45:
375:
541:
494:
2723:
549:
480:
The pathophysiology of cardiomyopathies is better understood at the cellular level with advances in molecular techniques. Mutant proteins can disturb cardiac function in the contractile apparatus (or mechanosensitive complexes). Cardiomyocyte alterations and their persistent responses at the cellular
484:
Cardiomyopathies are generally varied individually. Different factors can cause
Cardiomyopathies in adults as well as children. To exemplify, Dilated Cardiomyopathy in adults is associated with Ischemic Cardiomyopathy, Hypertension, Valvular diseases, and Genetics. While in Children, Neuromuscular
2538:
Maron BJ, Udelson JE, Bonow RO, Nishimura RA, Ackerman MJ, Estes NA, Cooper LT, Link MS, Maron MS (1 December 2015). "Eligibility and
Disqualification Recommendations for Competitive Athletes With Cardiovascular Abnormalities: Task Force 3: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Arrhythmogenic Right
472:(AHA) definition divides cardiomyopathies into primary, which affect the heart alone, and secondary, which are the result of illness affecting other parts of the body. These categories are further broken down into subgroups which incorporate new genetic and molecular biology knowledge.
365:
affected 2.5 million people. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy affects about 1 in 500 people while dilated cardiomyopathy affects 1 in 2,500. They resulted in 354,000 deaths up from 294,000 in 1990. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia is more common in young people.
439:
Cardiomyopathies are either confined to the heart or are part of a generalized systemic disorder, both often leading to cardiovascular death or progressive heart failure-related disability. Other diseases that cause heart muscle dysfunction are excluded, such as
464:
A more clinical categorization of cardiomyopathy as 'hypertrophied', 'dilated', or 'restrictive', has become difficult to maintain because some of the conditions could fulfill more than one of those three categories at any particular stage of their development.
282:
As of 2013, cardiomyopathies are defined as "disorders characterized by morphologically and functionally abnormal myocardium in the absence of any other disease that is sufficient, by itself, to cause the observed phenotype." Types of cardiomyopathy include
2640:
2617:
770:
Treatment may include suggestion of lifestyle changes to better manage the condition. Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and condition of disease, but may include medication (conservative treatment) or iatrogenic/implanted
452:. Often, the underlying cause remains unknown, but in many cases the cause may be identifiable. Alcoholism, for example, has been identified as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, as has drug toxicity, and certain infections (including
435:
diseases, neuromuscular disorders, inborn errors of metabolism, malformation syndromes and sometimes are unidentified. Non-genetic cardiomyopathies can have definitive causes such as viral infections, myocarditis and others.
460:
can cause cardiomyopathies, which can completely reverse with a timely diagnosis. In addition to acquired causes, molecular biology and genetics have given rise to the recognition of various genetic causes.
1085:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1033:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1235:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
787:
for recurring dysrhythmias that cannot be eliminated by medication or mechanical cardioversion. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a
1669:
Westphal JG, Rigopoulos AG, Bakogiannis C, Ludwig SE, Mavrogeni S, Bigalke B, et al. (2017). "The MOGE(S) classification for cardiomyopathies: current status and future outlook".
1156:
Arbustini E, Narula N, Dec GW, Reddy KS, Greenberg B, Kushwaha S, Marwick T, Pinney S, Bellazzi R, Favalli V, Kramer C, Roberts R, Zoghbi WA, Bonow R, Tavazzi L (3 December 2013).
3438:
597:
2539:
Ventricular
Cardiomyopathy and Other Cardiomyopathies, and Myocarditis: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology".
353:
Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy and the severity of symptoms. Treatments may include lifestyle changes, medications, or surgery. Surgery may include a
572:
3079:
296:
158:
1457:"Dysregulation of Calcium Handling in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy-Associated Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Mechanisms and Experimental Therapeutic Strategies"
1284:"Current perspectives on the diagnosis and management of dilated cardiomyopathy Beyond heart failure: a Cardiomyopathy Clinic Doctor's point of view"
2769:
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2813:
776:
2477:
2342:
2150:
1866:
1607:
1582:
1213:
1140:
969:
885:
3491:
3300:
3137:
2590:
2119:
930:
850:
1573:
Lakdawala NK, Stevenson LW, Loscalzo J (2015). "Chapter 287". In Kasper DL, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (eds.).
1872:
3305:
3295:
2884:
1219:
3602:
3433:
3047:
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44:
485:
diseases such as Becker muscular dystrophy, including X-linked genetic disorder, are directly linked with their
Cardiomyopathies.
