935:
affecting an immunosuppressed host. In these cases, pathogen-mediated damage is dependent upon the host; disease could only occur if the host has either a hyperactive or weakened immune system. Commensal relationships between human host and pathogen are possible when the fungi are present in a host for long periods of time without causing disease. One example of a fungus that forms a commensal relationship in a human host is
Cryptococcus. Candida albicans can also form a long-time commensal relationship with its host.
817:
587:
883:, nicknamed the “zombie-ant” fungus. The fungus infects ants and alters their natural behavioral patterns causing the ant to leave their usual environment in the trees in favor of the forest floor – a more suitable environment for fungal growth. The insects will then attach themselves to the underside of a leaf until it dies. Fungal spores then sprout out of the dead ant's head and are dispersed.
36:
710:. Research on microbial populations in animal models has resulted in noticeable fluctuations in microbe populations. Antibiotic treatment has mostly shown increases in parasitic fungal presence, suggesting competitive behaviors between microbes against fungi. Additionally, application of antifungal molecules have resulted in
757:. Fungi can be vertically transmitted to progeny plants, or horizontally through fungal diffusion in the soil. Regardless of transmission, the most common cases of fungal plant symbiosis happens when fungal communities colonize plant root structure. There are some cases of symbiosis that Begin before maturity such as the
741:. The primary symbiosis involves fungi gaining energy from their photosynthesizing symbiotic microbe, and in return, provides a structural scaffold from the hyphae. These interactions are classically seen as mutualistic, but have been questioned if fungi might also be capable of playing a controlled parasitic role.
2601:
Narunsky-Haziza, Lian; Sepich-Poore, Gregory D.; Livyatan, Ilana; Asraf, Omer; Martino, Cameron; Nejman, Deborah; Gavert, Nancy; Stajich, Jason E.; Amit, Guy; González, Antonio; Wandro, Stephen; Perry, Gili; Ariel, Ruthie; Meltser, Arnon; Shaffer, Justin P.; Zhu, Qiyun; Balint-Lahat, Nora; Barshack,
778:
DNA sequencing and fossil records have derived evidence that this mutualistic relationship between fungi and plants is extremely ancient. It is even suggested that different subspecies of fungi have played major roles in shaping the plants immune system in the early evolutionary moments of plants
902:
The mycobiome is relevant to human physiology as fungi may be important in maintaining microbial community structure, metabolic function, and immune-priming. Mutualism between humans and fungi is not yet well understood, and there is much to be learned about how fungi interact with the nonfungal
934:
Fungal interactions in the human host can be opportunistic, mutualistic, parasitic, commensalistic, and amensalistic. Though there is a small amount of fungi considered to be true pathogens due to causing disease in healthy individuals, the majority of fungi are considered opportunistic, only
898:
There is a low abundance of fungi associated with most human body sites, such as the gastrointestinal tract, where fungi typically compose just 0.001 - 0.1% of the microbial community. However, fungi compose a significant fraction of the microbiome at some locations, such as the ear canal.
807:
and metabolize a wide variety of organic antifungal chemicals. This exchange of evolutionary pressures has given a variety of plant species better immune systems, while simultaneously giving mutualist fungal communities new sources of plant energy at the genomic level.
695:, where fungal populations make up less than 1% of the entire gut biome. Due to the coexistence of fungal populations with other microbes in most cases of host-symbiont associations, it's important to assess common dynamics that may occur.
946:
About 20 genera of fungi have been observed in the vaginal niche. Most fungi that colonize the vagina show a commensalistic relationship with the host, but factors like antibiotic uses and pregnancy could influence the vaginal mycobiome.
769:
fungi supply the plant essential inorganic nutrients (in the form of minerals) for 80% of terrestrial plant species. In return the plant will provide fungi with plant assimilated carbon that can easily be metabolized and used for energy.
2091:
Mongkolsamrit S, Kobmoo N, Tasanathai K, Khonsanit A, Noisripoom W, Srikitikulchai P, et al. (November 2012). "Life cycle, host range and temporal variation of
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis/Hirsutella formicarum on Formicine ants".
