411:
44:
1024:
425:(HEAT) shells do not rely on high speed to penetrate armor, but on the explosion of the projectile on impact. The problem of using a rifled gun to fire a HEAT shot was that the stabilizing spin degraded the penetrating power by as much as half. Combined with other challenges HEAT shots were not effective for tank guns by the mid-1950s. The T-12 overcame most problems by firing a HEAT shot that was stabilized by pop-out fins. However, it was still not ideal as it was slow and therefore had to be fired in a higher arc. This was complicated by the Soviet scarcity of good rangefinders.
1011:
997:
1079:
829:
456:
916:
419:
and used 8.75 kg (19.3 lb) of propellant instead of less than 6 kg (13 lb) for the existing Soviet tank gun. It was fired at a muzzle velocity of 1,540 m/s (5,100 ft/s) as opposed to only 900 m/s (3,000 ft/s) for the usual armor piercing shot. At 1,000 m (3,300 ft) this improved armor penetration from 185 mm (7.3 in) to 230 mm (9.1 in), enough to penetrate most NATO tanks of the period.
1066:
399:. This kind of shot relies on mechanically penetrating armor. It is most effective if it has the form of a long narrow diameter rod fired at very high speed. In flight it can be stabilized by a rifled gun barrel having given it rotation when it was fired, but this becomes less effective if the projectile becomes longer. The T-12 gun overcame the stabilization problem by applying fins to the projectile. This started the replacement of the
942:
841:
1052:
869:
761:
747:
1190:
516:
970:
719:
705:
1205:, the publications consistently showed characteristics of a T-12 being mounted. In the video of the first combination, the gun itself clearly did not have the equilibrator which is unique to the MT-12. Pictures of the second combination also did not have an equilibrator, and the reporting of its manufacture even showed a picture of a complete towed T-12 gun, recognizable by its 6-bolted wheels.
471:, which becomes wider towards the end of the D-48's barrel, but has the same width throughout for the T-12 and MT-12. The wheels of both D-48 and T-12 are secured by six bolts. The carriage of the T-12 did not allow it to be towed cross-country by fast tracked vehicles. It was therefore usually towed by trucks. This limited the T-12's cross country movement to only 15 km/h (9.3 mph).
1038:
984:
903:
883:
855:
788:
733:
691:
956:
815:
929:
775:
680:
802:
410:
43:
1197:
In August 2022, videos of a
Ukrainian T-12 mounted on top of an MT-LB began to circulate online. This first video showed a combination which had a hydraulic stabilization mechanism behind its tracks. The conversion had been done by local infantrymen. It was soon followed by a second combination which
418:
Another reason to use a smoothbore barrel for armor piercing shot, is that smoothbore guns allow for higher pressures, and thus higher projectile speeds. The result is that the T-12 fired a conspicuously long APFSDS projectile. This BM2 shot (see picture) had a diameter of 38 mm (1.5 in)
373:
By the mid-1990s, modern western tanks' frontal armor protection could no longer be penetrated by a 100 mm gun. The 100 mm caliber ammunition had reached the limits of what could be achieved with it. For a static anti-tank that cannot move to attack the sides of an opponent this is extra
478:
The principal difference between the upper part of the T-12 and that of the MT-12 is in the equilibrator that is used. That of the T-12 is hardly visible, whereas that of the MT-12 is a huge tube lying on top of the right rear part of the gun. Standing behind the gun, a barrel that has two short
1662:"On 22nd September, Mali celebrated its National Independece [sic] Day. Due to Corona, the usual military parades were scaled down in size and number. But the parade in Segou nevertheless contained several rarely seen gems of the FAMA's inventory. @FAMa_DIRPA #FAMa #Mali"
1226:- This artillery system was designed by Arsenal-Resita and is very similar to the MT-12. It can fire the same range of ammunition as the T-54/55 tank and has a maximum range of 2,200 m (7,200 ft) (HEAT) or 4,000 m (13,000 ft) (APC-T). Subversions are the
474:
The gun can be fitted with the LO-7 ski gear for travel across snow or swampy ground. This is a metal welded structure with wide runners. The wheels are rolled up to the runners and fastened with a coupling chain. The gun can fire directly from the skis.