3468:
3337:
3118:
303:(broken heart syndrome). In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy the heart muscle enlarges and thickens. In dilated cardiomyopathy the
3413:
3408:
3332:
2216:
3132:
2348:
669:
not formally included in the classification, due to ischemic cardiomyopathy being a direct result of another cardiac problem
3759:
3635:
3564:
3396:
3754:
3547:
3530:
3463:
3383:
2762:
811:
578:
3597:
314:, whereas dilated cardiomyopathy is inherited in about one third of cases. Dilated cardiomyopathy may also result from
3042:
566:
284:
143:
3579:
3067:
3052:
2171:
Maron BJ, Towbin JA, Thiene G, Antzelevitch C, Corrado D, Arnett D, Moss AJ, Seidman CE, Young JB (11 April 2006).
702:
613:
469:
292:
153:
3354:
3657:
3322:
3249:
2976:
1400:"Infantile Onset Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Secondary to PRKAG2 Gene Mutation is Associated with Poor Prognosis"
780:
354:
3607:
3781:
3537:
3327:
3224:
3205:
3035:
2808:
2655:
805:
651:
379:
347:
300:
163:
3852:
3814:
3788:
3776:
3764:
3749:
3483:
3425:
3229:
3210:
2862:
2802:
2755:
697:
664:
441:
323:
109:
3403:
3369:
3312:
3290:
3112:
3094:
3030:
2897:
2850:
2778:
2738:
747:
607:
288:
148:
3167:
3162:
3057:
2867:
629:
3663:
3191:
3172:
3072:
2983:
2926:
772:
276:
127:
998:
3668:
3525:
3520:
3443:
3347:
3317:
3276:
2902:
2819:
2644:
3771:
3569:
3391:
3342:
2967:
2914:
2824:
2572:
2208:
2111:
2090:
1694:
1321:
1185:
1157:
961:
877:
742:
272:
81:
922:
842:
1856:
3831:
3682:
3640:
3555:
3373:
3271:
2988:
2931:
2829:
2695:
2666:
2564:
2556:
2526:
2508:
2473:
2456:
2438:
2405:
2387:
2338:
2313:
2264:
2200:
2192:
2146:
2082:
2074:
2033:
2015:
1976:
1925:
1862:
1837:
1786:
1735:
1686:
1648:
1613:
1603:
1578:
1555:
1537:
1496:
1478:
1437:
1419:
1380:
1362:
1313:
1305:
1264:
1209:
1203:
1177:
1136:
1114:
1062:
784:
712:
592:
481:
level cause changes that are correlated with sudden cardiac death and other cardiac problems.
304:
256:
94:
69:
3804:
3696:
3589:
3285:
2548:
2516:
2500:
2446:
2430:
2395:
2379:
2303:
2295:
2254:
2184:
2064:
2023:
2007:
1966:
1956:
1915:
1907:
1827:
1817:
1776:
1766:
1725:
1678:
1640:
1545:
1527:
1486:
1468:
1427:
1411:
1370:
1352:
1295:
1254:
1246:
1169:
1104:
1096:
1052:
1044:
788:
619:
588:
427:(familial) or non-genetic (acquired) origin. Genetic cardiomyopathies usually are caused by
424:
358:
343:
331:
268:
122:
3826:
3218:
3199:
3186:
2993:
2872:
732:
717:
687:
584:
529:
374:
339:
192:
1600:
Pathophysiology of heart disease: a collaborative project of medical students and faculty
2728:
540:
3819:
3727:
3625:
3617:
3515:
3018:
3005:
2521:
2488:
2451:
2418:
2400:
2367:
2308:
2283:
2028:
1995:
1971:
1944:
1920:
1895:
1832:
1805:
1781:
1754:
1550:
1515:
1491:
1456:
1432:
1399:
1375:
1340:
1259:
1234:
1109:
1084:
1057:
1032:
521:
457:
315:
187:
53:
2188:
1250:
1100:
1048:
310:
In many cases, the cause cannot be determined. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is usually
3846:
3809:
3720:
2855:
2576:
2334:
Pediatric
Metabolic Syndrome: Comprehensive Clinical Review and Related Health Issues
1644:
1516:"Genetic Restrictive Cardiomyopathy: Causes and Consequences—An Integrative Approach"
1031:
GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (8 October 2016).