942:
In the human GI tract, there are about 50 observed genera of fungi. Some are acquired through what the host eats; as such showing that the stability of the fungal population is dependent on the diet of the host and host immune status.
938:
Some fungi are niche specific symbionts in the human host. Some fungi can be introduced to the host from the environment by skin contact, oral or respiratory routes, while others are acquired vertically through birth.
646:
The word “mycobiome” comes from the ancient Greek μύκης (mukÄ“s), meaning "fungus" with the suffix “biome” derived from the Greek βίος (bĂos), meaning “life.” The term was first coined in the 2009 paper by
Gillevet et al.
922:
have been associated with changes in the human mycobiome, and it has been proposed that any fungal colonization of the GI tract is a sign of disease. Moreover, detecting tumor-associated mycobiomes may be a novel way of
666:
relationships with fungi that accelerate nutrient uptake among their root structures. The most common phyla present in the fungal communities that live alongside animals and in aquatic environments are
718:. Despite limited knowledge on the gut mycobiome, this research suggests that interactions between fungal and bacterial microbes in the mammalian gut are largely competitive.
1920:
Blackwell M (June 2017). "Chapter 46: Made for Each Other: Ascomycete Yeasts and
Insects". In Heitman J, Howlett BJ, Crous PW, Stukenbrock EH, James TY, Gow NA (eds.).
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Iris; Dadiani, Maya; Gal-Yam, Einav N.; Patel, Sandip Pravin; Bashan, Amir; Swafford, Austin D.; Pilpel, Yitzhak; Knight, Rob; Straussman, Ravid (29 September 2022).
864:
Insect pathogenic fungi slowly kill their hosts while replicating rapidly inside the infected insect. They typically attach to the external surface of the insect as
1158:
872:, and colonizing the internal cavity. The insect is typically killed and new spores are dispersed from the reproductive structures in the body of the insect.
1605:"Transgenerational role of seed mycobiome - an endosymbiotic fungal composition as a prerequisite to stress resilience and adaptive phenotypes in Triticum"
687:
Fungal microbes are amongst a wide variety of other microbes involved in a symbiotic relationship involving multicellular organisms. In mammals, the
824:
fungus clinging to underside of leaf with fungus sprouting from its head. Bottom: Detail of
Ophiocordyceps unilateralis sprouting from ants head.
836:
The commensal relationships typically benefit the insect by allowing them to digest tough materials such as wood. For example, wood-ingesting
2047:
1937:
1134:
618:
218:
2030:
Lovett B, St Leger RJ (March 2017). "The Insect
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Dohlman, Anders B.; Klug, Jared; Mesko, Marissa; Gao, Iris H.; Lipkin, Steven M.; Shen, Xiling; Iliev, Iliyan D. (29 September 2022).
319:
803:
response, arbuscular fungal communities breed quickly and evolutionarily selected for the development of specific gene clusters to
2774:
828:
Interactions between fungi and insects are incredibly common and most of these relationships are either commensal or pathogenic.
223:
404:
1044:
2519:
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or cooperative. This can be seen with multiple fungal microbes as well by observing populations through the treatment of
503:
880:
821:
157:
1374:"Changes in the composition of intestinal fungi and their role in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis"
1016:
919:
130:
714:
in mice, suggesting that commensal fungi are responsible for balancing bacterial populations that are involved in
2129:"Microbial control—the emergence of an idea. A brief history of insect pathology through the nineteenth century"
1983:"Variability in the production of extracellular enzymes by entomopathogenic fungi grown on different substrates"
1092:"Analyzing salt-marsh fungal diversity: comparing ARISA fingerprinting with clone sequencing and pyrosequencing"
1021:
611:
570:
565:
273:
2779:
1820:
Pozo, Maria J.; Zabalgogeazcoa, Iñigo; Vazquez De Aldana, Beatriz R.; Martinez-Medina, Ainhoa (2021-04-01).