1119:
On the
Russian side, the T-12 seems not to have been used before 2023. In early 2023 a T-12 was first sighted towed by a truck in Crimea in early 2023, but that does not indicate actual combat use. During the May
309:. It uses long projectiles that are more powerful than its caliber suggests. The T-12 served as the primary towed anti-tank artillery in the Soviet and Bulgarian armies from the early 1960s to the late 1980s.
2331:
1116:, were also observed using the MT-12. The old T-12 was not sighted that often. However, in January 2023, the BBC published an article and video showing the use of a T-12 by Ukrainian forces near Bakhmut.
2010:
Mantoux, Stéphane (December 2012). "Jours de tonnerre : L'Armée russe au combat en Ossétie du Sud et en Géorgie" [Days of thunder: The
Russian Army in combat in South Ossetia and Georgia].
1109:
and MT-12R. Reports about the gun often do not properly discern T-12 from MT-12. During the war in Donbas, the use of the MT-12 was documented on many pictures. The use of the T-12 is less certain.
493:. The indirect aiming mechanism consists of the S71-40 mechanism with panoramic PG-1M sight. The OP4M-40U sight is used for direct fire. The APN-5-40 or APN-6-40 are used for direct fire by night.
447:
The T-12's breech is semi-automatic, meaning that it needs to be opened only before the first shot. After the first shot the breech opens by itself, so a new projectile can immediately be loaded.
2324:
2853:
1914:
1611:
1277:. It fires ammunition of the fixed type, including the Type 73 HE, Type 73 HEAT, Type 73 APFSDS and Type 86 APFSDS to a maximum range of 1,800 m (5,900 ft).
2843:
2317:
404:
396:
306:
329:
gun. The T-12 was typically deployed in the anti-tank units of armored and motor rifle regiments to protect flanks against counter-attacks during rapid advances.
2299:
1840:
1759:
1721:
1683:
1552:
479:
tubes on top of the gun barrel between the breech and the gun shield, is a T-12. If a third misaligned tube is present on the right side, the gun is an MT-12.
2838:
374:
problematic. Today, the T-12 is applied mostly in the role of ordinary artillery, using FRAG-HE shells. The T-12 was planned to be superseded by the
1084:
2848:
2478:
2172:Широкорад, А.Б. (1997), "Гладкоствольные противотанковые пушки («Спрут» и «Рапира»)" [Smoothbore anti-tank guns, Rapira and Octopus],
482:
The gun requires a crew of six: commander, driver of the towing vehicle, gun layer, loader, and two ammunition crewmen. Since the weapon is a
1878:
1564:
1292:
1589:
1818:
2445:
2589:
2304:
1994:
1644:
181:
2192:
2139:
1015:
325:. The first serial examples were produced in 1955, but the T-12 entered service only in 1961. Its special feature was the use of a
2569:
1113:
400:
2604:
2290:
1513:
2761:
1338:
2278:
2058:
1102:
2239:
2234:
2229:
322:
2244:
444:
was developed with a larger caliber, so it could use more propellant while not requiring the very long T-12 projectiles.
2388:
2383:
1297:
318:
2265:
2473:
2468:
2463:
1885:
1133:
1121:
436:. However, the long ammunition would not fit in the existing Soviet medium-tank turrets. Therefore, the 115 mm
1222:
2833:
1274:
503:
2771:
2705:
2679:
2642:
2541:
2407:
464:
422:
2162:
358:
is an MT-12 version with a radar system. From 1981, the gun could fire the laser beam-riding guided missile
2037:
1510:"T-12 100-mm anti-tank gun MT-12 100-mm anti-tank gun 2A19 100-mm anti-tank gun 2A29 100-mm anti-tank gun"
1287:
921:
467:. In fact the only difference between the T-12 and the D-48 was the barrel. Both can be told apart by the
223:
1148:
2645:
2632:
2627:
2440:
2359:
455:
2223:
1665:
2422:
2309:
2253:
1889:
2751:
2716:
2526:
1860:
1779:
1741:
1703:
1250:) and is normally towed by the DAC 887R truck. It can also be towed with the DAC 665T truck. The
1168:
395:
barrel instead of a rifled one. The reasons to introduce a smoothbore barrel primarily relate to
176:
2584:
1153:
2270:
1814:
1605:
2398:
2188:
2135:
2016:
1990:
1640:
1585:
1560:
1344:
1334:
1243:
738:
429:
1879:"Lectures and General Exercises of the General Staff Academy of the Armed Forces of the USSR"
1124:
it was confirmed on the front line, because a piece was destroyed together with some trucks.
