20:
253:, though others were found in other United States locations, India, and Japan. No distinct differences were found in the genomes of mycobacteriophage species from different global origins. Mycobacteriophage genomes have been found to contain a subset of genes undergoing more rapid genetic flux than other elements of the genomes. These "rapid flux" genes are exchanged between mycobacteriophage more often and are 50 percent shorter in sequence than the average mycobacteriophage gene.
146:
221:(Figure 1). However, mutants can be readily isolated from some phages that expand their host range to infect these other strains. However, the molecular basis of host range depends on the behavior and presence of specific genes. This raises the probability of a correlation between gene phamilies and the preferred host.
248:
A selection of 60 mycobacteriophages were isolated and had their genomes sequenced in 2009. These genome sequences were grouped into clusters by several methods in an effort to determine similarities between the phages and to explore their genetic diversity. More than half of the phage species were
224:
The realms of mycobacteriophage infection are not understood in its entirety because it involves various mechanisms including receptor availability, restriction-modification, abortive infection, and more. These mechanisms can be mediated through several processes like
Clustered Regulatory Interspaced
329:
became negative after approximately 100 days of combined phage and antibiotic treatment, and a variety of biomarkers confirmed the therapeutic response. The individual received a bilateral lung transplant after 379 days of treatment, and cultures from the explanted lung tissue confirmed eradication
126:
profiles does not appear to be detrimental. Because new mycobacteriophages lacking extensive DNA similarity with the extant collection are still being discovered, and as there are at least seven singletons for which no relatives have been isolated, we clearly have yet to saturate the diversity of
149:
Figure 1. Diversity of mycobacteriophages. Sequenced genomes for 471 mycobacteriophages were compared according to their shared gene contents and overall nucleotide sequence similarity. Colored circles encompass
Clusters A–T as indicated, and grey circles represent singleton genomes that have no
312:
infection that occurred following lung transplant. The patient had clear benefit from treatment, and the phage treatment combined with antibiotics was extended for several years. In 2022 it was reported that two mycobacteriophages were administered intravenously twice daily to a young man with
110:
patients, although these have yet to be sequenced. About 30 distinct types (called clusters, or singletons if they have no relatives) that share little nucleotide sequence similarity have been identified. Many of the clusters span sufficient diversity that the genomes warrant division into
138:, i.e. phage protein families) according to their shared amino acid sequences. Most of these phamilies (~75%) do not have homologues outside of the mycobacteriophages and are of unknown function. Genetic studies with mycobacteriophage Giles show that 45% of the genes are nonessential for
261:
Historically, mycobacteriophage have been used to "type" (i.e. "diagnose") mycobacteria, as each phage infects only one or a few bacterial strains. In the 1980s phages were discovered as tools to genetically manipulate their hosts. For instance, phage TM4 was used to construct shuttle
150:
close relatives. A1, A2, A3... indicate subclusters. Micrographs show the morphotypes of the myoviral
Cluster C phages and the siphoviruses (all others) that primarily differ in tail length (scale bars: 100 nm). With the exception of DS6A (a singleton), all phages infect
241:, both between phages and between phages and their mycobacterial hosts. Comparisons of these sequences have helped to explain how frequently genetic exchanges of this type may occur in nature, as well as how phages may contribute to bacterial
884:
Jacobs-Sera D, Marinelli LJ, Bowman C, Broussard GW, Guerrero
Bustamante C, Boyle MM, et al. (Science Education Alliance Phage Hunters Advancing Genomics And Evolutionary Science Sea-Phages Program) (December 2012).
55:, more than 4,200 mycobacteriophage have since been isolated from various environmental and clinical sources. 2,042 have been completely sequenced. Mycobacteriophages have served as examples of viral
162:
As of May 2023, the PhagesDB website lists 12579 reported mycobacteriophages, 2257 of which having been sequenced. Around one-third of the sequenced phages fall into cluster "A", which contains L5.
