197:
997:"Under its branches, near the trunk, people laid their sick, hoping for help from the gods. Beneath the oak boughs. ..wives joined hand in hand around its girth, hoping to have beautiful children. Up among its leafy branches the new babies lay, before they were found in the cradle by the other children. To make a young child grow up to be strong and healthy, mothers drew them through a split sapling or young tree. Even more wonderful, as medicine for the country itself, the oak had power to heal. The new land sometimes suffered from disease called the val . When sick with the val, the ground sunk. Then people, houses, churches, barns and cattle all went down, out of sight, and were lost forever, in a flood of water."
1049:" (a giant snake monster) who strategically align against him. The giants throw hail down, while the snake climbs into a tall oak tree and blows poison into the air. Donar attacks, riding through the air on "his billy-goat wagon", the sky blazes and the earth trembles because of his "never missing thunderhammer." Donar strikes the snake on his head with such force on the head that not only was the monster crushed, the mighty thunderhammer went seven miles deep into the earth. The snake dies. However, in the attack the snake's poison scorches and stuns Donar. Donar crashes down, with his "steerless goats" and wagon onto the
1086:
862:
1073:(God's lake)..." Later the legend continues that Thor's hammer surfaced from the depths. The grave of Midgaardslang became overgrown with the forest nearby, until in 1222 a bright flame shot out of the pool and the ghost of the snake wriggled up and fled north. The forest was burned and a moor near the lake remains where the forest once was.
1018:
Many regional legends exist in the Low
Countries about the origins of natural landmarks such as hills, bodies of water, springs, wells, forests and the sea, that attribute creation to the ancient gods. Other legends tell where different witte wieven lived on as spirits in the Middle Ages, which are
1009:
to drive into them upside down into the ground and thus to make the land firm to build on, later how to make wooden shoes. Note that historically, Dutch land was low and prone to flooding, hence the land would sometimes flood and wipe out towns and villages, and the flooding was worse when forests
393:
in Dutch dialects means "white women". They were spirits of the women who died of heartbreak after their men had been untrue to them. They would live on in the mists and appear when it was night and misty. They would attack men who were untrue to their women by getting them lost in the mists.
966:
which means "Land of Many Trees". The tale says the land was once covered with forests and people lived in the trees for a "thousand years" until they became an agricultural people. In fact, the trees kept the land firm otherwise it would melt or disappear under water and floods.
691:
Willibrord took other mission trips on the Dutch mainland where he witnessed that the people considered clearings in woods, springs and wells sacred to their mythology and religion. Willibrord tried to erase their pagan shrines and landmarks. He built a church in a sacred
787:
in the 7th century. Ouen drew together the familiar admonitions of
Eligius to the people of Flanders. Eligius in his sermons denounced "pagan customs" that the people followed. In particular, he denounced many Roman deities and Druidic mythological beliefs and objects:
600:
The written biographies of the
Christian missionaries to the Netherlands, sermonizing against pre-Christian beliefs, are coincidentally some of the earliest written accounts of the myths that existed in the region. The missionary texts written by the incoming
537:
Neolithic ground axes were collected, thought to be Donar's lightning. Farmers hung these axes in their homes to protect against lightning strike, in accordance with the belief that 'lightning never strikes the same place twice'.
707:
drove
Willibrord and his priests out of the area. Willibrord returned about 719 after the Frankish troops had taken control of the area and the King Radboud had died. Willibrord continued to dismantle pre-Christian sanctuaries.
1351:
Willibrordsdobbe - the name of a natural well on the island, named after
Willibrord, but seen by the locals as a holy well. Note according to history, Willibrord renamed the sacred pagan wells in his own name (on the island of
993:, respectively. As elves, they communicate the trees' promise to humans to "stand upside down" for the Dutch people. The oak trees in particular were the mythical life giving and medicinal tree and had many mythical purposes:
586:
Arnold II van Hoorn, 1372-1375, noted the
Flemish people still believed in wearing amulets and charms ("phylacteries"); he defined them as amulets worn on the head or arms, sometimes made out of books or scripture. In the
397:
Nature spirits: The following beings may have originated as deities or supernatural beings in mythology, and later recharacterized as nature spirits during the Middle Ages; The Dutch like other
Germanic people believed in
255:
are named for
Germanic gods, a custom derived from parallel Roman practice. Note that the following days were named through Roman influence, because the Romans found them to be (roughly) equivalent to their Roman deities:
844:
from the neck of man nor beast. ..None should presume to make lustrations or incantations with herbs, or to pass cattle through a hollow tree or ditch ... No woman should presume to hang amber from her neck or call upon
557:
572:. The witte wieven for example became ghosts haunting sacred sites. However sacred beliefs and practices continued, often incorporated with Christianity. In a good example, the 12th century poem from the Netherlands
687:
to the native people. A sacred well existed, and people drank its spring water only in silence. Willibrord slew the sacred cattle he found there, and baptized three people in the well within a few days of arriving.
