Machine taper - Knowledge (XXG)

2643:

There are several HSK clamping methods. All use some mechanism to amplify the clamping action of equally spaced collet segments. When the toolholder is clamped into the spindle, the drawbar force produces a firm metal-to-metal contact between the shank and the ID of the clamping unit. An additional application of drawbar force positively locks the two elements together into a joint with a high level of radial and axial rigidity. As the collet segments rotate, the clamping mechanism gains centrifugal force. The HSK design actually harnesses centrifugal force to increase joint strength. Centrifugal force also causes the thin walls of the shank to deflect radially at a faster rate than the walls of the spindle. This contributes to a secure connection by guaranteeing strong contact between the shank and the spindle. The automotive and aerospace industries are the largest users of HSK toolholders. Another industry that is seeing increasing use is the mold and die industry.

1993:

outward, the toolholder tends to move deeper into the spindle along the z-axis, which can cause the production of parts that are out-of-tolerance. Moreover, the thinnest part of the spindle interface is the front shoulder, which tends to expand the most. This zone engages the stiffest part of the holder where radial forces are also the highest. This significantly reduces the stiffness of the spindle interface allowing more deflection of the holder under cutting load, particularly with long tools. The holder can "rock" or "walk" slightly from side to side, by way of elastic deformation. Usually this causes poor runout accuracy, more chatter, and unduly short tool life. In the most extreme case it can cause

254:, the tool is removed by fully withdrawing the quill into the tailstock, which brings the tool up against the end of the leadscrew or an internal stud, separating the taper and releasing the tool. Where the tool is retained by a drawbar, as in some mill spindles, the drawbar is partially unthreaded with a wrench and then tapped with a hammer, which separates the taper, at which point the tool can be further unthreaded and removed. Some mill spindles have a captive drawbar which ejects the tool when actively unscrewed past the loose stage; these do not require tapping. For simple sockets with open access to the back end, a drift punch is inserted axially from behind and the tool tapped out. 2005:

large to allow the flange to seat fully in the socket. The thin walls, short shank and shallow taper provide a large opening in the back of the tool. An expanding collet fits in there, and mates with 30° chamfer inside the shank. As the drawbar retracts, it expands the collet and pulls the shank back into the socket, compressing the shank until the flange seats against the front of the spindle. This provides a stiff, repeatable connection because it utilizes the centrifugal force inside the spindle for security and rigidity. As centrifugal forces increase the expanding collet within the HSK forces the walls of the toolholder shank to stay in contact with the spindle wall.

217:, nicks (dents), and dirt. They will not locate accurately, and the self-holding variety will not hold reliably, if such problems interfere with the seating of the male into the female with firm contact over the whole conical surface. Machinists are trained on keeping tapers clean and handling them in ways that prevent them from being nicked by other tools. CNC tool-changing cycles usually include a compressed-air blast while one toolholder is being swapped with the next. The air blast tends to blow away chips that might otherwise end up interfering between the toolholder and spindle. 30: 1878:(now called the Association for Manufacturing Technology) defined a steep taper that is commonly used on milling machines. The taper is variously referred to as NMTB, NMT or NT. The taper is 3.500 inches per foot and is also referred to as "7 in 24" or 7/24; the computed angle is 16.5943 degrees. All NMTB tooling has this taper but the tooling comes in different sizes: NMTB-10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 60. These tapers were apparently also specified in ASA (now ANSI) B5.10-1943. 1960: 22: 1968: 5582: 2664:

Triangle with filleted corners, while the hollow central counterbore is cylindrical. PSC also features a shallow 2.88° taper of the triangular shank compared to 5.72°(1:10) of HSK. One aspect PSC shares with NMTB styles, and differs from HSK, in having a more limited number of sizes that are near identical in form, since it is designed to have a wider range of application. This improves interchangeability.

1976: 2708: 1390: 3059:

effective driving. In the larger sizes, tenons or tongues must be provided to aid in driving and in the still larger sizes keys of some form are needed, as, unless the angle of taper is very slight, the tenons are liable to be twisted off. When such auxiliary means of driving is provided the taper can be made steeper, giving the advantage that the parts can be more easily separated.

1481: 5592: 2768:″ in diameter or tool holders with the same or slightly larger diameters. The collets or tool holders are placed directly into the spindle and the drawbar is tightened into the top of the collet or tool holder from above the spindle. Other tools such as drill chucks, fly cutters, indexable insert cutters, etc. may have an R8 taper shank built into or added to the tool. 5602: 1409:(DIN) as DIN 228–1. It is one of the most widely used types, and is particularly common on the shank of taper-shank twist drills and machine reamers, in the spindles of industrial drill presses, and in the tailstocks of lathes. The taper angle of the Morse taper varies somewhat with size but is typically 1.49 degrees (around 3 degrees included). 1921: 2635:.62 "Hollow Taper Tooling With Flange-Face Contact" and ISO 12164-3:2014 "Dimensions of shanks for stationary tools" include an additional form T, which is bidirectionally compatible with form A, but has a much tighter tolerance on the widths of the keys and keyways used for angular alignment. This permits non-rotating 1439:" capacity. Stub (short) versions, the same taper angle but a little over half the usual length, are occasionally encountered for the whole number sizes from 1 through 5. There are standards for these, which among other things are sometimes used in lathe head stocks to preserve a larger spindle through-hole. 3073:, p. 3 stating, "The is now firmly coupled with the spindle, the complementary tapered portions serving to insure accurate axial alignment while the complementary keys and slots serve to drive the from the spindle in either direction of rotation and the retains the firmly seated in such position." 1897:. The patent wanted a taper that would freely release the tool and found that a taper of 3.5 in 12 had that property. The patent also used the keys and slots and a tail on the tool shank to prevent the tool shank from falling out of a horizontal mill's spindle while the operator connected the drawbar. 2719:

for use in its milling machines. R8 tapers are not self-holding, so they require a drawbar extending up through the spindle to the top of the machine to prevent loosening when lateral forces are encountered. They are also keyed (see image) to prevent rotation during insertion and removal, although it

1945:

BT (MAS 403/ JIS B6339 / ISO 7388-2)- Japanese originated standard, derivative of ANSI B5.50. This is most common toolholder design used in east Asia. Also not readily compatible with CAT-V. They can be hand-loaded into cat-V spindle if a pull-stud adapter with metric threads is used, but do not work

1928:

Subsequent design variations dropped the tail (making the shank shorter) and put a V-groove in the flange that aided automated tool changing. Modern designs started using power drawbars that gripped pull studs (also known as retention knobs) that were screwed into the tool shank rather than screw-in

249:

and similar tools, the tool is removed by inserting a wedge shaped block of metal called a "drift" into a rectangular shaped cross hole through the socket and tapping it. As the cross section of the drift gets larger when the drift is driven further in, the result is that the drift, bearing against

1992:

Steep tapers (e.g., NMTB and derivatives) tend to lose rigidity and accuracy at high speed, as their solid shanks are stiffer than the spindles they fit into. Under high centrifugal force, the spindle expands more than the toolholder which changes the overall length: That is, as the spindle spreads

1464:

Self-holding tapers rely on a heavy preponderance of axial load over radial load to transmit high torques. Problems may arise using large drills in relation to the shank, if the pilot hole is too large. The threaded style is essential for any sideloading, particularly milling. The only exception is

2771:

The R8 taper is commonly encountered on Bridgeport and similar turret mills from the US, or on (very common) copies of these mills from elsewhere. The popularity is due in large part to the success of Bridgeport and other mills that were closely modeled after it and produced throughout much of the

2675:

due to its superior angular repeatability and off-axis torsional rigidity. It can support static/fixed off-axis turning tools and is also suitable for turret lathes with a large number of driven tool stations. This provides a single quick-change interface for both live cutters and static tools. It

1881:

NMTB is a "self releasing" or "fast" taper. Unlike the more acute self holding tapers above, such tapers are not designed to transmit high torque; high torques are carried by driving keys engaging slots on the flange. The purpose is to allow a quick and easy change between different tools (either

237:

The tang is not engineered to withstand twisting forces which are sufficient to cause the taper to slip, and will frequently break off in this situation. This will allow the tool to spin in the female taper, which is likely to damage it. Morse taper reamers are available to alleviate minor damage.

233:

Caution needs to be exercised in the usual drilling machine or lathe situation, which provides no drawbar to pull the taper into engagement, if a tool is used requiring a high torque but providing little axial resistance. An example would be the use of a large diameter drill to slightly enlarge an

209:

that engages either the threads or the head of a pull stud that is screwed into them. The drawbar is then tightened, drawing the shank firmly into the spindle. The draw-bar is important on milling machines as the transverse force component would otherwise cause the tool to wobble out of the taper.

2667:

Torque transmission is accomplished by means of pressure on the corners of the shank, rather than drive keys and/or friction between the spindle & shank. In addition to axial and radial rigidity, this provides better angular repeatability and improved torsional rigidity over other interfaces.

2000:

HSK's hollow shank is deliberately thin and flexible, so it expands more than the spindle and tightens when rotating at high speed. Furthermore, the HSK holder is dual contact: It engages with the spindle on both the taper and the top of the flange which resists axial movement when thermal growth

197:

For light loads (such as encountered by a lathe tailstock or a drill press), tools with self-holding tapers are simply slipped onto or into the spindle; the pressure of the spindle against the workpiece drives the tapered shank tightly into the tapered hole. The friction across the entire surface

2747:

Tools with an R8 taper are inserted directly into the machine's spindle. R8 collets are typically used to hold tooling with round shanks, although any shape can be held if the collet has the corresponding shape cut in it. The collets have a precision bore with axial compression slots for holding

2642:

An HSK connection depends on a combination of axial clamping forces and taper-shank interference. All these forces are generated and controlled by the mating components' design parameters. The shank and spindle both must have precisely mating tapers and faces that are square to the taper's axis.

2004:

The flexibility is also used to provide accurate axial location. An HSK toolholder has both a tapered shank, and a flange with a mating surface. The shank is short (about half as long as other machine tapers), with a shallow taper, the shank is 1:9.98 and the receiver is 1:10, and slightly too

1428:

Morse tapers come in eight sizes identified by whole numbers between 0 and 7, and one half-size (4 1/2 - very rarely found, and not shown in the table). Often the designation is abbreviated as MT followed by a digit, for example a Morse taper number 4 would be MT4. The MT2 taper is the size most

3058:

in. to 1 in. or more per ft., the tendency being to use a somewhat steeper taper for the larger than for the small sizes, perhaps because with small tapers, the liability to slip produced by the work is not so great and the "bite" of the taper when forced into the socket is sufficient to secure

900:

Jarno tapers use a greatly simplified scheme. The rate of taper is 1:20 on diameter, in other words 0.600" on diameter per foot, .050" on diameter per inch. Tapers range from a Number 2 to a Number 20. The diameter of the big end in inches is always the taper size divided by 8, the small end is

307:

tapers, standardized by the company of the same name, are an alternative to the more-commonly seen Morse taper. Like the Morse, these have a series of sizes, from 1 to 18, with 7, 9 and 11 being the most common. Actual taper on these lies within a narrow range close to .500 inches per foot

2663:

PSC shares many design characteristics of HSK such as a short hollow shank, additional contact of the flange with the face of the female spindle interface, and clamping by an internal expanding collet. However PSC features a unique non-circular shank with a cross sectional resembling a Reuleax

2659:

in Chicago, under the brand name "Capto." In the early 2000s as various patent protections were set to expire, Sandvik was faced with the prospect of sub-standard copies being produced that mated poorly with previously sold Capto branded tooling and that produced by their licensees. Therefore,

280:

There are adaptors available to allow the use of one type of taper tooling, e.g. Morse, on a machine with a different taper, e.g. R8 or vice versa, and simpler adaptors consisting of an externally and internally tapered sleeve to allow a small Morse tool to be used in a machine of larger bore.