2659:
2614:
1852:
1771:
1733:
1695:
1173:
1158:
49:
2202:
2774:
2654:
2498:
2488:
2483:
2294:
2282:
1163:
257:
2164:
The Fight For
Nagorno-Karabakh: Documenting Losses On The Sides Of Armenia And Azerbaijan
1661:
2736:
1584:. Washington DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies Press. pp. 44–46.
490:
2203:"Two Russian Ural-4320 cargo trucks and a T-12 anti-tank gun was destroyed in Glotovo"
2827:
2797:
2669:
2109:
1864:
1783:
1745:
1707:
1235:
649:
359:
298:
61:
1509:
1273:- This is a 100mm smoothbore anti-tank gun that has some similarities with the 85mm
432:
saw the T-12 and was so enthusiastic about the gun, that he wanted it placed in the
391:
On introduction, the T-12's gun differed from all existing artillery by employing a
2731:
2726:
2579:
2574:
2516:
2351:
2340:
2287:
2111:
Towed anti-tank guns, renaissance of almost forgotten weapons in
Ukrainian conflict
1208:
It is nevertheless quite possible that
Ukraine might one day mount an MT-12 on the
1189:
1071:
947:
846:
833:
828:
468:
375:
294:
243:
2275:
2182:
2149:
2129:
1940:
1737:
2782:
2746:
2682:
2521:
2511:
1915:"Ukraine's Citizen-Soldiers Are Shooting 60-Year-Old Artillery At Russian Tanks"
1057:
515:
1144:
Incomplete, and still requiring thorough check whether T-12 or MT-12 was used:
2812:
2802:
2756:
2559:
2271:
T-12 100-mm anti-tank gun MT-12 100-mm anti-tank gun 2A19 100-mm anti-tank gun
1775:
1699:
1254:
is an improved version, fitted with the automatic fire control system TAT-100.
874:
766:
752:
483:
392:
343:
326:
302:
233:
136:
2254:Комплекс управляемого танкового вооружения 9К116-1 Бастион | Ракетная техника
2020:
1348:
2807:
2792:
2531:
2432:
2347:
679:
433:
17:
1941:"Ukraine war: Defying Russian onslaught in city 'at the end of the world'"
2787:
2741:
2708:
2664:
2455:
2373:
1029:
975:
724:
710:
2721:
2368:
1669:
1043:
989:
908:
888:
860:
793:
696:
191:
2224:
USATODAY.com - 7th
Cavalry inflicts heavy casualties in running battle
1856:
2695:
2690:
2554:
2344:
1636:
1582:
The North
African Military Balance: Force Developments in the Maghreb
807:
528:
201:
1198:
did not have a hydraulic stabilization mechanism behind its tracks.
2131:
Soviet/Russian Armor and
Artillery Design Practices 1945 to Present
1360:
1358:
2622:
2599:
2594:
2564:
2549:
2417:
2378:
1209:
1202:
1188:
1106:
961:
820:
514:
454:
437:
409:
347:
339:
333:
2092:
2506:
1002:
934:
780:
441:
2313:
1105:, the Ukrainian army had 500 anti tank guns of the types T-12,
305:
barrel, and to introduce modern armor piercing shot, like the
1960:
342:. This has the same barrel, but has a redesigned carriage and
2128:
Hull, Andrew W.; Markov, David R.; Zaloga, Steven J. (1999),
2059:"Ukraine's New & Improved Home Made Self-Propelled Gun"
1201:
While the combinations were widely reported as mounting an
486:, all the ammunition is finned for accuracy during flight.
683:
Map of T-12 operators in blue with former operators in red
1633:
The
Russian policy on military bases: Georgia and Moldova
1985:
Zaloga, Steven; Luczak, Wojciech; Beldam, Barry (1992).
