223:
establishes itself inside the gut of the developing larvae, is similar to that of the larvae's mothers. This may further be promoted by the particular life history of the flies. Young adult flies, which harbor fewer bacteria than old flies, proliferate in an environment shaped by the feces of the preceding fly generation, thus allowing them to take up additional bacteria.
343:, because their removal in ageing flies increases longevity. Old flies have a reduced ability to fight infections and this may also relate to the bacterial members of the microbiota. In aged animals, immune responses may over-shoot, possibly harming the host and favoring colonization with pathogens (e.g.
361:
microbiota rely on destructive approaches, that is flies are killed, their gut is extracted and from these the bacteria are isolated and/or analyzed. For an assessment of microbiota dynamics across the lifespan of an individual fly or across development of a fly population, a non-destructive approach
222:
microbiota, as it allows the flies to recycle the bacteria within a fly population at a particular time point and also across generations. Flies seed the embryonic eggshell with feces. Upon hatching, young larvae eat their eggshells and thereby pick up the bacteria. The microbiota, which subsequently
292:
metabolic genes within the midgut, possibly to facilitate digestion of food. Recently, IMD pathway in the anterior midgut region has been proposed to play multi-pronged roles to modulate key metabolic and mechanic functions in the gut. Taken together, it appears that the interaction between host and
146:
The particular species of the host fly has a central influence on the composition and quality of the gut microbiota, even if flies are raised under similar conditions. Nevertheless, the host's diet and nutritional environment also shape the exact composition of the microbiota. For instance the exact
217:
Feeding is a key determinant of the microbiota composition. Not only the diet influences presence and abundance of the bacteria inside the gut, but the bacteria also need to be taken up continuously from the environment to prevail as members of the intestinal flora. Feeding on feces seems to play a
330:
had a shorter lifespan than flies raised under normal conditions. The microbiota influence on longevity seems to be particularly strong early in development. To date, however, the exact mechanisms underlying these effects remain elusive. It is possible that the microbiota-induced proliferation of
284:). This suggests that the immune defence in this area is particularly responsive, possibly because this regions represents the first contact region for newly taken up food, microbiota, and/or intestinal pathogens. In the middle and posterior midgut, other genes such as the receptor
66:, analysis of its microbiome could enhance our understanding of similar processes in other types of host-microbiota interactions, including those involving humans. Microbiota plays key roles in the intestinal immune and metabolic responses via their fermentation product (
362:
would be favorable. Such an approach was recently developed, focusing on the microbial characterization of fly feces. Fly feces are indeed informative on composition of the gut microbiota, since the diversity of gut bacteria, feces bacteria and bacteria of whole fly of
49:
and known as one of the most investigated organisms worldwide. The microbiota in flies is less complex than that found in humans. It still has an influence on the fitness of the fly, and it affects different life-history characteristics such as lifespan
239:
the composition and action of the microbiome appears to be tightly regulated within compartments, that is different sections of the intestines. This is indicated by the differential expression of genes, especially with a regulatory function, in the
101:(approx. 55%, members of the Proteobacteria). Other less common bacterial species are from the families Leuconostocaceae, Enterococaceae, and Enterobacteriaceae (all with an abundance in between 2–4%). The most common species include
288:, which down-regulates the IMD immune response, are expressed, possibly in order to minimize expression of immune defence against the microbiota. In addition, the microbiota itself seems to control the expression of several
175:
shows higher abundance of
Enterobacteriaceae and to a lesser extent of acido-philic bacteria (such as Acetobacteraceae and Lactobacillaceae) if compared to fruit-eating species such as
280:
pathway molecules control immune responses in ectodermal tissue of the anterior gut. Moreover, the anterior midgut is enriched in certain antimicrobial peptides (
151:
of the food can kill certain bacterial species. In general, the type of food used by the fly affects the microbiota composition. Mushroom feeder species like
1316:"Diet, Gut Microbes and Host Mate Choice: Understanding the significance of microbiome effects on host mate choice requires a case by case evaluation"
85:
possesses a comparatively simple gut microbiota, consisting of only few bacterial species, mainly from two bacterial taxonomic groups:
264:
origin. In adult flies the midgut is further divided into five smaller regions. The immune response varies among the gut regions. The
163:
harbour many
Lactobacillales and generally maintain high bacterial diversity in their guts. The microbiota of flower feeders such as
268:(IMD) pathway responds to bacterial infections and is activated by certain receptors (e.g., the peptidoglycan receptor protein
304:
microbiota have been implicated in mating success by influencing assortative mating; a phenomenon detected in some studies of
1744:
Erkosar B, Leulier F (November 2014). "Transient adult microbiota, gut homeostasis and longevity: novel insights from the
1203:
444:"Microbiota-derived acetate activates intestinal innate immunity via the Tip60 histone acetyltransferase complex"
339:
is important in this context. In contrast, the microbiota seems to have a negative effect on lifespan in older
189:
739:
Perpetuates
Nutritional Mutualism by Promoting the Fitness of Its Intestinal Symbiont Lactobacillus plantarum"
139:
1207:
345:
133:
103:
41:
205:
171:
733:
Storelli G, Strigini M, Grenier T, Bozonnet L, Schwarzer M, Daniel C, Matos R, Leulier F (February 2018).
