3172:
310:
indicate that this incident amounts to more than a single isolated incident in a single field on a single farm. All information collected so far shows no indication of the presence of GE wheat in commerce." As of August 30, 2013, while the source of the GM wheat remained unknown, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan had all resumed placing orders, and the disruption of the export market was minimal.
2798:
132:, or first green revolution. During the transition from a hunter-gatherer social structure to more agrarian societies, humans began to cultivate wheat and further transform it for their needs. Thus, the social and cultural roots of humans and the development of wheat have intertwined since before recorded history.
342:
The regulation of genetic engineering concerns the approaches taken by governments to assess and manage the risks associated with the development and release of genetically modified crops. There are differences in the regulation of GM crops between countries, with some of the most marked differences
309:
farmer sued
Monsanto over the release, saying it had caused the price of wheat grown in the US to fall. Monsanto suggested that the presence of this wheat was likely an act of sabotage. On Jun 14, 2013, the USDA announced: "As of today, USDA has neither found nor been informed of anything that would
267:
Studies conducted by
Monsanto showed that its nutritional components are equivalent to nontransgenic commercially available wheat, and animal studies that have used MON 71800 for feed have confirmed this. Environmental Risk assessments have been conducted by Monsanto, and government regulatory
153:
techniques were developed in the 1980s, work began on creating the first transgenic wheat, coincident with the third Green
Revolution. Of the three most important cereals in the world (corn, rice and wheat), wheat was the last to be transformed by transgenic, biolistic methods in 1992, and by
343:
occurring between the USA and Europe. Regulation varies in a given country depending on the intended use of the products of the genetic engineering. For example, a crop not intended for food use is generally not reviewed by authorities responsible for food safety.
290:-resistant wheat in a grain shipment from the Pacific Northwest of the United States, even though transgenic wheat had never been approved for sale and was only ever grown in test plots. No one could explain how the transgenic wheat got into the food supply.
198:
The
Argentinian company Bioceres developed a plant with the HaHB4 gene and it was grown under a wide range of growing conditions that showed better adaptation to drought-prone environments, the most important constraint affecting crop yields worldwide.
166:
As of 2013, 34 field trials of GM wheat have taken place in Europe and 419 have taken place in the US. Modifications tested include those to create resistance to herbicides, create resistance to insects and to fungal pathogens (especially
264:-resistant via a CP4/maize EPSPS gene. Monsanto received approval from the FDA for its use in food, but withdrew its EPA application in 2004, so the product was never marketed. It also received approval for use as food in Colombia.
531:
1036:
1157:
Obert J.C., et al. (2004) "The composition of grain and forage from glyphosate tolerant wheat MON 71800 is equivalent to that of conventional wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)." J.Agric Food Chem. 2004 Mar 10:53(5):1375-84
1822:
1166:
Kan, C. A. and
Hartnell, G. F. (2004) "Evaluation of broiler performance when fed Roundup-Ready wheat (event MON 71800), control, and commercial wheat varieties" Poultry Science, Vol 83, Issue 8, 1325–1334
947:
González, Fernanda
Gabriela; Capella, Matías; Ribichich, Karina Fabiana; Curín, Facundo; Giacomelli, Jorge Ignacio; Ayala, Francisco; Watson, Gerónimo; Otegui, María Elena; Chan, Raquel Lía (2019-02-06).
301:
but never been approved or marketed after the company had tested it between 1998 and 2005. The unexplained presence of this type of wheat presents a problem to wheat growers when buyers demand
271:
However, farmers were worried about the potential loss of markets in Europe and Asia due to public refusal of the end-product, so
Monsanto withdrew its EPA application for Roundup-Ready Wheat.
535:
337:
237:. It was approved by the Argentine government in October 2020, with commercial introduction pending approval of the crop for import by Brazil, Argentina's major wheat export partner.
