the Mwenemutapa in 1569 by the King of Portugal.
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again came under the control of the Rozwi Empire. The new Mwenemutapa
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497:. This empire had achieved uniting a number of different peoples in
70:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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ceased paying tribute. At the same time, a new kingdom under the
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30:"Monomotapa" redirects here. For Zimbabwean football team, see
976:
https://media.tracks4africa.co.za/users/files/w314706_1651.pdf
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by workshop of Tomasz Muszyński, 1683, Dominican Monastery in
590:
was launched in 1568. They managed to get as far as the upper
35:
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which hung on silver chains and filled the halls with light.
614:
proved to be happy with the downfall of the Mutapa state.
59:
3496:
States and territories established in the 15th century
1152:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 596.
639:
Monomotapa as featured in Jeu de la Géographie (1644)
1232:. Jefferson: McFarland & Company, Inc. pp.
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and ruled independently of Portugal until 1917 when
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780:, referred to in the Bible as the biblical port of
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1180:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
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1207:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
3511:States and territories disestablished in 1760
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27:Empire in Southern Africa from 1430 to 1760
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1057:. London: Anness Publishing. p. 228.
581:In 1561, a Portuguese Jesuit missionary,
303:700,000 km (270,000 sq mi)
86:Learn how and when to remove this message
1719:Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations
456:derived from a combination of two words
431:
1283:. Waltham, MA: Crossroads Press, 1981.
941:. Chicago: Third World Press. pp.
874:
872:
859:
713:from 1629 to 1663 and vassalage to the
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252:• Established by Nyatsimba Mutota
1455:Unilateral Declaration of Independence
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3516:15th-century establishments in Africa
937:The Destruction of Black Civilisation
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3297:South African Bantu-speaking peoples
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891:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
747:. Upon his death in 1740, the young
1443:Rhodesia–Nyasaland federation
730:Independence and move from Zimbabwe
144:Monomotapa and surrounding kingdoms
1871:Zimbabwe at the Commonwealth Games
1053:Slater, Stephen (1999). "Africa".
282:• Disintegrated in Civil war
25:
879:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
684:Mwenemutapa Empire's governance.
3501:1760 disestablishments in Africa
3486:Pre-colonial history of Zimbabwe
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2538:
2248:
1548:Cricket crisis (2003–2007)
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353:
328:
124:
40:
2326:People's Republic of Mozambique
2222:People's Republic of Mozambique
1203:Culture and customs of Zimbabwe
1117:. Crossroads Press. p. 16.
696:on the throne as their puppet.
389:– sometimes referred to as the
262:• Portuguese protectorate
2210:Mozambican War of Independence
1655:Capital punishment in Zimbabwe
1470:1975 Victoria Falls Conference
648:Baptism of king Siti of Mutapa
1:
2239:Recent history (1993–present)
1765:Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024)
1448:Malayan Emergency involvement
1055:The Complete Book of Heraldry
933:Williams, Chancellor (1987).
272:• Mutapa dynasty schism
207:
448:is a transliteration of the
3481:Former monarchies of Africa
1760:Dollar (suspended currency)
671:and put their own nominee,
66:the claims made and adding
3542:
3471:Former countries in Africa
1502:2008–2009 cholera outbreak
1199:Owomoyela, Oyekan (2002).
1030:Cambridge University Press
806:religious development" in
454:Mwenemutapa or Munhumutapa
403:Mwene (or Munhu) we Mutapa
29:
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1543:Cricket (1992–2006)
1490:Lancaster House Agreement
1354:under UDI; 1980–present:
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1229:African States and Rulers
1177:Medieval Africa 1250–1800
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290:
246:
234:
200:
137:
121:
116:
843:List of rulers of Mutapa
230:Dehwe Mupunzagutu (last)
220:Nyatsimba Mutota (first)
192:Mwenemutapa/ Munhumutapa
3018:State-owned enterprises
2717:Democratic South Africa
2188:Pre-colonial Mozambique
720:Samatambira Nyamhandu I
108:
2331:Republic of Mozambique
2265:Independence movements
2198:Independence movements
1614:Wards (municipalities)
1475:1976 Geneva Conference
1226:Stewart, John (1989).
