20:
147:
574:
primarily works by diverting some of the gas ejecta towards the sides, increasing the lateral blast intensity (hence louder and more concussive to the sides) but reducing the thrust from the forward-projection (thus less recoil), with some designs claiming up to 40-60% reduction in perceived recoil.
278:
and thus inaudible to human ears, but it still can be highly energy-intense due to the gases expanding at an extremely high velocity. Residual pressures at the muzzle can be a significant fraction of the peak bore pressure, especially when short barrels are used. This energy can also be regulated
566:
This expression should be substituted into the expression for projectile momentum in order to obtain a more accurate description of the recoil process. The effective velocity may be used in the energy equation as well, but since the value of α used is generally specified for the momentum equation,
567:
the energy values obtained may be less accurate. The value of the constant α is generally taken to lie between 1.25 and 1.75. It is mostly dependent upon the type of propellant used, but may depend slightly on other things such as the ratio of the length of the barrel to its radius.
302:, the energy is sufficiently large to cause significant damage to surrounding structures and vehicles. It is thus important for the gun crew and any nearby friendly troops to stay clear of the potential directions of blast vectors, in order to avoid unnecessary
591:, the gas is made to travel through a convoluted path before eventually released outside at the front of the suppressor, thus dissipating its energy over a larger area and a longer time. This reduces both the intensity of the blast (thus lower
340:. The overall recoil applied to the firearm is thus equal and opposite to the total forward momentum of not only the projectile, but also the ejected gas. Likewise, the recoil energy given to the firearm is affected by the ejected gas. By
249:
help to reduce the muzzle report of firearms by providing a larger area for the propellant gas to expand, decelerate and cool before releasing sound energy into the surrounding. Other muzzle devices such as
623:. Preventive actions may consist of wetting the soil of the surrounding ground, having the muzzle brake vector to blast up and away from the ground, or covering the area around the muzzle with a
530:
348:
will be equal to the original mass of the propellant (assuming complete burning). As a rough approximation, the ejected gas can be considered to have an effective exit velocity of
750:
720:
376:
619:, especially from large-caliber guns when firing low and flat, which can be visible from distance and thus give away the gun's position, increasing the risk of inviting
112:
The muzzle blast is often broken down into two components: an auditory component and a non-auditory component. The auditory component is the loud "Bang!" sound of the
561:
423:
657:. They can provide a fairly precise location of the source of a shot fired outdoors — 99% to within 33 feet (10 m) or better — and provide the data to police
450:
403:
587:
work on a different principle, not by vectoring the gas expansion laterally but instead by modulating the forward speed of the gas expansion. By using internal
787:
762:
254:
can also protect hearing by deflecting the pressure wave forward and away from the shooter and bystanders. Recoil-reducing devices such as
811:
90:
as a neutral element in the overall momentum of the system's physics. However, when the projectile exits the barrel, this functional
325:
259:
721:
Blast
Overpressure Studies. Nonauditory Damage Risk Assessment for Simulated Muzzle Blast from a l2Omm Ml2l Mortar System.
458:
35:
852:
219:
117:
735:
642:
182:, may have two sources: the muzzle blast itself, which manifests as a loud and brief "pop" or "bang", and any
106:
604:
332:
effect that exerts force back upon the barrel, resulting in an additional rearward momentum on top of the
641:
the location where the shots were fired. These are commercially available, and have been installed by
570:
Muzzle devices can reduce the recoil impulse by altering the pattern of gas expansion. For instance,
847:
791:
766:
620:
341:
292:
155:
31:
230:, that danger can extend outwards a significant distance from the muzzle, which mandates wearing of
337:
235:
199:
198:
that persists a bit longer. The muzzle blast is by far the main component of a gunfire, due to the
120:
to surrounding personnel and also give away the gun's position. The non-auditory component is the
79:
351:
680:
576:
333:
298:
The force of the muzzle blast can cause shock damage to nearby items around the muzzle, and with
231:
215:
596:
321:
303:
258:
however worsen potential hearing damage, as these modulate the muzzle blast by increasing the
168:
95:
91:
51:
538:
408:
124:
75:
23:
428:
381:
206:
released and the proximity to the shooter and bystanders. Muzzle blasts can easily exceed
739:
630:
288:
685:
329:
284:
207:
841:
690:
646:
251:
223:
87:
675:
654:
588:
571:
280:
271:
255:
203:
195:
135:
131:
824:
638:
580:
27:
19:
130:
In addition to the blast itself, some of the gases' energy is also released as
670:
658:
650:
634:
616:
584:
275:
246:
191:
183:
121:
99:
83:
67:
63:
751:
Prediction of
Standoff Distances to Prevent Loss of Hearing from Muzzle Blast
94:
is removed and the highly energetic bore gases are suddenly free to exit the
624:
563:
is the mass of the propellant charge, equal to the mass of the ejected gas.