1904:

The tooling is referred to as Quick Change; National Machine Tool Builders' Association, 1927; NMTB; American Standard Machine Taper, ANSI B5.18; DIN 2080 / IS 2340; ISO R 290–2583. There are slight variations in threads and flanges (JIS B 6339: MAS 403); and the European standards (e.g.,

1950:

Once again, there are modest variations in the tooling. Although the basic taper dimensions are the same, there are differences in the flanges, v-groove sizes, drive keyways, and pull stud dimensions; the international versions use metric sizes, and metric stud threads particularly.

1882:

automatically or by hand) while ensuring the tool or toolholder will be tightly and rigidly connected to the spindle, and accurately coaxial with it. The larger end adjacent to the tool makes for more rigidity than is possible with Morse or R8 tapers fitted to comparable machines.

2668:

Pressures resulting from applied torque improve rigidity because they are applied over a much larger area of the shank. The conical tapered shank allows a slight interference fit with the spindle rather than requiring a clearance for disassembly, improving angular repeatability.

2008:

The HSK design was developed as a nonproprietary standard. The working group that produced the HSK standard consisted of representatives from academia, the Association of German Tool Manufacturing and a group of international companies and end users. The results were the German

1900:

ANSI B5.18-1972 specifies some essential dimensions for milling machine spindles and tool shanks using taper sizes 30, 40, 45, 50, 60. The specifications describe the position of the driving key and flange and the thread of the drawbar bolt that holds the shank in the spindle.

2013:

standards 69063 for the spindle and 69893 for the shank. The HSK working group did not adopt a specific product design, but rather a set of standards that defined HSK toolholders for different applications. The group defined a total of six HSK shank forms, in 9 sizes.

3088: 241:

Tapered shanks "stick" in a socket best when both the shank and the socket are clean. Shanks can be wiped clean, but sockets, being deep and inaccessible, are best cleaned with a specialized taper cleaning tool which is inserted, twisted, and removed.

2660:

Sandvik sought certification for the style of interface from ISO international in the mid-2000s. In 2007 PSC was published under ISO 26623. Thus, toolholders and spindles that conform to ISO 26623 are fully compatible with brand name Capto tooling.

1468:

End-milling cutters with a Morse taper shank with a tang are occasionally seen: for security these must be used with a C-collar or similar, fitting into the neck between cutter and shank, and pulling back against the large end of the taper.

2676:

can replace conventional square or round shank static tools, resulting in a much faster setup time when swapping worn tools. PSC provides superior performance for live/driven boring heads, enabling higher feeds and better surface finishes.

234:

existing hole. In this situation, there may be considerable rotary loading. In contrast, the cutting action will require very little thrust or feed force. Thrust helps to keep the taper seated and provides essential frictional coupling.

1465:

that such unfavourable situations can be simulated to remove a jammed shank. Permitting chatter will help release the grip. The acute (narrow) taper angle can result in such jamming with heavy axial loads, or over long periods.

2628:

Forms E and F flanges and tapers are similar to forms A and B, but designed for very high speed machining (20,000 rpm and up) of light materials by eliminating all asymmetric features to minimize imbalance and vibration.

176:

wedge together and bind to each other to the extent that the forces of drilling can be resisted without a drawbar, and the tool will stay in the spindle when idle. It is driven out with a wedge when a tool change is needed.

225:

Tools with a tapered shank are inserted into a matching tapered socket and pushed or twisted into place. They are then retained by friction. In some cases, the friction fit needs to be made stronger, as with the use of a

901:

always the taper size divided by 10 and the length is the taper size divided by 2. For example, a Jarno No. 7 measures 0.875" (7/8) across the big end. The small end measures 0.700" (7/10) and the length is 3.5" (7/2).

185:

tapers are an example of the self-holding variety. With self-releasing tapers, the male will not stick in the female without a drawbar holding it there. However, with good drawbar force, it is very solidly immobile.

2024:

Today, the shank forms are designated by the letters A through F and T. The main differences between the forms are the positions of the drive slots, gripper-locating slots, coolant holes and the area of the flange.

1842:

B-series tapers are a DIN standard (DIN 238) typically used for fitting chucks on their arbors, like the older Jacobs taper series. Each taper in the B-series is effectively the small or large end of a Morse taper:

276:

The standards are grouped into families that may include different sizes. The taper within a family may or may not be consistent. The Jarno and NMTB tapers are consistent, but the Jacobs and Morse families vary.

2624:

Forms C and D are simplified variants of A and B for manual use, eliminating features to accommodate automatic tool changers like a V-groove and associated orientation slots, and a recess for an RFID chip.

2621:

A is the basic form. The B-form shank is a variant for high-torque applications, and has a flange one size larger relative to its shaft diameter. (Thus, an A-40 shank will fit into a B-50 socket.)

1401:, based in New Bedford, Massachusetts, in the mid-1860s. Since then, it has evolved to encompass smaller and larger sizes and has been adopted as a standard by numerous organizations, including the 1866:

The number after the B is the diameter (D) of the large end of the taper to the nearest mm, and 'about' 1mm larger than the large end of the socket (~2mm in the case of B22 and B24)

5475: 2830:

Schramm, M.; Wirtz, D. C.; Holzwarth, U.; Pitto, R. P. (April 2000). "The Morse taper junction in modular revision hip replacement—a biomechanical and retrieval analysis".

3379: 205:

For use with heavy loads (such as encountered by a milling machine spindle), there is usually a key to prevent rotation and/or a threaded section, which is engaged by a

2744:″. (source, Bridgeport Manufacturer) The diameter of the parallel locating portion is not a "fractional inch" size like the other dimensions and is 0.949″ to 0.9495″. 2915: 1402: 3341: 1912:

The NMTB tool shanks had the 7 in 24 taper, but they also had a constant diameter tail (pilot) at the end of the shank that was described in the 1927 patent.

5465: 2656: 3007: 2947: 1875: 3086:, Armitage, Joseph B.; Kearney, Edward J. & Graves, Benjamin P. et al., "Milling Machine Spindle and Tool", published 1931-03-03 1932:

The more modern toolholder designs became known as the Caterpillar "V-Flange", CAT, V-Flange, (ANSI B5.50,) this was later codified under ISO 7388-1.

1939:

SK (DIN ISO 7388-1)-very similar but require modifications to be interchangeable with CAT-V/ANSI B5.50. Both designs are included under ISO 7388-1.