1104:
Jacobs WR Jr. 2000. Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a once genetically intractable organism. In
Molecular Genetics of the Mycobacteria, ed. GF Hatfull, WR Jacobs Jr, pp. 1–16. Washington, DC: ASM Press
233:
The first sequenced mycobacteriophage genome was that of mycobacteriophage L5 in 1993. In the following years hundreds of additional genomes have been sequenced. Mycobacteriophages have highly
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Phages with mycobacterial hosts may be especially useful for understanding and fighting mycobacterial infections in humans. A system has been developed to use mycobacteriophage carrying a
677:
859:
106:
mc2155, over 1400 of which have been completely sequenced. These are mostly from environmental samples, but mycobacteriophages have also been isolated from stool samples of
225:
Short
Palindromic Repeats (CRISPRs) and the translational apparatus being modified. Phages overcome these constraints by evolving, spontaneous mutation, and diversifying.
841:
1214:
Danelishvili L, Young LS, Bermudez LE (2006). "In vivo efficacy of phage therapy for
Mycobacterium avium infection as delivered by a nonvirulent mycobacterium".
934:
Hatfull GF, Sarkis GJ (February 1993). "DNA sequence, structure and gene expression of mycobacteriophage L5: a phage system for mycobacterial genetics".
170:
In line with the clustering results by phageDB, mycobacteriophages are split into many places on the ICTV's virus taxonomy tree. Some examples are:
1167:"Generation of a novel nucleic acid-based reporter system to detect phenotypic susceptibility to antibiotics in Mycobacterium tuberculosis"
86:
in 1947 was the first documented example of a mycobacteriophage. It was found in cultures of the bacteria originally growing in moist
298:
In 2019 it was reported that three mycobacteriophages were administered intravenously twice daily to a 15 year-old girl with
378:
Mankiewicz E (September 1961). "Mycobacteriophages isolated from persons with tuberculous and non-tuberculous conditions".
642:
Cater JC, Redmond WB (May 1963). "Mycobacterial phages isolated from stool specimens of patients with pulmonary disease".
1418:
47:
1031:"Comparative genomic analysis of 60 Mycobacteriophage genomes: genome clustering, gene acquisition, and gene size"
1294:"Engineered bacteriophages for treatment of a patient with a disseminated drug-resistant Mycobacterium abscessus"
304:
1114:
Jacobs WR, Tuckman M, Bloom BR (1987). "Introduction of foreign DNA into mycobacteria using a shuttle phasmid".
751:"Functional requirements for bacteriophage growth: gene essentiality and expression in mycobacteriophage Giles"
250:
238:
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infect other strains and only phages in
Cluster K and in certain subclusters of Cluster A efficiently infect
41:
19:
182:
671:
1343:"Host and pathogen response to bacteriophage engineered against Mycobacterium abscessus lung infection"
122:
is 67.3%). Thus, phage GC% does not necessarily match that of its host, and the consequent mismatch of
1292:
Dedrick RM, Guerrero-Bustamante CA, Garlena RA, Russell DA, Ford K, Harris K, et al. (May 2019).
823:
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Pope WH, Jacobs-Sera D, Russell DA, Peebles CL, Al-Atrache Z, Alcoser TA, et al. (January 2011).
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for antibiotic resistance. In the future, mycobacteriophage could be used to treat infections by
493:"Expanding the diversity of mycobacteriophages: insights into genome architecture and evolution"
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Pedulla ML, Ford ME, Houtz JM, Karthikeyan T, Wadsworth C, Lewis JA, et al. (April 2003).
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Hatfull GF, Jacobs-Sera D, Lawrence JG, Pope WH, Russell DA, Ko CC, et al. (March 2010).
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595:"Bacteriophage active against virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis. I. Isolation and activity"
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and of the divergent morphology and genetic arrangement characteristic of many phage types.
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McNerney R, Traoré H (2005). "Mycobacteriophage and their application to disease control".
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Nick JA, Dedrick RM, Gray AL, Vladar EK, Smith BE, Freeman KG, et al. (May 2022).
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Jones WD (1975). "Phage typing report of 125 strains of "Mycobacterium tuberculosis"".
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Gardner GM, Weiser RS (October 1947). "A bacteriophage for
Mycobacterium smegmatis".
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Dedrick RM, Marinelli LJ, Newton GL, Pogliano K, Pogliano J, Hatfull GF (May 2013).
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as host bacterial species. While originally isolated from the bacterial species
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Thousands of mycobacteriophage have been isolated using a single host strain,
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genomes and have been classified by their structure and appearance into
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Hatfull GF (13 October 2010). "Mycobacteriophages: genes and genomes".