299:
242:
227:
187:
102:
47:
222:
even with brief and infrequent exposure. With large guns with much higher
105:(which can often be fast enough to momentarily overtake the projectile and
592:
71:
59:
732:
211:
179:
113:
55:
709:
146:
345:
315:
151:
600:
171:
145:
38:
and the pressure effect on the water surface surrounding the ship.
18:
86:
combustion behind it, essentially containing the gases within a
710:
Muzzle Blast Sound
Intensity, Firearm Sound Pressure Level
150:
Soldiers covering their ears while firing a 120 mm
825:"Random Gunfire Problems and Gunshot Detection Systems"
579:
divert the gas ejecta mostly upwards to counteract the
283:
to reduce the recoil of the firearm, or harnessed by a
541:
461:
431:
411:
384:
354:
525:{\displaystyle p_{e}=m_{p}V_{0}+m_{g}\alpha V_{0}\,}
116:, and is important because it can cause significant
127:, and can cause concussive damage to nearby items.
627:to shroud down as much airborne dust as possible.
555:
524:
444:
417:
397:
370:
34:, 1 July 1984, showing the muzzle blast from its
452:of the propellant and projectile will then be:
425:is approximately constant. The total momentum
405:is the muzzle velocity of the projectile and
8:
830:. U.S. Department of Justice. December 1999.
595:) and the recoil generated (as for the same
552:
546:
540:
521:
515:
502:
489:
479:
466:
460:
436:
430:
410:
389:
383:
362:
353:
174:of a gun discharging, also known as the
702:
274:wave from a firearm's muzzle blast are
78:and "plugs up" the pressurized gaseous
16:Explosive shockwave from firearm muzzle
812:Muzzle Blast Damage to Combat Vehicles
615:Muzzle blasts can stir up significant
194:projectile, which manifest as a sharp
336:momentum generated by the projectile
7:
320:Typically the majority of the blast
98:and rapidly expand in the form of a
763:"Definition for "sound suppressor""
328:to a forward direction, creating a
234:for all personnel in proximity for
109:), thus creating the muzzle blast.
14:
287:to provide energy to cycle the
788:"Definition for "compensator""
30:during a target exercise near
1:
661:within seconds of a firing.
371:{\displaystyle \alpha V_{0}}
790:. MidwayUSA. Archived from
765:. MidwayUSA. Archived from
32:Vieques Island, Puerto Rico
869:
313:
220:sensorineural hearing loss
107:affect its flight dynamics
633:detect muzzle blast with
36:16 inch main battery
643:law enforcement agencies
556:{\displaystyle m_{g}\,}
418:{\displaystyle \alpha }
338:before it exits the gun
262:nearer to the shooter.
26:fires a full broadside
733:Hearing protection FAQ
605:inversely proportional
557:
526:
446:
419:
399:
372:
344:, the mass of the gas
159:
39:
558:
527:
447:
445:{\displaystyle p_{e}}
420:
400:
398:{\displaystyle V_{0}}
373:
293:self-loading firearms
149:
22:
539:
459:
429:
409:
382:
352:
342:conservation of mass
218:and cause permanent
853:Firearm terminology
577:recoil compensators
236:occupational health
232:hearing protections
738:2007-06-28 at the
681:Recoil compensator
553:
522:
442:
415:
395:
368:
304:collateral damages
160:
40:
860:
832:
831:
829:
821:
815:
809:
803:
802:
800:
799:
784:
778:
777:
775:
774:
759:
753:
748:
742:
730:
724:
718:
712:
707:
631:Gunfire locators
562:
560:
559:
554:
551:
550:
531:
529:
528:
523:
520:
519:
507:
506:
494:
493:
484:
483:
471:
470:
451:
449:
448:
443:
441:
440:
424:
422:
421:
416:
404:
402:
401:
396:
394:
393:
377:
375:
374:
369:
367:
366:
266:Compression wave
216:rupture eardrums
125:compression wave
46:is an explosive
24:USS Iowa (BB-61)
868:
867:
863:
862:
861:
859:
858:
857:
838:
837:
836:
835:
827:
823:
822:
818:
810:
806:
797:
795:
786:
785:
781:
772:
770:
761:
760:
756:
749:
745:
740:Wayback Machine
731:
727:
719:
715:
708:
704:
699:
667:
613:
542:
537:
536:
511:
498:
485:
475:
462:
457:
456:
432:
427:
426:
407:
406:
385:
380:
379:
358:
350:
349:
318:
312:
268:
260:lateral vectors
226:, for instance
196:whip-like crack
165:
144:
50:created at the
17:
12:
11:
5:
866:
864:
856:
855:
850:
840:
839:
834:
833:
816:
804:
779:
754:
743:
725:
713:
701:
700:
698:
695:
694:
693:
688:
686:Muzzle booster
683:
678:
673:
666:
663:
647:remote sensors
612:
609:
549:
545:
533:
532:
518:
514:
510:
505:
501:
497:
492:
488:
482:
478:
474:
469:
465:
439:
435:
414:
392:
388:
365:
361:
357:
330:jet propulsion
314:Main article:
311:
308:
285:muzzle booster
267:
264:
210:levels of 140
208:sound pressure
186:produced by a
164:
161:
154:mortar from a
143:
140:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
865:
854:
851:
849:
846:
845:
843:
826:
820:
817:
813:
808:
805:
794:on 2011-07-14
793:
789:
783:
780:
769:on 2011-07-14
768:
764:
758:
755:
752:
747:
744:
741:
737:
734:
729:
726:
722:
717:
714:
711:
706:
703:
696:
692:
691:Muzzle shroud
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
664:
662:
660:
656:
655:urban centers
652:
649:in many high-
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
626:
622:
618:
610:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
573:
572:muzzle brakes
568:
564:
547:
543:
516:
512:
508:
503:
499:
495:
490:
486:
480:
476:
472:
467:
463:
455:
454:
453:
437:
433:
412:
390:
386:
363:
359:
355:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
277:
273:
265:
263:
261:
257:
256:muzzle brakes
253:
252:blast shields
248:
244:
239:
237:
233:
229:
225:
224:muzzle energy
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
176:muzzle report
173:
170:
162:
157:
156:M1129 carrier
153:
148:
141:
139:
137:
134:, known as a
133:
128:
126:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
88:closed system
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
819:
807:
796:. Retrieved
792:the original
782:
771:. Retrieved
767:the original
757:
746:
728:
716:
705:
676:Muzzle brake
629:
621:counter-fire
614:
583:. However,
569:
565:
534:
319:
297:
281:muzzle brake
272:overpressure
269:
240:
214:, which can
204:sound energy
175:
166:
136:muzzle flash
132:light energy
129:
118:hearing loss
111:
62:. Before a
44:muzzle blast
43:
41:
848:Shock waves
659:dispatchers
639:triangulate
635:microphones
617:dust clouds
585:suppressors
581:muzzle rise
575:Similarly,
247:suppressors
66:leaves the
842:Categories
814:(abstract)
798:2020-12-31
773:2020-12-31
723:(abstract)
697:References
671:Suppressor
651:crime rate
607:to time).
334:reactional
276:infrasonic
243:small arms
238:purposes.
192:supersonic
184:sonic boom
142:Components
122:infrasonic
100:supersonic
84:propellant
68:gun barrel
64:projectile
653:areas of
625:tarpaulin
611:Detection
509:α
413:α
356:α
300:artillery
228:artillery
200:intensity
188:transonic
163:Gun sound
103:shockwave
72:obturates
48:shockwave
736:Archived
665:See also
593:loudness
326:vectored
212:decibels
80:products
60:shooting
597:impulse
589:baffles
535:where:
346:ejectae
322:impulse
180:gunfire
169:audible
114:gunshot
82:of the
58:during
56:firearm
378:where
316:Recoil
310:Recoil
289:action
152:Cardom
96:muzzle
52:muzzle
28:volley
828:(PDF)
601:force
279:by a
172:sound
70:, it
54:of a
637:and
270:The
241:For
167:The
92:seal
76:bore
74:the
645:as
603:is
324:is
291:of
202:of
190:or
178:or
844::
599:,
306:.
295:.
245:,
138:.
42:A
801:.
776:.
548:g
544:m
517:0
513:V
504:g
500:m
496:+
491:0
487:V
481:p
477:m
473:=
468:e
464:p
438:e
434:p
391:0
387:V
364:0
360:V
158:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