1909:

DIN 2080) use metric drawbar threads. Aside from the drawbar threads the above standards are physically compatible with each other in most cases.

3372: 3957: 2975: 3257: 1929:

drawbars. The power drawbar would grip the pull stud rather than screwing into the tool shank, allowing for faster automatic tool changes.

1406: 80:

Almost all machine tool spindles, and many power tool spindles, have a taper as their primary method of attachment for tools. Even on many

5595: 5450: 3397: 3296: 2813: 1885:

Patent 1794361 (filed 25 March 1927) describes milling machine spindle and tool shapes using a steep taper. The patent was assigned to

3447: 1894: 1472:

The taper itself is roughly 5/8" per foot, but exact ratios and dimensions for the various sizes of tang type tapers are given below.

173: 62: 5480: 3365: 3334: 3156: 3125: 2884: 2651:

PSC stands for "Polygonal Shank Conical." Originally developed in 1989 Ken Andersson working for the Swedish machine tool company

5455: 5460: 3638: 2017:

Sizes are identified by the diameter of the shank's flange in millimeters. These diameters are taken from the R10′ series of

3313: 3307: 3183: 2922: 5470: 5180: 4198: 3510: 4807: 3417: 3327: 3274: 3560: 3485: 245:

Tapered shank tools are removed from a socket using different approaches, depending on the design of the socket. In

4657: 3801: 29: 5485: 4623: 3950: 3643: 3500: 2748:

cutting tools and are threaded for the drawbar. The R8 system is commonly used with collets ranging in size from

2716: 123:, for example, has a rotating spindle in its headstock, to which one may want to mount a spur drive or work in a 108:, the male may belong to the tool or to the spindle; spindle noses may have male tapers, female tapers, or both. 3316:(blog about holding/releasing tapers and tolerance; claims taper not keys and slots do the driving; some errors) 3170: 2961: 104:, the male member is the tool shank or toolholder shank, and the female socket is integral with the spindle. On 3633: 230:, essentially a long bolt that holds the tool into the socket with more force than is possible by other means. 46: 37:

or a tool such as a twist drill. The large male taper takes a lathe chuck, which is retained by the large nut.

4837: 3985: 3980: 3919: 3723: 3708: 3648: 3610: 2731: 5605: 5626: 5562: 4643: 4613: 4608: 4314: 3753: 3733: 3628: 2791: 1455: 227: 206: 154: 4628: 4477: 4339: 4251: 3852: 3713: 3412: 3198:"Hollow taper interface with flange contact surface—Part 3: Dimensions of shanks for stationary tools" 3083: 1997:

wear on the spindle surface due to slight relative motion of the holder against the female interface.

1398: 5631: 5585: 5490: 5374: 5265: 4759: 4439: 4419: 4359: 3943: 3837: 3743: 3442: 5215: 5210: 4744: 4729: 4709: 4704: 4580: 4462: 3766: 3693: 3545: 2781: 1886: 293: 89: 5273: 4783: 4719: 4344: 4299: 4071: 4031: 3857: 3663: 3620: 3525: 3388: 3157:

https://cdn.standards.iteh.ai/samples/30047/0d69dfa9f1824a50a3d1cb0b24a93171/ISO-12164-2-2001.pdf

2982: 2855: 2671:

PSC is popular for combination turn-mill centers with a single 3-4axis tool spindle and also CNC

158: 3035: 1959: 704:. The taper angles are not consistent varying from 1.41° per side for No. 0 (and the obscure # 5567: 5424: 5404: 5255: 5235: 4822: 4565: 4289: 4131: 3894: 3889: 3427: 3121: 3001: 2941: 2880: 2847: 1890: 905: 304: 150: 21: 3048:

As shown in Table 1, the well-established tapers for shanks and sockets now in use vary from

5225: 5200: 5175: 5145: 4802: 4384: 4279: 4046: 3842: 3605: 3595: 3570: 3565: 3550: 3432: 3407: 2839: 2810: 2652: 2018: 135: 1967: 5557: 5170: 5106: 4880: 4600: 4570: 4530: 4444: 4146: 3540: 3475: 3470: 2817: 1413: 101: 3314:

http://www.dlindustrial.com/profiles/blogs/steep-tapers-fast-tapers-at3-and-what-it-means

3308:

https://web.archive.org/web/20110316155700/http://www.timgoldstein.com/CAD_CAM/tapers.htm

5536: 5526: 5434: 5394: 5190: 5185: 5150: 5101: 5076: 5066: 5056: 4870: 4633: 4329: 4151: 4136: 4121: 4056: 4021: 3816: 3776: 3698: 3575: 3208: 1985: 1417: 50: 1480: 700:

The Jacobs Taper (abbreviated JT) is commonly used to secure drill press chucks to an

5620: 5506: 5399: 5369: 5071: 5041: 5036: 5026: 4973: 4827: 4812: 4774: 4724: 4714: 4467: 4424: 4181: 4106: 4016: 4011: 3832: 3781: 3600: 3555: 3535: 3530: 721:

There are also several sizes between No. 2 and No. 3: No. 2 short, No. 6 and No. 33.

146: 33:

Spindle nose on a lathe headstock. The small female taper is a Morse taper to take a

2859: 25:

Drill chucks mounted by Jacobs tapers onto arbors with Morse tapers for the spindle.