742:
In 719 Rome appointed
Bonifatius to convert "the savage people of Germania". Bonifatius joined Willibrord in Utrecht to receive a three-year missionary training, then in 721 travelled east of the Netherlands into
1076:
Perné notes that Donar was worshipped at the
Godenmeer (lake of the Gods), although the translator thinks that the lake Godenmeer may be a Christian version of Wodenmeer, a lake originally dedicated to Wodan.
1061:. Then the earth sank into the sea, the seagod blew a horn and a big black ship came to collect Donar's body. When the floodwaters receded, two lakes mark the spot that are "as deep as the world, the
1399:
Wrangebult - translates "Thorn-hedge-hill". A "wrange" was a plaited hedge of thorns which was sometimes created around a holy place. Local legend holds it was a heathen sacrificial hill (in
593:
792:"I denounce and contest, that you shall observe no sacrilegious pagan customs. For no cause or infirmity should you consult magicians, diviners, sorcerers or incantators. ..Do not observe
918:
came down from the sun and went into the earth. There, they changed themselves into roots and leaves, and became trees. There were many kinds of these, as they covered the earth, but the
1619:
808:
gifts or supply superfluous drinks ...No Christian. .. performs solestitia or dancing or leaping or diabolical chants. No Christian should presume to invoke the name of a demon, not
1103:. Vagdavercustis was most likely a native Germanic or Celtic goddess, who may have had a link with trees or woods. There is some evidence that Vagdavercustis was worshipped by the
719:(672–753), also known as Boniface, was the next missionary among the Frisians and Saxons. He arrived on a missionary trip to the Netherlands in 716, specifically going to
1359:
Wittewievenbult - translates "White Women hill". Local legend holds that some witte wieven appear on Christmas Eve every year and dance on this hill (near the village of
1366:
Wittewijvenkuil - translates "White Woman Pit", is a pit between two hills near the village. Local legend holds that three witte wieven lived there (near the village of
608:
in the 7th century and 8th century recorded details of the pre-Christian myths of the native culture, although the missionaries showed religious hostility to them as
568:
After the influence of Christian missionaries, the original mythologies were lessened in power, and for the most part adapted into folklore and legends, often made
1203:
Many other place names in Netherlands have ancient mythological meanings, some named after Pre-Christian deities or reflecting other myths of the ancient people:
1149:. Over 160 carved stone votives with her image have been dredged up at those sites and several inscriptions in Latin thank her for safe passage on the seas.
1162:. This was the Romans' Latin name for the supreme god of the Batavians, Donar. Stone votives and broken weapons as symbolic offerings are at the location.
196:
547:
1479:
Tacitus (1st century CE) and Caesar(1st century BCE) noted Celtic culture; Saint Eligius (588 to 660) noted both Celtic and Gallo-Roman deities.
1118:, on the Hengstberg (Stallion-hill). It has the following inscription: "Mercurius Friausius (or Eriasus)". Mercurius is Latin for the Roman god
438:
The first epic heroes, kings and leaders of The Low Countries, considered mythological, in the sense of supernatural and foundational, include:
1973:
636:
583:
1616:
414:, who appear in Old Dutch and Southern Germanic folklore were known as tree spirits or wood elves, often chased in the Dutch version of the
2099:
1751:
1734:
880:
in the 540s records a belief and/or funerary rite observed at the mouths of the Rhine involving the passage of the dead to the island of
849:
or other ill-starred beings in their weaving or dyeing. .. None should call the sun or moon lord or swear by them. .. No one should tell
2363:
2029:
1769:
1760:
1725:
1341:
was the Roman name of Donar. Nijmegen was the heart of the Batavian cult of the god Donar. Nijmegen had two temples dedicated to Donar.