264:
117:
2649:
2094:
1698:
1325:
1189:
1158:"The MOGE(S) Classification for a Phenotype–Genotype Nomenclature of Cardiomyopathy"
3741:
3715:
3559:
3507:
3180:
3156:
3126:
3103:
2972:
2962:
2212:
655:
638:
449:
445:
432:
319:
248:
197:
2172:
2069:
2052:
17:
2747:
2660:
2552:
2332:
2299:
1602:(5th ed.). Baltimore, MD: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3676:
3574:
3364:
3281:
3263:
3089:
3062:
3013:
2954:
2690:
1173:
659:
642:
634:
493:
453:
362:
335:
260:
227:
202:
99:
61:
2706:
2259:
2242:
3704:
3254:
2701:
2671:
2626:
2383:
1682:
1300:
1283:
722:
511:
74:
2560:
2512:
2504:
2442:
2391:
2196:
2078:
2019:
1617:
1541:
1482:
1423:
1366:
1357:
1309:
2634:
2630:
1806:"Genomic Insights into Cardiomyopathies: A Comparative Cross-Species Review"
646:
548:
428:
2568:
2530:
2460:
2434:
2409:
2317:
2268:
2204:
2086:
2037:
1980:
1929:
1841:
1790:
1739:
1713:
1690:
1652:
1559:
1500:
1441:
1415:
1384:
1317:
1268:
1181:
1118:
1066:
390:
Shortness of breath or trouble breathing, especially with physical exertion
2011:
1961:
1911:
1822:
1771:
552:
Stained microscopic section of heart muscle in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
307:
enlarge and weaken. In restrictive cardiomyopathy the ventricle stiffens.
3630:
2787:
1631:
Adam A, Nicholson C, Owens L (2008). "Alcoholic dilated cardiomyopathy".
1532:
1233:
GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators (17 December 2014).
800:
311:
182:
57:
2241:
Séguéla PE, Iriart X, Acar P, Montaudon M, Roudaut R, Thambo JB (2015).
1714:"Chronic hepatitis C virus infection, a new cardiovascular risk factor?"
501:
Among the diagnostic procedures done to determine a cardiomyopathy are:
2243:"Eosinophilic cardiac disease: Molecular, clinical and imaging aspects"
1473:
1083:
GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators (8 October 2016).
327:
252:
89:
2609:
1730:
3710:
3690:
2845:
2621:
2594:
2173:"Contemporary Definitions and Classification of the Cardiomyopathies"
1455:
Law ML, Cohen H, Martin AA, Angulski AB, Metzger JM (February 2020).
1753:
Ciaccio EJ, Lewis SK, Biviano AB, Iyer V, Garan H, Green PH (2017).
251:. Early on there may be few or no symptoms. As the disease worsens,
1945:"Cardiomyopathy Classification: Ongoing Debate in the Genomics Era"
547:
373:
2112:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy? - NHLBI, NIH"
658:
of and injury to heart tissue due in part to its infiltration by
641:
of and injury to heart tissue due in part to its infiltration by
396:
Swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, abdomen and veins in the neck
1896:"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Proposal for a new classification"
1398:
Gorla S, Raja K, Garg A, Barbouth D, Rusconi P (December 2018).
2751:
516:
2419:"The Molecular Genetic Basis for Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy"
556:
Cardiomyopathies can be classified using different criteria:
411:
Chest pain, especially after physical exertion or heavy meals
1135:(21st ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. 2022. p. 1954.
1514:
Cimiotti D, Budde H, Hassoun R, Jaquet K (8 January 2021).
1282:
Bakalakos A, Ritsatos K, Anastasakis A (1 September 2018).
1664:
1662:
414:
Heart murmurs (unusual sounds associated with heartbeats)
2470:
Advances in Heart
Research and Application: 2013 Edition
1943:
McCartan C, Maso R, Jayasinghe SR, Griffiths LR (2012).
1208:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2010. p. 148.
2337:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 200.
275:
may occur. Those affected are at an increased risk of
598:
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia
2599:
2331:
Lipshultz SE, Messiah SE, Miller TL (5 April 2012).
843:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cardiomyopathy?"
3797:
3740:
3649:
3616:
3588:
3546:
3505:
3482:
3456:
3424:
3382:
3363:
3262:
3248:
3148:
3102:
3088:
3004:
2953:
2946:
2883:
2838:
2795:
2786:
2681:
2603:
350:is caused by extreme emotional or physical stress.
234:
222:
214:
172:
136:
108:
80:
68:
56:showing thickening, dilatation, and subendocardial
37:
2236:
2234:
573:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy
2372:Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
1755:"Cardiovascular involvement in celiac disease"
334:. Restrictive cardiomyopathy may be caused by
2763:
2368:"Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects"
1162:Journal of the American College of Cardiology
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
872:
870:
868:
8:
2423:Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
1894:Llamas-EsperĂłn GA, Llamas-Delgado G (2022).
1577:(19th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 1553.
1026:
1024:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
1855:Valentin Fuster, John Willis Hurst (2004).
