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Italian peninsula. The new
Kingdom of Italy, formed in 1861, worked to speed up the processes of modernization and industrialization that had begun in the north, but were slow to arrive in the Papal States and central Italy, and were nowhere in sight in the "Mezzogiorno" (that is, Southern Italy and Sicily). The government sought to combat the backwardness of the poorer regions in the south and work towards augmenting the size and quality of the newly created Italian army so that it could compete on an equal footing with the powerful nations of Europe. In the same period, the government was legislating in favour of public education to fight the great problem of illiteracy, upgrade the teaching classes, improve existing schools, and procure the funds needed for social hygiene and care of the body as factors in the physical and moral regeneration of the race.
1315:. He envisioned progress as both a process of human development by the search for philosophical truth and as the introduction of an era of material prosperity by technological advancement. His plan for Mexican reform demanded a republican government bolstered by widespread popular education free of clerical control, confiscation and sale of ecclesiastical lands as a means of redistributing income and clearing government debts, and effective control of a reduced military force by the government. Mora also demanded the establishment of legal equality between native Mexicans and foreign residents. His program, untried in his lifetime, became the key element in the Mexican Constitution of 1857.
2393:, as many distinguished thinkers as possible; and so, along with a great deal that is useful and relevant, we also find in his book much that is irrelevant. He has not clearly seen that the distinctive idea of Progress was not conceived in antiquity or in the Middle Ages, or even in the Renaissance period; and when he comes to modern times he fails to bring out clearly the decisive steps of its growth. And he does not seem to realize that a man might be "progressive" without believing in, or even thinking about, the doctrine of Progress. Leonardo da Vinci and Berkeley are examples. In my
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for all earlier industrial classes. Constant revolutionizing of production, uninterrupted disturbance of all social conditions, everlasting uncertainty, and agitation distinguish the bourgeois epoch from all earlier ones. All fixed, fast frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all which is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real condition of life and his relations with his kind.
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1695:(1723–1816) defined human progress as the working out of a divine plan, though he rejected predestination. The difficulties and dangers of life provided the necessary stimuli for human development, while the uniquely human ability to evaluate led to ambition and the conscious striving for excellence. But he never adequately analyzed the competitive and aggressive consequences stemming from his emphasis on ambition even though he envisioned man's lot as a perpetual striving with no earthly culmination. Man found his happiness only in effort.
1271:(1672–1725). An absolute ruler, he used the concept to modernize Russia and to legitimize his monarchy (unlike its usage in Western Europe, where it was primarily associated with political opposition). By the early 19th century, the notion of progress was being taken up by Russian intellectuals and was no longer accepted as legitimate by the tsars. Four schools of thought on progress emerged in 19th-century Russia: conservative (reactionary), religious, liberal, and socialist—the latter winning out in the form of Bolshevist materialism.
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1300:(1810–1884) was one of the most influential political theorists in Argentina. Economic liberalism was the key to his idea of progress. He promoted faith in progress, while chiding fellow Latin Americans for blind copying of United States and Europe models. He hoped for progress through promotion of immigration, education, and a moderate type of federalism and republicanism that might serve as a transition in Argentina to true democracy.
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scientific knowledge and methods led to the growth of industry and the transformation of warlike societies into industrial and pacific ones. They agreed as well that there had been a systematic decline of coercion in government, and an increasing role of liberty and of rule by consent. There was more emphasis on impersonal social and historical forces; progress was increasingly seen as the result of an inner logic of society.
1294:" that would benefit all mankind. In particular, Adams wrote “I must study politics and war, that our sons may have liberty to study mathematics and philosophy. Our sons ought to study mathematics and philosophy, geography, natural history and naval architecture, navigation, commerce and agriculture in order to give their children a right to study painting, poetry, music, architecture, statuary, tapestry and porcelain.”
1684:(1724–1804) argued that progress is neither automatic nor continuous and does not measure knowledge or wealth, but is a painful and largely inadvertent passage from barbarism through civilization toward enlightened culture and the abolition of war. Kant called for education, with the education of humankind seen as a slow process whereby world history propels mankind toward peace through war, international commerce, and
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981:, tend to portray the history of science in terms of competing paradigms or conceptual systems in a wider matrix of intellectual, cultural, economic and political trends. These interpretations, however, have met with opposition for they also portray the history of science as an incoherent system of incommensurable paradigms, not leading to any scientific progress, but only to the illusion of progress.
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1734:(1844–1900) criticized the idea of progress as the 'weakling's doctrines of optimism,' and advocated undermining concepts such as faith in progress, to allow the strong individual to stand above the plebeian masses. An important part of his thinking consists of the attempt to use the classical model of 'eternal recurrence of the same' to dislodge the idea of progress.
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1492:. As Romantics deeply concerned with the past, collecting source materials and founding historical societies, the Founding Fathers were animated by clear principles. They saw man in control of his destiny, saw virtue as a distinguishing characteristic of a republic, and were concerned with happiness, progress, and prosperity.
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needs is a fate that we may perhaps temper, but cannot overcome... Those who hold to the possibility of progress need not fear. The illusion that through science humans can remake the world is an integral part of the modern condition. Renewing the eschatological hopes of the past, progress is an illusion with a future.
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in 'savage' and 'civilized' societies and 'beauty in distress'—reveals how long-held convictions about the character of women, especially with regard to their capacity and right to appear in the public domain, were modified and adjusted to the idea of progress and became central to modern
European civilization.
989:). Yet, knowledge can be lost through the passage of time, or the criteria for evaluating what is worth knowing can change. Similarly, there is considerable disagreement over whether fields such as philosophy make progress - or even whether they aim at accumulating knowledge in the same way as the sciences.
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work. The
Renaissance changed the mindset in Europe, which induced a revolution in curiosity about nature in general and scientific advance, which opened the gates for technical and economic advance. Furthermore, the individual potential was seen as a never-ending quest for being God-like, paving the
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To the minds of most people the desirable outcome of human development would be a condition of society in which all the inhabitants of the planet would enjoy a perfectly happy existence. ... It cannot be proved that the unknown destination towards which man is advancing is desirable. The movement may
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growth has become a key orientation for politics and is often taken as a key figure to evaluate a politician's performance. However, GDP has a number of flaws that make it a bad measure of progress, especially for developed countries. For example, environmental damage is not taken into account nor is
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This exaltation of the present ... is a corollary of that very faith in progress which people claim to have discarded. The present is superior to the past, by definition, only in a mythology of progress. Thus one retains the corollary while rejecting the principle. There is only one way of retaining
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conceptions of virtue, while working within a new
Enlightenment paradigm. The political agenda related beauty, taste, and morality to the imperatives and needs of modern societies of a high level of sophistication and differentiation. Two themes in the work of Robertson and Burke—the nature of women
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The bourgeoisie cannot exist without constantly revolutionizing the instruments of production, and thereby the relations of production, and with them the whole relations of society. Conservation of the old modes of production in unaltered form, was, on the contrary, the first condition of existence
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and
Condorcet because he believed that inequality of conditions is "the best (state) calculated to develop the energies and faculties of man". He said, "Had population and food increased in the same ratio, it is probable that man might never have emerged from the savage state." He argued that man's
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be
Progress, or it may be in an undesirable direction and therefore not Progress. ... The Progress of humanity belongs to the same order of ideas as Providence or personal immortality. It is true or it is false, and like them it cannot be proved either true or false. Belief in it is an act of faith.