216:
From ancient regional mythology, most names of ancient gods and goddesses in this region come from local tribal lore, particularly in
1874:
1809:
735:, after Willibrord had been driven out. King Radboud allowed Bonifatius to spread Christian messages but he found the natives had a
1778:
1946:
1183:), the trees were filled with good spirits, and kept the land firm otherwise it would melt or disappear under water and floods.
2236:
2049:
2297:
2074:
1787:
221:
186:
154:
59:
2343:
893:
28:
1045:: This myth concerns a battle that allegedly took place between Donar the God of Thunder with the winter giants and the "
2312:
2161:
2156:
751:. Bonifatius undertook a final preaching mission in Friesland in June 753 when he was attacked and killed by a group of
704:
478:
639:, came to the Netherlands in 690, and was the first Anglo-Saxon missionary to preach Christianity there. The Christian
2368:
2358:
145:
language. However, many of the myths in this language are ancient and part of larger movements across Europe, such as
975:(the modern spelling is 'Eik')that has become a popular Dutch surname. There is notable ambiguity in the tale if the
954:(mentioned here as "God of Sun") is the deity the Dutch shared with other Germanic people, and is the Dutch name for
582:), an elven being is described as the hero who befriends and helps the Christian king Charlemagne in the forest. The
1942:
1710:
2121:
1966:
1573:
2264:
597:, 1475-1480, the woman balancing a book on her head is thought to be a satire of the people wearing phylacteries.
1442:
914:"In years long gone, too many for the almanac to tell of, or for clocks and watches to measure, millions of good
2269:
1027:
was a historically researched collection of Dutch "sagas" from the legends and folk almanacs in the province of
2274:
2221:
170:
2191:
2302:
2151:
2131:
2111:
2014:
1406:
Zonnebergen - translates "Sun hills", once a sacrificial place for the Sun (hills with this name located in
209:
2322:
2307:
2254:
2206:
2126:
899:
27:
This article is about pre-Christian legends of the Low Countries. For legends after Christianization, see
2317:
2146:
1668:
Reginheim, "Map of Heathen Sanctuaries," "Heathen Sanctuaries" and "Heathen History of Achterhoek": 2002.
1227:
Godsberg/Godensbergen - translates "God's hill"/"Gods' hills", once dedicated to Wodan (hills located in
1200:, mean "oak" and "of the oak", respectively. Oak trees were venerated in Druidic religion and mythology.
564:, 12th century Dutch story of an "elf-guest" or "elf-spirit" who supports the Christian King Charlemagne.
2292:
2201:
2176:
2034:
1959:
1344:
Poppestien - translates "baby stone" is a big flat stone. According to legend, it delivered babies (in
325:
2353:
2231:
2181:
2141:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2039:
2024:
2019:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1746:
by Willibrord. English translation by Ansuharijaz. Online: Reginheim, 2002. File retrieved 2-24-2007.
1207:
Donderbergen - translates to "Donar's hills" or "Thunder hills", once dedicated to Donar (located in
910:, clearly begins with fragments of Druidic mythology in the ancient Netherlands retold for children:
1718:
Literature of the Low Countries: A Short History of Dutch Literature in the Netherlands and Belgium.
238:
Gait with his dogs; Derk with his dogs; Derk with his boar; the glowing horse; Henske with his dogs.
2259:
2226:
2216:
2196:
2186:
2171:
2166:
2116:
2084:
2069:
2044:
1304:
1119:
829:
809:
680:
501:
298:
287:
55:
2211:
2136:
2106:
1158:
1062:
1040:
1036:
724:
574:
1019:
probably recharacterized stories of sacred sites. Many nice examples were collected in the book
1070:
2348:
1870:
1805:
1689:
1320:
1066:
833:
817:
813:
801:
588:
321:
309:
71:
17:
1840:(Ghosts and gods in Old Oldenzaal). 1929. Oldenzaal: Electr. drukkerij J. Verhaag. (In Dutch)
1801:
1300:
1250:
1214:
868:: this is the largest oak tree in the Netherlands today. The Dutch thought oak trees sacred.
464:
276:
63:
51:
832:'s day in idleness. ... No Christian should make or render any devotion to the gods of the
1696:
1623:
1006:
736:
165:), springs and woods native to the Low Countries survived in Christianized guise into the
146:
78:
169:. Sources for the reconstruction of pre-Christian traditions include the accounts of the
1791:
English translation by Ansuharijaz. Online: Reginheim, 2002. File retrieved 03-08-2007.