39:
3194:
1313:
1059:
1176:
1956:
1894:
471:
2529:
135:
This process resulted in various wheat species that are grown for specific purposes and climates. In 1873 Wilson cross-pollinated rye and wheat to create
314:
1345:
2877:
1529:
814:
2612:
1512:
1413:
1097:
2402:
582:
43:
1438:
1497:
297:-resistant wheat was found on a farm in Oregon. Extensive testing confirmed the wheat as a variety – MON71800. The wheat had been developed by
68:. As of 2020, no genetically-modified wheat is grown commercially, although many field tests have been conducted. One wheat variety, Bioceres
2618:
2608:
1286:
1067:
241:
874:"Linking fundamental science to crop improvement through understanding source and sink traits and their integration for yield enhancement"
503:
532:"Production of Transgenic Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Plants with Insect-resisting gene via Three Optimized Genetic Transformation Systems"
449:
Plant
Genetics/Genomics: Crops and Models Vol. 7: Genetics and Genomics of the Triticeae. Feuillet, C. and Muehlbauer, G. (eds.) p. 372
1323:
2862:
2559:
691:
2569:
1887:
1857:
1800:
1765:
1732:
1701:
1670:
1639:
1608:
1577:
1248:
1072:
1362:
967:
887:
557:
2715:
2577:
2120:
1752:
The Hope, Hype and
Reality of Genetic Engineering: Remarkable Stories from Agriculture, Industry, Medicine and the Environment
2623:
2292:
958:
878:
1358:
1212:
3086:
2598:
2593:
2339:
2255:
2241:
1911:
1234:
1198:
2867:
2095:
2002:
1880:
2603:
2229:
2214:
2158:
2149:
2100:
2025:
1966:
360:
654:
2260:
2166:
1933:
1924:
1249:"Network of Concerned Farmers, Submission on APPLICATION A524 FOOD DERIVED FROM HERBICIDE-TOLERANT WHEAT MON 71800"
607:
Kempken, F. and Jun, C. (eds.).Genetic
Modification of Plants: Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry.(2010) p. 291
475:
35:
2455:
2397:
2301:
2236:
2219:
2130:
1984:
302:
31:
121:
used worldwide for food. Its evolution has been influenced by human intervention since the dawn of agriculture.
3149:
3096:
3076:
317:(APHIS) had exhausted all leads but had not found any evidence that the wheat had entered commercial supply.
1757:
971:
891:
171:) and viruses, tolerance to drought and resistance to salinity and heat, increased and decreased content of
158:
methods in 1997. Unlike corn and rice, its widespread use in the human diet has faced cultural resistance.
1464:
2817:
1318:
845:
692:"Enhancing lignan biosynthesis by over-expressing pinoresinol lariciresinol reductase in transgenic wheat"
278:, announced that it planned to seek approval to market GM wheat in India in the next three to five years.
125:
1509:
1030:
795:
2887:
2010:
1423:
707:
733:
Jansson, J., Elsas, J., and Bailey, M. Tracking Genetically-Engineered Microorganisms. (2000) pp. 94–95
586:
80:
Wheat is a natural hybrid derived from interspecies breeding. It is theorized that wheat's ancestors (
2852:
2549:
2324:
2090:
1951:
1724:
1693:
218:
129:
3055:
2708:
2539:
2471:
2409:
2273:
1903:
1469:
767:
325:
192:
86:
82:
57:
2417:
2268:
1009:
929:
1290:
1274:
699:
1136:
1060:"Approval report – Application A1232 Food derived from drought-tolerant wheat line IND-00412-7"
500:
2732:
2654:
2544:
2534:
1853:
1796:
1761:
1728:
1697:
1666:
1635:
1604:
1573:
1346:
Genetically Altered Wheat Flagged – Thailand Detects Shipment Not Cleared for Commercial Sales
1228:
1213:"U.S. Food and Drug Administration Biotechnology Consultation Note to the File BNF No. 000080"
1192:
1001:
983:
921:
903:
854:
210:
124:
Interspecies transfer of genes continued to occur in farmers fields during the shift from the
92:
3154:
2946:
2427:
1492:
991:
975:
911:
895:
147:, to develop wheat species (the semidwarf varieties) that would grow in harsh environments.
144:
3081:
2989:
2974:
2882:
2476:
2360:
2319:
2278:
2188:
1516:
720:
507:
150:
1252:
305:
wheat. Japan subsequently suspended import of soft white wheat from the United States. A
3199:
3175:
3129:
3124:
3050:
3030:
2812:
2782:
2755:
2750:
2701:
2502:
2497:
2432:
2334:
2171:
2135:
1750:
1569:
1537:
1102:
996:
949:
916:
873:
822:
140:
100:
grasses) hybridized naturally over millennia somewhere in West Asia, to create natural
1275:
Monsanto scrubs transgenic wheat: Farmers' fears spell doom for project worth millions
3188:
3091:
2979:
2857:
2772:
2745:
2677:
2554:
2492:
2309:
2198:
2085:
1782:
1418:
933:
872:
Paul, Matthew J.; Watson, Amy; Griffiths, Cara A. (2019-10-26). Lawson, Tracy (ed.).