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Thus, by the beginning of the 20th century, two opposing schools of thought—Marxism and liberalism—believed in the possibility and the desirability of continual change and improvement. Marxists strongly opposed capitalism and the liberals strongly supported it, but the one concept they could both
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Faith in the liberating power of knowledge is encrypted into modern life. Drawing on some of Europe's most ancient traditions, and daily reinforced by the quickening advance of science, it cannot be given up by an act of will. The interaction of quickening scientific advance with unchanging human
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Classics experts have examined the status of women in the ancient world, concluding that in the Roman Empire, with its superior social organization, internal peace, and rule of law, allowed women to enjoy a somewhat better standing than in ancient Greece, where women were distinctly inferior. The
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From the 18th century through late 20th century, the history of science, especially of the physical and biological sciences, was often presented as a progressive accumulation of knowledge, in which true theories replaced false beliefs. Some more recent historical interpretations, such as those of
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Kuhn, T., 1962, "The
Structure of Scientific Revolutions", University of Chicago Press, p. 137: "Partly by selection and partly by distortion, the scientists of earlier ages are implicitly presented as having worked upon the same set of fixed problems and in accordance with the same set of fixed
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For them, the earliest condition of men resembled that of the beasts, and from this primitive and miserable condition they laboriously reached the existing state of civilisation, not by external guidance or as a consequence of some initial design, but simply by the exercise of human intelligence
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wrote: "The myth of progress states that civilization has moved, is moving, and will move in a desirable direction. Progress is inevitable... Philosophers, men of science and politicians have accepted the idea of the inevitability of progress." Eder argues that the advancement of civilization is
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despots, whose vision of social progress is held to be totally deformed. Postmodernists question the validity of 19th-century and 20th-century notions of progress—both on the capitalist and the
Marxist side of the spectrum. They argue that both capitalism and Marxism over-emphasize technological
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said, "The ancient
Chinese, Babylonian, Hindu, Greek, Roman, and most of the medieval thinkers supporting theories of rhythmical, cyclical or trendless movements of social processes were much nearer to reality than the present proponents of the linear view." Unlike Confucianism and to a certain
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Iggers (1965) argues there was general agreement in the late 19th century that the steady accumulation of knowledge and the progressive replacement of conjectural, that is, theological or metaphysical, notions by scientific ones was what created progress. Most scholars concluded this growth of
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In Italy, the idea that progress in science and technology would lead to solutions for human ills was connected to the nationalism that united the country in 1860. The
Piedmontese Prime Minister Camillo Cavour envisaged the railways as a major factor in the modernization and unification of the
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to accumulate. The chemists in the 19th century knew less about chemistry than the chemists in the 20th century, and they in turn knew less than the chemists in the 21st century. Looking forward, today's chemists reasonably expect that chemists in future centuries will know more than they do.
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is a tool developed by the International Organization Imperative Social Progress, which measures the extent to which countries cover social and environmental needs of its citizenry. There are fifty-two indicators in three areas or dimensions: Basic Human Needs, and Foundations of Wellbeing and
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When began, during the eighteenth century, it was practiced by scientists (or "natural philosophers") with an interest in validating and defending their enterprise. They wrote histories in which ... the science of the day was exhibited as the outcome of the progressive accumulation of human
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Social progress is often improved by increases in GDP, although other factors are also relevant. An imbalance between economic and social progress hinders further economic progress, and can lead to political instability. Where there is an imbalance between economic growth and social progress,
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No social order is ever destroyed before all the productive forces for which it is sufficient have been developed, and new superior relations of production never replace older ones before the material conditions for their existence have matured within the framework of the old
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For Marshall, the importance of wealth lay in its ability to promote the physical, mental, and moral health of the general population. After World War II, the modernization and development programs undertaken in the Third World were typically based on the idea of progress.
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The Jeffersonians said that history is not exhausted but that man may begin again in a new world. Besides rejecting the lessons of the past, they Americanized the idea of progress by democratizing and vulgarizing it to include the welfare of the common man as a form of
1678:(1694–1778) was a major proponent of progress. At first Voltaire's thought was informed by the idea of progress coupled with rationalism. His subsequent notion of the historical idea of progress saw science and reason as the driving forces behind societal advancement.
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leading to greater unhappiness and loss of control in the environment. The strongest critics of the idea of progress complain that it remains a dominant idea in the 21st century, and shows no sign of diminished influence. As one fierce critic, British historian
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Whether other intellectual disciplines make progress in the same way as the sciences is a matter of debate. For example, one might expect that today's historians know more about global history than their ancient counterparts (consider the histories of
1239:, in his "A Philosophical Review of the Successive Advances of the Human Mind" (1750). For Turgot, progress covers not only the arts and sciences but, on their base, the whole of culture—manner, mores, institutions, legal codes, economy, and society.
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Specific indicators for measuring progress can range from economic data, technical innovations, change in the political or legal system, and questions bearing on individual life chances, such as life expectancy and risk of disease and disability.
1249:'s (1806–1873) ethical and political thought demonstrated faith in the power of ideas and of intellectual education for improving human nature or behavior. For those who do not share this faith the idea of progress becomes questionable.
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achievements and material prosperity while ignoring the value of inner happiness and peace of mind. Postmodernism posits that both dystopia and utopia are one and the same, overarching grand narratives with impossible conclusions.
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endorses the idea that new designs, social innovations and green technologies can solve critical environmental challenges. The other is pessimistic in respect of technological solutions, warning of impending global crisis (through
1523:
thought steadily gaining ground from the 1980s, the grandiose claims of the modernizers are steadily eroded, and the very concept of social progress is again questioned and scrutinized. In the new vision, radical modernizers like
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political instability and unrest often arise. Lagging social progress also holds back economic growth in these and other countries that fail to address human needs, build social capital, and create opportunity for their citizens.
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Recently the idea of progress has been generalized to psychology, being related with the concept of a goal, that is, progress is understood as "what counts as a means of advancing towards the end result of a given defined goal."
1407:
tradition believes in the fulfillment of history, which was translated into the idea of progress in the modern age. Therefore, Chinese proponents of modernization have looked to western models. According to Thompson, the late
1290:, were immersed in Enlightenment thought and believed the idea of progress meant that they could reorganize the political system to the benefit of the human condition; both for Americans and also, as Jefferson put it, for an "
1118:
asking, "should we in fact abandon the idea of progress as a view of the past," answer that there is no doubt "that the status of women has improved markedly" in cultures that have adopted the Enlightenment idea of progress.
1496:, combining the spirit of rationalism and romanticism, pictured a time when America's innocence would sound like a romance, and concluded that the fall of America could mark the end of "the noblest work of human wisdom".
1338:(1904–1997) and his successors aggressively promoted modernization of the economy using capitalist models and imported western technology. This was termed the "Opening of China" in the West, and more broadly encompasses
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inferior status of women in traditional China has raised the issue of whether the idea of progress requires a thoroughgoing rejection of traditionalism—a belief held by many Chinese reformers in the early 20th century.
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such as poverty, disease, hunger, climate change, war, existential risks, and inequality. The mission of Our World in Data is to present "research and data to make progress against the world’s largest problems".
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further states that capitalism, in its quest for higher profits and new markets, will inevitably sow the seeds of its own destruction. Marxists believe that, in the future, capitalism will be replaced by
1434:
Iggers (1965) says that proponents of progress underestimated the extent of man's destructiveness and irrationality, while critics misunderstand the role of rationality and morality in human behavior.
1474:, and the rise of totalitarianism demonstrated that progress was not automatic and that technological improvement did not necessarily guarantee democracy and moral advancement. British historian
1345:
Among environmentalists, there is a continuum between two opposing poles. The one pole is optimistic, progressive, and business-oriented, and endorses the classic idea of progress. For example,
1378:
said that "No single idea has been more important than ... the Idea of Progress in Western civilization for three thousand years", and defines five "crucial premises" of the idea of progress:
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in the 19th and 20th centuries, who called for the rapid modernization of the economy and society to remove the traditional hindrances to free markets and free movements of people. During the
2387:(1910) is planned on a large scale; he is erudite and has read extensively. But his treatment is lacking in the power of discrimination. He strikes one as anxious to bring within his net, as
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agree on was progress, which affirms the power of human beings to make, improve and reshape their society, with the aid of scientific knowledge, technology and practical experimentation.
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described progress with respect to arts and the sciences, saying that each age has the advantage of not having to rediscover what was accomplished in preceding ages. The epistemology of
1441:
claimed modernity has retained the "corollary" of the progress myth, the idea that the present is superior to the past, while at the same time insisting that it is free of the myth:
1813:, which was the artistic and philosophical response to modernity, some of which embraced technology while rejecting individualism, but more of which rejected modernity entirely.)