1520:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1341:"Overview of Cardiomyopathies in Childhood"
1078:
1076:
993:
991:
989:
987:
3379:
3259:
3099:
3080:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
2950:
2792:
2770:
2756:
2748:
2600:
1861:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1884.
1575:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
1133:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
297:arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
159:Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
43:
34:
2520:
2450:
2399:
2307:
2258:
2068:
2027:
1970:
1960:
1919:
1831:
1821:
1804:Simpson S, Rutland P, Rutland CS (2017).
1780:
1770:
1729:
1549:
1531:
1490:
1472:
1431:
1374:
1356:
1299:
1258:
1108:
1056:
60:noticeable as increased whiteness of the
1994:Harvey PA, Leinwand LA (8 August 2011).
779:for those prone to fatal heart rhythms,
539:
492:
2106:
2104:
1996:"Cellular mechanisms of cardiomyopathy"
1222:from the original on 14 September 2016.
823:
544:Structural categories of cardiomyopathy
386:The presentation of cardiomyopathy is:
2814:Spontaneous coronary artery dissection
2166:
2164:
2162:
1009:from the original on 15 September 2016
972:from the original on 15 September 2016
853:from the original on 15 September 2016
247:is a group of primary diseases of the
2417:Marian AJ, Roberts R (1 April 2001).
678:Secondary/extrinsic cardiomyopathies
7:
3138:Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis
1339:Rath A, Weintraub R (23 July 2021).
878:"Who Is at Risk for Cardiomyopathy?"
783:(VADs) for severe heart failure, or
2366:Boudina S, Abel ED (1 March 2010).
2247:Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases
2219:from the original on 20 August 2016
888:from the original on 16 August 2016
560:Primary/intrinsic cardiomyopathies
3434:Accelerated idioventricular rhythm
1205:Practical Cardiovascular Pathology
25:
2351:from the original on 29 May 2016.
2189:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.174287
2122:from the original on 28 July 2016
2051:Braunwald E (15 September 2017).
933:from the original on 28 July 2016
757:Obesity-associated cardiomyopathy
408:Arrhythmias (abnormal heartbeats)
405:Fainting during physical activity
2721:
1875:from the original on 27 May 2013
1645:10.7748/ns2008.05.22.38.42.c6565
999:"How Is Cardiomyopathy Treated?"
3119:Subacute bacterial endocarditis
2288:Current Opinion in Rheumatology
2053:"Cardiomyopathies: An Overview"
1598:Lilly, Leonard S., ed. (2011).
263:may occur, due to the onset of
238:354,000 with myocarditis (2015)
1288:Hellenic Journal of Cardiology
579:Left ventricular noncompaction
1:
3636:Pulseless electrical activity
3565:Multifocal atrial tachycardia
3439:Catecholaminergic polymorphic
2070:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.311812
1404:Journal of Pediatric Genetics
1251:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1101:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1049:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
962:"What Causes Cardiomyopathy?"
361:. In 2015 cardiomyopathy and
2553:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000239
2489:"Inherited cardiomyopathies"
2300:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000303
1461:Journal of Clinical Medicine
812:Basic Research in Cardiology
218:Depends on type and symptoms
2000:The Journal of Cell Biology
1712:Domont F, Cacoub P (2016).
1174:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1644
567:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
423:Cardiomyopathies can be of
285:hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
144:Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
27:Disease of the heart muscle
3869:
3580:Wandering atrial pacemaker
3127:non-infective endocarditis
3068:Endocardial fibroelastosis
2260:10.1016/j.acvd.2015.01.006
781:ventricular assist devices
703:Hypereosinophilic syndrome
614:Restrictive cardiomyopathy
497:Normal sinus rhythm on EKG
470:American Heart Association
448:, or abnormalities of the
293:restrictive cardiomyopathy
154:Restrictive cardiomyopathy
3658:hexaxial reference system
3603:Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
3133:Libman–Sacks endocarditis
2384:10.1007/s11154-010-9131-7
2145:. Elsevier. p. 396.
1683:10.1007/s10741-017-9641-4
1301:10.1016/j.hjc.2018.05.008
923:"Types of Cardiomyopathy"
355:ventricular assist device
51:
42:
3538:Ventricular fibrillation
2809:Coronary artery aneurysm
2505:10.1253/circj.cj-14-0893
1358:10.3389/fped.2021.708732
806:Fibrosing cardiomyopathy
652:Eosinophilic myocarditis
380:ventricular fibrillation
301:Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
164:Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
3815:Diastolic heart failure
3789:Athletic heart syndrome
3750:Ventricular hypertrophy
3484:Pre-excitation syndrome
3338:Left posterior fascicle
2863:Acute coronary syndrome
2803:Coronary artery disease
2143:Robbins Basic Pathology
1345:Frontiers in Pediatrics
808:(disease in great apes)
698:Endomyocardial fibrosis
665:Ischemic cardiomyopathy
442:coronary artery disease
324:coronary artery disease
3333:Left anterior fascicle
3113:infective endocarditis
2898:Hibernating myocardium
2779:Cardiovascular disease
2472:. Scholarly Editions.