180:
175:, improved nutrition (higher protein content, increased heat stability of the enzyme
155:
65:
1013:
2824:
2760:
2740:
2466:
2365:
2344:
2193:
2015:
1600:
1843:
1817:
1786:
1718:
1687:
1656:
1625:
1594:
1563:
3144:
3134:
3071:
2984:
2965:
2923:
2847:
2839:
2829:
2767:
2329:
1992:
1366:
3159:
3139:
3045:
2999:
2903:
2872:
2370:
2033:
1792:
294:
287:
261:
228:
1344:
Hannelore Sudermann for the Spokesman Review (Spokane, WA). October 14, 1999
987:
907:
858:
3119:
3035:
2934:
2682:
2649:
2524:
2183:
2176:
2115:
2110:
2069:
2051:
1662:
1631:
1596:
Transgenic Wheat, Barley and Oats: Production and Characterization Protocols
136:
101:
69:
1215:. Cera-gmc.org. 18 January 2001. Archived from the original on 8 March 2012
1005:
925:
139:. Further transformations using cytogenic hybridization techniques enabled
3025:
2994:
2672:
2639:
2442:
2437:
2314:
1849:
1179:. Cera-gmc.org. 30 June 2005. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011
979:
899:
850:
298:
253:
172:
168:
17:
698:(12). Molecular Nutrition & Food Research: 1518–1526. Archived from
2797:
2667:
2644:
2224:
2125:
1974:
1946:
1941:
1624:
Lal, Rattan; Hobbs, Peter R; Uphoff, Norman; et al., eds. (2004).
815:"Drought-Stricken Wheat Belts Offered a Thorny Solution From Argentina"
214:
213:
developed a genetically modified wheat variety with higher yield under
188:
176:
97:
1872:
1788:
Acceptable Genes?: Religious Traditions and Genetically Modified Foods
1037:
International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-biotech Applications
324:
announced that genetically modified wheat plants engineered to resist
3101:
3004:
2969:
2939:
2105:
2043:
1565:
Genetically Modified Organisms in Agriculture: economics and politics
1137:"Biosafety Clearing-House Living Modified Organism identity database"
306:
275:
184:
72:, is obtaining regulatory approval from the government of Argentina.
61:
1387:
583:"You reap what you sow: field trial with genetically modified wheat"
3040:
3020:
2928:
2908:
2787:
2777:
2724:
2422:
1823:
Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh
1530:"Genetically Engineered Wheat Found in Unplanted Washington Field"
472:"Wheat at Forefront of Battle Over Genetically Modified Organisms"
118:
113:
105:
53:
2918:
2913:
1391:
1098:"Genetically-Modified Wheat Earns Nod from Top Grower Australia"
321:
2697:
1876:
1842:
Wrigley, Colin W; Corke, Harold; Walker, Charles, eds. (2004).
1627:
Sustainable Agriculture and the International Rice-Wheat System
950:"Field-grown transgenic wheat expressing the sunflower gene
1498:
GMO Wheat Found in Oregon Was Isolated Incident, Says USDA
1289:. Foodmanufacturing.com. 25 September 2009. Archived from
796:"Exclusive: Argentina first country to approve GMO wheat"
361:"Exclusive: Argentina first country to approve GMO wheat"
328:
were detected in an unplanted field in Washington state.
2693:
768:"Anti-Biotech Superstition Being Beaten Back in Europe?"
1414:"Japan's wheat-import suspension worries state growers"
1177:"The Center for Environmental Risk Assessment database"
1031:"HB4® Wheat Gets Approval in Australia and New Zealand"
338:
Regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms
286:
In 1999 scientists in Thailand claimed they discovered
40:
regulation of the release of genetic modified organisms
104:
hybrids, the best known of which are common wheat and
1314:"Monsanto-backed Mahyco Plans India's First GM Wheat"
585:. Agroscope.admin.ch. 3 February 2009. Archived from
252:
The transgenic wheat that was furthest developed was
217:
stress. The variety is named for its expression of a
1957:
List of varieties of genetically modified maize/corn
616:
313:
The investigation was closed in 2014 after the USDA
3112:
3064:
3013:
2955:
2896:
2838:
2805:
2731:
2632:
2586:
2568:
2515:
2485:
2453:
2390:
2383:
2353:
2300:
2291:
2254:
2207:
2157:
2148:
2078:
2060:
2042:
2024:
2001:
1983:
1965:
1932:
1923:
1910:
1749:
1720:Genetically Engineered Food: Methods and Detection
1689:Genetically Engineered Food: Methods and Detection
1025:
1023:
396:
384:
1465:"Monsanto Says Sabotage Is Likely in Wheat Case"
409:
407:
405:
1439:"Monsanto sued over genetically modified wheat"
1388:"Unapproved Monsanto GMO Wheat Found in Oregon"
690:Allan K. Ayella; Harold N. Trick; Weiqun Wang.