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
317:
The T-12 was designed by the construction bureau of the
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1408:
1406:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1212:
chassis. The combination has been dubbed as MT-LB-12.
634:
Maximum range (indirect): 8,200 m (9,000 yd)
583:
Penetration: 225 mm at 1000 m (8.8 in at 1100 yd)
2015:(in French). No. 52. Caraktère. pp. 68–82.
489:
The standard equipment of the T-12 includes multiple
362:(weapon system 9K116) and carried the new designator
2770:
2704:
2678:
2641:
2613:
2540:
2497:
2454:
2431:
2397:
2358:
271:
256:
242:
232:
222:
210:
200:
190:
175:
162:
154:
146:
135:
127:
119:
114:
101:
88:
80:
75:
67:
57:
34:
577:Muzzle velocity: 1,548 m/s (5,080 ft/s)
541:Muzzle velocity: 1,575 m/s (5,170 ft/s)
414:T-12 rear view showing only the two recoil tubes.
1989:. Armor 2009. Concord Publications. p. 67.
1612:Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
1424:
1364:
1298:List of artillery of the Soviet Union and Russia
1136:(2020), the T-12 was used on the Armenian side.
1267:- This appears to be a copy of the Soviet T-12.
631:Muzzle velocity: 700 m/s (2,300 ft/s)
604:Muzzle velocity: 975 m/s (3,200 ft/s)
459:The mechanical S71-40 indirect aiming mechanism
405:armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot
2174:Техника и вооружение вчера, сегодня, завтра...
1559:. Vol. 120. Routledge. pp. 257–504.
574:Projectile weight: 4.55 kg (10.0 lb)
538:Projectile weight: 5.65 kg (12.5 lb)
2325:
2300:United States Army Center of Military History
2114:, University of Defence, Brno, Czech Republic
2079:
2077:
2075:
2032:
2030:
1841:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1760:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1722:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1684:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1580:Nerguizian, Aram; Cordesman, Anthony (2009).
1553:International Institute for Strategic Studies
142:6.3 m (20 ft 8 in) 63 calibers
8:
670:Penetration: 550–600 mm (22–24 in)
661:Projectile weight: 17.6 kg (39 lb)
628:Projectile weight: 16.7 kg (37 lb)
301:. It was the first anti-tank gun to adopt a
667:Range: 100–5,000 m (110–5,470 yd)
664:Average speed: 300 m/s (980 ft/s)
607:Maximum range: 1,000 m (1,100 yd)
601:Projectile weight: 9.5 kg (21 lb)
580:Maximum range: 3,000 m (3,300 yd)
556:140 mm at 3,000 m (5.5 in at 3,300 yd)
544:Maximum range: 3,000 m (3,300 yd)
346:. This allows the MT-12 to be towed by the
2854:Military equipment introduced in the 1960s
2332:
2318:
2310:
2176:(in Russian) (10), РОО «Техинформ», Москва
1504:
1502:
535:Round weight: 19.34 kg (42.6 lb)
48:T-12 displayed in the Artillery Museum in
31:
1972:
1376:
553:180 mm at 2,000 m (7 in at 2,200 yd)
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1493:
1457:
678:
407:(APFSDS) shot fired by smoothbore guns.
2201:Ukraine Weapons Tracker (23 May 2023).
1762:(2006). "Caribbean and Latin America".
1314:
1248:Tun antitanc calibrul 100-mm Model 1977
658:Round weight: 24.5 kg (54 lb)
625:Round weight: 28.9 kg (64 lb)
598:Round weight: 23.1 kg (51 lb)
571:Round weight: 19.9 kg (44 lb)
378:125 mm smooth bore anti-tank gun.
332:In 1971, a new variant was introduced,
2844:Cold War artillery of the Soviet Union
2479:152 mm towed gun-howitzer M1955 (D-20)
1481:
1469:
1445:
2249:Jane's Armour and Artillery 2005-2006
2083:Jane's Armour and Artillery 2003-2004
1412:
1397:
1331:Jane's Pocket Book of Towed Artillery
1293:List of military equipment of Croatia
654:Beam riding laser guided projectile.