1323:"The effect of antibacterial and non-antibacterial compounds alone or associated with antifugals upon fungi"
876:
1662:"Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Plant Growth Regulation: Implications in Abiotic Stress Tolerance"
2410:
Mar RodrĂguez M, PĂ©rez D, Javier Chaves F, Esteve E, Marin-Garcia P, Xifra G, et al. (October 2015).
498:
1429:
886:
One of the first descriptions of insect pathogenic fungi was published in 1835 during an infestation of
753:
relationships with fungal communities that are found in a microbe abundant layer of the soil called the
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309:
152:
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organisms that aid in digestion and nutrient absorption. Without the help of the yeasts to break down
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1385:
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with the ability to break down complex polymers. Fungi are commonly found within plant cells in an
525:
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176:
121:
111:
166:
2065:
1955:
1902:
1877:
Peay KG, Kennedy PG, Talbot JM (July 2016). "Dimensions of biodiversity in the Earth mycobiome".
1859:
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887:
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182:
2546:"A pan-cancer mycobiome analysis reveals fungal involvement in gastrointestinal and lung tumors"
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2701:
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2625:
2604:"Pan-cancer analyses reveal cancer-type-specific fungal ecologies and bacteriome interactions"
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Azevedo MM, Teixeira-Santos R, Silva AP, Cruz L, Ricardo E, Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues AG (2015).
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from plant cells, these beetles would be unable to efficiently digest this tough material.
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plant family are toxic and used to regulate the growth of expected fungal presence. In a
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Auchtung TA, Fofanova TY, Stewart CJ, Nash AK, Wong MC, Gesell JR, et al. (2018).
2007:
1982:
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540:
298:
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relationship with fungi with the occasional occurrence of a pathogenic interaction.
1906:
1543:
1174:"The mammalian mycobiome: A complex system in a dynamic relationship with the host"
792:
780:
676:
530:
513:
433:
399:
87:
58:
2173:"Investigating Colonization of the Healthy Adult Gastrointestinal Tract by Fungi"
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2469:"The mycobiome of the human urinary tract: potential roles for fungi in urology"
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72:
67:
2620:
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1628:
1575:
1558:
1223:"Understanding Competition and Cooperation within the Mammalian Gut Microbiome"
35:
2736:
2721:"Fungal interactions with the human host: exploring the spectrum of symbiosis"
2687:
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2105:
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1045:"The human gut mycobiome: pitfalls and potentials--a mycologist's perspective"
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53:
27:
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1822:"Untapping the potential of plant mycobiomes for applications in agriculture"
1788:
1738:
1535:
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2222:"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing"
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2016:
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Begum N, Qin C, Ahanger MA, Raza S, Khan MI, Ashraf M, et al. (2019).
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1272:"The Fungal Mycobiome and Its Interaction with Gut Bacteria in the Host"
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1527:
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Qiu X, Zhang F, Yang X, Wu N, Jiang W, Li X, et al. (May 2015).
853:
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is usually met with vastly diverse populations of microbes from many
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Fernandes EG, Valério HM, Feltrin T, Van Der Sand ST (April 2012).
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1060:
982:
865:
845:
815:
640:
1559:"Advances in Eco-Efficient Agriculture: The Plant-Soil Mycobiome"
729:
are the symbiotic relationship between a wide range of fungi and
1765:"Specialized plant biochemistry drives gene clustering in fungi"
1178:
2520:"A New Approach to Spotting Tumors: Look for Their Microbes"
698:
Most interactions between microbes in the gut are either
1090:
Gillevet PM, Sikaroodi M, Torzilli AP (November 2009).
890:
in a silkworm population that upset the silk industry.
2277:
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2719:Hall, Rebecca A; Noverr, Mairi C (December 2017).
2279:"Temporal Stability of the Human Skin Microbiome"
1763:Gluck-Thaler, Emile; Slot, Jason C. (July 2018).
1713:"Origin and evolution of the plant immune system"
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1596:
2166:
2164:
1603:Vujanovic V, Islam MN, Daida P (December 2019).
1430:"What is a Lichen? | The British Lichen Society"
761:family, in which symbiosis begins at the seed
612:
8:
2665:
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2661:
2659:
2657:
2332:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
1276:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1270:Sam QH, Chang MW, Chai LY (February 2017).