655:"Gluten-free GM wheat can help celiac patients"
293:In May 2013 a strain of genetically-engineered
790:
788:
3195:Genetically modified organisms in agriculture
2709:
1888:
1510:Source of GMO wheat in Oregon remains mystery
534:. Latest-science-articles.com. Archived from
499:Staff, GMO Compass. Last updated June 2010.
495:
493:
8:
1658:The Technology of Functional Cereal Products
1593:Jones, Huw D; Shewry, Peter R, eds. (2009).
1273:Michael Hopkin for Nature News. 11 May 2004
558:Respect the need to experiment with GM crops
128:to the diet adopted by humans following the
2530:Detection of genetically modified organisms
1287:"WestBred Sale Could Change Wheat Industry"
1071:. 6 May 2022. pp. 1–23. Archived from
458:
437:
2716:
2702:
2694:
2387:
2297:
2154:
1929:
1920:
1895:
1881:
1873:
1359:"Genetically modified wheat investigation"
315:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
995:
915:
268:agencies have approved its use in food;
187:content), improved qualities for use as
742:
628:
352:
44:genetically modified food controversies
1312:Thomas Kutty Abraham (6 August 2010).
1226:
1190:
1123:
954:significantly outyields the wild type"
754:
716:
705:
640:
569:
425:
413:
779:
677:
518:
274:In 2010 Monsanto's partner in India,
179:, increased content of water-soluble
27:Wheat which is genetically engineered
7:
1508:Associated Press. August 30, 2013.
1251:. Non-gm-farmers.com. Archived from
1068:Food Standards Australia New Zealand
242:Food Standards Australia New Zealand
813:Gilbert, Jonathan (13 March 2019).
560:New scientist, Retrieved 2 May 2012
191:feedstock, production of drugs via
117:spp.) is an important domesticated
2560:Genetic use restriction technology
240:On 6 May 2022 HB4 was approved by
60:by the direct manipulation of its
25:
653:Norero, Daniel (28 August 2015).
3171:
3170:
2796:
1363:Oregon Department of Agriculture
968:Society for Experimental Biology
888:Society for Experimental Biology
397:Wrigley, Corke & Walker 2004
385:Wrigley, Corke & Walker 2004
2578:Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
843:Sparks, Donald L., ed. (2020).
1655:Hamaker, Bruce R, ed. (2008).
1562:Nelson, Gerald C, ed. (2001).
1528:Geimann, Steve (8 June 2019).
1437:Hegeman, Roxana (2013-06-04).
959:Journal of Experimental Botany
879:Journal of Experimental Botany
1:
3087:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
2340:Somatic cell nuclear transfer
1845:Encyclopedia of Grain Science
474:. Theitem.com. Archived from
1717:Heller, Knut J, ed. (2006).
1686:Heller, Knut J, ed. (2003).
209:The Argentina-based company
2868:International Wheat Council
1463:Ian Berry (June 21, 2013).
3216:
2897:Plant parts and their uses
1816:Wilson, A Stephen (1876).
1412:Allison M (June 1, 2013).
556:Picket, John (2 May 2012)
335:
162:Field trials and approvals
50:Genetically modified wheat
36:genetically modified crops
29:
3168:
3065:Associated human diseases
2794:
2663:
2398:Genetically modified food
1233:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1197:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
247:
32:genetically modified food
30:For related content, see
3097:dermatitis herpetiformis
3077:Gluten-related disorders
1818:"Wheat and Rye Hybrids"
1758:Oxford University Press
1357:Staff (June 14, 2013).
459:Jones & Shewry 2009
438:Jones & Shewry 2009
282:Escape of GM wheat seed
231:and also known as line
143:, father of the second
2848:Australian Wheat Board
1781:Brunk, Conrad Grebel;
1748:Avise, John C (2004).
1319:Bloomberg Businessweek
715:Cite journal requires
58:genetically engineered
2888:Wheat pools in Canada
2878:Production statistics
2011:Roundup ready soybean
1725:John Wiley & Sons
1694:John Wiley & Sons
1394:. Reuters. 2013-05-29
1039:) Crop Biotech Update
770:Reason, 21 July 2011.
