441:
in diameter, with terminal cells swelling from 12 – 15 μm (maximum being 30 μm) in diameter. Overall two main types of grains are observed. The most common type is compact or filamentous, where a dark brown cement like amorphous, electron rich substance fills the voids surrounding the hyphal network. The hyphal network differs in growth between the cortical and medullar region, with radial versus multidirectional growth respectively. When stained with hematoxylin and eosin it appears rust-brown in color. In contrast, the second type, vesicular, has a light colored medulla and a brown cortical region filled with hyphae and vesicles 6 to 14 μm in diameter. Often it is difficult to determine the transition point from cortex to medulla. Lesions can have both the filamentous and vesicular type grains at the same time.
417:
35:
440:
are hard and brittle, ranging between 0.5 and 1 mm (maximum being 2 mm), with masses from 2 to 4 mm. The grains are oval and often multi-lobed. They are reddish brown to black in color and texturally smooth or ridged. The grains are made up of an internal mass of hyphae, 2 to 5 μm
394:
has been identified in both soil and anthill samples, growing optimally at 37 ˚C, however can viably grow at up to 40 ˚C. This ability to grow at high temperatures is a feature that can be useful in identifying the fungus in culture. The fungus's ability, an inability, to break down various
345:
based on in vivo similarities and cultural sterility. Although similar, there were important physiological and morphological differences between the two well defined species, leading scientists to doubt their phylogeny. The development of ribosomal sequencing and other molecular techniques, led to
407:
produces 1,8-dihydroxynapthalene a precursor to melanin – a protein extracellularly attached to proteins. Both molecules are responsible for the characteristic dark grain color. The melanin produced by the fungus has also been identified as a defense mechanism against processes such as hydrolytic
433:
producing a diffusible pigment called pyomelanin, and becomes smooth in texture. Older colonies form masses of hyphae called sclerotia or grains. In nutritionally deficient or potato-carrot media, black grains (0.75 to 1 mm in diameter) with undifferentiated polygonal cells can be observed.
432:
is very slow and can be broken down into three stages. Initially the colony is dome shaped white-yellow or olivaceous brown in color. The mycelium is covered in grey down, giving it a woolly texture. Following the initial stage, brownish aerial mycelia (1 to 5 μm) form and the colony starts
552:
Understanding how a fungus might react to various anti-fungal agents in-vitro can be beneficial when wanting to study or isolate particular organisms in culture. The
Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M38A methods indicate that conidial suspensions are to be used when testing
456:
is rare, two main types can be described in-vitro. In the first type oval to pyriform conidia, 3 to 5 μm can be observed. The conidia have truncated bases and are on the tips of simple or branched conidiophores. In-vitro, this type of conidiation can be observed in 50% of cultures on soil
491:
accounts for 70% of mycetoma cases in central Africa, especially common in Sudan. Cases of mycetoma caused by this fungus have also been reported in West Africa, India, Venezuela, Curaçao, Brazil, Peru and
Argentina. The mode of entry for etiological agents of mycetoma, such as
267:
both in lesions and in culture. Histological examination is especially useful, as it has many unique morphological features. Strain-level differences in response to antifungal agents is informative for treatment and laboratory isolation of cultures.
399:
is amylolytic yet is only weakly proteolytic, and has the ability to assimilate glucose, galactose, lactose and maltose, while unable to assimilate sucrose. Potassium nitrate, ammonium sulfate, asparagine and urea can also be used by the fungus.