5319: 5250: 5205: 5195: 5160: 5091: 5086: 5046: 5018: 4953: 4938: 4875: 4847: 4791: 4787: 4779: 4449: 4429: 4166: 4141: 4126: 4086: 4051: 3811: 3791: 3678: 3350: 2672: 246: 120: 116: 54: 34: 3301: 3143: 2874: 131:, to which an operator may want to mount a bit directly, or using a drill chuck. 5541: 5531: 5419: 5245: 5230: 5096: 5081: 5031: 4978: 4943: 4885: 4832: 4764: 4505: 4221: 4171: 3966: 3761: 3688: 3580: 3490: 3233: 2734:). The angle of the cone is 16°51′ (16.85°) with an OD of 1.25″ and a length of 2707: 1975: 1447:

Morse tapers are of the self-holding variety, and can have three types of ends:

128: 93: 81: 2843: 1389: 5429: 5384: 5165: 5111: 5061: 5051: 5003: 4993: 4948: 4890: 4855: 4795: 4550: 4540: 4535: 4399: 4354: 4203: 4116: 4081: 3914: 3909: 3786: 3703: 3495: 269:

the diameter at the large end of the truncated cone ("the major diameter") and

58: 3171:

https://www.guhring.com/media/InteractiveCatalog/0liycdytcrk/index.html#p=288

5364: 5334: 5329: 5220: 5155: 4998: 4983: 4958: 4769: 4749: 4694: 4684: 4618: 4590: 4525: 4161: 4096: 4041: 4036: 4026: 3904: 3899: 3867: 3862: 3683: 3673: 3658: 3590: 3465: 289: 285: 251: 119:

operators must be able to install or remove tool bits quickly and easily. A

3291: 2851: 2720:

is the taper that transmits torque in use. The drawbar thread is typically

70: 3195: 266:

the diameter at the small end of the truncated cone ("the minor diameter")

157:

located both concentrically and axially by the taper. It also allows high

5344: 5324: 5314: 4968: 4933: 4669: 4545: 4472: 4414: 4379: 4374: 4271: 4190: 4101: 4066: 4061: 3653: 3520: 3480: 3455: 1994: 5521: 5516: 5409: 5379: 5339: 5283: 5137: 5116: 5008: 4963: 4928: 4923: 4918: 4913: 4895: 4865: 4860: 4734: 4638: 4575: 4520: 4409: 4364: 4319: 4241: 4231: 4216: 4111: 4091: 3924: 3884: 3806: 3738: 3668: 3585: 2632: 701: 5511: 5240: 4988: 4739: 4689: 4585: 4555: 4495: 4369: 4294: 4256: 4209: 4076: 3994: 3771: 3728: 3718: 3422: 2786: 262:

There are many standard tapers, which differ based on the following:

199: 124: 97: 1451:

tang (illustrated) to facilitate Positive drive, preventing slippage

100:), the chuck is attached by a taper. On drills, drill presses, and 73:) fits into the female socket, which has a matching taper of equal 5389: 5298: 5293: 5278: 4699: 4490: 4483: 4454: 4434: 4404: 4389: 4349: 4334: 4324: 4309: 4304: 4284: 4261: 4236: 4156: 3847: 3460: 2706: 2636: 1983:

HSK toolholders were developed in the early 1990s. HSK stands for

1974: 1966: 1958: 1920: 1919: 214: 105: 85: 74: 28: 20: 5288: 4817: 4754: 4679: 4560: 4515: 4510: 4246: 3990: 66: 3939: 3361: 3323: 3319: 3258:

Machine Tool Taper Dimensions: Bridgeport R8 & Deckel Int40

1416:

use a Morse taper to mate components together. Similarly, some

5414: 4905: 4674: 4500: 4394: 4226: 3935: 3104: 3070: 2010: 272:

the axial distance between the two ends of the truncated cone.

139: 3120:(22nd ed.), Industrial Press, 1987, pp. 1748–1752, 250:

the foremost edge of the tang, pushes the tool out. In many

16:

System for securing cutting tools or toolholders in a spindle

1479: 142:

machines, use tooling that is piloted on a tapered surface.

2876:

Clinical and Laboratory Manual of Dental Implant Abutments

202:

transmission, so that splines or keys are not required.

138:, from the oldest manual machines up to the most modern 3040:

Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers

2904:(New and Revised ed.). Caxton. pp. vol i 137. 5476:

International Federation of Building and Wood Workers

3182:

Hollow Taper Tooling With Flange-Face Contact, ASME

296:

were developed that held parallel shank drill bits.

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Machine Tools – Self-holding tapers for tool shanks