2435:10.1006/jmcc.2001.1340
1416:10.1055/s-0038-1657763
775:for slow heart rates,
608:Dilated cardiomyopathy
553:
545:
498:
383:
289:dilated cardiomyopathy
149:Dilated cardiomyopathy
3497:Wolff–Parkinson–White
3457:Premature contraction
3355:Adams–Stokes syndrome
3058:Loeffler endocarditis
2868:Myocardial infarction
2012:10.1083/jcb.201101100
1912:10.24875/ACM.21000301
1823:10.3390/vetsci4010019
1772:10.4330/wjc.v9.i8.652
630:Stress cardiomyopathy
551:
543:
496:
377:
348:Broken heart syndrome
3664:Right axis deviation
3626:Sudden cardiac death
2984:Pericardial effusion
2927:Ventricular aneurysm
2057:Circulation Research
1533:10.3390/ijms22020558
1095:(10053): 1459–1544.
1043:(10053): 1545–1602.
277:sudden cardiac death
269:irregular heart beat
261:swelling of the legs
128:Sudden cardiac death
123:Irregular heart beat
100:Swelling of the legs
3669:Left axis deviation
3526:Atrial fibrillation
3521:Ventricular flutter
3444:Torsades de pointes
3318:Bundle branch block
3277:Sick sinus syndrome
3063:Cardiac amyloidosis
3048:Tachycardia-induced
2903:Myocardial stunning
2851:Prinzmetal's angina
2820:Coronary thrombosis
2493:Circulation Journal
2284:"Viral myocarditis"
1962:10.1155/2012/796926
748:Friedreich's ataxia
253:shortness of breath
90:Shortness of breath
62:inside of the heart
3772:Atrial enlargement
3570:Pacemaker syndrome
3492:Lown–Ganong–Levine
3414:Junctional ectopic
3409:AV nodal reentrant
2915:Myocardial rupture
2825:Coronary vasospasm
2682:External resources
2487:Towbin JA (2014).
1474:10.3390/jcm9020520
743:Muscular dystrophy
681:Metabolic/storage
591:and the very rare
554:
546:
499:
384:
370:Signs and symptoms
18:Myocardiodystrophy
3840:
3839:
3832:Obstructive shock
3736:
3735:
3683:Short QT syndrome
3650:Other / ungrouped
3641:Sinoatrial arrest
3556:Ectopic pacemaker
3452:
3451:
3272:Sinus bradycardia
3244:
3243:
3240:
3239:
2989:Cardiac tamponade
2942:
2941:
2932:Dressler syndrome
2830:Myocardial bridge
2716:
2715:
2479:978-1-4816-8280-0
2468:Acton QA (2013).
2344:978-1-4471-2365-1
2183:(14): 1807–1816.
2152:978-1-4377-1781-5
1868:978-0-07-143225-2
1858:Hurst's the heart
1731:10.1111/liv.13064
1609:978-1-60547-723-7
1584:978-0-07-180215-4
1215:978-1-60547-841-8
1168:(22): 2046–2072.
1142:978-1-264-26850-4
785:catheter ablation
713:Diabetes mellitus
593:Short QT syndrome
344:cancer treatments
242:
241:
226:2.5 million with
188:Heavy alcohol use
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3860:
3805:Cardiac fibrosis
3697:T wave alternans
3590:Long QT syndrome
3384:Supraventricular
3380:
3313:Intraventricular
3260:
3100:
2951:
2796:Coronary disease
2793:
2772:
2765:
2758:
2749:
2725:
2724:
2601:
2580:
2547:(22): e273–280.
2534:
2524:
2483:
2464:
2454:
2413:
2403:
2353:
2352:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2282:Rose NR (2016).
2279:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2238:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2168:
2157:
2156:
2141:Vinay K (2013).
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2108:
2099:
2098:
2072:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2031:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1974:
1964:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1923:
1900:Arch Cardiol Mex
1891:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1835:
1825:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1784:
1774:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1733:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1666:
1657:
1656:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1570:
1564:
1563:
1553:
1535:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1476:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1378:
1360:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1303:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1262:
1245:(9963): 117–71.
1230:
1224:
1223:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1129:
1123:
1122:
1112:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1060:
1028:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1005:. 22 June 2016.
