493:
1015:
974:
147:
468:, of which there are three types: euanamorphosis, emianamorphosis, and teloanamorphosis. In euanamorphosis, every moult is followed by addition of new segments, even after reaching sexual maturity; in emianamorphosis, new segments are added until a certain stage, and further moults happen without addition of segments; and in teloanamorphosis, where the addition of new segments stops after the adult form is reached, after no further moults occur.
817:
830:
368:
1060:
1134:
1051:, animal that could be up to 2.63 metres (8 ft 8 in) long, but the group also includes species less than 1 cm (0.39 in). Arthropleuridea was historically considered a distinct class of myriapods, but since 2000 scientific consensus has viewed the group as a subset of millipedes, although the relationship of arthropleurideans to other millipedes and to each other is debated.
715:
113:
959:, or garden centipedes, are closely related to centipedes and millipedes. They are 3 to 6 cm long, and have 6 to 12 pairs of legs, depending on their life stage. Their eggs, which are white and spherical and covered with small hexagonal ridges, are laid in batches of 4 to 25 at a time, and usually take up to 40 days to hatch. There are about 200 species worldwide.
1072:) of the myriapod classes have been proposed, some of which are mutually exclusive, and all of which represent hypotheses of evolutionary relationships. Traditional relationships supported by morphological similarities (anatomical or developmental similarities) are challenged by newer relationships supported by molecular evidence (including
1063:
Some of the various hypotheses of myriapod phylogeny. Morphological studies (trees a and b) support a sister grouping of
Diplopoda and Pauropoda, while studies of DNA or amino acid similarities suggest a variety of different relationships, including the relationship of Pauropoda and Symphyla in tree
906:
into a single unit, giving the appearance of having two pairs of legs per segment. It is also common for the sternites, pleurites and tergites to fuse into rigid armour rings. The males produce aflagellate sperm cells, unlike the rest of the myriapods which produce flagellated sperm. Around 12,000
449:, which they must transfer to the female externally; this process is often complex and highly developed. The female lays eggs which hatch as much-shortened versions of the adults, with only a few segments and as few as three pairs of legs. With the exception of the two centipede orders
492:
2292:
1945:
1825:
Alexandre
Hassanin (2006). "Phylogeny of Arthropoda inferred from mitochondrial sequences: strategies for limiting the misleading effects of multiple changes in pattern and rates of substitution".
902:. Except for the first segment called collum, which don't have any appendages, and the next three segments with a single pair of legs each, they are distinguished by the fusion of each pair of
1643:
2377:
Wilson, Heather M.; Shear, William A. (2000). "Microdecemplicida, a new order of minute arthropleurideans (Arthropoda: Myriapoda) from the
Devonian of New York State, U.S.A.".
1425:"Myriapod divergence times differ between molecular clock and fossil evidence: U/Pb zircon ages of the earliest fossil millipede-bearing sediments and their significance"
706:
and discolouration of the skin. Large centipedes, however, can bite humans, and although the bite may cause intense pain and discomfort, fatalities are extremely rare.
3222:
3091:
3130:
2598:
2038:
2299:
1968:
626:
1283:"Age of the basal 'Lower Old Red Sandstone' Stonehaven Group of Scotland: The oldest reported air-breathing land animal is Silurian (late Wenlock) in age"
457:, which have epimorphic development (all body segments are formed segments embryonically), the young add additional segments and limbs as they repeatedly
3217:
2340:"The largest arthropod in Earth history: insights from newly discovered Arthropleura remains (Serpukhovian Stainmore Formation, Northumberland, England)"
1954:
2539:"Resolving Discrepancy between Nucleotides and Amino Acids in Deep-Level Arthropod Phylogenomics: Differentiating Serine Codons in 21-Amino-Acid Models"
1087:(also called Collifera) is a clade consisting of millipedes and pauropods, and is supported by morphological similarities including the presence of a
640:
Myriapods are most abundant in moist forests, where they fulfill an important role in breaking down decaying plant material, although a few live in
1993:
Jerome C. Regier, Heather M. Wilson & Jeffrey W. Shultz (2005). "Phylogenetic analysis of
Myriapoda using three nuclear protein-coding genes".