366:
are all strongly correlated. This new approach could be used to demonstrate the known influence of diets.
67:
1865:
121:
1850:
1802:
1660:
1599:
1493:
1434:
579:
396:
199:
183:
109:
1860:
115:
28:
1773:
1625:
1564:
1517:
1396:
1351:"The call of the wild: using non-model systems to investigate microbiome–behaviour relationships"
1290:
1245:
1194:
569:
165:
153:
55:
1855:
1828:
1765:
1732:
1686:
1617:
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1388:
1370:
1337:
1282:
1274:
1237:
1219:
1172:
1114:
1059:
1014:
985:"Microbial Control of Intestinal Homeostasis via Enteroendocrine Cell Innate Immune Signaling"
965:
912:
867:
824:
768:
715:
660:
607:
531:
481:
463:
424:
127:
1032:
Bosco-Drayon V, Poidevin M, Boneca IG, Narbonne-Reveau K, Royet J, Charroux B (August 2012).
383:
Gould AL, Zhang V, Lamberti L, Jones EW, Obadia B, Korasidis N, et al. (December 2018).
326:
conditions (i.e., without any bacteria in the environment) or cured of their microbiota with
285:
269:
244:
of different parts of the gut. In detail, the gut is compartmentalized into three parts, the
1818:
1810:
1757:
1722:
1676:
1668:
1607:
1548:
1501:
1452:
1442:
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455:
414:
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265:
177:
98:
94:
277:
1484:
microbiome modulates host developmental and metabolic homeostasis via insulin signaling".
281:
159:
51:
1806:
1664:
1603:
1497:
1438:
1077:
Sharon G, Segal D, Ringo JM, Hefetz A, Zilber-Rosenberg I, Rosenberg E (November 2010).
863:
583:
400:
1870:
1823:
1786:
1681:
1644:
1383:
1350:
1232:
1185:
1167:
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1078:
1009:
984:
960:
931:
819:
790:
763:
734:
710:
679:
655:
626:
602:
553:
476:
443:
419:
384:
209:. The microbial load and bacterial composition also vary with the age of the host fly.
90:
46:
24:
1584:"Innate immune homeostasis by the homeobox gene caudal and commensal-gut mutualism in
1457:
1418:
887:"Morphological and molecular characterization of adult midgut compartmentalization in
885:
Buchon N, Osman D, David FP, Fang HY, Boquete JP, Deplancke B, Lemaitre B (May 2013).
1844:
1552:
1521:
1400:
1294:
232:
1629:
1249:
1777:
1568:
32:
1761:
1257:
Douglas, Angela E. (2019-08-15). "Simple animal models for microbiome research".
907:
886:
700:
592:
554:"Host species and environmental effects on bacterial communities associated with
459:
1215:
1038:
gut induces immune responses to infectious bacteria and tolerance to microbiota"
336:
327:
1727:
1710:
1427:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1145:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1087:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1054:
1033:
754:
526:
509:
389:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
1270:
1000:
332:
261:
257:
241:
36:
20:
1582:
Ryu JH, Kim SH, Lee HY, Bai JY, Nam YD, Bae JW, et al. (February 2008).
1480:
Shin SC, Kim SH, You H, Kim B, Kim AC, Lee KA, et al. (November 2011). "
1374:
1278:
1223:
467:
1612:
1583:
1505:
1447:
1157:
1099:
409:
86:
59:
1832:
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1736:
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1621:
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1332:
1315:
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1241:
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1118:
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1018:
969:
916:
871:
843:
828:
772:
719:
664:
611:
535:
485:
428:
293:
microbiota is precisely regulated across different regions within the gut.
1535:
Ramsden S, Cheung YY, Seroude L (March 2008). "Functional analysis of the
951:
810:
1814:
1672:
1366:
1305:
646:
71:
1349:
Cusick, Jessica A.; Wellman, Cara L.; Demas, Gregory E. (2021-05-14).
1184:
Miguel-Aliaga, Irene; Jasper, Heinrich; Lemaitre, Bruno (2018-10-01).
678:
Chandler JA, Lang JM, Bhatnagar S, Eisen JA, Kopp A (September 2011).