457:
extract, hay infusion or water agar. When grown on potato carrot agar or cornmeal agar the second type of conidiation is observed. This type is characterized by small spherical conidia (3 μm in diameter) on tapered tips of flask shaped
1424:
to six antifungal agents by using the
Sensititre system in comparison with a viability-based 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5- [(phenylamino)carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) assay and a modified NCCLS
516:, including but not limited to the unique cement like substance and multi-lobed morphology of the grains. Molecular analysis allows for a more sensitive technique to discriminate between morphologically similar species. An
500:
in soil and anthill samples substantiates its involvement in mycetoma. Infected hosts from samples in Sudan show variability in clinical symptoms, this corroborates the heterogeneity of
263:
in humans. It has been misclassified for many years, but with improvement of molecular techniques, its phylogenetic classification has been established. Many methods exist to identify
956:
Lopes, Maria M; Freitas, Graciete; Boiron, Patrick (2000). "Potential
Utility of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and Restriction Endonuclease Assay (REA) as Typing Systems for
528:(RFLP) digestion or gene sequencing to obtain the results. The highly variable nature of the ITS sequence between species not only allows for diagnosis, but also the identification of
295:. The fungus was grown in-vitro by Brault in 1912, so it could be studied in culture. In 1977, the British Medical Research Council changed the name to the currently accepted name,
512:
There are various methods available for the purpose of differentiating fungal species. Histological examination allows for the exploitation of unique morphological features of
1649:
1558:
1363:
Ahmed, Sarah
Abdalla; Kloezen, Wendy; Duncanson, Frederick; Zijlstra, Ed E.; Hoog, G. Sybren de; Fahal, Ahmed H.; Sande, Wendy W. J. van de (19 June 2014).
1610:
525:
367:
Genotypic variation can help explain geographical distribution of fungi and differences in host symptoms. Restriction endonuclease assay (REA) and
368:
379:(AFLP) found 3 clusters in Sudan, in contrast to the 2 clusters identified by RAPD, proving AFLP to be a more sensitive method. This showed that
376:
1280:
1264:
1239:
1214:
854:
826:
774:
408:
enzymes, free radicals, redox buffering, antibodies and complement. The fungus also produces pyomelanin, a brown diffusible pigment.
1418:
van de Sande, Wendy W. J.; Luijendijk, Ad; Ahmed, Abdalla O. A.; Bakker-Woudenberg, Irma A. J. M.; van Belkum, Alex (1 April 2005).
558:
1189:
1164:
1073:
1027:
879:
557:, alternative suspensions of hyphal fragments are required, as conidial forms are exceedingly rare. Table 1 summarizes the
1636:
517:
383:
is not genetically homogenous, and explained the variability in host symptoms affected by the same etiological agent.
1472:
Kloezen, Wendy; Meis, Jacques F.; Curfs-Breuker, Ilse; Fahal, Ahmed H.; van de Sande, Wendy W. J. (1 November 2012).
1654:
521:
741:
Brumpt, E (1905). "Sur le mycétome à grains noirs, maladie produite par une Mucédinée dugenre
Madurella n. g.".
375:, namely 2 genotypic clusters in Africa, and 7 different genotypes from other continents. Further testing with
1695:
360:
1526:
1089:
Ibrahim, Anahid Izzat; El Hassan, Ahmed
Mohammed; Fahal, Ahmed; van de Sande, Wendy W (1 January 2013).
137:
496:, is trauma, such as; snake bites, knives, splinters, thorns and insect bites. Thus having identified
1690:
1602:
1584:
1106:
279:
underwent many name changes. In 1901, Brumpt described the first recorded case of mycosis caused by
416:
34:
985:
162:
42:
1662:
1571:
1507:
1454:
1400:
1342:
1260:
1235:
1210:
1185:
1160:
1134:
1069:
1023:
977:
935:
875:
850:
822:
770:
283:, identifying black granules in association with mycetoma. In 1902, Laveran named the fungus
1667:
1497:
1489:
1444:
1436:
1390:
1380:
1332:
1324:
1124:
1114:
969:
925:
915:
337:
194:
77:
1110:
287:, which he had identified from a mycetoma grain. In 1905, Brumpt corrected its genus to
1597:
1502:
1473:
1449:
1419:
1395:
1364:
1337:
1308:
1129:
1090:
1016:
930:
899:
101:
1157:
The
Pathologic Anatomy of Mycoses: Human Infection with Fungi, Actinomycetes and Algae
1684:
1563:
683:
1440:
989:
870:
Heitman, Joseph; Filler, Scott G.; Edwards Jr., John E.; Mitchell, Aaron P. (2006).
