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their families. It has been reported since 1840. Noteworthy, the diagnosis of mycetoma in non-endemic or low endemic areas as Europe and North Africa is challenging. Physicians in these areas are usually unfamiliar with the disease-specific manifestations and need to exercise extra vigilance regarding those patients who are at high risk of contracting mycetoma infections. Recent evidence suggests that Egypt, which borders sub-Saharan Africa, is a low-endemic country. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that
Pakistan, which borders India, is a moderate-endemic country. Unlike bacterial acute hematogenous osteomyelitis and septic arthritis, misdiagnosed or delayed diagnosis of mycetoma osteomyelitis can result in amputation or radical resection. The disease is listed by the
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243:(lump). Affected people will experience massive swelling and hardening of the area, in addition to skin rupture and the formation of sinus tracts that discharge pus and grains filled with organisms. In many instances, the underlying bone is affected. Some people with mycetoma will not experience pain or discomfort, while others will report itching and/or pain.
255:. Since the bacterial form and the fungal form of mycetoma infection of the foot share similar clinical and radiological features, diagnosis can be a challenge. Magnetic resonance imaging is a very valuable diagnostic tool. However, its results should be closely correlated with the clinical, laboratory and pathological findings.
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While most cases of mycetoma occur in Sudan, Venezuela, Mexico, and India, its true prevalence and incidence are not well-known. It appears most frequently in people living in rural areas, particularly in farmers and shepherds, who are often men between 20 and 40 years earning the primary incomes for
299:
Mycetoma is endemic in some regions of the tropics and subtropics. India, sub-Saharan Africa as Sudan, and Mexico are most affected. Pakistan is probably a moderate-endemic country. Sporadic cases have been reported across some North
African countries. Egypt is probably a low-endemic country.
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medication. Actinomycetoma, the bacterial form, can be cured with antibiotics. Eumycetoma, the fungal form, is treated with antifungals. Surgery in the form of bone resection may be necessary in late presenting cases or to enhance the effects of medical treatment. In the more extensive cases
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There are currently no rapid diagnostic tools for mycetoma. Mycetoma is diagnosed through microscopic examination of the grains in the nodule and by analysis of
748:"Reporting of mycetoma cases from skin and soft tissue biopsies over a period of ten years: A single center report and literature review from Pakistan"
179:
Frequent exposure to penetrating wounds by thorns or splinters is a risk factor. This risk can be reduced by disinfecting wounds and wearing shoes.
1066:
Efared, Boubacar; Tahiri, Layla; Boubacar, Marou
Soumana; Atsam-Ebang, Gabrielle; Hammas, Nawal; Hinde, El Fatemi; Chbani, Laila (December 2017).
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Zeeshan, Mohammad; Fatima, Saira; Farooqi, Joveria; Jabeen, Kauser; Ahmed, Arsalan; Haq, Afreen; Arif, Muhammad Omer; Zafar, Afia (29 July 2022).
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Zijlstra, Eduard E.; Sande, Wendy W. J. van de; Welsh, Oliverio; Mahgoub, El Sheikh; Goodfellow, Michael; Fahal, Ahmed H. (1 January 2016).
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Infection is caused as a result of localized skin trauma, such as stepping on a needle or wood splinter, or through a pre-existing wound.
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Oladele, RO; Ly, F; Sow, D; Akinkugbe, AO; Ocansey, BK; Fahal, AH; van de Sande, WWJ (14 April 2021). "Mycetoma in West Africa".
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The first visible symptom of mycetoma is a typically painless swelling beneath the skin; over several years, this will grow to a
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935:"Eumycetoma Osteomyelitis of the Calcaneus in a Child: A Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation following Total Calcanectomy"
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989:"Madurella mycetomatis infection of the foot: a case report of a neglected tropical disease in a non-endemic region"
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Elgallali, N; El Euch, D; Cheikhrouhou, R; Belhadj, S; Chelly, I; Chaker, E; Ben Osman, A (June 2010). "".
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Barış, Ayşe; Öncül, Ahsen; Öztürk, Kahraman; Barış, Alican; Aykut, Serkan; Aktaş, Elif (19 April 2021).
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In cats, mycetoma can be treated with complete surgical removal. Antifungal drugs are rarely effective.
204:
196:
148:. It can take between 3 months to 50 years from time of infection to first seeking healthcare advice.
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696:"Mikolojik Tanının Önemi: 20 Yıl İhmal Edilen Bir Scedosporium apiospermum Kompleks Miçetoma Olgusu"
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106:
35:
1208:: an online resource about skin diseases from the New Zealand Dermatological Society Incorporated.
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amputation is another surgical treatment option. For both forms, extended treatment is necessary.
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found in the soil and on thorny shrubs in semi-desert climates. Some common causative agents are:
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Buonfrate, D; Gobbi, F; Angheben, A; Marocco, S; Farina, C; Van Den Ende, J; Bisoffi, Z (2014).
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637:"Autochthonous cases of mycetoma in Europe: report of two cases and review of literature"
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van de Sande WW, Maghoub El S, Fahal AH, Goodfellow M, Welsh O, Zijlstra E (March 2014).
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Eldredge, Debra M.; Carlson, Delbert G.; Carlson, Liisa D.; Giffin, James M. (2008).
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588:"A scoping review of mycetoma profile in Egypt: revisiting the global endemicity map"
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While treatment will vary depending on the cause of the condition, it may include
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Ahmed, SA; El-Sobky, TA; de Hoog, S; Zaki, SM; Taha, M (9 September 2022).
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522:"Global Burden of Human Mycetoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
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Karrakchou, B; Boubnane, I; Senouci, K; Hassam, B (10 January 2020).
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Welsh O, Al-Abdely HM, Salinas-Carmona MC, Fahal AH (October 2014).
468:"The mycetoma knowledge gap: identification of research priorities"
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Transactions of the Royal
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
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Transactions of the Royal
Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
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is used for the treatment of mycetoma. Recent research found
121:, and a discharge that contains grains. 80% occur in feet.
1068:"Mycetoma in a non-endemic area: a diagnostic challenge"
144:. People who develop mycetoma likely have a weakened
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Genetic and Rare
Diseases Information Center (GARD)
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1220:: a list of clinical trials related to mycetoma.
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752:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
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813:. National Institutes of Health
295:Human mycetoma in India in 2013
360:The Lancet Infectious Diseases
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372:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00359-X
187:Mycetoma is caused by common
124:Most eumycetoma is caused by
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410:"Mycetoma medical therapy"
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165:World Health Organization
221:Streptomyces somaliensis
229:Actinomadura pelletieri
142:Actinomadura pelletieri
105:is a chronic infection
1234:Animal fungal diseases
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157:fine needle aspiration
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205:Nocardia brasiliensis
197:Madurella mycetomatis
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713:10.5578/mb.20219911
653:2014PLoSO...9j0590B
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276:antibiotics
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189:saprotrophs
167:(WHO) as a
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56:Usual onset
1228:Categories
1206:DermNet NZ
945:: 129020.
853:2018-04-17
817:2018-04-17
807:"Mycetoma"
312:References
280:antifungal
232:(bacteria)
224:(bacteria)
216:(bacteria)
208:(bacteria)
153:ultrasound
138:A. madurae
115:eumycetoma
91:Ultrasound
76:Eumycetoma
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730:241887330
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380:1473-3099
259:Treatment
247:Diagnosis
31:Specialty
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43:Symptoms
25:Mycetoma
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