966:"The human mycobiome in health and disease"
2467:Ackerman AL, Underhill DM (January 2017).
1172:Lai GC, Tan TG, Pavelka N (January 2019).
1157:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
619:
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18:
16:The fungal community in and on an organism
2744:
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2412:"Obesity changes the human gut mycobiome"
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2006:
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927:– it could be used in synergy with other
1129:(1st ed.). London, United Kingdom.
1221:Coyte KZ, Rakoff-Nahoum S (June 2019).
956:
26:
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1758:
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7:
2670:Hall RA, Noverr MC (December 2017).
2389:10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-132421
2040:10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0001-2016
1930:10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0081-2016
868:before germinating, perforating the
2518:Zimmer, Carl (29 September 2022).
1472:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1993.tb03916.x
1455:"Developmental biology of lichens"
964:Cui L, Morris A, Ghedin E (2013).
791:properties like the production of
14:
2094:Journal of Invertebrate Pathology
1987:Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
1043:Suhr MJ, Hallen-Adams HE (2015).
643:community in and on an organism.
2473:Annals of Translational Medicine
1826:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
903:constituents of the microbiome.
683:Interactions with other microbes
675:. Animals will typically form a
586:
585:
34:
2725:Current Opinion in Microbiology
2676:Current Opinion in Microbiology
1999:10.1590/S1517-83822012000200049
1434:www.britishlichensociety.org.uk
1015:Ghannoum M (February 1, 2016).
906:Many human diseases, including
733:microbes that are either algal
1:
2127:Steinhaus EA (October 1956).
749:Plants also have mutualistic
1879:Nature Reviews. Microbiology
1109:10.1016/j.funeco.2009.04.001
504:Microbial population biology
2344:10.1101/cshperspect.a019810
1453:Honegger, Rosmarie (1993).
881:Ophiocordyceps unilateralis
822:Ophiocordyceps unilateralis
2801:
2621:10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.005
2562:10.1016/j.cell.2022.09.015
2377:Annual Review of Pathology
2295:10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.008
1666:Frontiers in Plant Science
1629:10.1038/s41598-019-54328-2
1576:10.3390/agriculture7020014
920:inflammatory bowel disease
875:A prominent example of an
779:colonizing land. Specific
650:Most species of fungi are
131:Marine microbial symbiosis
2737:10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.020
2688:10.1016/j.mib.2017.10.020
2326:Seed PC (November 2014).
2106:10.1016/j.jip.2012.08.007
1839:10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102034
1781:10.1038/s41396-018-0075-3
1327:Frontiers in Microbiology
1239:10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.017
2189:10.1128/mSphere.00092-18
1340:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00669
931:such as of bacteriomes.
840:guts are populated with
662:. Most plants also form
571:Earth Microbiome Project
566:Human Microbiome Project
325:Accessible carbohydrates
2775:Eukaryotic microbiology
2486:10.21037/atm.2016.12.69
2146:10.3733/hilg.v26n02p107
1891:10.1038/nrmicro.2016.59
1679:10.3389/fpls.2019.01068
820:Top: Ant infected with
635:, mycobiota, or fungal
1711:Han, Guan-Zhu (2019).
825:
774:Evolutionary Symbiosis
499:Biological dark matter
2614:(20): 3789–3806.e17.
2556:(20): 3807–3822.e12.
2328:"The human mycobiome"
819:
658:relationship or as a
509:Microbial cooperation
1289:10.3390/ijms18020330
470:Biomass partitioning
405:hologenome evolution
330:Flora (microbiology)
2428:2015NatSR...514600M
2246:10.1038/nature08821
2238:2010Natur.464...59.
1621:2019NatSR...918483V
1520:1981Natur.289..169A
1390:2015NatSR...510416Q
526:Metatranscriptomics
320:Initial acquisition
315:Microbial community
22:Part of a series on
2524:The New York Times
2416:Scientific Reports
2032:The Fungal Kingdom
1922:The Fungal Kingdom
1609:Scientific Reports
1378:Scientific Reports
888:Beauveria bassiana
826:
765:phase. Arbuscular
104:Marine microbiomes
2436:10.1038/srep14600
2049:978-1-55581-957-6
1939:978-1-55581-957-6
1730:10.1111/nph.15596
1514:(5794): 169–172.