532:
in soil samples. ITS has also been cited as the recommended method for isolation of
1576:
699:
667:
635:
619:
603:
358:
belonged in the order
Sordariales, further confirmed by genomic comparison against
341:. Roughly a dozen other species of uncertain validity have been described as genus
304:
553:
anti-fungal susceptibility of filamentous fungi. When following these methods for
1385:
1119:
920:
1641:
651:
445:
312:
89:
1549:
722:
481:
65:
1307:
Belkum, Alex van; Fahal, Ahmed H.; Sande, Wendy W. J. van de (1 April 2011).
114:
1511:
1458:
1404:
1346:
1138:
981:
939:
973:
1623:
1543:
1493:
1328:
458:
449:
260:
1615:
1018:
Medical mycology: the pathogenic fungi and the pathogenic actinomycetes
743:
Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de
Biologie et de ses Filiales
316:
175:
1628:
153:
1520:
1205:
Gaspari, Anthony A.; Tyring, Stephen K.; Kaplan, Daniel H. (2016).
536:. Additionally, molecular analysis lead to the determination that
424:(UAMH 9528) on potato dextrose agar incubated for 12 days at 37 °C
415:
53:
1589:
1524:
1180:
Dismukes, William E.; Pappas, Peter G.; Sobel, Jack D. (2003).
900:"Phylogenetic analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of
874:(1st ed.). Washington, DC: American Society Microbiology.
259:
is a fungus primarily reported in Central Africa as a cause of
904:
confirms its taxonomic position within the order Sordariales"
565:) for various anti-fungal agents, with specific relation to
315:. Maduramycosis or Madura foot, was first described from
1474:"In vitro antifungal activity of isavuconazole against
371:(RAPD) helped characterize the different genotypes of
484:
in humans, a chronic localized inflammatory disease.
465:
is sterile. No sexual stage has been identified for
395:
molecules can also be used to confirm its identity.
1533:
1015:
480:is the most common fungus with respect to causing
760:
758:
756:
1420:"Testing of the in vitro susceptibilities of
1302:
1300:
1298:
1059:
840:
838:
819:Molecular Detection of Human Fungal Pathogens
303:still remained incorrectly classified in the
8:
1358:
1356:
1150:
1148:
1064:Murray, Patrick R.; Baron, Ellen Jo (2003).
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1022:(3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders.
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
898:van de Sande, Wendy W. J. (1 January 2012).
1068:(8th ed.). Washington, DC: ASM Press.
951:
949:
821:(1st ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
1521:
1257:Diagnostic Pathology of Infectious Disease
812:
810:
808:
806:
571:
33:
22:
1501:
1448:
1394:
1384:
1336:
1184:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
1128:
1118:
929:
919:
893:
891:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
544:, and belonged in the Sordariales class.
1091:"A histopathological exploration of the
872:Molecular Principles of Fungal Pathogens
526:restriction fragment length polymorphism
331:contains only two well defined species:
307:. This error was corrected in 2015 when
1259:. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier.
767:Laboratory Handbook of Medical Mycology
733:
369:random amplification of polymorphic DNA
1369:Is Highly Susceptible to Ravuconazole"
1234:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Dekker.
1232:Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals
452:), a form of asexual reproduction, in
377:amplified fragment length polymorphism
1482:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1429:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1317:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
540:did not share a common ancestor with
364:, another member of the Sordariales.
350:did not share a common ancestor with
319:, South India, in 1842 by John Gill.
299:. With the binomial name determined,
7:
1207:Clinical and Basic Immunodermatology
14:
1159:(1st ed.). Springer Verlag.
559:minimal inhibitory concentrations
1313:to Posaconazole and Terbinafine"
186:Chalmerrs & Archibald (1902)
1441:10.1128/AAC.49.4.1364-1368.2005
1066:Manual of clinical microbiology
291:, in turn changing its name to
461:and collarettes. On SDA media
1:
1014:Rippon, John Willard (1988).
245:Redaelli & Ciferri (1942)
1386:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002942
1309:"In Vitro Susceptibility of
1120:10.1371/journal.pone.0057774
921:10.1371/journal.pone.0057774
765:McGinnis, Michael R (2012).
