275:, winter buds that appear toward the end of its growing season. This milfoil is one of a few that produce turions. This characteristic can also rule out other types of water milfoil that lack turions such as Eurasian water milfoil, parrot feather, hybrid water milfoil, and low water milfoil. The turions of this milfoil look like long yellowish-green club-shaped buds with small stiff leaves attached to the submerged stem. In the spring after dormancy the small, thick, dark green turions expand and grow from the stem. As the plant develops roots and continues to grow, the larger green summer leaves are produced at the tip of the plant. Turion leaves can be seen at the base of the plant sometimes into July. In fall the turions, with some other plant material, often break away from the majority of the rooted plant and float to new areas. Those fragments can be found washing up along shorelines in late fall. The stems of the whorled water milfoil form into mats from branched and unbranched stems that grow to be 20 to 100 inches long.
268:) is by looking at its two different types of leaves. The first type is the submerged leaf, which looks feathery and contains about 5 to 14 leaflet pairs per leaf. The whorls along the stem contain about 4 to 5 leaves, which are spaced about 1 cm apart. The other type is known as the emergent leaves. These leaves occur on the emergent spike and are pinnately lobed. From June till September whorled water milfoil produces flowers and fruits above or at the water's surface on erect spikes along the emergent leaves. The emergent leaves are typically two or more times longer than the flowers and fruits.
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Whorled water-milfoil reproduces by producing turions between
September and November each year. These over-wintering turions sink to the bottom of the floor where they remain dormant until February . These fragments will give rise to numerous small thin roots that bed into soil to start growing in
341:
Whorled water milfoil is a good water oxygenator in small quantities such as fish and frog ponds. It is also ideal in providing protection and respiration for fish spawn
Management techniques of whorled water milfoil are not exactly known, but natural competition with other invasive aquatic
283:
Most whorled water milfoil occurs in semi-shallow ponds, lakes, marshes, ditches and slow running streams of lowland districts
Milfoil thrives in areas with a light sandy bottom and medium loamy soils. Overall, the plant grows best in still waters with
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With the increase in water sports, the spread of many water milfoils (Haloragaceae) has increased over the years. The spread of a milfoil is not only within one area, sometimes it spreads from one area to another many miles away.
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plants has been the main control so far. There are a few management practices that some places are using, but they have not been approved for long-term usage.
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spring. The plants are monoecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but both sexes can be found on the same plant) and are pollinated by wind.
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Comb Water-Milfoil, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Massachusetts
Division of fisheries & Wildlife, viewed on May 2009.
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Comb Water-Milfoil, Myriophyllum verticillatum, Massachusetts
Division of fisheries & Wildlife, viewed on May 2009
527:
Chadde, Steve, 2002. A Great Lakes
Wetland Flora, 2nd Edition, PocketFlora Press, Laurium, Michigan, pp 229 and 231.
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It is native in much of North
America, the United Kingdom, Asia, and North Africa, and invasive to Ireland.
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Caffrey, J.M., 2006. Control of
Myriophyllum verticillium L. in Irish canals by turion removal:
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Wisconsin
Department of Natural resources, Native Water-milfoils, viewed on March 2009.
207:) Whorled water milfoil is also easily confused with four types of invasive milfoils:
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Wisconsin
Department of Natural resources, Native Water-milfoils, viewed on March 2009
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Wisconsin Department of Natural resources, Native Water-milfoils, viewed on March 2009
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Maine Field Guide to Invasive Aquatic Plants, Whorled water-milfoil, March 2009
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To the untrained eye, whorled water milfoil can look similar to other species.
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USGS, Western Wetland Flora: Whorled water-milfoil, viewed on March 2009.
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USGS, Western Wetland Flora: Whorled water-milfoil, viewed on March 2009
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Plants For A Future, Myriophyllum verticillatum, viewed on March 2009.
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Plants For A Future, Myriophyllum verticillatum, viewed on March 2009
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Another way to distinguish whorled water milfoil is to look for
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288:. Whorled water milfoil is sometimes found with or near other
374:. Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team
199:. It closely resembles another native milfoil, called
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Species of flowering plant in the family Haloragaceae
594:
478:"Whorled Leaf Water Milfoil, viewed on March 2009"
565:Whorled Leaf Water Milfoil, viewed on March 2009
264:The best way to identify whorled water milfoil (
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403:Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland
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372:The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov)
7:
292:, such as some types of pondweed (
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973:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:430479-1
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260:Description and identification
1:
328:Propagation and reproduction
1103:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
237:M. heterophyllum X M. laxum
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924:Myriophyllum_verticillatum
626:Myriophyllum verticillatum
596:Myriophyllum verticillatum
366:Myriophyllum verticillatum
176:Myriophyllum verticillatum
159:Myriophyllum verticillatum
25:Myriophyllum verticillatum
1093:Flora of Northern America
295:Potamogeton strictifolius
187:, is a native to much of
155:
148:
41:Scientific classification
39:
30:
23:
1098:Plants described in 1753
242:In many areas it is an
181:whorl-leaf watermilfoil
310:) and water-marigold (
217:Variable water-milfoil
209:Eurasian water milfoil
201:northern water milfoil
1088:Flora of North Africa
304:), water star-grass (
185:whorled water-milfoil
141:M. verticillatum
524:, 2006, 570:211-215.
301:Potamogeton ogdenii
570:2012-02-22 at the
548:2011-07-27 at the
313:Megalodonta beckii
307:Heteranthera dubia
1073:Freshwater plants
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909:Open Tree of Life
588:Taxon identifiers
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337:Control and uses
266:M. verticillatum
221:M. heterophyllum
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484:on 2012-02-22
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1068:Myriophyllum
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486:. Retrieved
482:the original
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320:Distribution
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205:M. sibiricum
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193:North Africa
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128:Myriophyllum
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117:Haloragaceae
107:Saxifragales
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947:kew-2366658
870:NatureServe
795:iNaturalist
620:Wikispecies
213:M. spicatum
84:Angiosperms
1062:Categories
1016:WisFlora:
942:Plant List
680:Calflora:
488:2009-05-09
416:2014-10-17
360:USDA, NRCS
346:References
761:200015099
748:200015099
135:Species:
54:Kingdom:
1006:VASCAN:
999:15000051
994:Tropicos
921:PalDat:
875:2.148677
826:10203512
813:430479-1
657:BioLib:
605:Wikidata
568:Archived
546:Archived
362:(n.d.).
244:invasive
113:Family:
97:Eudicots
1045:1297681
774:5361779
611:Q158999
378:15 June
298:) and (
279:Habitat
273:turions
231:), and
197:Eurasia
123:Genus:
103:Order:
58:Plantae
955:PLANTS
914:730266
901:208876
852:164335
787:400098
735:175234
709:583247
673:345226
634:APDB:
233:hybrid
195:, and
179:, the
1040:WoRMS
986:84539
960:MYVE3
931:PFI:
839:27040
821:IRMNG
800:78158
730:EUNIS
722:MYPVE
696:4593H
650:71494
637:13689
410:(xls)
399:(xls)
91:Clade
78:Clade
65:Clade
1019:4315
1009:6106
968:POWO
934:3392
896:NCBI
862:1430
847:IUCN
834:ITIS
808:IPNI
782:GRIN
769:GBIF
717:EPPO
683:5739
668:BOLD
660:3617
645:APNI
380:2015
1027:WFO
981:RHS
883:NBN
756:FoC
743:FNA
704:EoL
691:CoL
316:).
239:).
223:),
215:),
183:or
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469:^
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166:L.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