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Men ceased to believe in progress; but only to pin their faith to more tangible realities, whose sole original significance had been that they were the instruments of progress.
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is thought by Marx as a process of continual change, in which the growth of markets dissolve all fixities in human life, and Marx argues that capitalism is progressive and non-
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Furthermore, Marx described the process of social progress, which in his opinion is based on the interaction between the productive forces and the relations of production:
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How progress improved the status of women in traditional society was a major theme of historians starting in the Enlightenment and continuing to today. British theorists
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Allen, Ann Taylor (1999). "Feminism, Social Science, and the Meanings of Modernity: the Debate on the Origin of the Family in Europe and the United States, 1860–914,"
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capacity for improvement has been demonstrated by the growth of his intellect, a form of progress which offsets the distresses engendered by the law of population.
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predicted the disappearance of slavery, the rise of literacy, the lessening of inequalities between the sexes, reforms of harsh prisons and the decline of poverty.
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Some 20th-century authors refer to the "Myth of Progress" to refer to the idea that the human condition will inevitably improve. In 1932, English physician
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could change society and change their way of life. Instead of being made completely by gods, there was increasing room for the idea that people themselves
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The last two centuries were familiar with the myth of progress. Our own century has adopted the myth of modernity. The one myth has replaced the other.
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said "The gods did not reveal to men all things in the beginning, but men through their own search find in the course of time that which is better."
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In the 19th century, Romantic critics charged that progress did not automatically better the human condition, and in some ways could make it worse.
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have espoused similar views. They argue that society changes organically and naturally, and that grand plans for the remaking of society, like the
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1358:, for example) and tends to reject the very idea of modernity and the myth of progress that is so central to modernization thinking. Similarly,
788:. As a goal, social progress has been advocated by varying realms of political ideologies with different theories on how it is to be achieved.
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has been set up to share information on evaluating societal progress. It aims to facilitate the exchange of ideas, initiatives and knowledge.
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1597:" of innocence and simplicity. Time was generally regarded as the enemy of humanity which depreciates the value of the world. He credits the
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1362:, wrote about progress as a myth benefiting the few, and a pending environmental doomsday for everyone. An example is the philosophy of
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2401:, has developed the thesis that Progress was not grasped in antiquity (though he makes an exception of Seneca),—a welcome confirmation.
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2381:, 5e serie. More recently M. Jules Delvaille has attempted to trace its history fully, down to the end of the eighteenth century. His
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was dominated by the theory of world-cycles or the doctrine of eternal return, and was steeped in a belief parallel to the Judaic "
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in the first generation after independence, leading the battle against the conservative trinity of the army, the church, and the
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with having had a potential for leading to the foundation of a theory of progress through their materialistic acceptance of the
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1255:(1842–1924), a British economist of the early 20th century, was a proponent of classical liberalism. In his highly influential
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2397:(1909) I dwelt on the modern origin of the idea (p. 253 sqq.). Recently Mr. R. H. Murray, in a learned appendix to his
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Kontler, László (2004). "Beauty or Beast, or Monstrous Regiments? Robertson and Burke on Women and the Public Scene,"
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The history of the idea of Progress has been treated briefly and partially by various French writers; e.g. Comte,
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is movement towards a perceived refined, improved, or otherwise desired state. It is central to the philosophy of
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for social ills. According to conservatives, attempts to radically remake society normally make things worse.
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For example, see Chalmers, David (2015) Why isn't there more progress in philosophy? Philosophy 90 (1):3-31:
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Scientific progress is the idea that the scientific community learns more over time, which causes a body of
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said that progress was not fully adequate as a scientific explanation of social phenomena. More recently,
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The Spirit of Modern Republicanism: The Moral Vision of the American Founders and the Philosophy of Locke
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or Nationalist party, which ruled from the 1920s to the 1940s, advocated progress. The Communists under
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people made their own society, they could also fully comprehend it. This gave rise to new sciences, or
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Ellison, Herbert J. (1965). "Economic Modernization in Imperial Russia: Purposes and Achievements,"
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opinion, in contrast with conservational opinion. The social conservationists were skeptical about
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author, wrote exclusively about progress as a myth, in an essay entitled "Five Facets of a Myth".
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is another online resource that seeks to compile data on different measures of societal progress.
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or Ross, Lewis (2021), How Intellectual Communities Progress, Volume 18, Issue 4 pp. 738 - 756:
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Hart, John M. (1972). "Jose Mora: His Idea of Progress and the Origins of Mexican Liberalism,"
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canons that the most recent revolution in scientific theory and method made seem scientific."
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and Belief in Progress", New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, Canada,
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Some scholars consider the idea of progress that was affirmed with the Enlightenment, as a
1478:(1889–1975) felt that Christianity would help modern civilization overcome its challenges.
1102:(1729–1797), along with many of their contemporaries, remained committed to Christian- and
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2230:(4): 1085–113; Nyland, Chris (1993). "Adam Smith, Stage Theory, and the Status of Women,"
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78:
2434:
Caldari, Katia (2004). "Alfred Marshall's Idea of Progress and Sustainable Development,"
2327:
2002:
1801:, but, unlike Marx, believed and hoped that capitalism could essentially go on forever.
1452:
a position of whose instability one is conscious. One must simply refrain from thinking.
5176:
5084:
5074:
4803:
4678:
4663:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4573:
4548:
4503:
4483:
4345:
4316:
4291:
4246:
4226:
4188:
4143:
4023:
4013:
3870:
3701:
3514:
3259:
2750:
2720:
Farrenkopf, John (1993). "Spengler's Historical Pessimism and the Tragedy of our Age,"
1958:
1943:
1933:
1903:
1888:
1723:
1719:
1707:
1699:
1586:
1351:
998:
805:
749:
efficiency – the latter being generally achieved through direct societal action, as in
514:
494:
484:
374:
354:
235:
73:
1015:
5221:
5109:
4939:
4849:
4798:
4768:
4758:
4688:
4683:
4673:
4533:
4523:
4513:
4488:
4355:
4333:
4251:
4158:
4131:
4116:
4058:
3741:
3245:
2708:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1692:
1681:
1648:
1622:
1543:
1525:
1520:
1489:
1399:
1375:
1335:
1204:
1173:
1166:
1128:
1115:
1103:
1063:
773:
765:
734:
454:
409:
369:
364:
269:
49:
5089:
4773:
4763:
4753:
4618:
4613:
4553:
4528:
4498:
4493:
4400:
4395:
4241:
4121:
3855:
3791:
3661:
3651:
3646:
3565:
3555:
3499:
3389:
3285:
Civilization in East and West : an introduction to the study of human progress
1938:
1908:
1797:
agreed with Marx's analysis of capitalism as a process of continual change through
1703:
1598:
1590:
1554:
1533:
1493:
1471:
1409:
1363:
1279:
1208:
1181:
1099:
1051:
932:
809:
424:
344:
339:
3114:, Vol. IX, No. 2, pp. 195–213, representative of late 19th-century approaches
666:
3249:
2589:
The Making of Green Knowledge: Environmental Politics and Cultural Transformation
1809:
denotes cultures that embrace that concept of progress. (This is not the same as
4788:
4783:
4718:
4713:
4563:
4435:
4390:
4380:
4173:
4168:
4106:
4043:
3826:
3801:
3726:
3686:
3656:
3631:
3611:
3590:
3570:
3550:
3540:
3509:
3374:
2963:
Rethinking Progress: Movements, Forces, and Ideas at the End of the 20th Century
1883:
1863:
1778:
1652:
1642:
1467:
1428:
1420:
1413:
1146:
978:
651:
542:
349:
88:
17:
3022:
The Ancient Concept of Progress and Other Essays on Greek Literature and Belief
1200:
hurt society by removing the traditional constraints on the exercise of power.