1255:Kradin, Richard L. (2010).
1155:Baker, Roger Denio (1971).
573:In vitro susceptibility of
518:internal transcribed spacer
1712:
1230:Howard, Dexter H. (2007).
1209:(2nd ed.). Springer.
845:Samanta, Indranil (2015).
769:. London: Academic Press.
548:Anti-fungal susceptibility
1291:. University of Adelaide.
522:polymerase chain reaction
237:Hanan & Zurett (1938)
168:
161:
143:
136:
43:Scientific classification
41:
32:
25:
311:was placed in the order
183:Glenospora khartoumensis
849:. New Delhi: Springer.
361:Chaetomium thermophilum
213:Blanc & Brun (1919)
520:(ITS) is amplified by
425:
387:Physiology and ecology
285:Strepthothrix mycetomi
1535:Madurella mycetomatis
1476:Madurella mycetomatis
1422:Madurella mycetomatis
1367:Madurella mycetomatis
1311:Madurella mycetomatis
1283:Madurella mycetomatis
1093:Madurella mycetomatis
974:10.1007/s002849910001
958:Madurella mycetomatis
902:Madurella mycetomatis
817:Liu, Dongyou (2011).
478:Madurella mycetomatis
422:Madurella mycetomatis
419:
412:Growth and morphology
397:Madurella mycetomatis
392:Madurella mycetomatis
297:Madurella mycetomatis
277:Madurella mycetomatis
256:Madurella mycetomatis
172:Streptothrix mycetomi
147:Madurella mycetomatis
27:Madurella mycetomatis
1494:10.1128/AAC.01170-12
1329:10.1128/AAC.01045-10
1111:2013PLoSO...857774I
847:Veterinary Mycology
585:
524:(PCR). Followed by
346:the discovery that
129:M. mycetomatis
1373:PLOS Negl Trop Dis
598:MIC range (μg/mL)
572:
426:
293:Madurella mycetomi
197:& Pinoy (1908)
1678:
1677:
1663:Open Tree of Life
1527:Taxon identifiers
1182:Clinical Mycology
714:
713:
589:Anti-fungal drug
252:
251:
246:
242:M. virido brunnea
238:
230:
222:
214:
206:
202:Madurella tozeuri
198:
187:
179:
18:Species of fungus
1703:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1644:
1642:BMSSYS0000047731
1632:
1631:
1619:
1618:
1606:
1605:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1505:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1398:
1388:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1304:
1293:
1292:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1252:
1246:
1245:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1034:
1033:
1021:
1011:
994:
993:
953:
944:
943:
933:
923:
895:
886:
885:
867:
861:
860:
842:
833:
832:
814:
781:
780:
762:
751:
750:
738:
586:
583:to various drugs
244:
236:
228:
220:
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204:
193:
185:
174:
149:
37:
23:
1711:
1710:
1706:
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1701:
1700:
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1674:
1666:
1661:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1635:
1627:
1622:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1596:
1588:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1542:
1529:
1519:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1306:
1305:
1296:
1289:Mycology Online
1279:
1278:
1274:
1267:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1229:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1154:
1153:
1146:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1076:
1063:
1062:
1037:
1030:
1013:
1012:
997:
955:
954:
947:
897:
896:
889:
882:
869:
868:
864:
857:
844:
843:
836:
829:
816:
815:
784:
777:
764:
763:
754:
740:
739:
735:
731:
719:
564:
550:
510:
475:
414:
389:
325:
274:
265:M. mycetomatis,
191:Oospora tozeuri
157:
151:
145:
132:
118:
104:
92:
80:
78:Sordariomycetes
68:
56:
19:
12:
11:
5:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1698:
1696:Fungus species
1693:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1568:
1555:
1539:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1518:
1517:
1488:(11): 6054–6.