323:
1785:
Fink C, Staubach F, Kuenzel S, Baines JF, Roeder T (November 2013).
1643:
Fink C, Staubach F, Kuenzel S, Baines JF, Roeder T (November 2013).
256:. While foregut and hindgut are lined with a cuticle formed by the
62:). Considering the comprehensive toolkit available for research in
1301:
574:
442:
Jugder, Bat-Erdene; Kamareddine, Layla; Watnick, Paula I. (2021).
1417:
Brummel T, Ching A, Seroude L, Simon AF, Benzer S (August 2004).
1135:
Leftwich PT, Clarke NV, Hutchings MI, Chapman T (November 2017).
1787:"Noninvasive analysis of microbiome dynamics in the fruit fly
1645:"Noninvasive analysis of microbiome dynamics in the fruit fly
791:"Frequent replenishment sustains the beneficial microbiome of
1711:"Host-intestinal microbiota mutualism: "learning on the fly""
510:"Host-intestinal microbiota mutualism: "learning on the fly""
789:
Blum JE, Fischer CN, Miles J, Handelsman J (November 2013).
1709:
Erkosar B, Storelli G, Defaye A, Leulier F (January 2013).
684:
species: ecological context of a host-microbe model system"
552:
Staubach F, Baines JF, Künzel S, Bik EM, Petrov DA (2013).
508:
Erkosar B, Storelli G, Defaye A, Leulier F (January 2013).
148:
357:
Almost all current approaches for the characterization of
97:(abundance of approx. 30%, members of the Bacillota) and
1079:"Commensal bacteria play a role in mating preference of
320:. To date, the mechanisms of this effect remain elusive.
1314:
Leftwich PT, Hutchings MI, Chapman T (December 2018).
1034:"Peptidoglycan sensing by the receptor PGRP-LE in the
272:). These receptors and also other components of the
1186:"Anatomy and Physiology of the Digestive Tract of
558:in the laboratory and in the natural environment"
93:. The most common species belong to the families
930:Broderick NA, Buchon N, Lemaitre B (May 2014).
547:
545:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
316:The microbiota seem to affect the lifespan of
39:) living on or in an organism. The fruit fly
8:
385:"Microbiome interactions shape host fitness"
1423:lifespan enhancement by exogenous bacteria"
784:
782:
1822:
1726:
1680:
1611:
1456:
1446:
1382:
1331:
1231:
1166:
1156:
1108:
1098:
1053:
1008:
959:
906:
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762:
709:
699:
654:
601:
591:
573:
525:
475:
418:
408:
213:Microbiota transmission and establishment
936:host gene expression and gut morphology"
276:immune system such as Toll receptor and
983:Watnick PI, Jugder BE (February 2020).
375:
1795:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
1653:Applied and Environmental Microbiology
218:central role for establishment of the
16:Microorganisms living in the fruit fly
7:
842:Lemaitre B, Miguel-Aliaga I (2013).
864:10.1146/annurev-genet-111212-133343
680:"Bacterial communities of diverse
353:New methods of microbiome analysis
14:
1361:(10). The Company of Biologists.
625:Broderick NA, Lemaitre B (2012).
54:), resistance against pathogens (
1553:10.1111/j.1474-9726.2008.00370.x
1539:immune response during aging".
1355:Journal of Experimental Biology
932:"Microbiota-induced changes in
125:, while other species such as
1:
1762:10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.041
260:epithelium, the midgut is of
23:are the sum of all symbiotic
908:10.1016/j.celrep.2013.04.001
701:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002272
627:"Gut-associated microbes of
593:10.1371/journal.pone.0070749
460:10.1016/j.immuni.2021.05.017
1259:Nature Reviews Microbiology
1216:10.1534/genetics.118.300224
1204:Genetics Society of America
58:) and metabolic processes (
1887:
1728:10.1016/j.chom.2012.12.004
1055:10.1016/j.chom.2012.06.002
755:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.11.011
527:10.1016/j.chom.2012.12.004
1271:10.1038/s41579-019-0242-1
1001:10.1016/j.tim.2019.09.005
852:Annual Review of Genetics
335:and associated metabolic
322:Fruit flies raised under
844:"The digestive tract of
227:Gut compartmentalization
190:Drosophila sulfurigaster
140:Acetobacter pasteurianus
1789:Drosophila melanogaster
1715:Cell Host & Microbe
1647:Drosophila melanogaster
1613:10.1126/science.1149357
1506:10.1126/science.1212782
1448:10.1073/pnas.0405207101
1188:Drosophila melanogaster
1158:10.1073/pnas.1708345114
1100:10.1073/pnas.1009906107
1081:Drosophila melanogaster
1042:Cell Host & Microbe
934:Drosophila melanogaster
846:Drosophila melanogaster
793:Drosophila melanogaster
629:Drosophila melanogaster
514:Cell Host & Microbe
410:10.1073/pnas.1809349115
364:Drosophila melanogaster
341:Drosophila melanogaster
318:Drosophila melanogaster
237:Drosophila melanogaster
195:Drosophila melanogaster
104:Lactobacillus plantarum
83:Drosophila melanogaster
42:Drosophila melanogaster
1333:10.1002/bies.201800053
989:Trends in Microbiology
346:Gluconobacter morbifer
143:are also often found.