610:Penetration: 400 mm (16 in)
550:230 mm at 500 m (9 in at 550 yd)
7:
1686:(2001). "NATO and non-NATO Europe".
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
2446:130 mm towed field gun M1954 (M-46)
2038:"Ukraine's Homemade Tank Destroyer"
1961:Ukraine Weapons Tracker 23 May 2023
1193:Ukraine's first self propelled T-12
403:(APDS) fired by rifled guns by the
218:Off road: 15 km/h (9 mph)
216:On road: 60 km/h (37 mph)
150:1.795 m (5 ft 11 in)
107:
2839:Anti-tank guns of the Soviet Union
1821:from the original on 14 April 2010
1238:service, the A407 is known as the
463:The T-12 used the carriage of the
158:1.565 m (5 ft 2 in)
131:9.16 m (30 ft 1 in)
25:
1660:@tom_nachtrab (17 October 2022).
1333:. New York: Collier. p. 55.
1258:
36:2A19 (T-12) 100 mm anti-tank gun
2266:T-12 walkaround on DishModels.ru
2156:, Soviet Military Review, Moscow
1888:. 28 August 1977. Archived from
1724:(2013). "Chapter Four: Europe".
1516:from the original on 15 May 2015
1114:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
1077:
1064:
1050:
1036:
1022:
1009:
995:
982:
968:
954:
940:
927:
914:
901:
881:
867:
853:
839:
827:
813:
800:
786:
773:
759:
745:
731:
717:
703:
689:
401:armour-piercing discarding sabot
42:
2184:T-62 Main Battle Tank 1965–2005
1639:: Editura Cogito. p. 223.
1240:100 mm anti-tank gun M1977
350:, giving greater mobility. The
277:
2849:Anti-tank guns of the Cold War
2093:http://www.arsenal.ro/Arsenal/
1425:Hull, Markov & Zaloga 1999
1365:Hull, Markov & Zaloga 1999
1016:People's Republic of Kampuchea
502:Note: penetration numbers for
387:A revolutionary smoothbore gun
272:Maximum firing range
264:
94:
1:
2187:, Osprey publishing, Oxford,
2119:Foss, Christopher F. (1976),
196:100 millimetres (3.9 in)
123:2,750 kg (6,060 lb)
2389:152 mm air defense gun KM-52
2384:130 mm air defense gun KS-30
2379:100 mm air defense gun KS-19
2150:"100 mm anti-tank gun MT-12"
1987:Armor of the Afghanistan War
1738:10.1080/04597222.2013.756999
319:Yurga Machine-Building Plant
2474:152 mm howitzer 2A65 Msta-B
2469:152 mm howitzer M1943 (D-1)
2464:122 mm howitzer 2A18 (D-30)
2161:Mitzer, Stijn; Dan (2020),
1886:Central Intelligence Agency
1134:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
1128:Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
1122:2023 Belgorod Oblast attack
644:9K117 Kastet 3UBK10/3UBK10M
2870:
2423:125 mm anti-tank gun Sprut
2418:100 mm anti-tank gun MT-12
2181:Zaloga, Steven J. (2009),
2134:, Darlington Productions,
1329:Foss, Christopher (1977).
1259:People's Republic of China
647:
214:Transport: Ural-375D (6×6)
2542:Multiple rocket launchers
2413:100 mm anti-tank gun T-12
1776:10.1080/04597220600782895
1700:10.1080/04597220108460153
1631:Gribincea, Mihai (2001).
1103:War in Donbas (2014–2022)
321:as a replacement for the
170:
68:Place of origin
41:
2408:85 mm anti-tank gun D-48
2281:17 November 2014 at the
1112:Ukrainian forces in the
465:85 mm anti-tank gun D-48
423:High-explosive anti-tank
2293:19 October 2014 at the
2238:100 mm Ammunition
2233:100 mm Ammunition
2228:100 mm Ammunition
2123:, Scribner Book Company
1843:(2004). "NATO Europe".
1817:. Armstrade.sipri.org.
519:BM-2 APFSDS projectile.