1729:
English translation by Ansuharijaz. Online: Reginheim, 2002. File retrieved 06-02-2007.
1432:
1099:
768:
732:
716:
617:
489:
360:
265:
252:
162:
131:
127:
96:
1773:
English translation by Ansuharijaz. Online: Reginheim, 2002. File retrieved 2-24-2007.
1755:
English translation by Ansuharijaz. Online: Reginheim, 2002. File retrieved 2-24-2007.
1470:
per Tacitus (1st century CE) and Caesar (1st century BCE), and Willibrord (658 – 739).
1220:
Godenmeer - translates "God's lake" or "Woden's lake" (see legend of the Uddelermeer,
2337:
1437:
1142:
1046:
784:
776:
727:. When he arrived, Bonifatius found that the Frisians had restored and rebuilt their
671:. Willibrord found it had sanctuaries and shrines dedicated to the Scandinavian gods
621:
1816:
1657:
1489:
1138:
700:
and renamed heathen wells as Christian wells. Many wells were renamed in his name.
602:
519:
385:
150:
512:
Objects considered magical or sacred in the Low Countries (7th century) included:
1796:
1911:
van der Molen, S.J. Ta in "Fryske Mythology", yn De Frije Fries, diel 53 (1973).
1376:
1239:
1108:
939:
841:
652:
569:
531:
411:
166:
116:
82:
39:
840:
or the rocks, or springs or groves or corners. None should presume to hang any
796:... No influence attaches to the first work of the day or the moon. ... make
236:. The Wild Hunt was retold in Dutch with Wodan leading under different guises:
1819:. Available online by Project Gutenberg. (moss people) File retrieved 3-05-07.
1419:
1411:
1282:
Holland - translates "Land of Hel", land of the Germanic goddess Hel or Holle.
1269:
1146:
1028:
857:
by them as those do who believe that a person must be what he was born to be."
739:
of gods and were not that impressed with Christianity. He left the same year.
632:
613:
605:
468:
458:
352:
47:
1179:
which means "Land of Many Trees", "Forest Land." According to the tradition (
1892:
eidens Nederland, Zichtbare overblijfselen van een niet-christelijk verleden
1386:
1338:
1324:
1285:
Manebergen - translates "Moon hills", once a sacrificial place for the Moon.
1104:
943:
877:
854:
664:
656:
415:
364:
359:, where over 160 stone votives depicting her image were located in the sea.
233:
142:
138:
121:
35:
797:
693:
651:
of Willibrord records he went on a missionary journey to an island called
523:
1867:
Frieslands oudheid: het rijk van de Friese koningen, opkomst en ondergang
1393:
1334:
1312:
1265:
1257:
1115:
1002:
927:
825:
805:
752:
720:
660:
644:
497:
483:
419:
348:
344:
333:
174:
86:
1389:, named after Wodan: either Wodan's sale (hall) or Wodan's loo (forest).
157:. Pre-Christian traditions of the veneration of trees (particularly the
1407:
1400:
1382:
1367:
1353:
1316:
1276:
1171:
1134:
1094:
1089:
Carved stone votive for Nehalennia in Domburg, Zeeland, the Netherlands
1085:
959:
935:
881:
861:
850:
846:
821:
748:
672:
668:
551:
372:
368:
356:
329:
317:
261:
111:
43:
1951:
1688:
New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1918. (English). Available online by
1392:
Woezik - translates "Wodan's oak". Several Wodans-oaks were known (in
1093:
An ancient stone altar dating from around the 2nd century CE found at
430:), a household spirit and earth spirit who usually lived underground.
1415:
1345:
1328:
1308:
1296:
1292:
1261:
1243:
1232:
1228:
1208:
1058:
697:
684:
676:
640:
527:
448:
442:
423:
305:
217:
105:
101:
90:
70:
in the Early Middle Ages. At the time of the Roman Empire and in the
67:
902:
wrote down and translated Dutch folk tales, and published the book,
837:
1373:
Wodansbergen - translates "Wodan's hills", once dedicated to Wodan.
526:") were thought to hold the spirit of the corn in harvest rituals.