161:across the interface, which is needed for milling. 149:, and versatile tool mounting system. It provides 1924:Toolholder for milling machine with CAT-40 taper. 718:) to 2.33° per side for No. 2 (and No. 2 short). 198:area of the interface provides a large amount of 2001:and/or centrifugal force of the spindle occurs. 145:The machine taper is a simple, low-cost, highly 3302:http://www.tools-n-gizmos.com/specs/Tapers.html 3166: 3164: 3036:"Standards for Large Taper Shanks and Sockets" 1403:International Organization for Standardization 3951: 3373: 3335: 904:The system was invented by Oscar J. Beale of 284:One of the first uses of tapers was to mount 8: 2655:. PSC was introduced by Sandvik at the 1990 194:are examples of the self-releasing variety. 3100: 3098: 5133: 4662: 4186: 3958: 3944: 3936: 3380: 3366: 3358: 3342: 3328: 3320: 3186:, American Society of Mechanical Engineers 1876:National Machine Tool Builders Association 288:directly to machine tools, such as in the 153:, as tools can be quickly changed but are 3138: 3136: 2679:PSC is available in the following sizes: 1420:use a Morse taper to connect components. 5466:Building and Wood Workers' International 2353: 2027: 1487: 1388: 910: 723: 310: 3034:Burlingame, Luther D. (December 1918), 2803: 172:classes. With self-holding tapers, the 3006:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2999: 2946:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 2939: 1862:B24 = large end of MT3 (D = 23.825 mm) 1859:B22 = small end of MT3 (D = 21.793 mm) 1856:B18 = large end of MT2 (D = 17.780 mm) 1853:B16 = small end of MT2 (D = 15.733 mm) 1850:B12 = large end of MT1 (D = 12.065 mm) 1847:B10 = small end of MT1 (D = 10.095 mm) 187: 3310:(description of several tool holders) 3304:(description of several tool holders) 2355:HSK forms B, D, F Nominal Dimensions 2029:HSK forms A, C, E Nominal Dimensions 1946:with tool changers used for the same. 7: 5601: 1989:; German for "hollow shank tapers". 1454:threaded to be held in place with a 1407:German Institute for Standardization 213:All machine tapers are sensitive to 5591: 5451:American Association of Woodturners 1429:often found in drill presses up to 164:Machine tapers can be grouped into 1895:Cincinnati Milling Machine Company 1460:flat (no tang or threaded section) 14: 5481:National Wood Carvers Association 3297:Quickly Identify your Morse Taper 3292:Beautiful Iron Overview of Tapers 1397:The Morse taper was developed by 833:1.21875 in (30.956 mm) 792:0.75000 in (19.050 mm) 778:0.87500 in (22.225 mm) 764:0.65625 in (16.669 mm) 750:0.43750 in (11.113 mm) 5600: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5456:Architectural Woodwork Institute 2873:Shafie, Hamid R. (9 July 2014). 889:1.0000 in (25.400 mm) 875:1.0000 in (25.400 mm) 861:1.8750 in (47.625 mm) 847:1.6563 in (42.070 mm) 827:0.74610 in (18.951 mm) 786:0.48764 in (12.386 mm) 772:0.48764 in (12.386 mm) 758:0.33341 in (8.4686 mm) 744:0.22844 in (5.8024 mm) 2639:tooling to be held accurately. 1807:285.75 mm (11.250 in) 1804:83.058 mm (3.2700 in) 1766:63.348 mm (2.4940 in) 1728:44.399 mm (1.7480 in) 1690:31.267 mm (1.2310 in) 1652:23.825 mm (0.9380 in) 1614:17.780 mm (0.7000 in) 1576:12.065 mm (0.4750 in) 886:0.6240 in (15.850 mm) 883:0.5605 in (14.237 mm) 872:0.6760 in (17.170 mm) 869:0.6241 in (15.852 mm) 858:1.4130 in (35.890 mm) 855:1.3161 in (33.429 mm) 844:1.1240 in (28.550 mm) 841:1.0372 in (26.345 mm) 830:0.8110 in (20.599 mm) 819:1.055 in (26.797 mm) 789:0.5488 in (13.940 mm) 775:0.5590 in (14.199 mm) 761:0.3840 in (9.7536 mm) 747:0.2500 in (6.3500 mm) 5461:British Woodworking Federation 3639:Electrical discharge machining 3428:Numerical control (NC and CNC) 3144:"Machine Tool Shanks (Tapers)" 2962:"Drill Chuck Taper Dimensions" 2900:Judge, Arthur W (1940–1950s). 1538:9.045 mm (0.3561 in) 1412:Some modular orthopedic total 816:0.677 in (17.196 mm) 813:0.625 in (15.875 mm) 191: 1: 5471:Caricature Carvers of America 2902:Engineering Workshop Practice 1693:117.5 mm (4.63 in) 3214:. NT Tool Co. 9 October 2014 1731:149.5 mm (5.89 in) 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1216: 1213: 1210: 1207: 1193: 1190: 1187: 1184: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1147: 1144: 1141: 1138: 1124: 1121: 1118: 1115: 3486:List of drill and tap sizes 2811:Morse Cutting Tools History 2715:This taper was designed by 1979:Animation of HSK toolholder 1935:Other derivatives include: 1541:56.5 mm (2.22 in) 308:(41.67 mm per meter). 292:of a lathe, although later 182: 5648: 3802:Magnetic switchable device 3173:, Guhaing Catalog Supplier 2844:10.1515/bmte.2000.45.4.105 2021:, from 25 to 160 mm. 178: 5576: 5486:Society of Wood Engravers 4665: 3880: 3644:Electrochemical machining 3357: 3279:, ISO, 1991, ISO 296:1991 3020:The angle of the cone is 2879:. John Wiley & Sons. 2717:Bridgeport Machines, Inc. 1942:ISO, International (INT), 1769:210 mm (8.3 in) 1405:(ISO) as ISO 296 and the 88:, and lathes, which have 45:is a system for securing 1971:Drawing of HSK A63 shank 1655:94 mm (3.7 in) 1617:75 mm (3.0 in) 1579:62 mm (2.4 in) 1489:Morse taper dimensions 3724:Rotary transfer machine 3709:Photochemical machining 3649:Electron-beam machining 3611:Tool and cutter grinder 1393:Morse taper No. 2 (MT2) 127:. Another example is a 5563:Frameless construction 4644:Wood-plastic composite 2712: 1980: 1972: 1964: 1925: 1485: 1394: 69:form (that is, with a 49:or toolholders in the 38: 26: 3920:Tools and terminology 2711:collets with R8 taper 2710: 1978: 1970: 1962: 1923: 1887:Kearney & Trecker 1483: 1392: 32: 24: 5491:Timber Framers Guild 4345:Australian Blackwood 3838:Machining vibrations 3744:Ultrasonic machining 3118:Machinery's Handbook 3105:Armitage et al. 1931 3071:Armitage et al. 1931 5211:Hammer-headed tenon 4730:Janka hardness test 3858:Tool and die making 3546:Cylindrical grinder 2928:on 30 December 2019 2816:10 May 2015 at the 2653:Sandvik Coromant AB 2356: 2030: 1490: 913: 4072:Japanese carpentry 3526:Abrasive machining 2832:Biomed Tech (Berl) 2713: 2354: 2028: 1981: 1973: 1965: 1926: 1891:Brown & Sharpe 1494:Morse taper number 1488: 1486: 1395: 911: 906:Brown & Sharpe 305:Brown & Sharpe 300:Brown & Sharpe 159:power transmission 39: 27: 5614: 5613: 5568:Green woodworking 5425:Wood preservation 5353: 5352: 5256:Tongue and groove 5236:Mortise and tenon 5125: 5124: 4823:Warrington hammer 4652: 4651: 4340:African Blackwood 4132:Segmented turning 3933: 3932: 3876: 3875: 3046:(12): 1014–1016, 3022:2 atan(7/48) 2619: 2618: 2352: 2351: 2019:preferred numbers 1870:NMTB taper family 1835: 1834: 1382: 1381: 893: 892: 693: 692: 5639: 5604: 5603: 5594: 5593: 5584: 5583: 5134: 4803:Thickness planer 4663: 4457:(lime, basswood) 4187: 4047:Chainsaw carving 3960: 3953: 3946: 3937: 3843:Speeds and feeds 3596:Sharpening stone 3571:Grinding machine 3566:Grinding dresser 3433:Stewart platform 3382: 3375: 3368: 3359: 3344: 3337: 3330: 3321: 3280: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3213: 3209:"What is HSK-T?" 3205: 3199: 3196:ISO 12164-3:2014 3193: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3131: 3130: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3031: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3012: 3011: 3005: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2987: 2981:. Archived from 2980: 2972: 2966: 2965: 2958: 2952: 2951: 2945: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2927: 2921:. Archived from 2920: 2912: 2906: 2905: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2870: 2864: 2863: 2827: 2821: 2808: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2357: 2031: 1916:NMTB derivatives 1491: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1399:Stephen A. Morse 914: 810: 809: 805: 802: 724: 