93:
that the
Musqueam people would flourish at the same times the plant would, and dwindle at the same time the plant would. The cycles of abundance that the plant undergone happened within a short period of time according to the Charles family. It had once grown abundantly throughout the Musqueam territory, but is considered scarce and no longer grows on the Musqueam territory. For this reason, the Musqueam people felt an affinity with the plant. The Halkomelem name for Musqueam, xʷməθkʷəy̓əm, roughly translates to "the place where məθkʷəy̓ grows" or "place of məθkʷəy." The name for this exact location refers to a village where the character of Mink was playing with a log which had become entangled within the plant and the plants had become stuck to the log.
89:
land, it would kill everything in its path. The two-headed serpent would leave behind droppings, from which the məθkʷəy̓ would sprout from. The path that the serpent traversed would eventually become
Musqueam Creek which passed through the Musqueam community, stretching from Camosun Bog to the Fraser River. The Musqueam people considered the plant sacred as it had emerged from the droppings of the serpent, and thus would refuse to harvest or walk over the plant. The plant would inhabit the tidal flats and Fraser River delta.
122:
25:
223:
The suffix -əy̓ denotes ‘plant, tree, wood’ according to
Suttles (2004). For example: sə̀k̓ʷməy̓ "birch tree" is a combination of sák̓ʷm "whole bark" and the suffix -əy̓. The Halkomelem language name for Musqueam, xʷməθkʷəy̓əm, consists of the prefix xʷ- and suffix -əm, which is a typical structure
105:
noted that the "plant for which the village is named has been described variously," and "a plant no longer identifiable." The
Charles family described the plant to Wayne Suttles as "grasslike, with an edible root" and noted that it no longer existed due to the presence of cattle which grazed on the
92:
It was noted that the məθkʷəy̓ plant's population would flunctuate, at times being abundant and at other times being hardly found. The
Musqueam people found that they shared that trait, with the Musqueam community flourishing at times or dwindling due to warfare or plague. A Musqueam story stated
88:
A two-headed serpent, sʔi:ɬqəy̓ transliterated as seelthkey, inhabited a small lake, xʷməm̓qʷe:m (Camosun Bog area), in
Pacific Spirit Nature Park. Elders warned the youth of the community to avoid the bog, fearing they would be taken by the serpent. When it emerged from the bog and traversed the
113:. As a result of the initial translation, the Musqueam people were referred to as the "People of the River Grass." It was later known by Vanessa Campbell and her team that saχʷəl denotes several varieties of plant, rather than referring to grass.
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plant. James Point described the plant as having thorns and small violet flowers, and had been eradicated due to burning and dyking in the area. Arnold Guerin, a native speaker, identified the plant as a "coarse grass."
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oral histories. Anthropologist Wayne
Suttles described it as "a plant no longer identifiable". In the Halkomelem language, it is described as a saχʷəl, a term which broadly means "plant."
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Kinkade (1986) notes his examination of the phrase məθkʷəy̓, and removal of the affix -m and -əy̓, resulting in mə̀θkʷ or mə̀t̓ᶿkʷ, which he identified with the
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In the
Halkomelem language, the məθkʷəy̓ plant was described as a saχʷəl, a term which broadly means "grass" or "plant", that is "unlike any other."
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Vanessa
Campbell, a Musqueam educator, is currently working alongside the University of British Columbia to determine the identity of the plant.
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of uncertain independent meaning. Additional languages that use the aforementioned root include: Chilliwack, Nooksack, Lummi, and
Lushootseed.
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məθkʷəy̓ was originally transcribed into the English language as "grass". Later descriptions of məθkʷəy̓ identified it as another variety of
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76:, transliterated as muthkwey, malkway, mexwthi, or muthkwuy, is a legendary plant of uncertain identity which features in
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Kinkade (1986) noted the linguistic similarities between məθkʷəy̓ and the Proto-Salishan *məcə́kʷ (blackcap,
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619:"Reconciliation as Relationship: Exploring Indigenous Cultures and Perspectives Through Stories"
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969:"Unveiling the River's Secrets: A Musqueam Woman's Journey of Environmental Stewardship"
548:"Re-conceptualization & Repair: Camosun bog and the manipulation of natural systems"
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282:. He notes that the Musqueam do not associate the place name with the blackcaps.