195:and yield increases.
2853:Canadian Wheat Board
2550:Reverse transfection
2325:Genetic transduction
846:Advances in Agronomy
248:Monsanto's MON 71800
219:transcription factor
130:Neolithic Revolution
2540:Genetics in fiction
2472:Genetic enhancement
2274:Hepatitis B vaccine
1904:Genetic engineering
1470:Wall Street Journal
204:
87:Aegilops speltoides
83:Triticum monococcum
2650:Stem cell research
2269:Ice-minus bacteria
1515:2013-09-14 at the
1255:on 10 January 2012
980:10.1093/jxb/erz037
900:10.1093/jxb/erz480
506:2017-02-24 at the
478:on 20 January 2013
3182:
3181:
2956:Basic preparation
2691:
2690:
2655:Synthetic biology
2545:Human enhancement
2535:Genetic pollution
2511:
2510:
2379:
2378:
2287:
2286:
2250:
2249:
2144:
2143:
1783:Coward, Harold G.
1496:. June 17, 2013.
1293:on 6 October 2011
849:. Vol. 163.
802:. 8 October 2020.
659:Biology Fortified
93:Aegilops tauschii
16:(Redirected from
3207:
3174:
3173:
3155:Tell Abu Hureyra
3113:Related concepts
3014:As an ingredient
2800:
2718:
2711:
2704:
2695:
2428:Dow AgroSciences
2388:
2298:
2155:
1930:
1921:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1874:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1852:Academic Press.
1838:
1836:
1834:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1756:(2nd ed.).
1755:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1723:(2nd ed.).
1713:
1711:
1710:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1525:
1519:
1506:
1500:
1493:Food Safety News
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1422:. Archived from
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1365:. Archived from
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1322:. Archived from
1309:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1077:
1064:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1027:
1018:
1017:
999:
944:
938:
937:
919:
869:
863:
862:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
810:
804:
803:
792:
783:
777:
771:
766:Bailey, Ronald.
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
731:
725:
724:
718:
713:
711:
703:
687:
681:
675:
669:
668:
666:
665:
650:
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
605:
599:
598:
596:
594:
579:
573:
567:
561:
554:
548:
547:
545:
543:
538:on 16 March 2012
528:
522:
516:
510:
497:
488:
487:
485:
483:
468:
462:
456:
450:
447:
441:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
400:
394:
388:
382:
376:
375:
373:
372:
357:
236:
235:
226:
225:
145:Green Revolution
126:Paleolithic diet
21:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3164:
3108:
3082:coeliac disease
3060:
3009:
2951:
2892:
2883:Protein premium
2834:
2801:
2792:
2727:
2722:
2692:
2687:
2659:
2628:
2582:
2564:
2517:
2507:
2481:
2477:Genetic testing
2459:
2449:
2375:
2361:Recombinant DNA
2349:
2320:Electroporation
2283:
2279:Oncolytic virus
2258:
2246:
2203:
2189:Herman the Bull
2140:
2074:
2056:
2038:
2020:
1997:
1979:
1961:
1915:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1848:. Vol. 3.
1841:
1832:
1830:
1815:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1785:, eds. (2009).
1780:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1747:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1716:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1654:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1623:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1592:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1561:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1517:Wayback Machine
1507:
1503:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1448:
1446:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1370:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1326:on May 21, 2011
1311:
1310:
1306:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1075:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1029:
1028:
1021:
946:
945:
941:
871:
870:
866:
842:
841:
837:
827:
825:
812:
811:
807:
794:
793:
786:
778:
774:
765:
761:
753:
749:
741:
737:
732:
728:
714:
704:
689:
688:
684:
676:
672:
663:
661:
652:
651:
647:
639:
635:
627:
623:
617:Lal et al. 2004
615:
611:
606:
602:
592:
590:
589:on 1 March 2012
581:
580:
576:
568:
564:
555:
551:
541:
539:
530:
529:
525:
517:
513:
508:Wayback Machine
498:
491:
481:
479:
470:
469:
465:
457:
453:
448:
444:
436:
432:
424:
420:
412:
403:
395:
391:
383:
379:
370:
368:
359:
358:
354:
349:
340:
334:
284:
250:
233:
232:
223:
222:
207:
164:
151:Recombinant DNA
78:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3213:
3211:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3130:Refined grains
3127:
3125:Plant breeding
3122:
3116:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3051:Wheat germ oil
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2963:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2900:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2813:Wheat diseases
2809:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2737:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2706:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2633:Similar fields
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2583:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2503:Gene targeting
2500:
2498:Gene knockdown
2495:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2433:DuPont Pioneer
2430:
2425:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2392:
2391:In agriculture
2385:
2381:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2335:Microinjection
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2265:
2263:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2227:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2172:Knockout mouse
2163:
2161:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1858:
1839:
1813:
1801:
1778:
1766:
1745:
1733:
1714:
1702:
1683:
1671:
1652:
1640:
1621:
1609:
1590:
1578:
1570:Academic Press
1557:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1520:
1501:
1483:
1455:
1429:
1426:on 2013-09-22.