1464:
1410:
1352:
1294:
1272:
1266:978-1416034292
1265:
1247:
1241:978-0824706838
1240:
1222:
1216:978-3319297835
1215:
1197:
1190:
1172:
1165:
1144:
1081:
1074:
1035:
1028:
995:
945:
887:
880:
862:
856:978-8132222798
855:
834:
828:978-1439812402
827:
782:
776:978-0123960146
775:
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641:
638:
632:
631:
628:
625:
622:
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
600:
599:
596:
595:MIC50 (μg/mL)
593:
592:MIC90 (μg/mL)
590:
567:M. mycetomatis
562:
555:M. mycetomatis
549:
546:
538:M. mycetomatis
534:M. mycetomatis
530:M. mycetomatis
514:M. mycetomatis
509:
506:
502:M. mycetomatis
498:M. mycetomatis
494:M. mycetomatis
474:
471:
467:M. mycetomatis
463:M. mycetomatis
454:M. mycetomatis
438:M. mycetomatis
430:M. mycetomatis
428:The growth of
413:
410:
388:
385:
381:M. mycetomatis
373:M. mycetomatis
356:M. mycetomatis
348:M. mycetomatis
333:M. mycetomatis
324:
321:
309:M. mycetomatis
301:M. mycetomatis
281:M. mycetomatis
273:
270:
250:
249:
248:
247:
239:
231:
223:
215:
207:
199:
188:
180:
166:
165:
159:
158:
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141:
140:
134:
133:
126:
124:
120:
119:
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110:
106:
105:
102:Incertae sedis
100:
98:
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93:
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81:
76:
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69:
64:
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58:
57:
52:
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39:
38:
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29:
17:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
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1660:
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1487:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1435:(4): 1364–8.
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1414:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1368:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:(4): 1771–3.
1322:
1318:
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1301:
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1286:
1284:
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1121:
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1105:(3): e57774.
1104:
1100:
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1082:
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1058:
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1020:
1019:
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1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
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967:
963:
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952:
950:
946:
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937:
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927:
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914:(3): e57774.
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909:
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883:
877:
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866:
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852:
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791:
789:
787:
783:
778:
772:
768:
761:
759:
757:
753:
748:
744:
737:
734:
728:
724:
721:
720:
716:
709:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
694:≤0.016–0.125
693:
690:
687:
685:
684:Isavuconazole
682:
681:
677:
674:
671:
669:
666:
665:
661:
658:
655:
653:
650:
649:
645:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
630:≤0.002–0.031
629:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
597:
594:
591:
588:
587:
584:
581:
580:
576:
570:
568:
560:
556:
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
499:
495:
490:
487:
483:
479:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
455:
451:
447:
442:
439:
434:
431:
423:
418:
411:
409:
406:
403:
398:
393:
386:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
365:
363:
362:
357:
353:
349:
344:
340:
339:
334:
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
271:
269:
266:
262:
258:
257:
243:
240:
235:
234:M. Lackawanna
232:
229:Gammel (1927)
227:
224:
221:Gammel (1926)
219:
216:
211:
208:
203:
200:
196:
192:
189:
184:
181:
177:
173:
170:
169:
167:
164:
160:
155:
150:
148:
142:
139:
138:Binomial name
135:
131:
130:
125:
122:
121:
117:
116:
111:
108:
107:
103:
99:
96:
95:
91:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
60:
59:
55:
51:
48:
47:
44:
40:
36:
31:
28:
24:
21:
16:
1534:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1467:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1413:
1379:(6): e2942.
1376:
1372:
1366:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1288:
1282:
1275:
1256:
1250:
1231:
1225:
1206:
1200:
1181:
1175:
1156:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1084:
1065:
1017:
965:
962:Microbiology
961:
957:
911:
907:
901:
871:
865:
846:
818:
766:
746:
742:
736:
700:Itraconazole
668:Voriconazole
646:≤0.03–0.125
636:Posaconazole
620:Ravuconazole
604:Ketoconazole
582:
578:
577:
574:
566:
554:
551:
541:
537:
533:
529:
513:
511:
501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
477:
476:
466:
462:
453:
443:
437:
435:
429:
427:
421:
404:
401:
396:
391:
390:
380:
372:
366:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
336:
332:
328:
326:
308:
305:Pleosporales
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
275:
264:
255:
254:
253:
241:
233:
225:
218:M. Americana
217:
209:
205:Pinoy (1919)
201:
190:
182:
171:
146:
144:
128:
127:
113:
26:
20:
15:
1691:Sordariales
710:≤0.016–0.5
652:Terbinafine
579:mycetomatis
561:at 90% (MIC
504:genotypes.