375:
is another more mysterious goddess recorded in the 1st century AD.
173:
to the region, medieval and modern folklore and legend, and local
1585:
Perné, "The Veluwsche Sagen - Saga 2", as translated by Reginheim.
1360:
1291:
Paasbergen - translates "Easter hills", once dedicated to spring,
1217:- name is derivative of the word "Heliste", which means sanctuary.
1153:
1127:
951:
923:
915:
793:
764:
744:
609:
516:
trees, springs and wooded groves had sacred and medicinal powers.
454:
427:
294:
283:
195:
950:
The story outlines the following traditional beliefs in Holland:
1256:
Hemelse bergen - translates "Heavenly hills", once dedicated to
955:
919:
780:
556:
245:
229:
1955:
1010:
were cut down to make way for agricultural and pastoral lands.
942:, or Tree 'Trintjes,' which is the Dutch pet name for Kate, or
74:, some of the resident peoples of the Low Countries' included:
1859:
Het heidendom waar Luidger onder de Friezen mee te maken kreeg
1187:
989:
972:
931:
513:
399:
328:
in nature, particularly in the south and throughout Flanders:
272:
202:
Emilia, Arcite, and Palamon worship at the shrines of the Gods
158:
1145:, there are the remains of temples each dedicated to a deity
783:). Eligius was the Christian missionary to the people of the
1861:, in: Sierksma, Kl. (red.), Liudger 742-809, Muiderberg 1984
643:
had just reoccupied and taken control of the lands from the
534:") for protection and veneration of the gods and goddesses.
343:
Finally some deities were regional or specific to one clan:
340:
in Flanders (Jupiter, Neptune, Orcus, Diana, and Minerva).
451:- ancestor of a number of Germanic tribes, son of Tuisto.
134:
south of the Rhine (also mainly but with many exceptions).
1887:, 1949, Den Haag: G.B. van Goor zonen's uitgeversmij N.V.
1885:
Folkloristisch woordenboek van Nederland en Vlaams België
1869:(in Dutch and English) (New ed.). Utrecht: Matrijs.
1238:
Helsbergen - translates "Hel's hills", once dedicated to
445:(Tuisco) - the mythical ancestor of all Germanic tribes.
1901:, 1941, Amsterdam: N.V. uitgevers-maatschappij Elsevier.
492:- hero of Frisian tribes, Frisian lord, son of Folcwald.
50:
has its roots in the mythologies of pre-Christian (e.g.
938:. The fairies that lived in the trees bore the name of
612:
beliefs. The main missionaries of the Netherlands were
1005:
and the elves show mankind how to turn the trees into
696:
clearing in the forest, destroyed a sacred forest in
336:, goddess of fertility, and the deities mentioned by
2283:
2245:
1987:
1782:
Online: Reginheim, 2003. Files retrieved 2-24-2007.
1114:Another ancient stone altar has also been found in
1770:Map of Heathen Sanctuaries" and "Veluwsche Sagen".
1764:Online: Reginheim, 2002. File retrieved 2-24-2007.
1275:Hennendal - translates "Valley of the Dead" (near
141:mythology can mean the myths specifically told in
1617:Religiöse Kulte im römischen Köln: Vagdavercustis
755:with unknown (legend says resentful) intentions.
1852:Uit Friesland's Volksleven, Van Vroeger en Later
1797:Binding Words Textual Amulets in the Middle Ages
530:and charms were worn on the head or the arms ("
1932:. 1960. (uitgeverij C. de Boer jr., Hilversum)
1288:Materberg - translates "mother-goddess hills".
1023:by Gustaaf van de Wall Perné (1877-1911). The
220:. Many of the deities are the same as eastern
1967:
1752:Dutch Legends Friesland: Heathen Sanctuaries.
1634:Reginheim, "Map of Heathen Sanctuaries", 2002
8:
1925:, 1970: Berlijn: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
1097:(Köln), Germany is dedicated to the goddess
200:A tribute to pagan mythology illustrated in
1713:, copyright 2005. File retrieved 2-24-2007.
1974:
1960:
1952:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1249:Heilige Berg - translates "Holy Hill" (in
126:the decidedly more Celtic and Gallo-Roman
1908:(Arnhem: Gysbers and van Loon) (In Dutch)
1904:van de Walle Perné, Gustaaf (1877-1911).
1175:: This place name derives from the words
1720:New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1971.