1404:
1379:
1349:
1337:
1304:
1278:
1266:
1240:
1204:
1168:
1159:
1150:
1128:
1116:
1089:
1078:on 21 May 2022
1051:
1019:
974:): 1669–1681.
939:
894:): 2270–2280.
864:
835:
805:
784:
772:
759:
747:
735:
726:
717:|journal=
702:on 2013-01-05.
682:
670:
645:
633:
621:
609:
600:
574:
562:
549:
523:
511:
489:
463:
451:
442:
440:, table on p.4
430:
418:
401:
389:
377:
351:
350:
348:
345:
336:Main article:
333:
330:
283:
280:
249:
246:
206:
205:Bioceres's HB4
203:
163:
160:
141:Norman Borlaug
77:
74:
56:that has been
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3212:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3177:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3111:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:wheat allergy
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2858:Corn exchange
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2696:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:Biotechnology
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:South America
2617:
2614:
2610:
2609:North America
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2567:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2555:Transhumanism
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Gene knockout
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2403:Controversies
2401:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2302:Inserting DNA
2299:
2296:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2208:Other animals
2206:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1884:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1861:
1859:9780127654904
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1802:9781438428963
1798:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1769:
1767:9780198037903
1763:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1736:
1734:9783527609390
1730:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1715:
1705:
1703:9783527606450
1699:
1695:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1674:
1672:9781420066739
1668:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1643:
1641:9780824754914
1637:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1612:
1610:9781588299611
1606:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1581:
1579:9780080488868
1575:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1539:
1535:
1534:Bloomberg.com
1531:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1484:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1456:
1444:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1419:Seattle Times
1415:
1408:
1405:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1369:on 2018-12-07
1368:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1305:
1292:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1267:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1236:
1230:
1214:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1194:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1139:. Bch.cbd.int
1138:
1132:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1117:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1040:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
998:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
960:
955:
953:
943:
940:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
880:
875:
868:
865:
860:
856:
852:
848:
847:
839:
836:
824:
820:
819:Bloomberg.com
816:
809:
806:
801:
797:
791:
789:
785:
781:
776:
773:
769:
763:
760:
756:
751:
748:
745:, p. 102
744:
739:
736:
730:
727:
722:
709:
701:
697:
693:
686:
683:
679:
674:
671:
660:
656:
649:
646:
642:
637:
634:
631:, p. 466
630:
625:
622:
618:
613:
610:
604:
601:
588:
584:
578:
575:
571:
566:
563:
559:
553:
550:
537:
533:
527:
524:
520:
515:
512:
509:
505:
502:
496:
494:
490:
477:
473:
467:
464:
461:, p. 273
460:
455:
452:
446:
443:
439:
434:
431:
428:, p. 286
427:
422:
419:
416:, p. 144
415:
410:
408:
406:
402:
399:, p. 323
398:
393:
390:
387:, p. 330
386:
381:
378:
366:
362:
356:
353:
346:
344:
339:
331:
329:
327:
323:
320:In 2019, the
318:
316:
311:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
281:
279:
277:
272:
269:
265:
263:
259:
255:
245:
243:
238:
230:
220:
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
181:dietary fiber
178:
174:
170:
161:
159:
157:
156:Agrobacterium
152:
148:
146:
142:
138:
133:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
115:
109:
107:
103:
99:
95:
94:
89:
88:
84:
75:
73:
71:
67:
66:biotechnology
63:
59:
55:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3056:Wheat gluten
2825:Wheat mildew
2761:Winter wheat
2467:Gene therapy
2366:Transgenesis
2345:Transfection
2310:Agrobacteria
2194:Knockout rat
2061:
2016:Vistive Gold
1912:Genetically
1863:. Retrieved
1844:
1831:. Retrieved
1827:
1821:
1806:. Retrieved
1787:
1771:. Retrieved
1751:
1738:. Retrieved
1719:
1707:. Retrieved
1688:
1676:. Retrieved
1657:
1645:. Retrieved
1626:
1614:. Retrieved
1601:Humana Press
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1564:
1556:Bibliography
1541:. Retrieved
1533:
1523:
1504:
1491:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1468:
1458:
1447:. Retrieved
1442:
1432:
1424:the original
1417:
1407:
1396:. Retrieved
1382:
1371:. Retrieved
1367:the original
1352:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1324:the original
1317:
1307:
1295:. Retrieved
1291:the original
1281:
1269:
1257:. Retrieved
1253:the original
1243:
1217:. Retrieved
1207:
1181:. Retrieved
1171:
1162:
1153:
1141:. Retrieved
1131:
1126:, p. 36
1119:
1108:. Retrieved
1106:. 2022-05-06
1101:
1092:
1080:. Retrieved
1073:the original
1066:
1054:
1043:. Retrieved
1041:. 2022-05-11
1034:
963:
957:
951:
942:
883:
877:
867:
844:
838:
826:. Retrieved
818:
808:
799:
782:, p. 62
775:
762:
757:, p. 47
750:
743:Hamaker 2008
738:
729:
708:cite journal
700:the original
695:
685:
680:, p. 65
673:
662:. Retrieved
658:
648:
643:, p. 49
636:
629:Hamaker 2008
624:
619:, p. 13
612:
603:
591:. Retrieved
587:the original
577:
572:, p. 41
565:
552:
540:. Retrieved
536:the original
526:
521:, p. 47
514:
480:. Retrieved
476:the original
466:
454:
445:
433:
421:
392:
380:
369:. Retrieved
367:. 2020-10-07
364:
355:
341:
319:
312:
292:
285:
273:
270:
266:
257:
251:
239:
208:
201:
197:
183:, increased
165:
149:
134:
123:
112:
110:
91:
81:
79:
49:
48:
3145:Whole grain
3135:Staple food
3072:Anaphylaxis
2830:Hessian fly
2486:In research
2460:diagnostics
2330:Lipofection
2091:Arabidopsis
1993:Golden rice
1124:Heller 2006
755:Heller 2003
641:Heller 2003
570:Heller 2003
426:Wilson 1876
414:Nelson 2001
260:, which is
234:IND-00412-7
106:durum wheat
3189:Categories
3160:Tell Aswad
3150:Shattering
3140:Wheatpaste
3120:Bread riot
3046:Wheat beer
3000:Parboiling
2873:Peak wheat
2570:Regulation
2414:Companies
2371:Cisgenesis
2315:Biolistics
2121:Sugar beet
2034:Flavr Savr
1934:Maize/corn
1865:2013-05-12
1808:2013-05-12
1793:SUNY Press
1773:2013-05-12
1740:2013-05-12
1709:2013-05-12
1678:2013-05-12
1647:2013-05-12
1616:2013-05-12
1585:2013-05-12
1449:2013-12-24
1398:2013-05-30
1373:2013-06-24
1297:13 January
1259:13 January
1219:13 January
1183:13 January
1143:13 January
1110:2022-05-17
1045:2022-05-17
780:Avise 2004
678:Avise 2004
664:2015-09-01
593:13 January
542:13 January
519:Avise 2004
482:13 January
371:2022-05-27
347:References
332:Regulation
295:glyphosate
288:glyphosate