995:
982:
981:
979:
977:
968:. 22 June 2016.
958:
943:
942:
940:
938:
929:. 22 June 2016.
919:
898:
897:
895:
893:
884:. 22 June 2016.
874:
863:
862:
860:
858:
849:. 22 June 2016.
839:
789:heart transplant
620:Brugada syndrome
589:Long QT syndrome
382:, seen on an ECG
378:The arrhythmia,
359:heart transplant
332:viral infections
47:
35:
21:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3862:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3857:
3843:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3827:Rheumatic fever
3793:
3732:
3645:
3612:
3584:
3542:
3501:
3478:
3448:
3420:
3367:
3359:
3253:
3236:
3144:
3093:
3084:
3000:
2994:Hemopericardium
2938:
2879:
2873:Unstable angina
2846:Angina pectoris
2839:Active ischemia
2834:
2782:
2776:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2711:
2677:
2676:
2612:
2587:
2537:
2499:(10): 2347–56.
2486:
2480:
2467:
2416:
2365:
2362:
2360:Further reading
2357:
2356:
2345:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2222:
2220:
2170:
2169:
2160:
2153:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2125:
2123:
2110:
2109:
2102:
2050:
2049:
2045:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1949:Biochem Res Int
1942:
1941:
1937:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1759:World J Cardiol
1752:
1751:
1747:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1630:
1629:
1625:
1610:
1597:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1232:
1231:
1227:
1216:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1082:
1081:
1074:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1012:
1010:
997:
996:
985:
975:
973:
960:
959:
946:
936:
934:
921:
920:
901:
891:
889:
876:
875:
866:
856:
854:
841:
840:
825:
820:
797:
768:
733:Noonan syndrome
718:Hyperthyroidism
694:Endomyocardial
688:Hemochromatosis
684:Fabry's disease
585:Channelopathies
538:
530:Genetic testing
491:
478:
421:
402:Lightheadedness
372:
340:hemochromatosis
210:
193:Tobacco smoking
168:
132:
104:
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3866:
3864:
3856:
3855:
3853:Cardiomyopathy
3845:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3823:
3822:
3820:Cardiac asthma
3817:
3807:
3801:
3799:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3786:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3746:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3728:Strain pattern
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3701:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3618:Cardiac arrest
3614:
3613:
3611:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:Andersen–Tawil
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3523:
3518:
3516:Atrial flutter
3512:
3510:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3430:
3428:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3388:
3386:
3377:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3279:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3257:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3189:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3152:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3108:
3106:
3097:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3026:Cardiomyopathy
3023:
3022:
3021:
3019:Chagas disease
3010:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2991:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2970:
2959:
2957:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2853:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2806:
2799:
2797:
2790:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2767:
2760:
2752:
2739:Cardiomyopathy
2727:
2720:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:Cardiomyopathy
2698:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2663:
2652:
2637:
2613:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:Classification
2598:
2597:
2591:Cardiomyopathy
2586:
2585:External links
2583:
2582:
2581:
2535:
2484:
2478:
2465:
2429:(4): 655–670.
2414:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2343:
2323:
2274:
2230:
2158:
2151:
2133:
2100:
2063:(7): 711–721.
2043:
2006:(3): 355–365.
1986:
1935:
1906:(3): 377–389.
1886:
1867:
1847:
1796:
1765:(8): 652–666.
1745:
1704:
1677:(6): 743–752.
1671:Heart Fail Rev
1658:
1623:
1608:
1590:
1583:
1565:
1506:
1447:
1410:(4): 180–184.
1390:
1331:
1294:(5): 254–261.
1274:
1225:
1214:
1195:
1148:
1141:
1124:
1072:
1020:
983:
944:
899:
864:
822:
821:
819:
816:
815:
814:
809:
803:
796:
793:
777:defibrillators
767:
764:
763:
762:
761:
760:
759:
758:
752:
751:
750:
745:
739:Neuromuscular
737:
736:
735:
727:
726:
725:
720:
715:
707:
706:
705:
700:
692:
691:
690:
685:
676:
675:
674:
673:
672:
662:
649:
632:
624:
623:
622:
617:
611:
602:
601:
600:
595:
581:
576:
570:
537:
536:Classification
534:
533:
532:
527:
524:
522:Echocardiogram
519:
514:
509:
508:Family history
506:
490:
487:
477:
474:
458:celiac disease
420:
417:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
400:
397:
394:
391:
371:
368:
245:Cardiomyopathy
240:
239:
236:
232:
231:
224:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
209:
208:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
176:
174:
170:
169:
167:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
140:
138:
134:
133:
131:
130:
125:
120:
114:
112:
106:
105:
103:
102:
97:
92:
86:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
54:left ventricle
49:
48:
40:
39:
38:Cardiomyopathy
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3865:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:Heart failure
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3752:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3743:
3739:
3729:
3726:
3722:
3721:ST depression
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3619:
3615:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3455:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3431:
3429:
3427:
3423:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3349:
3348:Trifascicular
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3251:
3247:
3231:
3230:regurgitation
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3211:regurgitation
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3192:regurgitation
3190:
3188:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3173:regurgitation
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3037:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2952:
2949:
2945:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2857:
2856:Stable angina
2854:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2780:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2753:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2740:
2734:
2730:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2336:
2335:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2253:(4): 258–68.