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697:"Reclaiming Spaces Between: Coast Salish Two Spirit Identities and Experiences"
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240:, a publication by the Musqueam First Nation, refers to it explicitly as a "
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The current term for blackcap raspberries in the Halkomelem language is
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language, it was borrowed into the lexicon. Thirteen languages keep the
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727:"Re: Fraser River Tunnel (FRT) Project Participating Indigenous Nation"
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756:"National Native Alcohol & Drug Awareness Program (NNADAP) Worker"
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416:"Reflections on Anthropology at the University of British Columbia"
252:-like plant." Xwei’;ya Deanna Marie Point refers to the plant as "
241:
450:"SOME DOWNRIVER HALKOMELEM NAMES REFERRING TO PLANTS AND ANIMALS"
484:"Indigenous Reconciliation and Connectivity Report 2022 Edition"
993:
989:
275:), citing the expected language shift from the Proto-Salishan
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18:
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International Conference on Salish and Neighbouring Languages
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of məcə́kʷ, while nine languages replaced the term. Note the
236:", stemming from the original English translation. The book
869:"CANADIAN STUDIES CENTER Summer / Fall Quarter Report 2008"
1728:
Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon
366:
Canadian Studies Center Arctic and International Relations
555:
British Columbia Society of Landscape Architects (BCSLA)
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for location names which incorporate plants or animals.
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1898:
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362:"Envisioning shxwqwәltәn – The Sounds of Musqueam"
141:. In consideration of the resulting change due to
876:Henry M. Jackson School of International Studies
360:LeCompte Mastenbrook, Joyce (31 December 2010).
145:and regular changes. This form is noted to have
701:Bachelor of Social Work, University of Victoria
482:Hilton, Carol Anne; van der Woerd, Kim (2022).
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539:
537:
1005:
843:"FIRST NATIONS IN THE REGION FACTS AND STATS"
8:
269:identifies the plant as blackcap raspberry (
420:BC Studies: The British Columbian Quarterly
216:, derived from the reconstructed root word
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927:. University of British Columbia: 60–62.
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1854:South Puget Intertribal Planning Agency
942:"Indigenous Peoples and Reconciliation"
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546:Tattersfield, Kaitlin; Pillai, Manuel.
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662:University of British Columbia Library
1849:Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission
7:
1859:Washington Indian Gaming Association
1738:Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis
617:Motegi, Natsuko (23 October 2019).
389:"A - GBHW - UBC Totem with serpent"
948:. City of Port Moody. 10 July 2023
454:A Halkomelem Ethnobiology Web Site
448:Compton, Brian D.; Gerdts, Donna.
414:Kew, J.E. Michael (14 June 2017).
14:
1828:Swinomish Indian Tribal Community
797:. CopperMoon Communications. 2006
765:. First Nations Housing Authority
736:. Government of British Columbia
588:Wood, Stephanie (17 June 2019).
23:
232:At times it is referred to as "
1842:Organizations and institutions
1818:Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians
1:
1733:Confederated Tribes of Siletz
1563:Sto꞉lo Nation Chiefs Council
1498:Kwaw-kwaw-Apilt First Nation
725:Grant, Wade (28 June 2022).
623:Journal of Childhood Studies
16:Unidentified flowering plant
1763:Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe
1688:Tsleil-Waututh First Nation
1593:Tsleil-waututh First Nation
946:Port Moody City of the Arts
2068:
1793:Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe
1678:Yakweakwioose First Nation
1583:Yakweakwioose First Nation
1538:Shxw'ow'hamel First Nation
878:. University of Washington
791:Musqueam: A Living Culture
428:10.14288/bcs.v0i193.189198
368:. University of Washington
326:Musqueam Reference Grammar
323:Suttles, Wayne P. (2004).