1334:"The oldest 'millipede'-plant association? Age, paleoenvironments and sources of the Silurian lake sediments at Kerrera, Argyll and Bute, Scotland"
3104:
1183:
2141:
Marek, Paul E.; Buzatto, Bruno A.; Shear, William A.; Means, Jackson C.; Black, Dennis G.; Harvey, Mark S.; Rodriguez, Juanita (December 2021).
1870:
Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Strullu-Derrien, Christine; Góral, Tomasz; Hetherington, Alexander J.; Thompson, Christine; Koch, Markus (2020-04-01).
1228:
Markus
Friedrich & Diethard Tautz (2002). "Ribosomal DNA phylogeny of the major extant arthropod classes and the evolution of myriapods".
907:
species have been described, which may represent less than a tenth of the true global millipede diversity. Although the name "millipede" is a
2125:
1995:
1962:
1827:
1573:
1493:
1509:
Deep
Metazoan Phylogeny: The Backbone of the Tree of Life. New insights from analyses of molecules, morphology, and theory of data analysis.
336:
preserving the earliest known evidence of air-breathing on land. Other early myriapod fossil species around the similar time period include
2645:
1658:
432:
similar to that of insects. There is a long tubular heart that extends through much of the body, but usually few, if any, blood vessels.
2115:
1113:
is a group encompassing millipedes, pauropods and symphylans while excluding centipedes. Shared features include reproductive openings (
1368:
1207:
438:
excrete nitrogenous waste into the digestive system, which typically consists of a simple tube. Although the ventral nerve cord has a
1107:
is a grouping of symphylans and pauropodans that is supported by shared genetic sequences, yet conflicts with
Dignatha and Trignatha.
1014:
1524:(Linnaeus, 1758) (Chilopoda; Notostigmophora): an ultrastructural re-investigation that adds support to the Mandibulata concept".
3179:
1590:
988:
is another small group of small myriapods. They are typically 0.5–2.0 mm long and live in the soil on all continents except
1628:
763:
is the closest. This last hypothesis, although supported by few, if any, morphological characters, is supported by a number of
1508:
3109:
1179:
1723:
2482:"Molecular phylogeny of Myriapoda provides insights into evolutionary patterns of the mode in post-embryonic development"
1153:
2990:
349:
619:
529:
2456:
258:
3057:
2267:
2042:
612:
146:
3135:
2603:
396:
and, in most cases, simple eyes. Exceptions are the two classes symphylans and pauropods, and the millipede order
3070:
1485:
206:
2618:
3212:
2638:
1872:"Aquatic stem group myriapods close a gap between molecular divergence dates and the terrestrial fossil record"
1796:
1372:
770:
A 2020 study found numerous characters of the eye and preoral region suggesting that the closest relatives to
1767:
580:
727:
There has been much debate as to which arthropod group is most closely related to the
Myriapoda. Under the
2930:
465:
251:
2412:
Shear, William A.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2010). "The geological record and phylogeny of the
Myriapoda".
2240:
1101:(also called Atelopoda) is a grouping of centipedes and symphylans, united by similarities of mouthparts.
3166:
929:
719:
562:
425:
373:
2464:
Biodiversidad, Taxonomia y
Biogeografia de Artropodos de Mexico: Hacia una S´ıntesis de su Conocimiento
2339:
1750:
2220:
973:
275:
3145:
3026:
2977:
2550:
2493:
2421:
2154:
2004:
1883:
1836:
1436:
1424:
1333:
1239:
1159:
873:
821:
574:
429:
421:
416:
lie on the underside of the head, with an "epistome" and labrum forming the upper lip, and a pair of
413:
386:
1000:
fused across pairs of segments, similar to the more complete fusion of segments seen in millipedes.