2252:
2248:
2244:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2121:
2117:
2116:nhlbi.nih.gov
2113:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1887:
1874:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1749:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
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505:Physical exam
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265:heart failure
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118:Heart failure
116:
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110:Complications
107:
101:
98:
96:
95:Feeling tired
93:
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88:
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85:
83:
79:
76:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
30:
19:
3742:Cardiomegaly
3716:ST elevation
3703:
3689:
3675:
3656:
3560:Ectopic beat
3508:fibrillation
3343:Bifascicular
3217:
3198:
3179:
3155:
3125:
3111:
3104:Endocarditis
3043:Hypertrophic
3025:
2977:Constrictive
2963:Pericarditis
2921:
2909:
2892:
2737:
2736:
2735:profile for
2732:
2700:
2689:
2665:
2654:
2639:
2616:
2544:
2540:
2496:
2492:
2469:
2426:
2422:
2378:(1): 31–39.
2375:
2371:
2333:
2326:
2294:(4): 383–9.
2291:
2287:
2277:
2250:
2246:
2221:. Retrieved
2180:
2176:
2142:
2136:
2124:. Retrieved
2115:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1903:
1899:
1889:
1877:. Retrieved
1857:
1850:
1813:
1809:
1799:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1724:(5): 621–7.
1721:
1717:
1707:
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1639:(38): 42–7.
1636:
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1040:
1036:
1011:. Retrieved
1002:
974:. Retrieved
965:
935:. Retrieved
926:
890:. Retrieved
881:
855:. Retrieved
846:
769:
668:
656:inflammation
639:inflammation
555:
500:
483:
479:
468:The current
467:
463:
450:heart valves
446:hypertension
438:
433:cytoskeletal
422:
385:
352:
320:heavy metals
309:
281:
249:heart muscle
244:
243:
198:Heavy metals
29:
3608:Romano–Ward
3575:Parasystole
3474:Ventricular
3426:Ventricular
3365:Tachycardia
3282:Heart block
3264:Bradycardia
3090:Endocardium
3053:Restrictive
3014:Myocarditis
2955:Pericardium
2691:MedlinePlus
2541:Circulation
2177:Circulation
1879:11 November
660:eosinophils
643:lymphocytes
635:Myocarditis
563:Congenital
526:Stress test
454:Hepatitis C
363:myocarditis
342:, and some
336:amyloidosis
228:myocarditis
203:Amyloidosis
3506:Flutter /
3469:Junctional
3404:Junctional
3397:Multifocal
3370:paroxysmal
3286:Sinoatrial
3255:arrhythmia
3250:Conduction
3006:Myocardium
2702:Patient UK
2667:DiseasesDB
1955:: 796926.
1812:(Review).
1761:(Review).
1720:(Review).
1673:(Review).
1635:(Review).
1633:Nurs Stand
1526:(2): 558.
1467:(2): 520.
1351:: 708732.
818:References
773:pacemakers
723:Acromegaly
709:Endocrine
512:Blood test
305:ventricles
255:, feeling
75:Cardiology
3765:Pulmonary
3548:Pacemaker
3219:pulmonary
3200:tricuspid
3036:Alcoholic
2577:207639288
2561:1524-4539
2513:1347-4820
2443:0022-2828
2392:1389-9155
2197:0009-7322
2079:1524-4571
2020:0021-9525
1816:(1): 19.