134:Acetobacter tropicalis
68:short chain fatty acid
952:10.1128/mbio.01117-14
811:10.1128/mbio.00860-13
395:(51): E11951–E11960.
206:Drosophila takahashii
172:Drosophila flavohirta
122:Enterococcus faecalis
78:Microbial composition
1815:10.1128/AEM.01903-13
1673:10.1128/AEM.01903-13
312:Effects on longevity
297:Effects on behaviour
200:Drosophila sechellia
184:Drosophila immigrans
110:Lactobacillus brevis
1807:2013ApEnM..79.6984F
1665:2013ApEnM..79.6984F
1604:2008Sci...319..777R
1498:2011Sci...334..670S
1439:2004PNAS..10112974B
1306:0000-0001-5212-6826
1151:(48): 12767–12772.
584:2013PLoSO...870749S
454:(8): 1683–1697.e3.
401:2018PNAS..11511951G
116:Acetobacter pomorum
1367:10.1242/jeb.224485
647:10.4161/gmic.19896
308:, but not others.
166:Drosophila elegans
154:Drosophila falleni
266:immune deficiency
128:Acetobacter aceti
1878:
1836:
1826:
1781:
1740:
1730:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1615:
1598:(5864): 777–82.
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1525:
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1471:
1470:
1460:
1450:
1414:
1408:
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1326:(12): e1800053.
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946:(3): e01117-14.
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920:
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876:
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805:(6): e00860-13.
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713:
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178:Drosophila hydei
99:Acetobacteraceae
95:Lactobacillaceae
1886:
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1698:
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1641:
1637:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1492:(6056): 670–4.
1479:
1478:
1474:
1433:(35): 12974–9.
1416:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1348:
1313:
1299:
1265:(12): 764–775.
1256:
1183:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1093:(46): 20051–6.
1076:
1075:
1071:
1031:
1030:
1026:
982:
981:
977:
929:
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924:
884:
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694:(9): e1002272.
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160:Microdrosophila
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52:life expectancy
17:
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1882:
1874:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
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1801:(22): 6984–8.
1782:
1756:(22): 4250–7.
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1702:External links
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688:PLOS Genetics
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1851:Microbiomes
1721:(1): 8–14.
858:: 377–404.
520:(1): 8–14.
337:homeostasis
331:intestinal
328:antibiotics
29:mutualistic
1861:Drosophila
1845:Categories
1746:Drosophila
1586:Drosophila
1541:Aging Cell
1537:Drosophila
1482:Drosophila
1421:Drosophila
1139:Drosophila
1036:Drosophila
889:Drosophila
743:Cell Metab
737:Drosophila
682:Drosophila
556:Drosophila
370:References
359:Drosophila
333:stem cells
306:Drosophila
302:Drosophila
290:Drosophila
274:Drosophila
262:endodermal
258:ectodermal
252:, and the
242:epithelium
220:Drosophila
64:Drosophila
37:pathogenic
21:microbiota
1522:206536986
1401:234497490
1375:0022-0949
1320:BioEssays
1295:199661914
1279:1740-1534
1224:1943-2631
575:1211.3367
468:1074-7613
87:Bacillota
60:digestion
33:commensal
1856:Bacteria
1833:24014528
1770:24983497
1748:model".
1737:23332152
1691:24014528
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1622:18218863
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1514:22053049
1467:15322271
1393:33988717
1342:30311675
1287:31417197
1250:52922044
1242:30287514
1195:Genetics
1177:29109277
1119:21041648
1064:22901536
1019:31699645
970:24865556
917:23643535
872:24016187
829:24194543
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562:PLOS ONE
536:23332152
486:34107298
448:Immunity
429:30510004
56:immunity
1824:3811555
1803:Bibcode
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1600:Bibcode
1592:Science
1569:8510421
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1435:Bibcode
1384:8180253
1233:6216580
1168:5715749
1110:2993361
1010:6980660
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820:3892787
764:5807057
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656:3463489
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580:Bibcode
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1871:Feces
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1518:S2CID
1397:S2CID
1302:ORCID
1300:(AED
1291:S2CID
1246:S2CID
1202:(2).
570:arXiv
278:dDUOX
45:is a
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282:AMPs
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1819:PMC
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