5171:
4979:
4879:
4728:
4648:
4420:
4311:
4153:
4096:
4073:
4038:
3987:
3977:
3945:
3890:
3716:
3696:
3621:
3585:
3489:
3474:
3399:
2670:
2319:
2099:
2082:
1820:
1774:
1630:
1606:
1594:
1582:
1529:
1500:
1327:
1323:
1287:
1216:
1071:
738:
629:
474:
63:
2788:
Cassirer, Ernst; Paul Oskar Kristeller and John Herman Randall (eds., 1948).
2605:
2533:
The American South and the Italian Mezzogiorno: Essays in Comparative History
2108:
1259:(1890), he was deeply interested in human progress and in what is now called
4869:
4808:
4365:
4008:
3935:
3920:
3841:
3761:
3756:
3681:
3636:
3616:
3595:
3580:
3560:
3545:
3409:
3369:
2499:
Dougherty, John E. (1973). "Juan Bautista Alberdi: A Study of His Thought,"
1953:
1810:
1787:
1656:
1240:
1228:
1203:
The scientific advances of the 16th and 17th centuries provided a basis for
1197:
1047:
986:
963:
193:
103:
3131:(1995), scholars discuss Machiavelli, Kant, Nietzsche, Spengler and others
2914:
Iggers, George G. (1965). "The Idea of Progress: A Critical Reassessment,"
2903:
A Study on the Idea of Progress in Nietzsche, Heidegger and Critical Theory
3058:
Iggers, Georg G. (1965). "The Idea of Progress: A Critical Reassessment,"
1838:
1391:
faith in reason and scientific/scholarly knowledge obtained through reason
5144:
4723:
4460:
4053:
4018:
3992:
3972:
3925:
3736:
3691:
3575:
3479:
3434:
3404:
2818:
Bernstein, John Andrew (1978). "Adam Ferguson and the Idea of Progress,"
2801:
Schuler, Jeanne A. (1991). "Reasonable Hope: Kant as Critical Theorist,"
2561:
1675:
1355:
1055:
754:
572:
489:
3299:
Millennium and Utopia: A Study in the Background of the Idea of Progress
3004:
2544:
Smirnov, Dmitry (2004). "Deng Xiaoping and the Modernization of China,"
2139:
knowledge, which was an integral part of moral and cultural development.
30:
This article is about the general idea of progress. For other uses, see
5181:
5094:
3982:
3950:
3940:
3711:
3671:
3504:
3429:
3414:
3394:
3324:
3185:
Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress
3108:
3063:
3042:
2161:
1868:
1782:
1602:
1224:
1220:
1177:
1067:
742:
316:
83:
761:– that progressivism holds all human societies should strive towards.
3930:
3731:
3519:
3494:
3484:
3454:
3439:
2165:
1267:
In Russia the notion of progress was first imported from the West by
547:
3085:
With Good Intentions? Reflections on the Myth of Progress in America
3080:, Second series. London: Longmans, Green & Co., pp. 158–83.
1722:(1766–1834) reacted against the concept of progress as set forth by
2266:. Edward Elgar Publishing, p. 109; Ryrie, Charles Caldwell (1958).
2124:
Making Natural Knowledge: Constructivism and the History of Science
2030:
1985:"Progress definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary"
1647:
During the Medieval period, science was to a large extent based on
1219:
provided further support and was popularized by the Encyclopedists
1184:
was the leading exponent of this, although later-day liberals like
3960:
3449:
3384:
1660:
way for a view of man based on unlimited perfection and progress.
1610:
1511:
818:
3119:
History and Progress: In Search of the European and American Mind
764:
The concept of progress was introduced in the early-19th-century
3955:
3379:
813:
27:
Movement towards a refined, improved, or otherwise desired state
3328:
2281:
Through Chinese Eyes: Tradition, Revolution, and Transformation
3524:
3419:
2927:
Manifesto of the Communist Party: Chapter 1, Marx & Engels
2859:
Ludwig Edelstein takes a minority view in seeing evidence for
2054:
1010:
854:
Opportunities which show the relative performance of nations.
800:
2885:
Levin, Samuel M. (1966). "Malthus and the Idea of Progress,"
2017:"PROGRESS | meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary"
1274:
The intellectual leaders of the American Revolution, such as
2126:(reprint ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 2.
3000:
The Idea of Progress: An Inquiry into Its Origin and Growth
1330:
adopted different models and their ruinous projects caused
823:
Life expectancy in 1800, 1950, and 2015 – visualization by
3319:
2563:
Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment
2479:
2477:
737:, which interprets progress as the set of advancements in
3048:
Hahn, Lewis Edwin and Paul Arthur Schilpp (eds.).(1999).
3231:
A Road to Nowhere: The Idea of Progress and Its Critics
1674:
In the Enlightenment, French historian and philosopher
1403:
extent Taoism, that both search for an ideal past, the
1027:
2645:
Ta T'ung Shu: The One World Philosophy of Kang Yu-wei.
2560:
Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011).
2305:
Appleby, Joyce; Lynn Hunt, and Margaret Jacob (1995).
2175:
2173:
1629:
have attributed a notion of progress to other Greeks.
1609:
as the explanation for a world without an intervening
1235:. The first complete statement of progress is that of
857:
Indices that can be used to measure progress include:
3233:. Philadelphia: The University of Pennsylvania Press.
3287:, London, Oxford university press, H. Milford, 1939.
2960:
Alexander, Jeffrey C., & Piotr Sztompka (1990).
1334:. After Mao's death, however, the new regime led by
5052:
4821:
4469:
4202:
4082:
4001:
3913:
3904:
3770:
3604:
3533:
3362:
3159:
Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future
2354:
Histoire de la querelle des Anciens et des Modernes
2262:Dimand, Robert William, & Chris Nyland (2003).
3278:The Idea of Progress in Eighteenth Century Britain
3099:The True and Only Heaven: Progress and Its Critics
3066:, emphasis on 20th-century philosophies of history
2318:The following annotated reference list appears in
841:, that studies how to make progress against large
2643:Youwei, Kang, & Lawrence G. Thompson (1958).
2279:Vernoff, Edward, & Peter J. Seybolt, (2007).
2264:The Status of Women in Classical Economic Thought
1750:. He describes the mid-19th-century condition in
1231:. Locke had a powerful influence on the American
2835:The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought
2771:Gray, John (2004). "An Illusion with a Future,"
2634:P. A. Sorokin, 1932 paper, quoted in Fay (1947).
2296:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, p. 5.
3292:The Idea of Progress: A Collection of Readings.
3037:Fay, Sidney B. (1947). "The Idea of Progress,"
2488:Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society
2331:
1999:"Progress | Meaning of Progress by Lexico"
1767:
1758:
1615:
1559:
1505:
1443:
1394:intrinsic importance and worth of life on earth
3320:United Nations Economic and Social Development
2777:Heresies: Against Progress and Other Illusions
3340:
703:
8:
3846:
2987:Paris: Librairie Hachette, pp. 183–250.
2453:Economic Development: The History of an Idea
2388:
2382:
2376:
2370:
2364:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2334:
1651:(a method of thinking and learning from the
1456:A cyclical theory of history was adopted by
1046:Aspects of social progress, as described by
757:, but being also attainable through natural
3782:
3301:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2874:Encyclopedia of the Romantic Era, 1760–1850
2861:The Idea of Progress in Classical Antiquity
3910:
3347:
3333:
3325:
3214:Civilized to Death: The Price of Progress.
3200:The Idea of Progress: History and Society.
2485:"The Past as an Extension of the Present,"
2436:Journal of the History of Economic Thought
1460:(1880–1936), a German historian who wrote
710:
696:
36:
3294:Berkeley: University of California Press.
2098:
721:
4930:Reflections on the Revolution in France
2792:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2775:Vol. 133(3), pp 10+; also Gray (2004).
2755:International Journal of Psychoanalysis
2342:Introduction a la science de l'histoire
2292:Marx, Leo, & Bruce Mazlish (1998).
1976:
48:
3091:, based on interviews in a small town.
2872:Murray, Christopher John, ed. (2004).
2591:. Cambridge University Press, p. 28ff.
2360:Histoire de la philosophie cartesienne
2193:
2191:
2189:
1388:worth of economic/technological growth
2876:. Fitzroy Dearborn, Vol. II, p. 912.