1718:Liver Int
1618:649701807
1542:1422-0067
1483:2077-0383
1424:2146-4596
1367:2296-2360
1310:1109-9666
1013:31 August
976:31 August
937:31 August
892:31 August
857:31 August
766:Treatment
647:monocytes
626:Acquired
587:like the
489:Diagnosis
476:Mechanism
429:sarcomere
399:Dizziness
330:use, and
312:inherited
223:Frequency
215:Treatment
70:Specialty
3847:Category
3631:Asystole
3531:Familial
3225:stenosis
3206:stenosis
3187:stenosis
3168:stenosis
3163:prolapse
2885:Sequelae
2788:Ischemia
2569:26621644
2531:25186923
2461:11273720
2410:20180026
2349:Archived
2318:27166925
2269:25858537
2223:1 August
2217:Archived
2205:16567565
2120:Archived
2095:36384619
2087:28912178
2038:21825071
1981:22924131
1930:35772124
1873:Archived
1842:29056678
1791:28932354
1740:26763484
1699:36117047
1691:28721466
1653:18578120
1560:33429969
1501:32075145
1442:30430036
1385:34368032
1326:44146977
1318:29807197
1269:25530442
1220:Archived
1190:43240625
1182:24263073
1119:27733281
1067:27733282
1007:Archived
970:Archived
931:Archived
886:Archived
851:Archived
801:Myopathy
795:See also
273:fainting
82:Symptoms
58:fibrosis
3031:Dilated
2973:Chronic
2781:(heart)
2729:Scholia
2661:D009202
2522:4467885
2452:2901497
2401:2914514
2309:4948180
2213:6660623
2126:25 July
2029:3153638
1972:3423823
1921:9262289
1833:5606618
1810:Vet Sci
1782:5583538
1551:7827163
1492:7074327
1433:6234042
1376:8342800
1260:4340604
1110:5388903
1058:5055577
425:genetic
393:Fatigue
328:cocaine
316:alcohol
183:Genetic
179:Unknown
52:Opened
3711:J wave
3464:Atrial
3392:Atrial
3181:aortic
3157:mitral
3149:Valves
3095:valves
2947:Layers
2816:(SCAD)
2731:has a
2696:001105
2595:Curlie
2575:
2567:
2559:
2529:
2519:
2511:
2476:
2459:
2449:
2441:
2408:
2398:
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2195:
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2036:
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2018:
1979:
1969:
1928:
1918:
1865:
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1267:
1257:
1239:Lancet
1212:
1188:
1180:
1139:
1117:
1107:
1089:Lancet
1065:
1055:
1037:Lancet
754:Other
604:Mixed
575:(ARVC)
419:Causes
299:, and
259:, and
235:Deaths
230:(2015)
207:Stress
173:Causes
3798:Other
3782:Right
3760:Right
3374:sinus
3323:Right
3073:Viral
2968:Acute
2922:weeks
2893:hours
2805:(CAD)
2733:topic
2627:I25.5
2573:S2CID
2209:S2CID
2091:S2CID
1695:S2CID
1322:S2CID
1186:S2CID
1003:NHLBI
966:NHLBI
927:NHLBI
882:NHLBI
847:NHLBI
616:(RCM)
610:(DCM)
569:(HCM)
267:. An
257:tired
137:Types
3777:Left
3755:Left
3372:and
3328:Left
2910:days
2672:2137
2656:MeSH
2645:9-CM
2565:PMID
2557:ISSN
2527:PMID
2509:ISSN
2474:ISBN
2457:PMID
2439:ISSN
2406:PMID
2388:ISSN
2339:ISBN
2314:PMID
2265:PMID
2225:2016
2201:PMID
2193:ISSN
2147:ISBN
2128:2016
2083:PMID
2075:ISSN
2034:PMID
2016:ISSN
1977:PMID
1953:2012
1926:PMID
1881:2010
1863:ISBN
1838:PMID
1787:PMID
1736:PMID
1687:PMID
1649:PMID
1614:OCLC
1604:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1556:PMID
1538:ISSN
1497:PMID
1479:ISSN
1438:PMID
1420:ISSN
1381:PMID
1363:ISSN
1314:PMID
1306:ISSN
1265:PMID
1210:ISBN
1178:PMID
1137:ISBN
1115:PMID
1063:PMID
1015:2016
978:2016
939:2016
894:2016
859:2016
645:and
583:Ion
271:and
2650:425
2641:ICD
2635:I43
2631:I42
2618:ICD
2593:at
2549:doi
2545:132
2517:PMC
2501:doi
2447:PMC
2431:doi
2396:PMC
2380:doi
2304:PMC
2296:doi
2255:doi
2251:108
2185:doi
2181:113
2065:doi
2061:121
2024:PMC
2008:doi
2004:194
1967:PMC
1957:doi
1916:PMC
1908:doi
1828:PMC
1818:doi
1777:PMC
1767:doi
1726:doi
1679:doi
1641:doi
1546:PMC
1528:doi
1487:PMC
1469:doi
1428:PMC
1412:doi
1371:PMC
1353:doi
1296:doi
1255:PMC
1247:doi
1243:385
1170:doi
1105:PMC
1097:doi
1093:388
1053:PMC
1045:doi
1041:388
517:ECG
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357:or
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