3184:
2631:
1092:
568:
549:
417:
1203:
3207:
2394:
2359:
2196:
1541:
1460:
1263:
857:
308:
141:
3171:
1059:
927:) ("foot"), millipedes typically have between 36 and 400 legs. In 2021, however, was described
3153:
2578:
2519:
2437:
2188:
2170:
2121:
2096:
2020:
1958:
1919:
1901:
1852:
1772:
1569:
1489:
1452:
1349:
1314:
1255:
1139:
764:
450:
435:
393:
378:
1479:
3158:
2568:
2558:
2509:
2501:
2429:
2386:
2351:
2178:
2162:
2086:
2076:
2012:
1909:
1891:
1844:
1805:
1762:
1606:
1533:
1520:
Müller, C.H.G.; Rosenberg, J.; Richter, S.; Meyer-Rochow, V.B. (2003). "The compound eye of
1444:
1403:
1376:
1341:
1304:
1294:
1247:
1230:
1147:
978:
775:
679:
are small, sometimes microscopic animals that resemble centipedes superficially and live in
3122:
1595:) – the present state of knowledge with some developmental and phylogenetic considerations"
3096:
1088:
1027:
1009:
939:
315:
2968:
2623:
2554:
2497:
2425:
2158:
2008:
1887:
1840:
1440:
1243:
3065:
3052:
2573:
2538:
2514:
2481:
2183:
2142:
2091:
2064:
1914:
1871:
1610:
935:
855:, hunting mostly at night. There are around 3,300 species, ranging from the diminutive
816:
694:
Although not generally considered dangerous to humans, many millipedes produce noxious
668:
667:
A few species of centipedes and millipedes are able to produce light and are therefore
599:
594:
454:
401:
327:
2537:
Zwick, Andreas; Regier, Jerome C.; Zwickl, Derrick J.; Gadagkar, Sudhindra R. (2012).
829:
367:
3201:
2852:
2847:
2817:
2724:
2398:
2363:
2200:
1464:
1118:
908:
699:
688:
537:
446:
356:
323:
319:
70:
2324:
2857:
2832:
2822:
2793:
1545:
1267:
1133:
1073:
1043:
1019:
993:
903:
835:
756:
736:
732:
684:
409:
382:
332:
2982:
1448:
1345:
894:
form the class Diplopoda. Most millipedes are slower than centipedes, and feed on
314:
Although molecular evidence and similar fossils suggests a diversification in the
2995:
2563:
1624:
3078:
2962:
2837:
2751:
2702:
2065:"A review of the correlation of tergites, sternites, and leg pairs in diplopods"
2016:
1848:
1121:) with a bulb-like swelling. It is compatible with either Dignatha or Edafopoda.
895:
771:
760:
748:
728:
691:, while the other three groups have a single pair of legs on each body segment.
653:
397:
344:
191:
45:
2166:
1727:
714:
112:
2885:
2827:
2803:
2714:
2686:
2433:
2390:
1810:
1791:
1708:
Rosenberg, Joerg; Meyer-Rochow, Victor Benno (2009). Meyer-Rochow V.B. (ed.).
1537:
1408:
1391:
1129:
1077:
989:
934:
the first species known to have 1,000 or more legs, possessing 1,306 of them.
672:
545:
513:
509:
505:
338:
120:
Representatives of the four extant myriapod classes. Clockwise from top left:
90:
55:
2174:
1905:
1456:
1353:
1318:
687:
fused into pairs, giving the appearance that each segment bears two pairs of
3117:
3039:
2862:
2783:
2778:
2768:
2732:
2692:
2680:
2674:
2655:
1896:
1749:
Sean P. Bush; Bradley O. King; Robert L. Norris; Scott A. Stockwell (2001).
1048:
985:
968:
891:
886:
844:
811:
799:
787:
783:
779:
740:
695:
676:
657:
645:
641:
541:
517:
484:
405:
304:
300:
296:
289:
232:
227:
222:
178:
158:
133:
125:
121:
95:
2953:
2582:
2523:
2441:
2192:
2100:
2024:
1923:
1856:
1776:
464:
The process of adding new segments during postembryonic growth is known as
2081:
1259:
3013:
3005:
2947:
2872:
2812:
2773:
2737:
1683:
1114:
1031:
956:
951:
899:
848:
791:
752:
744:
661:
649:
439:
237:
129:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
17:
3018:
2355:
2271:
1299:
1282:
2890:
2880:
2842:
2480:
Miyazawa, Hideyuki; Ueda, Chiaki; Yahata, Kensuke; Su, Zhi-Hui (2014).
1035:
997:
795:
703:
533:
458:
100:
75:
3083:
2505:
1309:
2895:
2668:
1251:
281:
264:
168:
2924:
1589:
Enghoff, Henrik; Dohle, Wolfgang; Blower, J. Gordon (October 1993).
1150:, a group of enigmatic arthropods that may be ancestral to myriapods
992:. Over 700 species have been described. They are believed to be the
3044:
1792:"Morphological data, extant Myriapoda, and the myriapod stem-group"
1568:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 810–827.