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and as phages in mycobacteria. Shuttle phasmids can be manipulated in
154:
mc2155. Cluster K phages and a subset of
Cluster A phages also infect
1135:
267:
348:
887:"On the nature of mycobacteriophage diversity and host preference"
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and used to efficiently introduce foreign DNA into mycobacteria.
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Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine
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Host range analysis shows that not all mycobacteriophages from
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Mycobacteriophage ZoeJ Structural Model at Atomic Resolution
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genomes. Their genome sequences show evidence of extensive
23:
Mycobacteriophage ZoeJ Structural Model at Atomic Resolution
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American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
1080:
Annali Sclavo; Rivista di Microbiologia e di Immunologia
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434:
979:"Origins of highly mosaic mycobacteriophage genomes"
1165:Mulvey MC, Sacksteder KA, Einck L, Nacy CA (2012).
118:(GC%), from 50.3% to 70%, with an average of 64% (
676:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
700:"Mycobacteriophages: windows into tuberculosis"
134:can be sorted into >3,900 groups (so-called
62:All mycobacteriophages found thus far have had
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174:Phage L5 and its relatives are classified as
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114:There is also considerable range in overall
824:"Taxonomy browser (Mycobacterium phage L5)"
593:Froman S, Will DW, Bogen E (October 1954).
644:The American Review of Respiratory Disease
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321: pulmonary infection and severe
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842:"Taxonomy browser (Timquatrovirus)"
470:10.1146/annurev.micro.112408.134233
948:10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01131.x
347:Padilla-Sanchez V (24 July 2021),
325:lung disease. Airway cultures for
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860:"Taxonomy browser (Corndogvirus)"
198:Phage "Corndog" is classified as
1263:10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02596.x
803:The Actinobacteriophage Database
82:A bacteriophage found to infect
1251:Journal of Applied Microbiology
799:"By host genera: Mycobacterium"
189:ZoeJ and TM4 are classified as
658:(inactive 12 September 2024).
116:guanine plus cytosine content
1:
996:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00233-2
458:Annual Review of Microbiology
130:The collection of >50,000
1035:Journal of Molecular Biology
717:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003953
518:10.1371/journal.pone.0016329
435:"Mycobacteriophage Database"
249:originally found in or near
127:this particular population.
16:Virus infecting mycobacteria
903:10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.026
239:horizontal genetic transfer
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1402:Mycobacteriophage Database
1359:10.1016/j.cell.2022.04.024
656:10.1164/arrd.1963.87.5.726
48:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
31:is a member of a group of
1310:10.1038/s41591-019-0437-z
1216:Microbial Drug Resistance
1047:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.01.011
698:Hatfull GF (March 2014).
564:10.3181/00379727-66-16037
51:, the causative agent of
266:that replicate as large
251:Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
111:subclusters (Figure 1).
94:was discovered in 1954.
611:10.2105/AJPH.44.10.1326
104:Mycobacterium smegmatis
84:Mycobacterium smegmatis
42:Mycobacterium smegmatis
936:Molecular Microbiology
755:Molecular Microbiology
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183:Mycobacterium virus L5
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313:treatment-refractory
287:to screen strains of
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864:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
846:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
828:www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
1128:1987Natur.327..532J
509:2011PLoSO...616329P
392:1961Natur.191.1416M
386:(4796): 1416–1417.
229:Genome architecture
158:. From Hatfull 2014
64:double-stranded DNA
1419:Mycobacteriophages
195:(named after TM4).
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767:10.1111/mmi.12210
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327:M. abscessus
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315:M. abscessus
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257:Applications
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201:Corndogvirus
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120:M. smegmatis
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53:tuberculosis
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37:mycobacteria
28:
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650:: 726–729.
441:4 September
310:massiliense
177:Fromanvirus
124:codon usage
1222:(1): 1–6.
334:References
209:Host range
72:myoviridae
1385:248755782
319:abscessus
136:phamilies
98:Diversity
78:Discovery
1413:Category
1377:35568033
1328:31068712
1279:43134099
1271:16033452
1236:16584300
1201:22415006
1065:20064525
1013:14055875
1005:12705866
964:10188307
921:23084079
891:Virology
785:23560716
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1267:PMID
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1197:PMID
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