1398:10.1038/srep10416
1233:(11): R538–R544.
1190:10.1002/wsbm.1438
1136:978-0-12-814993-5
787:used to code for
731:photosynthesizing
629:
628:
219:Built environment
201:Other microbiomes
145:Human microbiomes
46:Plant microbiomes
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2183:(2): e00092–18.
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1775:(7): 1694–1705.
1769:The ISME Journal
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925:cancer screening
877:entomopathogenic
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358:Marine holobiont
158:Fecal transplant
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2409:
2408:
2404:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2232:(7285): 59–65.
2219:
2218:
2214:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2090:
2089:
2085:
2072:
2062:
2050:
2029:
2028:
2024:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1962:
1952:
1940:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1717:New Phytologist
1710:
1709:
1705:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1459:New Phytologist
1452:
1451:
1447:
1438:
1436:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1227:Current Biology
1220:
1219:
1215:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1149:
1137:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1025:
1017:"The Mycobiome"
1014:
1013:
1009:
970:Genome Medicine
963:
962:
958:
953:
912:cystic fibrosis
896:
862:
838:passalid beetle
834:
814:
783:in the plant's
776:
747:
724:
685:
625:
584:
577:
576:
575:
560:
552:
551:
550:
479:
464:
456:
455:
454:
441:
423:
413:
412:
411:
395:
362:
353:Plant holobiont
347:
337:
336:
335:
334:
305:
243:
233:
232:
231:
215:
202:
194:
193:
192:
179:
162:
147:
137:
136:
135:
126:
106:
96:
95:
94:
83:soil microbiome
78:root microbiome
63:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2798:
2796:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2780:Fungus ecology
2777:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2760:
2711:
2653:
2593:
2536:
2510:
2459:
2402:
2367:
2338:(5): a019810.
2318:
2269:
2212:
2160:
2139:(2): 107–160.
2119:
2083:
2074:|journal=
2048:
2022:
1973:
1964:|journal=
1938:
1912:
1869:
1812:
1752:
1703:
1652:
1592:
1549:
1494:
1465:(4): 659–677.
1445:
1421:
1364:
1313:
1262:
1213:
1164:
1135:
1126:Nanotechnology
1115:
1102:(4): 160–167.
1096:Fungal Ecology
1082:
1061:10.3852/15-147
1055:(6): 1057–73.
1035:
1007:
955:
954:
952:
949:
895:
892:
861:
858:
833:
830:
813:
810:
801:coevolutionary
775:
772:
746:
743:
723:
720:
684:
681:
627:
626:
624:
623:
616:
609:
601:
598:
597:
596:
595:
579:
578:
574:
573:
568:
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
522:
521:
511:
506:
501:
496:
494:Quorum sensing
491:
486:
480:
478:
477:
472:
466:
465:
462:
461:
458:
457:
453:
452:
447:
442:
436:
431:
425:
424:
419:
418:
415:
414:
410:
409:
408:
407:
396:
394:
393:
392:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
363:
361:
360:
355:
349:
348:
343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
332:
327:
322:
317:
312:
306:
304:
303:
302:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
270:
269:
268:
267:
266:
261:
256:
245:
244:
239:
238:
235:
234:
230:
229:
221:
216:
210:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
195:
191:
190:
185:
180:
174:
169:
167:Gut–brain axis
163:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
143:
142:
139:
138:
134:
133:
127:
125:
124:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
101:
98:
97:
93:
92:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
64:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
44:
43:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2797:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2537:
2525:
2521:
2514:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2406:
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2386:
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2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
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2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2289:(4): 854–66.
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2216:
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2208:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
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2161:
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2152:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2100:(3): 217–24.
2099:
2095:
2087:
2084:
2079:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:(2): 827–33.
1992:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1969:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1885:(7): 434–47.