1084:
860:
555:
548:Christianization of the Germanic peoples
1656:"Empel, The sanctuary of Magusanus..."
1645:Animals in Celtic Life and Myth. London
1594:Reginheim, "The Veluwsche Sagen", 2002.
1454:
1738:, noting the primary sources were the
1943:Vita Eligii (The Life of St. Eligius)
1707:Vita Eligii (The Life of St. Eligius)
1539:
1537:
7:
1385:- former town, now city district in
1156:there is the remains of a temple to
804:or set tables at night or exchange
293:donderdag (Thursday) is named after
1337:- derivative of "Novio Magusanus".
232:, the god of war and leader of the
85:(with a lot of exceptions like the
62:) cultures, predating the region's
1923:Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte
1916:Altgermanische Religionsgeschichte
1894:, Stichting Matrijs, Utrecht, 1995
1833:, Stichting Matrijs, Utrecht, 1995
1761:Heathen History of the Achterhoek.
1709:, in English. Available online by
1686:Dutch Fairy Tales For Young Folks.
1126:is suggested to refer to his wife
767:practices in the territory of the
683:. He found the land was extremely
337:
316:However other ancient deities are
208:, circa 1460-70 by Flemish artist
104:(and later, in the same area, the
25:
1838:Geesten en Goden in Oud Oldenzaal
1647:, UK: Routledge, 1998. p 200-201.
1295:(hills with this name located in
1122:, the Roman equivalent of Wodan.
904:Dutch Fairy Tales for Young Folks
836:, where three roads meet, to the
763:One of the best glimpses of late
635:(658 – 739), appointed Bishop of
457:(Ingwaz, Yngvi) - founder of the
958:. Wednesday is named after him;
934:, were the chief ones that made
500:, semi-legendary founder of the
1726:Donar (Thor) in Dutch folklore.
1522:Reginheim "Witte wieven", 2007.
402:, the Dutch words for them are
355:was a goddess of travellers in
286:- compared to "dies Mercurii" (
1804:, 2006. pp. 24, 135-136.
1705:McNamara, Jo Ann, translator.
1552:McNamara's translation of the
1502:Donar (Thor) in Dutch Folklore
363:was an ancient goddess of the
347:was the Celtic goddess of the
308:- compared to "dies Veneris" (
271:dinsdag (Tuesday) named after
187:Continental Germanic mythology
155:Continental Germanic mythology
18:Mythology of the Low Countries
1:
1817:The Folk-lore of Plants, 1889
1490:Ghost Riders in the Sky. 2007
1181:The Legend of the Wooden Shoe
908:The Legend of the Wooden Shoe
894:Folklore of the Low Countries
275:- compared to "dies Martis" (
260:maandag (Monday) named after
29:Folklore of the Low Countries
1865:Halbertsma, Herrius (2000).
1133:In the now flooded sites of
479:Redbad, King of the Frisians
332:, the goddess of the earth,
297:- compared to "dies Jovis" (
264:- compared to "dies Lunae" (
1702:. File retrieved 9-21-2007.
1692:. File retrieved 2-24-2007.
1192:: The popular Dutch names,
906:. Among them, the story of
779:) (588 to 660) (written by
422:was the Dutch name for the
367:mentioned on an altar near
282:woensdag (Wednesday) after
66:under the influence of the
2385:
2364:Culture of the Netherlands
1845:De Godsdienst der Germanen
1659:. File retrieved 10-02-07.
971:is ancient Dutch word for
891:
828:... No one should observe
769:modern day Flanders region
545:
486:- hero of Frisian tribes.
184:
26:
1831:Archeologie van Friesland
1735:Willibrord and Bonifatius
1684:Griffis, William Elliot.
1574:Legend of the Wooden Shoe
1443:Salian Frankish Mythology
1379:- town named after Wodan.
580:Charlemagne and elf guest
1918:, band II, Berlin, 1957.
1222:Uddeler- and Bleeke Lake
983:were tree fairies, or a
181:Pre-Christian traditions
171:Anglo-Saxon missionaries
149:that spread through the
1643:Green, Miranda (1998).
304:vrijdag (Friday) after
2030:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1899:Nederlandse volkskunst
1815:Thistelton-Dyer, T.F.