1874:Global social change research project
1793:Many advocates of capitalism such as
1050:, have included the disappearance of
7:
5293:Philosophical schools and traditions
3223:. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
3024:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2981:"La Formation de l'Idée de Progrés."
2837:David Miller, Janet Coleman, p. 402.
2345:, i. 99 sqq. (ed. 2, 1842); Javary,
2162:https://philpapers.org/rec/CHAWIT-15
2076:
2074:
1066:of harsh prisons and the decline of
5040:The End of History and the Last Man
4950:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
3045:, reflections after two world wars.
863:Broad measures of economic progress
3251:The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism
3179:, Vol. 28, No. 3, pp. 257–82.
3041:, Vol. 52, No. 2, pp. 231–46
2739:. London: Macmillan and Co., p. 2.
2166:https://doi.org/10.1017/epi.2020.2
1742:Marxist theory (late 19th century)
1322:In China, in the 20th century the
25:
3304:Zarandi, Merhdad M., ed. (2004).
3144:, Vol. II, No. 1, pp. 7–37.
2790:The Renaissance Philosophy of Man
2372:La Formation de l'idee de progres
5010:The Open Society and Its Enemies
3306:Science and the Myth of Progress
3162:. London: Oneworld Publications
3129:History and the Idea of Progress
3062:, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 1–17
3007:). London: The Macmillan and Co.
2268:The Place of Women in the Church
1837:
1823:
1706:, and a reworking of ideas from
1664:Age of Enlightenment (1650–1800)
1593:," but rather from a preceding "
1385:nobility of Western civilization
1014:
878:Gender-related Development Index
677:
665:
3817:Family as a model for the state
3149:History of the Idea of Progress
3112:International Journal of Ethics
2887:Journal of the History of Ideas
2848:History of the Idea of Progress
2724:Vol. 22, Number 3, pp. 391–412.
2483:Commager, Henry Steele (1969).
2455:. University of Chicago Press.
2416:. University of Chicago Press.
2307:Telling the Truth about History
2181:History of the Idea of Progress
2081:Wesseling, Henk (August 1998).
1213:Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle
5348:Sociocultural evolution theory
5167:Separation of church and state
5065:Collectivism and individualism
5020:The Origins of Totalitarianism
3127:Melzer, Arthur M. et al. eds.
2366:Problemes de la morale sociale
2270:, The Macmillan Company, Ch 1.
1914:Progressive utilization theory
1133:Modernization was promoted by
1074:, help citizens improve their
32:Progress (disambiguation)
1:
5207:Category:Political philosophy
5080:Critique of political economy
3177:American Journal of Sociology
2943:Critique of political economy
2863:, Johns Hopkins Press (1967).
2820:Studies in Burke and His Time
2749:David Eder, Montague (1932).
2384:Histoire de l'idee de progres
2336:Cours de philosophie positive
2200:"Why social progress matters"
2183:. New York: Basic Books Ch. 5
1347:bright green environmentalism
1149:began to realize that people
868:Disability-adjusted life year
5105:Institutional discrimination
5100:History of political thought
3832:Negative and positive rights
3297:Tuveson, Ernest Lee (1949).
3229:Slaboch, Matthew W. (2018).
2973:. Stanford University Press.
2490:, Vol. 79, No. 1, pp. 17–27.
2328:available in full on the web
2232:History of Political Economy
1714:Romanticism and 19th century
1307:(1794–1850) was a leader of
923:Subjective life satisfaction
5115:Justification for the state
4900:Two Treatises of Government
3209:(Oxford: Blackwells, 1978).
3172:Painter, George S. (1922).
3017:. London: Sheed & Ward.
2918:, Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 1–17.
2466:Journal of Economic History
2294:Progress: Fact or Illusion?
2248:Modern Intellectual History
1746:Marx developed a theory of
1172:In turn, this gave rise to
5374:
3785:Bellum omnium contra omnes
3212:Ryan, Christopher (2019).
3060:American Historical Review
3039:American Historical Review
2994:. Wild Goose Publications.
2916:American Historical Review
2901:Tassone, Giuseppe (2002).
2658:The Poverty of Historicism
2647:London: Allen & Unwin.
2412:Pangle, Thomas L. (1990).
2225:American Historical Review
2198:Porter M (10 April 2015).
2083:"History: Science or art?"
1790:and eventually communism.
1667:
1640:
1574:
1541:
1480:
1126:
996:
953:
883:Genuine Progress Indicator
726:Woman's Progress, May 1895
29:
5202:
3276:Spadafora, David (1990).
3221:The Sociology of Progress
3117:Mathiopoulos, Margarita.
3107:Mackenzie, J. S. (1899).
2803:History of European Ideas
2707:(1946), as translated by
2425:Nisbet (1980) pp. 224–29.
2371:
2100:10.1017/S106279870000329X
1686:enlightened self-interest
1618:throughout a long period.
1082:for citizens to succeed.
893:Gross National Well-being
5248:Concepts in epistemology
4990:The Revolt of the Masses
3283:Spalding, Henry Norman,
3280:. Yale University Press.
3198:Pollard, Sidney (1971).
3151:. New York: Basic Books.
3083:Kauffman, Bill. (1998).
2990:Burgess, Yvonne (1994).
2969:Becker, Carl L. (1932).
2850:. New York: Basic Books.
2587:Jamison, Andrew (2001).
2531:DalLago, Enrico (2002).
2395:Ancient Greek Historians
2339:, vi. 321 sqq.; Buchez,
1859:Constitutional economics
1261:sustainable development.
1114:Historians Leo Marx and
1007:EU Social Progress Index
908:Legatum Prosperity Index
888:Gross National Happiness
780:. It was present in the
5258:Epistemology of science
5253:Concepts in metaphysics
4970:The Communist Manifesto
3896:Tyranny of the majority
3807:Consent of the governed
3290:Teggart, F. J. (1949).
3219:Sklair, Leslie (1970).
3182:Pinker, Steven (2018).
3174:"The Idea of Progress,"
3156:Norberg, Johan (2016).
3147:Nisbet, Robert (1980).
3139:"The Idea of Progress,"
3137:Nisbet, Robert (1979).
3109:"The Idea of Progress,"
3074:"The Idea of Progress."
3052:Georg Henrik von Wright
2966:. Boston: Unwin Hymans.
2846:Nisbet, Robert (1980).
2671:"Five Facets of a Myth"
2602:"Five Facets of a Myth"
2283:, APEX Press, pp. 45ff.
2179:Nisbet, Robert (1980).
1949:Sociocultural evolution
1753:The Communist Manifesto
1463:The Decline of the West
1437:In 1946, psychoanalyst
1405:Judeo-Christian-Islamic
1340:Chinese economic reform
1257:Principles of Economics
1211:. In the 17th century,
1157:—and not only that, as
903:Human Development Index
786:philosophies of history
759:sociocultural evolution
302:Sustainable development
226:Progressive nationalism
5243:Concepts in aesthetics
3847:
3797:Clash of civilizations
3783:
2568:Technological Optimism
2517:North Dakota Quarterly
2403:
2390:theoriciens du progres
2389:
2383:
2377:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2326:published in 1920 and
2122:Golinski, Jan (2001).
1772:
1763:
1748:historical materialism
1620:
1564:
1557:(b. 1948), concludes:
1516:
1510:
1454:
1155:made their own society
938:World Happiness Report
928:Where-to-be-born Index
918:OECD Better Life Index
873:Green national product
827:
808:of economic activity.
727:
596:Economic progressivism
280:Ecological engineering
241:Social justice warrior
204:Philosophy of progress
199:Philosophical progress
5303:Philosophy of history
5298:Philosophy of culture
3812:Divine right of kings
3308:. World Wisdom Books.
3254:. Thousand Oaks, CA:
3142:Literature of Liberty
3032:The Idea of Progress.
3015:Progress and Religion
2977:Brunetière, Ferdinand
2711:(1950), sections 1–7.
2701:The Myth of Modernity
2535:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2451:Arndt, H. W. (1989).