2154:Soviet Military review
2121:Artillery of the World
1288:List of anti-tank guns
1247:
1194:
922:Bosnia and Herzegovina
684:
520:
460:
451:Other charactertistics
415:
244:Rate of fire
2633:B-11 recoilless rifle
2628:B-10 recoilless rifle
2441:D-74 122 mm field gun
2298:a publication of the
2148:Knyazkov, V. (1983),
2108:Dyčka, Lukáš (2017),
1973:Mitzer & Dan 2020
1607:SIPRI Trade Registers
1192:
682:
518:
458:
413:
340:MT-12 "Rapira" (2A29)
248:14 rpm (max possible)
2305:Catalog. Tank rounds
2222:USA Today article -
2013:Batailles et Blindés
1845:The Military Balance
1764:The Military Balance
1726:The Military Balance
1688:The Military Balance
1557:The Military Balance
258:Muzzle velocity
252:4 to 6 rpm (typical)
1097:Russo-Ukrainian War
397:armor piercing shot
250:10 rpm (max likely)
2752:2S35 Koalitsiya-SV
2717:2A3 Kondensator 2P
2527:240 mm mortar M240
1895:on 22 January 2017
1195:
1185:MT-LB-12 (Ukraine)
1169:Russo-Georgian War
685:
521:
461:
416:
2821:
2820:
2615:Recoilless rifles
1857:10.1080/725292366
1815:"Trade Registers"
1566:978-0-367-46639-8
1149:Soviet–Afghan War
639:Guided projectile
430:Nikita Khrushchev
297:-designed 100-mm
284:
283:
238:27° left or right
16:(Redirected from
2861:
2834:100 mm artillery
2660:ZSU-37-2 Yenisei
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2288:The Wirlwind War
2217:
2215:
2213:
2197:
2177:
2168:
2157:
2144:
2124:
2115:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2034:
2025:
2024:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1894:
1883:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1811:
1788:
1787:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1591:978-089206-552-3
1577:
1571:
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1549:
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1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1428:
1427:, p. VI-14.
1422:
1416:
1410:
1401:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1367:, p. VI-13.
1362:
1353:
1352:
1326:
1174:Syrian civil war
1159:Persian Gulf War
1083:
1081:
1080:
1070:
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887:
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50:Saint Petersburg
46:
37:
32:
21:
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2766:
2700:
2674:
2655:ZSU-23-4 Shilka
2637:
2609:
2585:9К512 Uragan-1M
2536:
2493:
2489:180 mm gun S-23
2484:2A36 Giatsint-B
2450:
2427:
2393:
2354:
2338:
2295:Wayback Machine
2283:Wayback Machine
2262:
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2209:
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1187:
1182:
1164:War of Dagestan
1142:
1140:Other conflicts
1130:
1099:
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690:
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652:
641:
617:
590:
513:
499:
453:
389:
384:
323:BS-3 100 mm gun
315:
251:
249:
217:
215:
206:Hydro-pneumatic
185:
171:
81:In service
76:Service history
53:
35:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
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2836:
2826:
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2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2779:
2777:
2772:Self-propelled
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2737:2S5 Giatsint-S
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2706:Self-propelled
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2680:Self-propelled
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2643:Self-propelled
2639:
2638:
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2630:
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2619:
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2611:
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2608:
2607:
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2322:
2314:
2308:
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2302:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2260:External links
2258:
2257:
2256:
2251:
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2241:
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2198:
2193:
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2125:
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2100:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2071:
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2026:
2002:
1996:978-9623619097
1995:
1977:
1965:
1953:
1932:
1906:
1870:
1832:
1789:
1751:
1713:
1675:
1668:) – via
1652:
1646:978-9738032200
1645:
1623:
1597:
1590:
1572:
1565:
1527:
1498:
1486:
1474:
1462:
1450:
1429:
1417:
1415:, p. 102.
1402:
1400:, p. 101.
1381:
1377:Широкорад 1997
1369:
1354:
1339:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:Type 56 (D-44)
1268:
1260:
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1217:
1214:
1186:
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1141:
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1129:
1126:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1092:Combat history
1090:
1089:
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1006:
992:
979:
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648:Main article:
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509:
506:at 90 degrees.