1090:
1057:or "Thunder-hill") in
1014:Landmarks and toponymy
999:
948:
900:William Elliot Griffis
869:
859:
565:
562:Karel ende Van Elegast
248:, the god of thunder.
213:
1897:Teenstra, A. (red.):
1690:SurLaLane Fairy Tales
1681:Encyclopedia Mythica.
1488:Bissette, Elizabeth.
1143:East Scheldte Estuary
1088:
995:
912:
864:
790:
655:(most think this was
559:
546:Further information:
471:tribe, son of Mannus.
461:tribe, son of Mannus.
199:
2344:Netherlandic studies
1711:Northvegr Foundation
1107:between present-day
1065:or "Lake of Uddel" (
1035:The creation of the
1001:In this legend, the
703:In 714, the Frisian
508:Mythological objects
2246:States with limited
1982:Mythology of Europe
1854:, tweede deel, 1895
962:is from the phrase
659:occupied by ethnic
560:Old publication of
542:Missionary accounts
502:Merovingian dynasty
434:Mythological heroes
2369:European mythology
2359:Culture of Belgium
1767:Magusanus, Joris.
1732:Magusanus, Joris.
1723:Magusanus, Joris.
1622:2005-12-02 at the
1159:Hercules Magusanus
1091:
870:
725:Wijk bij Duurstede
575:Karel ende Elegast
566:
214:
38:of the modern-day
2331:
2330:
1843:Derolez, R.L.M.,
1716:Meijer, Reinder.
1695:Lendering, Jona.
1572:Griffis, 1918 in
884:(Great Britain).
800:, little deer or
589:Hieronymous Bosch
584:Bishop of Utrecht
467:- founder of the
210:Barthélemy d'Eyck
72:Early Middle Ages
16:(Redirected from
2376:
2284:Dependencies and
1988:Sovereign states
1976:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1928:de Weerd, Henk.
1906:Veluwsche sagen.
1880:
1857:Halbertsma, H.,
1847:, Roermond, 1959
1802:Penn State Press
1749:Grimsma, Boppo.
1740:Vita Willibrordi
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1166:List of toponyms
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222:Germanic Deities
64:Christianization
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1945:, in English -
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1930:Gooise legenden
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1824:Further reading
1794:Skemer, Don C.
1779:Forgotten Gods.
1742:by Alcuin, and
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117:Canninefates
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2354:West Frisia
2313:Isle of Man
2248:recognition
2222:Switzerland
2157:Netherlands
1700:, July 2006
1603:Reginheim,
1554:Vita Eligii
1500:Reginheim,
1377:Woensdrecht
1109:Netherlands
1069:), and the
1063:Uddelermeer
1041:Bleeke Lake
977:Moss Maiden
773:Vita Eligii
663:), between
653:Fositesland
391:wittewijven
326:Gallo-Roman
204:- from the
167:Middle Ages
163:Donar's oak
83:Rhine River
56:Gallo-Roman
40:Netherlands
2338:Categories
2192:San Marino
2152:Montenegro
2132:Luxembourg
2112:Kazakhstan
2015:Azerbaijan
1698:Nehalennia
1676:References
1420:Wageningen
1412:Oosterbeek
1270:Oosterbeek
1147:Nehalennia
1051:Donderberg
1029:Gelderland
866:Dikke Boom
855:horoscopes
781:Saint Ouen
717:Bonifatius
712:Bonifatius
633:Willibrord
628:Willibrord
618:Bonifatius
614:Willibrord
591:painting,
570:diminutive
469:Istvaeones
459:Ingaevones
353:Nehalennia
130:tribes of
48:Luxembourg
2303:Gibraltar
2127:Lithuania
1387:Eindhoven
1339:Magusanus
1325:Oldenzaal
1177:Holt Land
1141:, on the
1124:Friausius
1105:Batavians
1081:Monuments
1071:Godenmeer
1053:(meaning
964:Holt Land
944:Katharine
898:In 1918,
878:Procopius
873:Procopius
775:(Life of
675:, son of
665:Friesland
657:Helgoland
603:Christian
416:Wild Hunt
365:Batavians
234:Wild Hunt
218:the North
143:Old Dutch
139:Old Dutch
122:Batavians
36:mythology
2349:Flanders
2323:Svalbard
2308:Guernsey
2255:Abkhazia
2207:Slovenia
2202:Slovakia
2177:Portugal
2035:Bulgaria
1620:Archived
1427:See also
1394:Wolfheze
1335:Nijmegen
1313:Lunteren
1266:Nunspeet
1198:Van Eyck
1116:Ubbergen
1067:Uttiloch
1003:Kabouter
990:tree elf
985:wood elf
888:Folklore
826:Geniscus
806:New Year
802:iotticos
794:auguries
753:Frisians
737:pantheon
721:Dorestad
661:Frisians
498:Merovech
484:Folcwald
420:Kabouter
351:forest.