789:Portuguese exploration
711:Portuguese East Africa
655:
640:
610:
578:
569:The accidental crusade
522:(backwoodsmen). These
437:
410:
402:
32:Monomotapa United F.C.
3491:History of Mozambique
2637:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2321:Portuguese Mozambique
2193:Portuguese Mozambique
2173:History of Mozambique
1755:Zimbabwean bond notes
1750:Zimbabwean bond coins
1714:2007 political crisis
1111:Elkiss, T.H. (1981).
888:Catholic Encyclopedia
646:
638:
609:
596:Portuguese Mozambique
576:
558:Sebastian of Portugal
435:
363:Portuguese Mozambique
160:Common languages
3272:World Heritage Sites
3048:Water and sanitation
2657:Mthethwa Paramountcy
2227:Mozambican Civil War
1579:Chimanimani District
745:Mwenemutapa Nyatsusu
673:Kamharapasu Mukombwe
624:Mavura Mhande Felipe
602:Decline and collapse
177:traditional religion
1599:Place name renaming
1480:Internal Settlement
1411:Second Matabele War
1020:Gardner F. Williams
848:Nehanda Nyakasikana
838:History of Zimbabwe
808:pre-colonial Africa
669:Siti Kazurukamusapa
583:Gonçalo da Silveira
482:Kingdom of Zimbabwe
336:Kingdom of Zimbabwe
2682:Transvaal Republic
2556:History portal
1780:Telecommunications
1517:2019 fuel protests
1507:2016–2017 protests
1401:First Matabele War
882:"Monomotapa"
690:Battle of Mahungwe
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618:Portuguese control
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506:Portuguese contact
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51:possibly contains
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3053:Wealth inequality
3000:Income inequality
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2922:Political parties
2887:Foreign relations
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2677:Orange Free State
2652:Dutch Cape Colony
2642:Kingdom of Mutapa
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2545:Africa portal
2487:Mozambique Island
2482:Mocímboa da Praia
2316:Angoche Sultanate
2296:Kingdom of Mutapa
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2020:
2019:
1866:Sport in Zimbabwe
1836:Human trafficking
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1687:Political parties
1650:Foreign relations
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1626:
1561:
1560:
1538:Cricket (to 1992)
1485:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1428:Southern Rhodesia
1352:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1336:Southern Rhodesia
1257:History in Africa
1083:Stewart, page 190
991:Missing or empty
749:Dehwe Mapunzagutu
588:Francisco Barreto
464:meaning Man, and
387:Kingdom of Mutapa
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226:• 1740–1759
104:Kingdom of Mutapa
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53:original research
16:(Redirected from
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3179:Social movements
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2985:Economic history
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2575:
2566:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2301:Kingdom of Tembi
2252:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2124:
2117:
1901:
1886:
1809:
1738:
1638:
1584:Cities and towns
1572:
1512:2017 coup d'état
1438:Second World War
1433:colonial history
1369:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1288:
1265:
1247:
1222:
1206:
1195:
1163:
1151:
1128:
1127:Oliver, page 205
1125:
1119:
1118:
1108:
1102:
1101:Oliver, page 209
1099:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1074:Oliver, page 208
1072:
1059:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1016:
1010:
1009:Oliver, page 207
1007:
1001:
1000:
994:
989:
987:
979:
972:
966:
965:Oliver, page 206
963:
957:
956:
940:
930:
921:
920:Oliver, page 204
918:
905:
904:Oliver, page 203
902:
893:
892:
884:
876:
867:
866:Bairoch, page 59
864:
694:Nyamaende Mhande
631:Loss of prestige
526:lived alongside
371:
370:
357:
356:
345:
344:
332:
331:
325:
324:
309:
308:
216:
212:
209:
142:
128:
111:
100:
91:
84:
80:
77:
71:
68:inline citations
44:
43:
36:
21:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3530:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3441:
3434:
3427:
3414:
3283:
3262:Public holidays
3193:
3159:Sexual violence
3139:Life expectancy
3057:
3011:
3005:Mining industry
2943:
2907:Law enforcement
2845:
2811:Mountain ranges
2742:
2721:
2692:Second Boer War
2602:
2593:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2531:
2409:By city or town
2403:
2335:
2284:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2175:
2170:
2140:
2135:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2100:
2053:
2016:
1985:
1952:
1892:
1875:
1861:Public holidays
1794:
1723:
1623:
1557:
1521:
1421:First World War
1416:Second Boer War
1406:Shangani Patrol
1386:Rudd Concession
1358:
1324:
1315:
1276:
1274:Further reading
1250:
1244:
1225:
1219:
1198:
1192:
1172:Atmore, Anthony
1166:
1160:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1062:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1008:
1004:
990:
980:
974:
973:
969:
964:
960:
953:
932:
931:
924:
919:
908:
903:
896:
878:
877:
870:
865:
861:
856:
829:
816:
774:
772:Mutapa as Ophir
762:Mambo a Chidima
757:
732:
706:
704:Shifting rulers
681:
675:on the throne.