717: 716: 712: 709: 311: 252:lathe tailstocks 136:milling machines 102:milling machines 5647: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5572: 5558:Frame and panel 5546: 5495: 5439: 5349: 5308:Surface piecing 5303: 5260: 5181:Crown of thorns 5121: 5107:Smoothing plane 5013: 4900: 4842: 4745:Milling machine 4648: 4609:Cross-laminated 4595: 4266: 4176: 4147:Spindle turning 4137:Shingle weaving 4107:Pallet crafting 4000: 3969: 3964: 3934: 3929: 3872: 3821: 3748: 3615: 3606:Surface grinder 3541:Coated abrasive 3512: 3505: 3476:Drill bit sizes 3471:Drill bit shank 3446: 3437: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3353: 3348: 3288: 3283: 3273: 3264: 3263: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3240: 3234:"Polygon Power" 3232: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3162: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3141: 3134: 3128: 3116: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3096: 3089: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3054: 3050: 3049: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3019: 3015: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2976:"Archived copy" 2974: 2973: 2969: 2960: 2959: 2955: 2938: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2916:"Archived copy" 2914: 2913: 2909: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2872: 2871: 2867: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2818:Wayback Machine 2809: 2805: 2800: 2778: 2764: 2760: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2749: 2740: 2736: 2735: 2730:″–20 tpi ( 2726: 2722: 2721: 2705: 2649: 1986:Hohlschaftkegel 1957: 1918: 1872: 1840: 1478: 1445: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1426: 1418:dental implants 1387: 940: 935: 930: 898: 807: 803: 800: 798: 714: 710: 707: 705: 698: 302: 260: 223: 174:male and female 114: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5645: 5643: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5619: 5618: 5612: 5611: 5609: 5608: 5598: 5588: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5554: 5552: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5544: 5539: 5537:Quarter sawing 5534: 5529: 5527:Wood splitting 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5435:Wood finishing 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5395:Paint stripper 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5361: 5359: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5311: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5268: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5131: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5102:Shoulder plane 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5077:Moulding plane 5074: 5069: 5067:Japanese plane 5064: 5059: 5057:Grooving plane 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5023: 5021: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4910: 4908: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4871:Flooring clamp 4868: 4863: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4828:Winding sticks 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4808:Timber-framing 4805: 4800: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4634:Particle board 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4614:Glue laminated 4611: 4605: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4432: 4427: 4422: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4195: 4193: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4152:Timber framing 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4122:Relief carving 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4022:Bush carpentry 4019: 4014: 4008: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3988: 3983: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3940: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3764: 3758: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3699:Milling cutter 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3646: 3641: 3636: 3631: 3625: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3576:Grinding wheel 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3438: 3436: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3404: 3402: 3398:Computer-aided 3394: 3393: 3387: 3385: 3384: 3377: 3370: 3362: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3339: 3332: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3286:External links 3284: 3282: 3281: 3270: 3262: 3261: 3250: 3238:www.ctemag.com 3225: 3200: 3188: 3175: 3160: 3149: 3132: 3126: 3109: 3094: 3075: 3063: 3026: 3013: 2988:on 2 July 2019 2967: 2953: 2907: 2892: 2885: 2865: 2822: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2777: 2774: 2772:20th century. 2704: 2701: 2700: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2648: 2645: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2595: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2584: 2581: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2552: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2535: 2532: 2529: 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2494: 2491: 2487: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2477: 2474: 2471: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2409: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 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571: 570: 567: 564: 561: 558: 555: 551: 550: 547: 544: 541: 538: 535: 531: 530: 527: 524: 521: 518: 515: 511: 510: 507: 504: 501: 498: 495: 491: 490: 487: 484: 481: 478: 475: 471: 470: 467: 464: 461: 458: 455: 451: 450: 447: 444: 441: 438: 435: 431: 430: 427: 424: 421: 418: 415: 411: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 391: 390: 387: 384: 381: 378: 375: 371: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 355: 351: 350: 347: 344: 341: 338: 335: 331: 330: 329:Taper (in/in) 327: 326:Taper (in/ft) 324: 321: 318: 315: 301: 298: 274: 273: 270: 267: 259: 256: 222: 219: 170:self-releasing 134:Virtually all 113: 110: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5644: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627:Machine tools 5625: 5624: 5622: 5607: 5599: 5597: 5589: 5587: 5579: 5578: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5549: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507:Chainsaw mill 5505: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444:Organizations 5442: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5400:Steam bending 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370:French polish 5368: 5366: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5356: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5241:Rabbet/Rebate 5239: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5226:Mason's mitre 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5072:Jointer plane 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5042:Compass plane 5040: 5038: 5037:Chamfer plane 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5027:Bedrock plane 5025: 5024: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4813:Veneer hammer 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4798: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4725:Impact driver 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4541:Red Quebracho 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4205: 4200: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4017:Bow and arrow 4015: 4013: 4012:Boat building 4010: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3947: 3942: 3941: 3938: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3833:Cutting fluid 3831: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3797:Machine taper 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3782:Indexing