349:Ardennes
345:Arduinna
334:Rosmerta
206:Théséide
175:toponymy
106:Frisians
87:Eburones
60:Germanic
2232:Ukraine
2182:Romania
2142:Moldova
2100:Ireland
2095:Iceland
2090:Hungary
2080:Germany
2075:Georgia
2065:Finland
2060:Estonia
2055:Denmark
2040:Croatia
2025:Belgium
2020:Belarus
2010:Austria
2005:Armenia
2000:Andorra
1995:Albania
1504:, 2002.
1408:Gorssel
1401:Hummelo
1383:Woensel
1368:Barchem
1354:Ameland
1317:Terborg
1277:Hummelo
1258:Heimdal
1172:Holland
1135:Domburg
1120:Mercury
1095:Cologne
1037:Uddeler
981:Trintje
960:Holland
936:Holland
916:fairies
882:Brittia
847:Minerva
834:trivium
822:Minerva
810:Neptune
798:vetulas
765:Druidic
749:Germany
694:heathen
669:Denmark
645:Frisian
637:Utrecht
552:Druidry
528:Amulets
524:vetulas
373:Tanfana
369:Cologne
357:Zeeland
330:Erecura
318:Druidic
312:' day).
301:'s day)
299:Jupiter
290:'s day)
288:Mercury
268:'s day)
192:Deities
112:Tubanti
52:Gaulish
44:Belgium
2318:Jersey
2260:Kosovo
2227:Turkey
2217:Sweden
2197:Serbia
2187:Russia
2172:Poland
2167:Norway
2147:Monaco
2117:Latvia
2085:Greece
2070:France
2045:Cyprus
1873:
1808:
1800:. PA:
1607:. 2003
1416:Vorden
1346:Bergum
1329:Losser
1309:Lochem
1305:Ermelo
1297:Arnhem
1293:Ostara
1262:Arnhem
1251:Roekel
1244:Rheden
1233:Ruurlo
1229:Hattem
1209:Dieren
1059:Dieren
1039:- and
731:, the
698:Heiloo
685:sacred
677:Balder
673:Fosite
641:Franks
465:Istaev
449:Mannus
443:Tuisto
424:kobold
418:. The
410:. The
322:Celtic
279:' day)
161:, see
153:, and
128:Belgae
102:Frisii
91:Nervii
68:Franks
58:) and
2293:Ă…land
2212:Spain
2137:Malta
2107:Italy
1449:Notes
1361:Eefde
1321:Wisch
1190:names
1154:Empel
1128:Frigg
1007:piles
952:Wodan
946:...."
924:birch
838:fanes
818:Diana
814:Orcus
745:Hesse
681:Nanna
610:pagan
428:gnome
408:alven
400:elves
310:Venus
306:Frîja
295:Donar
284:Wodan
242:Donar
226:Wodan
93:,...)
1871:ISBN
1806:ISBN
1260:(in
1242:(in
1231:and
1215:Elst
1196:and
1194:Eyck
1188:Eyck
1137:and
987:and
979:and
969:Eyck
956:Odin
930:and
922:and
920:pine
851:fate
830:Jove
679:and
667:and
649:vita
620:and
550:and
406:and
389:and
324:and
277:Mars
266:Luna
262:Máni
246:Thor
230:Odin
46:and
34:The
1301:Ede
1240:Hel
1152:In
1043:(s)
973:oak
932:oak
928:ash
824:or
820:or
816:or
812:or
514:Oak
455:Ing
273:Tyr
240:).
159:oak
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1536:^
1422:).
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
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1348:).
1331:).
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1130:.
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926:,
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624:.
616:,
522:("
371:.
320:,
224::
177:.
42:,
1975:e
1968:t
1961:v
1879:.
1812:.
1576:.
1556:.
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426:(
212:.
108:)
54:(
31:.
20:)
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