2369:(1876); Brunetiere, "
2324:The Idea of Progress,
2309:. W.W. Norton, p. 78.
1655:) interpretations of
1585:said that thought in
1515:
1483:Reactionary modernism
1298:Juan Bautista Alberdi
1003:Social Progress Index
913:Social Progress Index
851:Social Progress Index
822:
725:
684:Philosophy portal
672:Liberalism portal
618:Libertarian socialism
292:Scientific management
214:Progressive education
4960:Democracy in America
4339:political philosophy
4322:political philosophy
4137:political philosophy
3966:political philosophy
3876:Separation of powers
3837:Night-watchman state
3822:Monopoly on violence
3356:Political philosophy
3262:. pp. 396–398.
3216:Simon & Schuster
3020:Dodds, E.R. (1985).
2992:The Myth of Progress
2736:The Idea of Progress
2687:Iggers (1965) p. 16.
2348:De l'idee de progres
2204:World Economic Forum
2005:on October 16, 2018.
1964:Techno-progressivism
1894:Leisure satisfaction
1799:creative destruction
1702:of ideas from early
1670:Age of Enlightenment
1427:, a self-proclaimed
1309:classical liberalism
1305:JosĂ© MarĂa Luis Mora
970:scientific knowledge
960:Technological change
839:University of Oxford
635:Classical radicalism
601:Democratic socialism
470:Roosevelt (Theodore)
465:Roosevelt (Franklin)
312:Techno-progressivism
307:Technological change
137:Economic development
94:New Culture Movement
69:Age of Enlightenment
5353:Theories of history
5150:Right-wing politics
5030:A Theory of Justice
5000:The Road to Serfdom
4920:The Social Contract
3627:Christian democracy
3207:Scientific Progress
3205:Rescher, Nicholas;
3070:Inge, William Ralph
3011:Dawson, Christopher
2997:Bury, J.B. (1920).
2705:Le Mythe du moderne
2625:Nisbet (1980) p. 4.
2546:Far Eastern Affairs
2357:(1856); Bouillier,
2055:"Our World in Data"
1879:Happiness economics
1854:Accelerating change
1732:Friedrich Nietzsche
1730:German philosopher
1627:Gertrude Himmelfarb
1577:Classical antiquity
1550:Montague David Eder
1143:social commentators
1062:between the sexes,
1058:, the lessening of
950:Scientific progress
943:World Values Survey
747:social organization
613:Left-libertarianism
420:Kirchner (Cristina)
265:Scientific progress
248:Social organization
184:Liberation theology
164:Freedom of movement
132:Cultural liberalism
5313:Political concepts
5308:Philosophy of life
5263:Ethical principles
5162:Political violence
5157:Political theology
5140:Left-wing politics
5135:Political spectrum
3202:New York: Pelican.
3095:Lasch, Christopher
3050:The Philosophy of
3034:New York: Praeger.
3028:Doren, Charles Van
2971:Progress and Power
2905:. E. Mellen Press.
2722:Theory and Society
2399:Erasmus and Luther
1924:Social development
1691:Scottish theorist
1517:
1194:National Socialism
1135:classical liberals
1026:. You can help by
956:History of science
898:Happy Planet Index
835:online publication
828:
792:Measuring progress
728:
625:Left-wing populism
460:RodrĂguez Zapatero
287:Self-determination
275:Sustainable design
154:Empirical evidence
5318:Political science
5215:
5214:
5125:Philosophy of law
5070:Conflict theories
4910:The Spirit of Law
4817:
4816:
3866:Original position
3194:978-0-525-42757-5
3168:978-1-78074-951-8
2985:Études Critiques.
2351:(1850); Rigault,
2059:Our World in Data
2035:Our World in Data
1831:Philosophy portal
1476:Arnold J. Toynbee
1382:value of the past
1292:Empire of Liberty
1276:Benjamin Franklin
1190:French Revolution
1159:Giambattista Vico
1096:William Robertson
1044:
1043:
831:Our World in Data
825:Our World in Data
814:HumanProgress.org
751:social enterprise
720:
719:
640:Social liberalism
415:Kirchner (NĂ©stor)
297:Scientific method
258:List of countries
179:Industrialisation
169:Human enhancement
16:(Redirected from
5365:
5130:Political ethics
5120:Machiavellianism
5060:Authoritarianism
5045:
5035:
5025:
5015:
5005:
4995:
4985:
4975:
4965:
4955:
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4895:
4885:
4875:
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3911:
3852:
3788:
3778:Balance of power
3752:Social democracy
3747:Social Darwinism
3722:Multiculturalism
3667:Environmentalism
3642:Communitarianism
3349:
3342:
3335:
3326:
3273:
3238:Smith, George H.
3188:, Penguin Books
3078:Outspoken Essays
2947:
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2697:Charles Baudouin
2694:
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2661:
2654:
2648:
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2635:
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2604:. Archived from
2598:
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2041:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2001:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1899:Manifest Destiny
1847:
1845:Economics portal
1842:
1841:
1833:
1828:
1827:
1826:
1439:Charles Baudouin
1425:Kirkpatrick Sale
1360:Kirkpatrick Sale
1284:Thomas Jefferson
1247:John Stuart Mill
1233:Founding Fathers
1104:republican-based
1098:(1721–1793) and
1039:
1036:
1018:
1011:
833:is a scientific
772:as described by
770:social evolution
712:
705:
698:
682:
681:
680:
670:
669:
645:In United States
606:Social democracy
322:Women's suffrage
219:In Latin America
174:Idea of Progress
159:Direct democracy
37:
21:
18:Myth of Progress
5373:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5362:
5343:Social theories
5338:Social sciences
5333:Social concepts
5273:Human evolution
5218:
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5211:
5198:
5187:Totalitarianism
5048:
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5013:
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4903:
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4873:
4863:
4860:Treatise on Law
4853:
4843:
4833:
4813:
4471:
4465:
4204:
4198:
4084:
4078:
3997:
3900:
3886:State of nature
3881:Social contract
3861:Ordered liberty
3849:Noblesse oblige
3766:
3600:
3529:
3358:
3353:
3316:
3311:
3270:
3236:
3101:. W. W. Norton
2956:
2954:Further reading
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2779:. Granta Books.
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2675:www.hermetic.ch
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2656:Popper (1957).
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1579:
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1546:
1503:wrote in 1920:
1485:
1458:Oswald Spengler
1372:
1269:Peter the Great
1253:Alfred Marshall
1205:Francis Bacon's
1186:Friedrich Hayek
1131:
1125:
1092:
1090:Status of women
1076:quality of life
1040:
1034:
1031:
1024:needs expansion
1009:
995:
993:Social progress
966:
952:
947:
843:global problems
837:, based at the
794:
778:Herbert Spencer
766:social theories
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591:
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253:Social progress
231:Reform movement
147:Economic growth
127:Civil liberties
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99:Progressive Era
79:Information Age
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5085:Egalitarianism
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4016:
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3999:
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3985:
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3975:
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3915:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3871:Overton window
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
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3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
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3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
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3709:
3704:
3702:Libertarianism
3699:
3694:
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3679:
3674:
3669:
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3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
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3360:
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3351:
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3337:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3315:
3314:External links
3312:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3269:978-1412965804
3268:
3260:Cato Institute
3246:Hamowy, Ronald
3234:
3227:
3225:online edition
3217:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3180:
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3154:
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3133:online edition
3125:
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3115:
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3092:
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2566:, Chapter 9, "
2553:
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2405:
2363:(1854); Caro,
2311:
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2185:
2169:
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2132:
2114:
2093:(3): 265–267.