246:Musqueam Reference Grammar
238:Musqueam: A Living Culture
1758:Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe
1753:Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe
916:Kinkade, M. Dale (1986).
695:Sparrow, Corrina (2006).
520:Musqueam A Living Culture
456:. Simon Fraser University
1778:Muckleshoot Indian Tribe
918:"BLACKCAPS AND MUSQUEAM"
816:Point, Susan A. (2012).
631:10.18357/jcs444201919214
244:." Wayne Suttles in the
1915:Sliammon/Mainland Comox
1808:Snoqualmie Indian Tribe
1668:Tsawwassen First Nation
1663:Snuneymuxw First Nation
1608:Kwikwetlem First Nation
1543:Skawahlook First Nation
848:. Metro Vancouver. 2024
38:, as no other articles
1803:Skokomish Indian Tribe
1788:Quinault Indian Nation
1783:Nisqually Indian Tribe
1713:Esquimalt First Nation
1698:Union Bar First Nation
1618:Chemainus First Nation
1613:Semiahmoo First Nation
1578:Tzeachten First Nation
1553:Soowahlie First Nation
1518:Sq'éwlets First Nation
1503:Leq'á:mel First Nation
1478:Chawathil First Nation
656:Brauer, Celia (2017).
522:. Musqueam Indian Band
395:. Trails Society of BC
163:Coeur d'Alene language
137:word for "blackcaps":
130:
1633:Klahoose First Nation
1568:Stó꞉lō Tribal Council
1548:Skowkale First Nation
1488:Kwantlen First Nation
124:
2042:Coast Salish culture
1813:Squaxin Island Tribe
1798:Samish Indian Nation
1743:Cowlitz Indian Tribe
1718:Tsawout First Nation
1683:Tseycum First Nation
1643:Nanoose First Nation
1638:Malahat First Nation
1628:Homalco First Nation
1598:Musqueam Indian Band
1558:Squiala First Nation
1508:Matsqui First Nation
818:"Musqueam Foreshore"
763:Musqueam Indian Band
734:Musqueam Indian Band
2052:Plants in mythology
2032:Mythological plants
1873:Culture and society
1648:Peters First Nation
1623:Halalt First Nation
1603:Katzie First Nation
1523:Seabird Island Band
1493:Katzie First Nation
493:. Telus Corporation
248:describes it as a "
1573:Sumas First Nation
1533:Skway First Nation
1528:Skwah First Nation
1483:Cheam First Nation
670:10.14288/1.0354701
516:"Musqueam's Story"
228:Botanical identity
205:, and "mə́ckʷ" in
155:Tillamook language
131:
57:for suggestions.
47:to this page from
2047:Plants in culture
2019:
2018:
1673:Yale First Nation
594:National Observer
336:978-0-7748-1002-9
272:Rubus leucodermis
185:"mə́cəkʷ" in the
167:Lillooet language
159:Quinault language
127:Rubus leucodermis
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189:, "məcúkʷ" in
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62:September 2024
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200:
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32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2037:Coast Salish
1768:Lummi Nation
1346:Upper Skagit
1341:Lower Skagit
1021:Coast Salish
978:20 September
976:. Retrieved
972:
962:
952:20 September
950:. Retrieved
945:
924:
882:21 September
880:. Retrieved
875:
862:
852:20 September
850:. Retrieved
837:
827:20 September
825:. Retrieved
822:Salish Weave
821:
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801:20 September
799:. Retrieved
790:
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767:. Retrieved
762:
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740:20 September