1069:
1058:
1039:
1013:
972:
938:
are much shorter, and are capable of rolling up into a ball, like
912:
852:
828:
815:
713:
366:
1712:. Research Signpost; Trivandrum, Kerala, India. pp. 139–147.
1030:
were ancient myriapods that are now extinct, known from the late
648:
habitats or even deserts. A very small percentage of species are
3031:
2608:
680:
2928:
2627:
2466:. Univ. Nac. Aut´on Mexico: Prensas Ciencias. pp. 143–168.
2379:
Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences
1710:
Bioluminescence in Focus - a collection of illuminating essays
1423:
Brookfield, M. E.; Catlos, E. J.; Suarez, S. E. (2021-10-03).
1390:
Garwood, Russell J.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (September 2011).
1281:
Wellman, C.H.; Lopes, G.; McKellar, Z.; Hartley, A. (2023).
1156:, major evolutionary stages leading to terrestrial organisms
798:. While each of these groups of myriapods is believed to be
445:
During mating, male myriapods produce a packet of sperm, or
2833:
Malacostraca (woodlice, shrimps, crayfish, lobsters, crabs)
1162:, the condition of multiple linearly repeated body segments
442:
in each segment, the brain is relatively poorly developed.
2613:
1481:
Waiting for Aphrodite: Journeys Into the Time Before Bones
1332:
Brookfield, M. E.; Catlos, E. J.; Garza, H. (2024-07-07).
683:. Millipedes differ from the other groups in having their
2858:
Branchiopoda (fairy, tadpole, clam shrimps, water fleas)
2462:. In J Llorente Bousquets; JJ Morrone; HP Ulloa (eds.).
2619:
Myriapods, the World's Leggiest Animals - North America
2457:"Myriapod phylogeny and the relationships of Chilopoda"
2039:"City Centipede: An Urban Legend with Real Legs - TIME"
1768:
10.1580/1080-6032(2001)012[0093:CE]2.0.CO;2
1392:"Early Terrestrial Animals, Evolution, and Uncertainty"
307:. The group contains about 13,000 species, all of them
2475:
2473:
2293:"Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World"
359:, and those who study myriapods are myriapodologists.
1117:) behind the second body segment, and sensory hairs (
1947:
Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World
2937:
2871:
2801:
2792:
2759:
2750:
2723:
2701:
408:) on the other hand, have large and well-developed
1367:Rowland Shelley & Paul Marek (March 1, 2005).
2063:Janssen, R.; Prpic, N. M.; Damen, W. G. (2006).
877:, which may exceed 30 centimetres (12 in).
424:lie inside the mouth. Myriapods breathe through
2114:Schierwater, Bernd; DeSalle, Rob (2021-07-08).
1876:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
747:(insects and their close relatives). Under the
652:(found along the sea shore). The majority are
404:, which are all eyeless. The house centipedes (
2599:Myriapod Fossil Record - University of Bristol
2219:Gesell, Stanley; Calvin, Dennis (2017-03-09).
778:. There are four classes of extant myriapods,
2639:
2117:Invertebrate Zoology: A Tree of Life Approach
802:, relationships among them are less certain.
620:
8:
2738:Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites)
847:make up the class Chilopoda. They are fast,
2221:"Garden Symphylan as a Pest of Field Crops"
1091:(a modified jaw and plate apparatus) and a
2925:
2798:
2756:
2707:
2646:
2632:
2624:
1955:Department of the Environment and Heritage
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1197:
1195:
1193:
702:) which in rare cases can cause temporary
627:
613:
491:
475:
111:
31:
2572:
2562:
2513:
2338:Neil Davies; et al. (Dec 21, 2021).
2182:
2143:"The first true millipede—1306 legs long"
2090:
2080:
1913:
1895:
1809:
1766:
1599:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
1407:
1308:
1298:
1755:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
1184:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1171:
1038:. The most famous members are from the
587:
555:
523:
499:
483:
2609:International Society of Myriapodology
2604:International Journal of Myriapodology
1684:"World Database of Littoral Myriapoda"
794:, containing a total of around 12,000
2838:Thecostraca (barnacles and relatives)
2414:Arthropod Structure & Development
2262:
2260:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2214:
2212:
2210:
1996:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1828:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1559:
1557:
1555:
355:The scientific study of myriapods is
7:
3223:Taxa named by Pierre André Latreille
3146:e0fb4fc6-0ef3-406c-bcea-6c84707f8ffc
3071:79502a1f-f40d-4657-a3c7-503d64e2d067
1293:. The Geological Society of London.