633:
620:
604:
571:
508:
499:Southern Africa
491:
474:
368:
354:
329:
283:
273:
263:
256:circa 1450 1430
253:
227:
217:
214:
210:
145:
133:
132:
129:
112:
109:Mwene we Mutapa
105:
92:
81:
75:
72:
57:
45:
41:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3539:
3537:
3529:
3528:
3526:Great Zimbabwe
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3476:Former empires
3473:
3463:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3388:Cape Coloureds
3380:
3379:
3378:
3373:
3363:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3279:
3277:heritage sites
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3164:Slum clearance
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3023:Stock exchange
3020:
3015:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2980:Communications
2977:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2939:State security
2936:
2935:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:National parks
2818:
2816:Municipalities
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2774:Climate change
2766:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2687:First Boer War
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2603:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2413:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2280:Rail transport
2277:
2275:Postal history
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2224:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2118:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1831:Child marriage
1828:
1823:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1793:
1792:
1790:Transportation
1787:
1782:
1777:
1775:Stock exchange
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Prime Minister
1706:
1705:
1704:
1702:Vice-President
1694:
1692:Heads of State
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1594:Great Zimbabwe
1591:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1533:Constitutional
1529:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1396:Pioneer Column
1388:
1383:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1279:Elkiss, T.H.
1275:
1272:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1248:
1242:
1223:
1217:
1196:
1190:
1168:Oliver, Roland
1164:
1158:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1120:
1103:
1094:
1092:Hall, page 133
1085:
1076:
1060:
1045:
1038:
1032:. p. 56.
1011:
1002:
967:
958:
951:
922:
906:
894:
868:
858:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
845:
840:
835:
833:Great Zimbabwe
828:
825:
815:
812:
773:
770:
756:
753:
731:
728:
705:
702:
680:
679:Butwa invasion
677:
632:
629:
619:
616:
603:
600:
570:
567:
556:In 1569, King
543:João de Barros
539:Great Zimbabwe
507:
504:
490:
487:
478:Great Zimbabwe
473:
470:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
365:
359:
358:
351:
342:
339:
338:
333:
321:
320:
315:
305:
304:
301:
297:
296:
292:
291:
288:
287:
284:
281:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
267:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
231:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
205:
202:
201:
198:
197:
194:
188:
187:
184:
180:
179:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
143:
135:
134:
130:
123:
122:
119:
118:
114:
113:
106:
103:
94:
93:
48:
46:
39:
26:
24:
18:Mutapa Kingdom
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3538:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3174:Social issues
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:Land invasion
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2995:Foreign trade
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2940:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2632:Early history
2630:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2557:
2546:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Chicualacuala
2425:
2422:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:Lusaka Accord
2213:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1890:Ethnic groups
1887:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
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1773:
1771:
1770:Zimbabwe Gold
1768:
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1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1342:; 1965–1979:
1341:
1338:; 1953–1963:
1337:
1334:; 1923–1980:
1333:
1327:
1323:
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1307:
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1298:
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1243:0-89950-390-X
1239:
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1218:0-313-31583-3
1214:
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1191:0-521-20413-5
1187:
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1159:0-226-03466-6
1155:
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1143:
1142:Bairoch, Paul
1139:
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1039:9781108026598
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712:
709:vassalage to
703:
701:
697:
695:
691:
685:
678:
676:
674:
670:
665:
664:Rozvi dynasty
661:
653:
649:
645:
637:
630:
628:
625:
617:
615:
608:
601:
599:
597:
593:
589:
584:
575:
568:
566:
564:
563:grant of arms
559:
554:
552:
548:
547:Olfert Dapper
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
505:
503:
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451:
447:
443:
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430:
428:
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420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Mutapa Empire
388:
366:
364:
361:
360:
352:
350:
347:
346:
343:
337:
334:
327:
326:
323:
322:
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136:
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101:
98:
90:
87:
79:
76:December 2019
69:
65:
61:
55:
54:
49:This article
47:
38:
37:
33:
19:
3289:Demographics
3237:Homelessness
3207:Architecture
3038:Trade unions
2897:Human rights
2867:Constitution
2764:Biodiversity
2702:World War II
2672:Zulu Kingdom
2641:
2596:South Africa
2349:Cabo Delgado
2306:Zulu Kingdom
2295:
2081:Coat of arms
1881:Demographics
1856:Prostitution
1821:Architecture
1745:Central bank
1660:Human rights
1391:Company rule
1381:Pre-colonial
1332:Company rule
1280:
1261:
1255:
1252:Beach, D. N.
1228:
1202:
1176:
1147:
1123:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1088:
1079:
1054:
1048:
1024:
1014:
1005:
993:|title=
970:
961:
936:
886:
862:
820:
817:
804:
800:
799:
786:
775:
766:Mambo Chioko
761:
758:
737:Rozwi Empire
733:
715:Rozwi Empire
707:
698:
686:
682:
657:
647:
621:
612:
580:
555:
536:
531:
523:
519:
509:
495:Indian Ocean
492:
475:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:royal title
445:
439:
394:
390:
386:
384:
349:Rozvi Empire
318:Succeeded by
317:
312:
300:16th century
97:
82:
73:
50:
3393:Cape Malays
3114:Immigration
2965:Agriculture
2786:Earthquakes
2667:Cape Colony
2647:Kaditshwene
2374:Maputo City
2341:By province
2311:Gaza Empire
1933:Rusape Jews
1672:Land reform
1665:LGBT rights
1497:Gukurahundi
1330:1890–1923:
551:chandeliers
395:Mwenemutapa
313:Preceded by
215: 1450
211: 1430
3465:Categories
3371:Afrikaners
3359:San people
3242:Literature
3189:Xenophobia
3109:Healthcare
3089:Disability
3012:(currency)
2917:Parliament
2892:Government
2877:Corruption
2712:Border War
1981:Portuguese
1966:Afrikaners
1697:Presidents
1682:Parliament
1373:Chronology
1340:Federation
854:References
724:Mozambique
524:sertanejos
520:sertanejos
446:Monomotapa
442:Portuguese
415:Mozambique
411:Monomotapa
407:Portuguese
213: – c.
183:Government
60:improve it
3383:Coloureds
3129:Languages
3094:Education
3043:Transport
2975:Companies
2927:President
2882:Elections
2831:Provinces
2791:Estuaries
2781:Districts
2752:Geography
2707:Apartheid
2512:Quelimane
2452:Inhambane
2359:Inhambane
2049:Sindebele
2034:Afrikaans
2026:Languages
1997:Coloureds
1645:Elections
1604:Provinces
1589:Districts
1567:Geography
794:El Dorado
532:sertanejo
489:Expansion
170:Religion
154:Zvongombe
117:1430–1760
64:verifying
3445:Category
3354:Khoekhoe
3232:HIV/AIDS
3154:Religion
3119:Intersex
3099:Feminism
3079:Cannabis
3028:Taxation
2932:timeline
2912:Military
2855:Politics
2841:Wildlife
2738:Military
2726:By topic
2662:Ndwandwe
2620:Timeline
2600:articles
2547:•
2466:timeline
2457:Lichinga
2421:timeline
2399:Zambezia
2289:Polities
2180:Timeline
2131:Category
1943:Tokaleya
1895:diaspora
1851:Polygamy
1816:Abortion
1677:Military
1633:Politics
1619:Wildlife
1553:Military
1526:By topic
1465:Bush War
1460:Rhodesia
1356:Zimbabwe
1350:; 1979:
1344:Rhodesia
1322:articles
1318:Zimbabwe
1174:(1975).