498:
495:
452:
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388:
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380:
364:2A29K "Kastet"
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115:Specifications
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108:Combat history
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2798:2S39 Magnolia
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2670:2K22 Tunguska
2668:
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2663:
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2656:
2653:
2652:
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2646:anti-aircraft
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2360:Anti-aircraft
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2194:9781849080880
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2141:1-892848-01-5
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2018:
2014:
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2003:
1998:
1992:
1988:
1981:
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1962:
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1534:
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1528:
1515:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:, p. 28.
1495:
1494:Knyazkov 1983
1490:
1487:
1484:, p. 12.
1483:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1463:
1460:, p. 26.
1459:
1458:Knyazkov 1983
1454:
1451:
1448:, p. 11.
1447:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
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1236:Romanian Army
1233:
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1199:
1191:
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1155:
1154:Iran–Iraq War
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655:
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650:9M117 Bastion
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579:
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547:Penetration:
546:
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530:
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522:
517:
510:
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349:
345:
341:
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308:
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299:anti-tank gun
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91:
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83:
79:
74:
70:
66:
63:
62:Anti-tank gun
60:
56:
51:
45:
40:
33:
29:Anti-tank gun
27:
19:
2732:2S3 Akatsiya
2727:2S1 Gvozdika
2683:assault guns
2580:BM-30 Smerch
2575:BM-27 Uragan
2517:M-160 mortar
2412:
2352:World War II
2286:
2248:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2183:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2130:
2120:
2110:
2102:Bibliography
2088:
2062:. Retrieved
2053:
2041:. Retrieved
2012:
2005:
1986:
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1935:
1923:. Retrieved
1921:. 1 May 2022
1918:
1909:
1897:. Retrieved
1890:the original
1873:
1848:
1844:
1835:
1823:. Retrieved
1767:
1763:
1754:
1729:
1725:
1716:
1691:
1687:
1678:
1655:
1632:
1626:
1615:, retrieved
1606:
1600:
1581:
1575:
1556:
1518:. Retrieved
1489:
1477:
1472:, p. 6.
1465:
1453:
1420:
1372:
1330:
1270:
1264:
1251:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1207:
1200:
1196:
1143:
1131:
1118:
1111:
1100:
1072:Soviet Union
948:East Germany
847:Turkmenistan
834:Transnistria
653:
593:3BK16M/3UBK8
566:
563:3BM23/3UBM10
531:-T Tungsten
527:
501:
500:
488:
481:
477:
473:
469:muzzle brake
462:
446:
427:
421:
417:
390:
376:2A45 Sprut-B
372:
367:
363:
360:9M117 Kastet
355:
352:2A29R "Ruta"
351:
334:
331:
316:
290:
286:
285:
275:
262:
228:−10° to +20°
139: length
105:
92:
89:Used by
84:1961–present
71:Soviet Union
26:
18:MT-12 Rapira
2783:2S4 Tyulpan
2762:A-222 Bereg
2747:2S19 Msta-S
2605:Zemledeliye
2522:2B9 Vasilek
2512:2B14 Podnos
2064:12 November
2043:15 November
1884:. Langley:
1482:Zaloga 2009
1470:Zaloga 2009
1446:Zaloga 2009
1132:During the
1101:During the
1058:South Yemen
620:3OF12/3OF35
440:gun of the
382:Description
2828:Categories
2813:2S42 Lotos
2803:2S40 Floks
2757:2S43 Malva
2560:BM-21 Grad
2433:Field guns
1770:(1): 323.
1732:(1): 117.
1520:16 October
1413:Dyčka 2017
1398:Dyčka 2017
1340:0020806000
1304:References
1252:Model 2002
1085:Yugoslavia
875:Uzbekistan
767:Kyrgyzstan
753:Kazakhstan
497:Ammunition
484:smoothbore
393:smoothbore
344:gun shield
327:smoothbore
303:smoothbore
278:Ammunition
265:Ammunition
2808:2S41 Drok
2793:2S31 Vena
2709:howitzers
2532:2S12 Sani
2456:Howitzers
2399:Anti-tank
2348:artillery
2021:1765-0828
1946:6 January
1865:219627820
1851:(1): 55.
1784:219623774
1746:219627496
1708:219623417
1694:(1): 80.
1349:911907988
1309:Citations
675:Operators
224:Elevation
186:(R/147mm)
95:Operators
52:, Russia.