2070:
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2008:
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1959:Technocentrism
1956:
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1944:Social regress
1941:
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1934:Social justice
1931:
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1911:
1906:
1904:Moral progress
1901:
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1889:High modernism
1886:
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1856:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1834:
1818:
1815:
1743:
1740:
1724:William Godwin
1720:Thomas Malthus
1715:
1712:
1708:ancient Greece
1700:secularization
1668:Main article:
1665:
1662:
1641:Main article:
1638:
1635:
1587:ancient Greece
1575:Main article:
1572:
1569:
1396:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1371:
1368:
1352:climate change
1167:proto-sciences
1127:Main article:
1124:
1121:
1091:
1088:
1078:, and provide
1054:, the rise of
1042:
1041:
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1019:
999:Moral progress
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806:sustainability
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345:Abbott (Grace)
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340:Abbott (Edith)
336:
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236:Social justice
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189:Linear history
186:
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142:Broad measures
134:
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74:Industrial Age
71:
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26:
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14:
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10:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5328:Social change
5326:
5324:
5323:Progressivism
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
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5110:Jurisprudence
5108:
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4957:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4942:
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4940:Rights of Man
4937:
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4857:
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4850:De re publica
4847:
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4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4470:20th and 21st
4468:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4203:18th and 19th
4201:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4138:
4135:
4134:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4059:Nizam al-Mulk
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3742:Republicanism
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3532:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3345:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3171:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3055:. Open Court.
3054:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2953:
2944:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2917:
2911:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2882:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2733:Bury (1920).
2730:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2709:Bernard Miall
2706:
2702:
2698:
2693:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2608:on 2009-07-09
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2557:
2554:
2550:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2506:(4): 489–501.
2505:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2205:
2201:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2174:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2157:
2154:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2133:9780226302324
2129:
2125:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2036:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1929:Social change
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1919:Psychometrics
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1832:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1693:Adam Ferguson
1689:
1687:
1683:
1682:Immanuel Kant
1679:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1623:Robert Nisbet
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1545:
1544:Progress trap
1540:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1526:Joseph Stalin
1522:
1521:postmodernist
1514:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1490:republicanism
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:P. A. Sorokin
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1376:Robert Nisbet
1369:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1336:Deng Xiaoping
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:Enlightenment
1136:
1130:
1129:Modernization
1123:Modernization
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:Bruce Mazlish
1112:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1081:
1080:opportunities
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1022:This section
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
992:
990:
988:
982:
980:
974:
971:
965:
961:
957:
949:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
860:
858:
855:
852:
847:
844:
840:
836:
832:
826:
821:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
798:
791:
789:
787:
783:
782:Enlightenment
779:
775:
774:Auguste Comte
771:
768:, especially
767:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
735:progressivism
732:
724:
713:
708:
706:
701:
699:
694:
693:
691:
690:
685:
675:
673:
668:
663:
662:
661:
660:
653:
650:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
631:
628:
626:
623:
619:
616:
615:
614:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
598:
597:
594:
593:
587:
586:
579:
578:United States
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
534:
533:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
450:Ocasio-Cortez
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
337:
331:
330:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
281:
278:
277:
276:
273:
271:
270:Social change
268:
266:
263:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
246:
242:
239:
238:
237:
234:
232:
229:
227:
224:
220:
217:
216:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
113:
112:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
55:
54:
51:
50:Progressivism
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5238:Anthropology
5191:
5090:Elite theory
5038:
5028:
5018:
5008:
4998:
4988:
4978:
4968:
4958:
4948:
4938:
4928:
4918:
4908:
4898:
4888:
4878:
4868:
4858:
4848:
4838:
4828:
4127:Guicciardini
4083:Early modern
3906:Philosophers
3856:Open society
3792:Body politic
3662:Distributism
3652:Conservatism
3647:Confucianism
3566:Gerontocracy
3556:Dictatorship
3510:Sovereignty‎
3500:Ruling class
3469:
3390:Emancipation
3375:Citizenship‎
3305:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3250:
3230:
3220:
3213:
3206:
3199:
3183:
3176:
3157:
3148:
3141:
3128:
3118:
3111:
3098:
3084:
3077:
3059:
3049:
3038:
3031:
3021:
3014:
2999:
2991:
2984:
2970:
2962:
2942:
2937:Marx, Karl.
2932:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2897:
2892:(1): 92–108.
2889:
2886:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2860:
2855:
2847:
2842:
2830:
2825:(2): 99–118.
2822:
2819:
2814:
2809:(4): 527–33.
2806:
2802:
2797:
2789:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2758:
2754:
2744:
2735:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2704:
2700:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2660:. Routledge.
2657:
2652:
2644:
2639:
2630:
2621:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2596:
2588:
2583:
2562:
2556:
2548:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2519:
2516:
2511:
2503:
2500:
2495:
2487:
2471:(4): 523–40.
2468:
2465:
2460:
2452:
2447:
2442:(4): 519–36.
2439:
2435:
2430:
2421:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2394:
2332:
2323:
2314:
2306:
2301:
2293:
2288:
2280:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:(3): 305–30.
2250:
2247:
2242:
2237:(4): 617–40.
2234:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2219:
2207:. Retrieved
2203:
2180:
2156:
2146:
2137:
2123:
2117:
2090:
2086:
2062:. Retrieved
2058:
2049:
2038:. Retrieved
2034:
2025:
2011:
2003:the original
1993:
1979:
1939:Social order
1909:New Frontier
1806:
1803:
1792:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1756:as follows:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1729:
1717:
1704:Christianity
1697:
1690:
1680:
1673:
1646:
1621:
1616:
1580:
1565:
1560:
1547:
1539:
1534:totalitarian
1518:
1506:
1498:
1494:Thomas Paine
1486:
1472:World War II
1461:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1419:Philosopher
1418:
1410:Qing dynasty
1398:Sociologist
1397:
1374:Sociologist
1373:
1364:Deep Ecology
1344:
1332:mass famines
1321:
1317:
1312:
1302:
1296:
1280:Thomas Paine
1273:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1245:
1209:New Atlantis
1202:
1182:Edmund Burke
1171:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1147:philosophers
1132:
1113:
1109:
1100:Edmund Burke
1093:
1084:
1060:inequalities
1045:
1032:
1028:adding to it
1023:
983:
975:
967:
933:Wikiprogress
856:
848:
829:
810:Wikiprogress
799:
795:
763:
730:
729:
558:Muslim world
390:de Condorcet
380:Breckinridge
208:
122:Christianity
4964:(1835–1840)
4844:(c. 350 BC)
4834:(c. 375 BC)
4451:Tocqueville
4416:Saint-Simon
4381:Montesquieu
4232:Bolingbroke
4164:Machiavelli
4044:Ibn Khaldun
4009:Alpharabius
4002:Middle Ages
3827:Natural law
3802:Common good
3727:Nationalism
3687:Imperialism
3657:Corporatism
3632:Colonialism
3612:Agrarianism
3591:Technocracy
3571:Meritocracy
3551:Bureaucracy
3541:Aristocracy
2551:(4): 20–31.
2522:(2): 22–29.
1884:Higher good
1864:Frontierism
1779:reactionary
1657:Aristotle's
1653:Middle Ages
1643:Renaissance
1637:Renaissance
1591:fall of man
1468:World War I
1429:neo-luddite
1421:Karl Popper
1414:Kang Youwei
1303:In Mexico,
1174:progressive
1072:human needs
979:Thomas Kuhn
753:or through
652:Technocracy
563:South Korea
430:La Follette
89:Machine Age
5278:Innovation
5222:Categories
5172:Separatism
4980:On Liberty
4880:The Prince
4609:Huntington
4112:Campanella
4039:al-Ghazali
3988:Thucydides
3946:Lactantius
3891:Statolatry
3717:Monarchism
3697:Liberalism
3622:Capitalism
3605:Ideologies
3586:Plutocracy
3534:Government
3490:Revolution
3475:Propaganda
3425:Legitimacy
3400:Government
3242:"Progress"
3087:. Praeger
2612:2018-07-03
2576:0865717044
2322:'s study:
2320:J. B. Bury
2064:2019-08-23
2040:2019-08-23
1971:References
1795:Schumpeter
1775:Capitalism
1649:Scholastic
1631:Xenophanes
1607:Democritus
1599:Epicureans
1595:Golden Age
1583:J. B. Bury
1581:Historian
1542:See also:
1532:appear as
1530:Mao Zedong
1501:J. B. Bury
1499:Historian
1481:See also:
1412:reformer,
1370:Philosophy
1328:Mao Zedong
1324:Kuomintang
1313:hacendados
1288:John Adams
1217:John Locke
1151:themselves
1141:in Europe
997:See also:
954:See also:
739:technology
630:Liberalism
64:Atomic Age
5268:Ethnology
4890:Leviathan
4870:Monarchia
4864:(c. 1274)
4699:Oakeshott
4644:Mansfield
4639:Luxemburg
4624:Kropotkin
4519:Bernstein
4472:centuries
4386:Nietzsche
4329:Jefferson
4257:Condorcet
4205:centuries
4184:Pufendorf
4049:Marsilius
3936:Confucius
3921:Aristotle
3914:Antiquity
3842:Noble lie
3762:Third Way
3757:Socialism
3682:Feudalism
3637:Communism
3617:Anarchism
3596:Theocracy
3581:Oligarchy
3561:Democracy
3546:Autocracy
3460:Pluralism
3445:Obedience
3410:Hierarchy
3370:Authority
2939:"Preface"
2109:1474-0575
1954:Scientism
1811:modernism
1807:Modernity
1788:socialism
1571:Antiquity
1555:John Gray
1466:in 1920.