738:. Retrieved
733:
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705:. Retrieved
700:
675:20 September
673:. Retrieved
661:
636:20 September
634:. Retrieved
622:
599:20 September
597:. Retrieved
593:
560:20 September
558:. Retrieved
554:
526:20 September
524:. Retrieved
519:
497:21 September
495:. Retrieved
490:
460:20 September
458:. Retrieved
453:
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433:21 September
431:. Retrieved
419:
409:
399:21 September
397:. Retrieved
392:
382:
372:21 September
370:. Retrieved
365:
342:20 September
340:. Retrieved
325:
284:
279:
270:
267:Dale Kinkade
264:
257:
256:. [
245:
237:
231:
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217:
213:
211:
143:stress shift
138:
132:
126:
108:
100:
91:
87:
73:
72:
59:
33:
1988:Lushootseed
1773:Makah Tribe
1513:Popkum Band
1466:Governments
1443:(Tillamook)
1356:Muckleshoot
234:river grass
97:Description
2026:Categories
1926:Halkomelem
1426:Sahewamish
1381:Snoqualmie
1261:Skawahlook
1186:Tsawwassen
1181:Snuneymuxw
1101:Humptulips
1051:Stz'uminus
289:References
254:bullrushes
53:; try the
40:link to it
1966:Semiahmoo
1921:Pentlatch
1900:Languages
1885:Mythology
1452:Quamichan
1431:Wynoochee
1411:Swinomish
1406:Suquamish
1391:Nisqually
1386:Skykomish
1376:Snohomish
1361:Sammamish
1351:Skokomish
1316:Penelakut
1311:Quamichan
1286:Tzeachten
1271:Soowahlie
1251:Shilshole
1226:Leq'á:mel
1221:Sts'ailes
1216:Sq'éwlets
1206:Semiahmoo
1116:Kilpahlas
1111:Khenipsen
1081:Esquimalt
1045:Sts'ailes
1035:Chawathil
625:: 82–97.
393:Trails BC
277:root word
175:Kwakʼwala
165:. In the
149:from the
117:Etymology
84:Tradition
43:. Please
2011:Quinault
1994:Southern
1976:T'sou-ke
1971:Songhees
1941:Nooksack
1936:Squamish
1931:shíshálh
1421:Quinault
1396:Puyallup
1336:Nooksack
1321:Lamalcha
1301:Tsartlip
1296:T'souk-e
1266:Skowkale
1201:Squamish
1196:shíshálh
1176:Sliammon
1156:Musqueam
1141:Kwantlen
1131:Koksilah
1121:Klahoose
1076:Duwamish
1061:Comiaken
280:*məcə́kʷ
203:Okanagan
187:Thompson
179:reflexes
147:reflexes
139:*məcə́kʷ
78:Musqueam
74:məθkʷəy̓
2006:Cowlitz
1983:Klallam
1956:Saanich
1441:Nehalem
1416:Tulalip
1326:Saanich
1276:Squiala
1171:Malahat
1161:Nanoose
1151:Matsqui
1126:Klallam
1096:Homalco
1071:Cowlitz
1066:Copalis
1028:Peoples
703:: 50–51
422:: 184.
262:]"
214:cəlqáma
195:Spokane
191:Shuswap
1961:Samish
1457:Somena
1447:Siletz
1436:Satsop
1366:Samish
1306:Somena
1281:Stó꞉lō
1231:Popkum
1166:Nuxalk
1106:Katzie
1086:Halalt
333:
218:*čəlq-
197:, and
36:orphan
34:is an
2001:Twana
1951:Lummi
1908:Comox
1880:Music
1331:Lummi
1246:Skway
1241:Skwah
1211:Sumas
1040:Cheam
921:(PDF)
872:(PDF)
846:(PDF)
795:(PDF)
759:(PDF)
730:(PDF)
551:(PDF)
491:Telus
487:(PDF)
242:grass
1047:(WA)
980:2024
954:2024
884:2024
854:2024
829:2024
803:2024
771:2024
742:2024
709:2024
677:2024
638:2024
601:2024
562:2024
528:2024
499:2024
462:2024
435:2024
401:2024
374:2024
344:2024
331:ISBN
250:rush
161:and
1890:Art
1091:Hoh
666:doi
627:doi
424:doi
265:M.
259:sic
153:to
2028::
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426::
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376:.
346:.
129:)
64:)
60:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