489:mycetomatis
446:conidiation
405:mycetomatis
313:Sordariales
210:M. tabarkae
90:Sordariales
1685:Categories
1191:0195148096
1166:3540051406
1075:1555817378
1029:0721624448
968:(1): 1–5.
881:1555813682
729:References
723:Eumycetoma
436:Grains of
420:Colony of
327:The genus
66:Ascomycota
662:1–>16
614:≤0.031–1
575:Madurella
542:M. grisea
508:Detection
486:Madurella
459:phialides
444:Although
402:Madurella
354:and that
352:M. grisea
343:Madurella
338:M. grisea
329:Madurella
323:Phylogeny
289:Madurella
226:M. ikedae
123:Species:
115:Madurella
49:Kingdom:
1624:MycoBank
1598:Fungorum
1564:60021489
1559:AusFungi
1550:Q6728855
1544:Wikidata
1512:22964246
1459:15793113
1405:24945848
1347:21263050
1139:23483927
1099:PLOS ONE
990:22344606
982:10568795
940:23483927
908:PLOS ONE
749:: 997–9.
717:See also
678:0.016–1
482:mycetoma
450:conidium
261:mycetoma
163:Synonyms
97:Family:
61:Phylum:
1616:3455882
1590:6755927
1503:3486573
1450:1068587
1425:method"
1396:4063742
1338:3067195
1130:3590280
1107:Bibcode
931:3590280
473:Mycosis
317:Madurai
272:History
195:Nicolle
176:Laveran
109:Genus:
85:Order:
73:Class:
1668:534516
1655:100816
1629:535193
1603:535193
1510:
1500:
1457:
1447:
1403:
1393:
1345:
1335:
1263:
1238:
1213:
1188:
1163:
1137:
1127:
1095:grain"
1072:
1026:
988:
980:
938:
928:
878:
853:
825:
773:
707:0.063
691:0.031
688:0.063
672:0.125
627:0.004
624:0.016
178:(1902)
156:(1905)
154:Brumpt
1577:3XFFF
986:S2CID
704:0.25
643:0.03
640:0.06
611:0.06
608:0.25
54:Fungi
1650:NCBI
1611:GBIF
1508:PMID
1455:PMID
1401:PMID
1343:PMID
1261:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1211:ISBN
1186:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1135:PMID
1070:ISBN
1024:ISBN
978:PMID
936:PMID
876:ISBN
851:ISBN
823:ISBN
771:ISBN
335:and
1637:NBN
1585:EoL
1572:CoL
1498:PMC
1490:doi
1445:PMC
1437:doi
1391:PMC
1381:doi
1333:PMC
1325:doi
1125:PMC
1115:doi
970:doi
960:".
926:PMC
916:doi
656:16
1687::
1665::
1652::
1639::
1626::
1613::
1600::
1587::
1574::
1561::
1546::
1506:.
1496:.
1486:56
1484:.
1480:.
1453:.
1443:.
1433:49
1431:.
1427:.
1399:.
1389:.
1375:.
1371:.
1355:^
1341:.
1331:.
1321:55
1319:.
1315:.
1297:^
1287:.
1147:^
1133:.
1123:.
1113:.
1101:.
1097:.
1038:^
998:^
984:.
976:.
966:40
964:.
948:^
934:.
924:.
910:.
906:.
890:^
837:^
785:^
755:^
747:58
745:.
675:–
659:8
569:.
563:90
469:.
1514:.
1492::
1478:"
1461:.
1439::
1407:.
1383::
1377:8
1365:"
1349:.
1327::
1285:"
1281:"
1269:.
1244:.
1219:.
1194:.
1169:.
1141:.
1117::
1109::
1103:8
1078:.
1032:.
992:.
972::
942:.
918::
912:8
884:.
859:.
831:.
779:.
448:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