1241:Condorcet
1229:Condorcet
1207:book the
1198:Communism
1048:Condorcet
1035:July 2018
987:Herodotus
964:Invention
543:Argentina
537:By region
525:Yavlinsky
194:Modernity
104:Space Age
5288:Ontology
5233:Activism
5228:Progress
5145:Centrism
4840:Politics
4830:Republic
4799:Voegelin
4779:Spengler
4764:Shariati
4739:Rothbard
4694:Nussbaum
4594:Habermas
4569:Fukuyama
4559:Foucault
4484:Ambedkar
4461:Voltaire
4431:de Staël
4406:Rousseau
4287:Franklin
4262:Constant
4222:Beccaria
4054:Muhammad
4034:Gelasius
4019:Averroes
3993:Xenophon
3973:Polybius
3926:Chanakya
3771:Concepts
3737:Populism
3707:Localism
3692:Islamism
3677:Feminism
3576:Monarchy
3480:Property
3470:Progress
3435:Monopoly
3405:Hegemony
3240:(2008).
3097:(1991).
3072:(1922).
3064:in JSTOR
3043:in JSTOR
3030:(1967).
3013:(1929).
2979:(1922).
2773:Daedalus
2501:Americas
2209:18 April
1817:See also
1770:society.
1676:Voltaire
1356:peak oil
1178:panaceas
1161:argued,
1056:literacy
755:activism
731:Progress
520:Yamamoto
480:Sampedro
375:Brandeis
209:Progress
42:a series
40:Part of
5182:Statism
5095:Elitism
5053:Related
4854:(51 BC)
4784:Strauss
4759:Scruton
4754:Schmitt
4744:Russell
4664:Michels
4659:Maurras
4654:Marcuse
4614:Kautsky
4584:Gramsci
4579:Gentile
4549:Dworkin
4539:Du Bois
4534:Dmowski
4529:Chomsky
4524:Burnham
4509:Benoist
4479:Agamben
4446:Thoreau
4436:Stirner
4426:Spencer
4371:Mazzini
4361:Maistre
4356:Madison
4351:Le Play
4282:Fourier
4247:Carlyle
4227:Bentham
4217:Bastiat
4212:Bakunin
4189:Spinoza
4179:MĂĽntzer
4149:Leibniz
4122:Grotius
4102:Bossuet
4069:Plethon
4014:Aquinas
3983:Sun Tzu
3951:Mencius
3941:Han Fei
3712:Marxism
3672:Fascism
3505:Society
3430:Liberty
3415:Justice
3395:Freedom
3248:(ed.).
3121:(1989)
2031:"About"
1869:Fordism
1783:Marxism
1603:atomism
1519:In the
1225:Holbach
1221:Diderot
1163:because
1068:poverty
1064:reforms
1052:slavery
743:science
590:Related
500:Wallace
495:Trudeau
485:Sanders
425:Krugman
395:Douglas
360:AtatĂĽrk
317:Welfare
84:Jet Age
58:History
5358:Virtue
5044:(1992)
5034:(1971)
5024:(1951)
5014:(1945)
5004:(1944)
4994:(1929)
4984:(1859)
4974:(1848)
4954:(1820)
4944:(1791)
4934:(1790)
4924:(1762)
4914:(1748)
4904:(1689)
4894:(1651)
4884:(1532)
4874:(1313)
4804:Walzer
4794:Taylor
4749:Sartre
4714:Popper
4709:Pareto
4704:Ortega
4689:Nozick
4679:Mouffe
4629:Laclau
4589:Guénon
4574:Gandhi
4514:Berlin
4504:Bauman
4499:Badiou
4489:Arendt
4456:Tucker
4346:Le Bon
4307:Herder
4297:Haller
4292:Godwin
4277:Fichte
4272:Engels
4267:Cortés
4237:Bonald
4194:Suárez
4169:Milton
4159:Luther
4132:Hobbes
4117:Filmer
4107:Calvin
4092:Boétie
4085:period
4064:Ockham
3931:Cicero
3732:Nazism
3520:Utopia
3495:Rights
3485:Regime
3455:People
3440:Nation
3266:
3192:
3166:
3005:mirror
2761:: 399.
2574:
2375:", in
2130:
2107:
1237:Turgot
1227:, and
1005:, and
962:, and
745:, and
573:Turkey
568:Taiwan
548:Brazil
515:Wilson
510:Weaver
505:Warren
405:Hughes
400:Hessel
355:Ardern
350:Addams
334:People
5193:Index
4822:Works
4809:Weber
4774:Spann
4769:Sorel
4734:Röpke
4729:Rawls
4684:Negri
4674:Mosca
4669:Mises
4634:Lenin
4604:Hoppe
4599:Hayek
4564:Fromm
4554:Evola
4544:Dugin
4441:Taine
4421:Smith
4401:Renan
4396:Paine
4317:Iqbal
4302:Hegel
4252:Comte
4242:Burke
4154:Locke
4144:James
4097:Bodin
4029:Dante
4024:Bruni
3978:Shang
3961:Plato
3515:State
3465:Power
3450:Peace
3385:Elite
3363:Terms
3244:. In
1611:deity
553:Japan
490:Smith
475:Rawls
455:Petro
445:Nehru
385:Bryan
370:Boric
116:Ideas
4724:Rand
4719:Qutb
4619:Kirk
4494:Aron
4411:Sade
4391:Owen
4376:Mill
4366:Marx
4334:Kant
4312:Hume
4174:More
4074:Wang
3956:Mozi
3380:Duty
3264:ISBN
3256:Sage
3190:ISBN
3164:ISBN
3076:In:
2983:In:
2572:ISBN
2211:2021
2128:ISBN
2105:ISSN
1625:and
1528:and
1286:and
1196:and
1145:and
849:The
804:the
776:and
440:Mill
435:Lula
410:Kant
365:Boff
4789:Sun
4649:Mao
3525:War
3420:Law
2228:104
2095:doi
1605:of
1354:or
1030:.
801:GDP
784:'s
5224::
3258:;
2941:.
2890:27
2823:19
2807:21
2805:,
2759:14
2757:.
2753:.
2703:,
2699:,
2673:.
2549:32
2520:40
2504:29
2476:^
2469:25
2440:26
2438:,
2330::
2235:25
2202:.
2188:^
2172:^
2136:.
2103:.
2089:.
2085:.
2073:^
2057:.
2033:.
1781:.
1710:.
1688:.
1613:.
1470:,
1366:.
1342:.
1282:,
1278:,
1223:,
1192:,
1001:,
958:,
741:,
44:on
3348:e
3341:t
3334:v
3272:.
3003:(
2945:.
2677:.
2615:.
2578:.
2251:1
2213:.
2111:.
2097::
2091:6
2067:.
2043:.
2019:.
1987:.
1037:)
1033:(
711:e
704:t
697:v
34:.
20:)
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