1095:, a legless segment behind the head.
996:to millipedes, and have the dorsal
2891:Diplura (two-pronged bristletails)
1611:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1993.tb00305.x
1208:University of California, Berkeley
1202:Ben Waggoner (February 21, 1996).
755:is the closest, whereas under the
25:
3218:Extant Silurian first appearances
2853:Cephalocarida (horseshoe shrimps)
2614:British Myriapod and Isopod Group
2344:Journal of the Geological Society
1396:Evolution: Education and Outreach
1287:Journal of the Geological Society
871: in in length) to the giant
420:forming the lower lip. A pair of
288: 'foot') are the members of
2455:Edgecombe GD; Giribet G (2002).
1724:"Strange and Unusual Millipedes"
1688:World Register of Marine Species
1132:
392:Myriapods have a single pair of
145:
1629:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia
1204:"Introduction to the Myriapoda"
352:of myriapods is still debated.
322:of myriapods dates between the
2323:David Kendall (June 6, 2005).
2241:"Sympylans (Garden Centipede)"
1644:"Littoral myriapods: a review"
1047:, which was a giant, probably
660:, which are chiefly nocturnal
271: 'countless' and
1:
1790:Gregory D. Edgecombe (2004).
1591:"Anamorphosis in millipedes (
1449:10.1080/08912963.2020.1762593
1346:10.1080/08912963.2024.2367554
731:hypothesis, Myriapoda is the
2564:10.1371/journal.pone.0047450
2325:"Pauropods & Symphylids"
2298:. 2009-09-26. Archived from
2270:. 2007-08-03. Archived from
2041:. 2008-04-30. Archived from
1726:. herper.com. Archived from
1657:(3): 735–760. Archived from
2823:Pentastomida (tongue worms)
2733:Xiphosura (horseshoe crabs)
2017:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.09.005
1849:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.09.012
350:phylogenetic classification
3239:
2268:"Symphylan Identification"
2167:10.1038/s41598-021-02447-0
1682:Barber, A.D., ed. (2013).
1564:Barnes, Robert D. (1982).
1007:
966:
949:
884:
809:
774:myriapods are the extinct
274:
257:
2912:
2715:Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
2710:
2663:
2434:10.1016/j.asd.2009.11.002
2391:10.1017/S0263593300002674
1811:10.1163/18759866-07303002
1538:10.1007/s00435-003-0085-0
1486:Houghton Mifflin Harcourt
1409:10.1007/s12052-011-0357-y
861:(less than 12 mm or
739:, a group comprising the
461:to reach the adult form.
219:
214:
142:Scientific classification
140:
119:
110:
34:
2886:Collembola (springtails)
2813:Ostracoda (seed shrimps)
2239:University, Utah State.
1797:Contributions to Zoology
1751:"Centipede envenomation"
1373:East Carolina University
1068:A variety of groupings (
656:, with the exception of
588:Interactions with humans
400:and the centipede order
2917:are paraphyletic groups
1897:10.1073/pnas.1920733117
581:Scutigerella immaculata
27:Subphylum of arthropods
2828:Branchiura (fish lice)
2784:Diplopoda (millipedes)
2769:Chilopoda (centipedes)
2327:. Kendall Bioresearch.
1944:A. D. Chapman (2005).
1065:
1055:Myriapod relationships
1024:
982:
841:
826:
724:
389:
3167:Paleobiology Database
2082:10.1186/1742-9994-3-2
1642:Barber, A.D. (2009).
1522:Scutigera coleoptrata
1062:
1023:, an arthropleuridean
1017:
976:
930:Eumillipes persephone
840:a genus of Symphylan.
832:
819:
720:Scolopendra cingulata
717:
563:Eumillipes persephone
374:Scutigera coleoptrata
370:
3066:Fauna Europaea (new)
2658:classes by subphylum
2069:Frontiers in Zoology
1566:Invertebrate Zoology
1478:Sue Hubbell (2000).