2788:2S9 Nona
2742:2S7 Pion
2665:ZSU-57-2
2374:AZP S-60
2291:Archived
2285:part of
2279:Archived
1819:Archived
1555:(2020).
1514:Archived
1282:See also
1244:Romanian
1230:and the
1180:Variants
1030:Mongolia
976:Ethiopia
725:Cambodia
711:Bulgaria
428:In 1958
234:Traverse
211:Carriage
182:Fixed QF
2775:mortars
2722:2B1 Oka
2590:Tornado
2499:Mortars
2369:ZU-23-2
2345:Russian
2276:Profile
2207:Twitter
1825:20 June
1670:Twitter
1617:27 June
1271:Type 86
1265:Type 73
1216:Romania
1044:Somalia
990:Hungary
909:Armenia
889:Vietnam
861:Ukraine
794:Moldova
739:Georgia
697:Algeria
615:HE-FRAG
567:APFSDS
313:History
192:Caliber
2696:ASU-85
2691:ASU-57
2555:BMD-20
2350:after
2341:Soviet
2243:MT-12
2212:25 May
2191:
2167:, Oryx
2138:
2019:
1993:
1919:Forbes
1899:20 May
1863:
1782:
1744:
1706:
1643:
1637:Oradea
1588:
1563:
1347:
1337:
1232:A407M2
1228:A407M1
1082:
1069:
1055:
1041:
1027:
1000:
987:
973:
959:
945:
932:
919:
906:
886:
872:
858:
844:
818:
808:Russia
805:
791:
778:
764:
750:
736:
722:
708:
694:
529:APFSDS
511:APFSDS
491:sights
368:MT-12K
356:MT-12R
307:APFSDS
295:Soviet
202:Recoil
155:Height
137:Barrel
128:Length
2623:SPG-9
2600:TOS-2
2595:TOS-1
2570:BM-25
2565:BM-24
2550:BM-14
1925:1 May
1893:(PDF)
1882:(PDF)
1861:S2CID
1780:S2CID
1742:S2CID
1704:S2CID
1666:Tweet
1234:. In
1210:MT-LB
1203:MT-12
1107:MT-12
1087:: 350
1005:: 100
964:: 100
962:Egypt
950:: 267
863:: 500
823:: 20+
821:Syria
713:: 126
524:3BM-2
438:U-5TS
348:MT-LB
335:T-12A
293:is a
177:Shell
147:Width
2648:guns
2507:2B11
2401:guns
2362:guns
2343:and
2214:2023
2189:ISBN
2136:ISBN
2066:2022
2045:2022
2017:ISSN
1991:ISBN
1948:2023
1927:2022
1901:2017
1827:2013
1641:ISBN
1619:2011
1586:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1522:2015
1345:OCLC
1335:ISBN
1223:A407
1060:: 72
1046:: 25
1032:: 25
1018:: 15
1003:Iraq
978:: 50
935:Cuba
877:: 36
849:: 60
796:: 37
781:Mali
769:: 18
755:: 68
741:: 16
727:: 80
699:: 10
588:HEAT
442:T-62
291:T-12
287:2A19
276:See
263:See
163:Crew
120:Mass
106:See
102:Wars
93:See
58:Type
1853:doi
1849:104
1772:doi
1768:106
1734:doi
1730:113
1696:doi
1692:101
504:RHA
434:T55
366:or
354:or
338:or
289:or
2830::
2205:.
2152:,
2074:^
2029:^
1917:.
1859:.
1847:.
1792:^
1778:.
1766:.
1740:.
1728:.
1702:.
1690:.
1635:.
1610:,
1530:^
1512:.
1501:^
1432:^
1405:^
1384:^
1357:^
1343:.
1317:^
1246::
370:.
2333:e
2326:t
2319:v
2216:.
2068:.
2047:.
2023:.
1999:.
1975:.
1963:.
1950:.
1929:.
1903:.
1867:.
1855::
1829:.
1786:.
1774::
1748:.
1736::
1710:.
1698::
1672:.
1664:(
1649:.
1594:.
1569:.
1524:.
1379:.
1351:.
1242:(
166:6
20:)
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