1884:
1880:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
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1690:
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1675:
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1667:
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1653:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
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1597:
1593:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1568:
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1541:
1537:
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1478:
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1431:
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1422:
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1383:
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1365:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1317:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
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1290:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1266:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
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1209:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1191:
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1146:
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1138:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1119:
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1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1083:
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1070:
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1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1036:
1024:
1023:
1022:The Scientist
1018:
1011:
1008:
1003:
999:
994:
989:
984:
983:10.1186/gm467
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
957:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
930:
926:
921:
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909:
904:
900:
893:
891:
889:
884:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
859:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
831:
829:
823:
818:
811:
809:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:isoflavonoids
790:
786:
782:
781:gene clusters
773:
771:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
744:
742:
740:
739:cyanobacteria
736:
732:
728:
721:
719:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
696:
694:
690:
682:
680:
678:
674:
673:Basidiomycota
670:
665:
661:
657:
653:
648:
644:
642:
638:
634:
622:
617:
615:
610:
608:
603:
602:
600:
599:
593:
583:
582:
581:
580:
572:
569:
567:
564:
563:
556:
555:
547:
546:Symbiogenesis
544:
542:
541:Superorganism
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
476:
473:
471:
468:
467:
460:
459:
451:
448:
446:
443:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
422:
417:
416:
406:
403:
402:
401:
398:
397:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
366:
365:
364:
359:
356:
354:
351:
350:
346:
341:
340:
331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
307:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
276:
275:
272:
271:
265:
264:rhizobacteria
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
246:
242:
237:
236:
228:
226:
222:
220:
217:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
198:
197:
189:
186:
184:
181:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
146:
141:
140:
132:
129:
128:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
105:
100:
99:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
60:
57:
55:
52:
51:
47:
42:
41:
37:
33:
32:
29:
25:
21:
20:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2679:
2675:
2611:
2607:
2596:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2527:. Retrieved
2523:
2513:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2419:
2415:
2405:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2180:
2176:
2136:
2132:
2122:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2031:
2025:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1921:
1915:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1772:
1768:
1723:(1): 70–83.
1720:
1716:
1706:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1615:(1): 18483.
1612:
1608:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1511:
1507:
1497:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1437:. Retrieved
1433:
1424:
1384:(1): 10416.
1381:
1377:
1367:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1279:
1275:
1265:
1230:
1226:
1216:
1184:(1): e1438.
1181:
1177:
1167:
1125:
1118:
1099:
1095:
1085:
1052:
1048:
1038:
1026:. Retrieved
1020:
1010:
973:
969:
959:
945:
941:
937:
933:
905:
901:
897:
885:
874:
863:
848:, and other
835:
827:
777:
748:
735:chlorophytes
725:
697:
686:
649:
645:
632:
630:
531:Metabolomics
514:Metagenomics
400:Hologenomics
224:
207:
88:spermosphere
59:Phyllosphere
2785:Microbiomes
1586:10379/13386
1563:Agriculture
1028:February 5,
767:mycorrhizal
763:germination
759:Orchidaceae
755:rhizosphere
708:antifungals
704:antibiotics
700:competitive
664:mutualistic
652:decomposers
484:Gnotobiosis
213:Phycosphere
73:laimosphere
68:Rhizosphere
28:Microbiomes
2769:Categories
2529:19 October
2383:: 99–122.
1832:: 102034.
1439:2021-04-23
1282:(2): 330.
1145:1102320963
951:References
929:biomarkers
879:fungus is
860:Pathogenic
850:eukaryotic
789:fungicidal
669:Ascomycota
656:endophytic
637:microbiome
536:Pan-genome
489:Phytobiome
450:Virosphere
345:Holobionts
241:Microbiota
225:Drosophila
188:Necrobiome
153:Human milk
54:Endosphere
2731:: 58–64.
2682:: 58–64.
2630:0092-8674
2570:0092-8674
2479:(2): 31.
2422:: 14600.
2155:0073-2230
2133:Hilgardia
2076:ignored (
2066:cite book
1966:ignored (
1956:cite book
1864:233183218
1848:1369-5266
1789:1751-7370
1739:1469-8137
1569:(2): 14.