1154:Colonization of land
874:Scolopendra gigantea
822:Tachypodoiulus niger
575:Scolopendra gigantea
339:Kampecaris obanensis
2881:Protura (coneheads)
2555:2012PLoSO...747450Z
2498:2014NatSR...4E4127M
2426:2010ArtSD..39..174S
2356:10.1144/jgs2021-115
2159:2021NatSR..1123126M
2009:2005MolPE..34..147R
1888:2020PNAS..117.8966E
1841:2006MolPE..38..100H
1441:2021HBio...33.2014B
1369:"Millipede Fossils"
1300:10.1144/jgs2023-138
1244:1995Natur.376..165F
1020:Arthropleura armata
569:Eopauropus balticus
479:Part of a series on
318:, the oldest known
2486:Scientific Reports
2147:Scientific Reports
1974:on 25 October 2007
1429:Historical Biology
1338:Historical Biology
1066:
1025:
983:
858:Nannarrup hoffmani
842:
827:
725:
698:(often containing
550:Millipede gonopods
530:Organ of Tömösváry
436:Malpighian tubules
428:that connect to a
390:
3195:
3194:
3154:Open Tree of Life
2931:Taxon identifiers
2922:
2921:
2908:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2896:Insecta (insects)
2746:
2745:
2506:10.1038/srep04127
2245:extension.usu.edu
2127:978-1-4822-3582-1
1964:978-0-642-56850-2
1882:(16): 8966–8972.
1575:978-0-03-056747-6
1495:978-0-618-05684-2
1435:(10): 2014–2018.
1238:(6536): 165–167.
1140:Arthropods portal
1028:Arthropleurideans
919:("thousand") and
765:molecular studies
637:
636:
451:Scolopendromorpha
245:
244:
210:
16:(Redirected from
3230:
3188:
3187:
3175:
3174:
3162:
3161:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3126:
3125:
3113:
3112:
3100:
3099:
3087:
3086:
3074:
3073:
3061:
3060:
3048:
3047:
3035:
3034:
3022:
3021:
3009:
3008:
2999:
2998:
2986:
2985:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2958:
2957:
2956:
2926:
2799:
2757:
2708:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2587:
2586:
2576:
2566:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2477:
2468:
2467:
2461:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2420:(2–3): 174–190.
2409:
2403:
2402:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2320:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2304:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2264:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2236:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2205:
2204:
2186:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2084:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2028:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1973:
1967:. Archived from
1952:
1941:
1928:
1927:
1917:
1899:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1730:on April 2, 2012
1720:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1663:
1648:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1517:
1511:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1379:on May 27, 2011.
1375:. Archived from
1364:
1358:
1357:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1312:
1302:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1252:10.1038/376165a0
1225:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1199:
1188:
1187:
1176:
1148:Euthycarcinoidea
1142:
1137:
1136:
911:formed from the
870:
869:
865:
629:
622:
615:
495:
476:
285:
278:
268:
261:
205:
150:
149:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3213:Animal subphyla
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3183:
3178:
3170:
3165:
3157:
3152:
3144:
3142:
3134:
3129:
3121:
3116:
3108:
3103:
3095:
3090:
3082:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3043:
3038:
3030:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3004:
3002:
2994:
2989:
2981:
2976:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2933:
2923:
2918:
2900:
2867:
2788:
2742:
2719:
2697:
2659:
2652:
2595:
2590:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2128:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2032:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1931:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1733:
1731:
1722:
1721:
1717:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1692:
1690:
1681:
1680:
1676:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1563:
1562:
1553:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1422:
1421:
1417:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1191:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1089:gnathochilarium
1080:similarities).
1057:
1012:
1010:Arthropleuridea
1006:
1004:Arthropleuridea
971:
965:
954:
948:
936:Pill millipedes
889:
883:
867:
863:
862:
814:
808:
776:Euthycarcinoids
712:
639:
633:
604:
556:Notable species
540:
474:
430:tracheal system
365:
316:Cambrian Period
204:
144:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
41:Wenlock–Present
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3236:
3234:
3226:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3200:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3176:
3163:
3150:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3101:
3088:
3075:
3062:
3053:Fauna Europaea
3049:
3036:
3023:
3010:
3000:
2987:
2974:
2959:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2754:
2748:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2594:
2593:External links
2591:
2589:
2588:
2549:(11): e47450.