1144:(1991).
1022:(2011).
984:cite web
827:See also
821:mhondoro
814:Religion
755:Collapse
743:, under
419:Botswana
186:Monarchy
3429:Outline
3410:Chinese
3405:Indians
3398:Griquas
3376:British
3349:Khoisan
3302:Ndebele
3222:Cuisine
3199:Culture
3169:Smoking
3144:Poverty
3067:Society
3033:Tourism
2970:Banking
2953:Economy
2801:Islands
2796:Forests
2769:Climate
2733:Economy
2608:History
2527:Xai-Xai
2502:Nampula
2432:Chimoio
2379:Nampula
2203:FRELIMO
2115:Outline
2063:Symbols
2039:English
2012:Indians
2001:Goffals
1971:British
1928:Ndebele
1923:Manyika
1804:Culture
1785:Tourism
1733:Economy
1364:History
1264:: 1–17.
1135:Sources
778:Solomon
660:Manyika
592:Zambezi
528:Swahili
472:History
239:History
206:•
150:Capital
58:Please
3450:Portal
3366:Whites
3327:Tswana
3322:Tsonga
3267:Sports
3217:Cinema
3149:Racism
3104:Health
2990:Energy
2872:Courts
2836:Rivers
2598:
2517:Sofala
2497:Nacala
2477:Maxixe
2472:Matola
2462:Maputo
2442:Cuamba
2437:Chinde
2389:Sofala
2384:Niassa
2369:Maputo
2364:Manica
2258:Topics
2232:RENAMO
2096:Flower
2086:Emblem
2076:Anthem
2071:Animal
1990:Others
1976:Greeks
1609:Rivers
1346:under
1320:
1240:
1215:
1188:
1156:
1036:
949:
801:Legacy
652:Lublin
512:Sofala
466:Mutapa
427:Zambia
425:, and
423:Malawi
242:
196:
3521:Ophir
3436:Index
3337:Xhosa
3332:Venda
3317:Swazi
3312:Sotho
3252:Music
3247:Media
3184:Women
3084:Crime
3010:Rand
2806:Lakes
2625:Years
2507:Pemba
2492:Mueda
2447:Gurúè
2417:Beira
2122:Index
2044:Shona
1958:White
1948:Tonga
1938:Shona
1918:Lemba
1913:Kunda
1905:Black
1846:Music
1841:Media
782:Ophir
516:Kilwa
462:Munhu
458:Mwene
450:Shona
444:term
399:Shona
174:Shona
164:Shona
3342:Zulu
3307:Pedi
3226:wine
3134:LGBT
2522:Tete
2394:Tete
2354:Gaza
2270:Jews
2091:Flag
2007:Jews
1238:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1154:ISBN
1034:ISBN
997:help
947:ISBN
741:Tete
514:and
440:The
385:The
295:Area
286:1760
276:1712
266:1629
3212:Art
2902:Law
1826:Art
1348:UDI
1234:395
1209:163
1182:738
943:280
460:or
397:, (
62:by
3467::
1260:.
1236:.
1211:.
1184:.
1170:;
1063:^
1028:.
988::
986:}}
982:{{
945:.
925:^
909:^
897:^
885:.
871:^
784:.
726:.
429:.
421:,
417:,
409::
405:,
401::
393:,
208:c.
3228:)
3224:(
2588:e
2581:t
2574:v
2468:)
2464:(
2423:)
2419:(
2165:e
2158:t
2151:v
2003:)
1999:(
1897:)
1893:(
1310:e
1303:t
1296:v
1266:.
1262:3
1246:.
1221:.
1194:.
1162:.
1042:.
999:)
995:(
978:.
955:.
89:)
83:(
78:)
74:(
56:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