1536:1476-4687
1481:1469-8137
1153:cite book
1049:Mycologia
976:(7): 63.
908:hepatitis
832:Commensal
751:symbiotic
716:dysbiosis
689:gut flora
677:commensal
639:, is the
633:mycobiome
475:Dysbiosis
389:rhodolith
254:endophyte
208:Mycobiome
172:Placental
2755:29132066
2706:29132066
2648:36179670
2588:36179671
2505:28217696
2454:26455903
2397:21910623
2362:25384764
2313:27153496
2264:20203603
2207:29600282
2114:22959811
2058:28256192
2017:24031896
1948:28597823
1899:27296482
1856:33827007
1807:29463891
1747:30575972
1698:31608075
1672:: 1068.
1647:31811154
1489:33874446
1416:26013555
1359:26191055
1308:28165395
1257:31163167
1208:30255552
1077:16731371
1069:26354806
1002:23899327
842:bacteria
805:detoxify
797:Fabaceae
693:kingdoms
660:pathogen
592:Category
559:Projects
439:Mangrove
379:seagrass
259:epiphyte
177:Salivary
122:Cetacean
112:Seagrass
2746:5733695
2697:5733695
2639:9567272
2579:9564002
2496:5300854
2445:4600977
2424:Bibcode
2353:4448585
2304:4860256
2255:3779803
2234:Bibcode
2198:5874442
2177:mSphere
2008:3768820
1907:9181959
1798:6018750
1689:6761482
1638:6898677
1617:Bibcode
1544:4324978
1516:Bibcode
1407:4445066
1386:Bibcode
1350:4490243
1333:: 669.
1299:5343866
1248:6935513
1199:6586165
993:3978422
916:obesity
870:cuticle
812:Insects
795:in the
727:Lichens
712:colitis
463:Related
445:Viriome
421:Viromes
299:vaginal
183:Uterine
2753:
2743:
2704:
2694:
2646:
2636:
2628:
2586:
2576:
2568:
2503:
2493:
2452:
2442:
2395:
2360:
2350:
2311:
2301:
2262:
2252:
2226:Nature
2205:
2195:
2153:
2112:
2056:
2046:
2015:
2005:
1946:
1936:
1905:
1897:
1862:
1854:
1846:
1805:
1795:
1787:
1745:
1737:
1696:
1686:
1645:
1635:
1542:
1534:
1508:Nature
1487:
1479:
1414:
1404:
1357:
1347:
1306:
1296:
1255:
1245:
1206:
1196:
1143:
1133:
1075:
1067:
1000:
990:
918:, and
894:Humans
866:spores
854:xylose
846:yeasts
785:genome
745:Plants
722:Lichen
641:fungal
590:
384:sponge
310:Marine
1903:S2CID
1860:S2CID
1540:S2CID
1073:S2CID
519:viral
434:Human
369:coral
274:Human
249:Plant
117:Coral
2751:PMID
2702:PMID
2644:PMID
2626:ISSN
2608:Cell
2584:PMID
2566:ISSN
2550:Cell
2531:2022
2501:PMID
2450:PMID
2393:PMID
2358:PMID
2309:PMID
2283:Cell
2260:PMID
2203:PMID
2151:ISSN
2110:PMID
2078:help
2054:PMID
2044:ISBN
2013:PMID
1968:help
1944:PMID
1934:ISBN
1895:PMID
1852:PMID
1844:ISSN
1803:PMID
1785:ISSN
1743:PMID
1735:ISSN
1694:PMID
1643:PMID
1532:ISSN
1485:PMID
1477:ISSN
1412:PMID
1355:PMID
1304:PMID
1253:PMID
1204:PMID
1159:link
1141:OCLC
1131:ISBN
1065:PMID
1030:2016
998:PMID
706:and
671:and
631:The
374:crab
294:skin
289:oral
284:lung
2741:PMC
2733:doi
2692:PMC
2684:doi
2634:PMC
2616:doi
2612:185
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