2529:
2492:(4127): 4127.
2469:
2447:
2404:
2385:(4): 351–375.
2369:
2330:
2315:
2284:
2256:
2226:
2206:
2133:
2126:
2106:
2055:
2030:
2003:(1): 147–158.
1985:
1963:
1957:. p. 23.
1929:
1862:
1835:(1): 100–116.
1817:
1804:(3): 207–252.
1782:
1741:
1715:
1700:
1674:
1651:Soil Organisms
1634:
1616:
1605:(2): 103–234.
1581:
1574:
1551:
1532:(4): 191–209.
1512:
1501:
1494:
1488:. p. 53.
1470:
1415:
1402:(3): 489–501.
1382:
1359:
1324:
1273:
1220:
1189:
1170:
1168:
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1151:
1144:
1143:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1056:
1053:
1008:Main article:
1005:
1002:
979:Eurypauropodid
967:Main article:
964:
961:
950:Main article:
947:
944:
885:Main article:
882:
879:
810:Main article:
807:
804:
782:(centipedes),
711:
710:Classification
708:
669:bioluminescent
635:
634:
632:
631:
624:
617:
609:
606:
605:
603:
602:
600:Millipede burn
595:Centipede bite
593:
590:
589:
585:
584:
558:
557:
553:
552:
526:
525:
521:
520:
502:
501:
497:
496:
488:
487:
481:
480:
473:
470:
455:Geophilomorpha
402:Geophilomorpha
364:
361:
328:Early Devonian
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
217:
216:
212:
211:
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26:
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14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3211:
3209:
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3203:
3186:
3181:
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3173:
3168:
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3155:
3151:
3147:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3093:
3089:
3085:
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3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
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3037:
3033:
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3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2964:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2945:
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2940:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2916:
2911:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Tantulocarida
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2818:Mystacocarida
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2725:Euchelicerata
2722:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2626:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2458:
2451:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2331:
2326:
2319:
2316:
2305:on 2009-09-26
2301:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2274:on 2007-08-03
2273:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2120:. CRC Press.
2119:
2118:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2056:
2045:on 2008-04-30
2044:
2040:
2034:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1742:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1701:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1675:
1664:on 2016-03-03
1660:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1635:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:Zoomorphology
1523:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1410:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1277:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1224:
1221:
1209:
1205:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1119:trichobothria
1116:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1003:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
980:
975:
970:
962:
960:
958:
953:
945:
943:
941:
937:
933:
931:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:compound word
905:
904:body segments
901:
897:
893:
888:
880:
878:
876:
875:
860:
859:
854:
850:
846:
839:
837:
833:A species of
831:
825:, a millipede
824:
823:
818:
813:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
723:, a centipede
722:
721:
716:
709:
707:
705:
701:
700:benzoquinones
697:
692:
690:
686:
685:body segments
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
663:
659:
655:
654:detritivorous
651:
647:
643:
630:
625:
623:
618:
616:
611:
610:
608:
607:
601:
598:
597:
596:
592:
591:
586:
583:
582:
577:
576:
571:
570:
565:
564:
560:
559:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
538:Ultimate legs
535:
531:
528:
527:
522:
519:
515:
511:
507:
504:
503:
498:
494:
490:
489:
486:
482:
478:
477:
471:
469:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
447:spermatophore
443:
441:
437:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
410:compound eyes
407:
403:
399:
395:
388:
384:
383:compound eyes
380:
376:
375:
369:
362:
360:
358:
357:myriapodology
353:
351:
347:
346:
341:
340:
335:
334:
329:
325:
324:Late Silurian
321:
320:fossil record
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
295:, containing
294:
291:
287:
284:
277:
273:
270:
267:
260:
256:
253:
252:Ancient Greek
249:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
220:
218:
213:
208:
203:
200:
197:
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193:
190:
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1174:
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1074:DNA sequence
1067:
1044:Arthropleura
1042:
1026:
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836:Scutigerella
834:
820:
800:monophyletic
769:
759:hypothesis,
757:Paradoxopoda
751:hypothesis,
737:Pancrustacea
733:sister taxon
726:
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466:anamorphosis
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354:
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29:
3079:iNaturalist
2963:Wikispecies
2752:Mandibulata
2703:Chelicerata
2687:Protostomia
2685:(unranked)
2679:(unranked)
2673:Subkingdom
1213:November 9,
1180:"Myriapoda"
1049:herbivorous
896:leaf litter
761:Chelicerata
749:Atelocerata
729:Mandibulata
673:Pauropodans
398:Polydesmida
345:Archidesmus
309:terrestrial
198:Subphylum:
192:Mandibulata
3202:Categories
2656:Arthropoda
2309:2022-10-30
2278:2022-10-30
2250:2022-10-30
2049:2022-10-30
1693:25 October
1668:2013-11-05
1625:"Myriapod"
1310:2164/22754
1167:References
1160:Metamerism
1111:Progoneata
1078:amino acid
990:Antarctica
957:Symphylans
892:Millipedes
881:Millipedes
845:Centipedes
806:Centipedes
704:blistering
696:secretions
677:symphylans
658:centipedes
642:grasslands
546:Forcipules
514:Symphylans
510:Millipedes
506:Centipedes
414:mouthparts
387:mouthparts
377:, showing
305:centipedes
301:millipedes
297:arthropods
250:(from
179:Arthropoda
3208:Myriapods
3118:MilliBase
2996:Myriapoda
2983:Myriapoda
2969:Myriapoda
2939:Myriapoda
2863:Remipedia
2804:Crustacea
2779:Pauropoda
2761:Myriapoda
2693:Ecdysozoa
2681:Bilateria
2675:Eumetazoa
2399:129597005
2364:245401499
2201:245317751
2175:2045-2322
1978:1 January
1906:0027-8424
1593:Diplopoda
1465:238220137
1457:0891-2963
1354:0891-2963
1319:0016-7649
1115:gonopores
1105:Edafopoda
1099:Trignatha
986:Pauropoda
981:Pauropod.
969:Pauropoda
963:Pauropoda
887:Millipede
849:predatory
812:Centipede
788:Pauropoda
784:Diplopoda
780:Chilopoda
741:Crustacea
662:predators
646:semi-arid
542:Cyphopods
518:Pauropods
485:Myriapods
426:spiracles
422:mandibles
406:Scutigera
293:Myriapoda
290:subphylum
248:Myriapods
233:Pauropoda
228:Diplopoda
223:Chilopoda
207:Latreille
202:Myriapoda
165:Kingdom:
159:Eukaryota
134:Pauropoda
126:Diplopoda
122:Chilopoda
35:Myriapods
18:Myriopoda
3014:BugGuide
3003:BioLib:
2948:Wikidata
2873:Hexapoda
2843:Copepoda
2774:Symphyla
2669:Animalia
2667:Kingdom
2583:23185239
2543:PLOS ONE
2524:24535281
2442:19944188
2193:34916527
2101:16451739
2025:15579388
1924:32253305
1857:16290034
1777:11434497
1340:: 1–13.
1126:See also
1085:Dignatha
1032:Silurian
998:tergites
952:Symphyla
946:Symphyla
940:pillbugs
900:detritus
853:venomous
792:Symphyla
753:Hexapoda
745:Hexapoda
650:littoral
440:ganglion
418:maxillae
394:antennae
379:antennae
348:sp. The
299:such as
238:Symphyla
215:Classes
175:Phylum:
169:Animalia
155:Domain:
130:Symphyla
3032:2631567
2654:Extant
2574:3502419
2551:Bibcode
2515:3927213
2494:Bibcode
2422:Bibcode
2184:8677783
2155:Bibcode
2092:1402290
2005:Bibcode
1915:7183169
1884:Bibcode
1837:Bibcode
1734:July 2,
1546:6466405
1437:Bibcode
1268:4270910
1260:7603566
1240:Bibcode
1036:Permian
1034:to the
866:⁄
796:species
534:Ozopore
524:Anatomy
500:Classes
472:Ecology
363:Anatomy
330:, with
3172:291092
3159:177526
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1070:clades
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915:roots
412:. The
266:muríos
259:μυρίος
209:, 1802
132:, and
3180:WoRMS
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3092:IRMNG
3058:15590
3006:14971
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2303:(PDF)
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2197:S2CID
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1461:S2CID
1264:S2CID
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925:pedis
913:Latin
772:crown
681:soils
459:moult
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186:Clade
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3131:NCBI
3123:1277
3105:ITIS
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