262:glyphosate
229:sunflowers
76:Background
3036:Flatbread
2990:Middlings
2935:Endosperm
2683:Bioethics
2587:Geography
2525:Transgene
2293:Processes
2184:Enviropig
2177:Oncomouse
2116:SmartStax
2052:Bt cotton
1916:organisms
1663:CRC Press
1632:CRC Press
1538:Bloomberg
1443:USA Today
1330:3 October
1103:Bloomberg
988:0022-0957
934:204969200
908:0022-0957
859:0065-2113
823:Bloomberg
258:MON 71800
137:triticale
102:polyploid
70:HB4 Wheat
18:MON 71800
3176:Category
3026:Couscous
2995:Semolina
2806:Agronomy
2783:Khorasan
2756:Red Fife
2751:Norin 10
2673:Genetics
2640:Eugenics
2518:articles
2443:Syngenta
2438:Monsanto
2410:Pharming
2256:Bacteria
1952:StarLink
1914:modified
1850:Elsevier
1513:Archived
1476:June 23,
1229:cite web
1193:cite web
1014:73426507
1006:30726944
926:31665486
851:Elsevier
504:Archived
501:GM Wheat
303:GMO-free
299:Monsanto
254:Monsanto
211:Bioceres
193:pharming
173:glutenin
169:fusarium
114:Triticum
3031:Cracker
2975:Milling
2966:Berries
2947:Sprouts
2863:Exports
2773:Einkorn
2746:Marquis
2668:Biology
2645:Cloning
2624:Oceania
2516:Related
2261:viruses
2225:GloFish
2215:Insects
2159:Mammals
2150:Animals
2136:Mustard
2126:Tobacco
2096:Brinjal
2003:Soybean
1975:Amflora
1947:MON 863
1942:MON 810
1490:Staff,
1035:ISAAA (
997:6411379
917:7134924
800:Reuters
365:Reuters
326:Roundup
227:, from
215:drought
189:biofuel
177:phytase
111:Wheat (
98:diploid
3102:ataxia
3005:Bulgur
2980:Farina
2970:groats
2940:Gluten
2931:(husk)
2741:Common
2599:Africa
2594:Europe
2456:humans
2230:Salmon
2199:Rabbit
2106:Papaya
2101:Canola
2044:Cotton
2026:Tomato
1967:Potato
1856:
1833:12 May
1799:
1764:
1731:
1700:
1669:
1638:
1607:
1576:
1543:9 June
1082:17 May
1012:
1004:
994:
986:
932:
924:
914:
906:
857:
828:9 June
307:Kansas
276:Mahyco
185:lysine
96:, all
90:, and
64:using
62:genome
42:, and
3200:Wheat
3041:Pasta
3021:Bread
2985:Flour
2929:Chaff
2909:Straw
2904:Stalk
2840:Trade
2788:Spelt
2778:Emmer
2768:Durum
2733:Types
2725:Wheat
2423:Bayer
2354:Types
2242:Frogs
2237:Birds
2167:Mouse
2131:Trees
2086:Apple
2079:Other
2062:Wheat
1925:Crops
1076:(PDF)
1063:(PDF)
1010:S2CID
966:(5).
952:HaHB4
930:S2CID
886:(7).
224:HaHB4
119:grass
54:wheat
2962:None
2924:Germ
2919:Bran
2914:Seed
2818:list
2604:Asia
2418:BASF
2384:Uses
2259:and
2220:Fish
2111:Rose
1985:Rice
1854:ISBN
1835:2013
1797:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1729:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1667:ISBN
1636:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1545:2019
1478:2013
1445:. AP
1392:CNBC
1332:2010
1299:2012
1261:2012
1235:link
1221:2012
1199:link
1185:2012
1145:2012
1084:2022
1002:PMID
984:ISSN
922:PMID
904:ISSN
855:ISSN
830:2019
721:help
595:2012
544:2012
484:2012
322:USDA
2968:or
2458:and
2454:In
2070:HB4
992:PMC
976:doi
972:OUP
912:PMC
896:doi
892:OUP
256:'s
52:is
3191::
2613:US
1828:12
1826:.
1820:.
1795:.
1791:.
1760:.
1727:.
1696:.
1692:.
1665:.
1661:.
1634:.
1630:.
1603:.
1599:.
1572:.
1568:.
1536:.
1532:.
1467:.
1441:.
1416:.
1390:.
1361:.
1316:.
1231:}}
1227:{{
1195:}}
1191:{{
1100:.
1065:.
1033:.
1022:^
1008:.
1000:.
990:.
982:.
964:70
962:.
956:.
928:.
920:.
910:.
902:.
884:71
882:.
876:.
853:.
821:.
817:.
798:.
787:^
712::
710:}}
706:{{
696:51
694:.
657:.
492:^
404:^
363:.
244:.
221:,
108:.
85:,
38:,
34:,
2717:e
2710:t
2703:v
2615:)
2611:(
1896:e
1889:t
1882:v
1868:.
1837:.
1811:.
1776:.
1743:.
1712:.
1681:.
1650:.
1619:.
1588:.
1547:.
1480:.
1452:.
1401:.
1376:.
1334:.
1301:.
1263:.
1237:)
1223:.
1201:)
1187:.
1147:.
1113:.
1086:.
1048:.
1016:.
978::
970:(
936:.
898::
890:(
861:.
832:.
723:)
719:(
667:.
597:.
546:.
486:.
374:.
46:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.