head 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3754:Machine tools 3751: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3642: 3640: 3637: 3635: 3632: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3601:Spark testing 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3556:Flick grinder 3554: 3552: 3551:Diamond plate 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3536:Bench grinder 3534: 3532: 3531:Angle grinder 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3395: 3391:and computing 3390: 3383: 3378: 3376: 3371: 3369: 3364: 3363: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3315: 3312: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3259: 3254: 3251: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3226: 3210: 3204: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3176: 3172: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3158: 3153: 3150: 3145: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3127:0-8311-1155-0 3123: 3119: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3064: 3060: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3027: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3003: 2984: 2977: 2971: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2954: 2949: 2943: 2924: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2903: 2896: 2893: 2888: 2886:9781118928530 2882: 2878: 2877: 2869: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2812: 2807: 2804: 2797: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2779: 2775: 2773: 2769: 2745: 2733: 2718: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2677: 2674: 2673:Turret lathes 2669: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2576: 2573: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2533: 2530: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2489: 2488: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2472: 2469: 2466: 2463: 2462: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2400: 2397: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2371: 2368: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2219: 2216: 2213: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2158: 2155: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2141: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1977: 1969: 1963:HSK A63 shank 1961: 1954: 1952: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1937: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1922: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1902: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1889:Corporation, 1888: 1883: 1879: 1877: 1869: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1758: 1754: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1710: 1707: 1704: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1683: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1492: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1440: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1135: 1132: 1129: 1128: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 990: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 971: 968: 967: 963: 960: 957: 954: 951: 948: 945: 944: 938: 933: 928: 925: 922: 919: 916: 915: 912:Jarno tapers 909: 907: 902: 895: 888: 885: 882: 879: 878: 874: 871: 868: 865: 864: 860: 857: 854: 851: 850: 846: 843: 840: 837: 836: 832: 829: 826: 823: 822: 818: 815: 812: 796: 795: 791: 788: 785: 782: 781: 777: 774: 771: 768: 767: 763: 760: 757: 754: 753: 749: 746: 743: 740: 739: 735: 732: 729: 726: 725: 722: 719: 703: 695: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 672: 668: 665: 662: 659: 656: 653: 652: 648: 645: 642: 639: 636: 633: 632: 628: 625: 622: 619: 616: 613: 612: 608: 605: 602: 599: 596: 593: 592: 588: 585: 582: 579: 576: 573: 572: 568: 565: 562: 559: 556: 553: 552: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 532: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 512: 508: 505: 502: 499: 496: 493: 492: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 473: 472: 468: 465: 462: 459: 456: 453: 452: 448: 445: 442: 439: 436: 433: 432: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 412: 408: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 392: 388: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 372: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 352: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 333: 332: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 312: 309: 306: 299: 297: 295: 291: 287: 282: 278: 271: 268: 265: 264: 263: 257: 255: 253: 248: 247:drill presses 243: 239: 235: 231: 229: 220: 218: 216: 211: 208: 203: 201: 195: 193: 189: 184: 180: 175: 171: 167: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 143: 141: 137: 132: 130: 126: 122: 118: 111: 109: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 82:drill presses 78: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 47:cutting tools 44: 43:machine taper 36: 31: 23: 19: 5375:Heat bending 5320:Edge banding 5092:Router plane 5087:Rebate plane 5047:Finger plane 4778: 4482: 4476: 4456: 4450:Lignum vitae 4208: 4202: 4167:Wood carving 4142:Shipbuilding 4127:Root carving 4087:Log building 4052:Chip carving 3812:Rotary table 3796: 3792:Lathe center 3679:Machine tool 3511:Grinding and 3351:Metalworking 3275: 3266: 3265: 3253: 3241:. Retrieved 3237: 3228: 3216:. Retrieved 3203: 3191: 3178: 3152: 3117: 3112: 3078: 3066: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3016: 2990:. Retrieved 2983:the original 2970: 2956: 2930:. Retrieved 2923:the original 2910: 2901: 2895: 2875: 2868: 2838:(4): 105–9. 2835: 2831: 2825: 2806: 2770: 2746: 2714: 2698:C10 (PSC100) 2678: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2650: 2641: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2023: 2016: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1984: 1982: 1949: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1911: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1865: 1841: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1446: 1427: 1414:hip implants 1411: 1396: 903: 899: 783:No. 2 Short 720: 699: 303: 294:drill chucks 283: 279: 275: 261: 244: 240: 236: 232: 224: 212: 204: 196: 169: 166:self-holding 165: 163: 151:indexability 144: 133: 117:Machine tool 115: 98:collet chuck 79: 55:machine tool 42: 40: 35:lathe center 18: 5632:Woodworking 5596:WikiProject 5542:Rift sawing 5532:Flat sawing 5420:Wood drying 5097:Scrub plane 5082:Razee plane 5032:Block plane 4886:Mitre clamp 4833:Wood scribe 4784:Combination 4526:Purpleheart 4222:Douglas fir 4172:Woodturning 4005:Occupations 3967:Woodworking 3890:Fabrication 3826:Terminology 3762:Angle plate 3689:Metal lathe 3581:Jig grinder 3491:Tap and die 3400:engineering 3107:, p. 2 2932:30 December 1831:1° 29' 22" 1793:1° 29' 36" 1755:1° 30' 26" 1717:1° 29' 15" 1679:1° 26' 16" 1641:1° 25' 50" 1603:1° 25' 43" 1565:1° 29' 27" 939:Angle from 129:drill press 112:Explanation 94:drill chuck 92:(such as a 84:, handheld 5621:Categories 5551:Techniques 5500:Conversion 5430:Wood stain 5358:Treatments 5146:Birdsmouth 5112:Spokeshave 5062:Jack plane 5052:Fore plane 4891:Pipe clamp 4856:Band clamp 4780:Carpenters 4601:Engineered 4551:Rubberwood 4400:Eucalyptus 4204:Calocedrus 4117:Pyrography 4082:Kohlrosing 3910:Metallurgy 3704:Pantograph 3496:Tap wrench 3218:9 February 3084:US 1794361 2798:References 2695:C8 (PSC80) 2692:C6 (PSC63) 2689:C5 (PSC50) 2686:C4 (PSC40) 2683:C3 (PSC32) 1907:ISO taper, 1476:Dimensions 923:Small end 920:Large end 730:Small End 286:drill bits 147:repeatable 65:member of 59:power tool 5340:Parquetry 5335:Oystering 5330:Marquetry 5171:Butterfly 4838:Workbench 4770:Sandpaper 4750:Mitre box 4695:Drawknife 4685:Burnisher 4670:Abrasives 4619:Hardboard 4280:Afromosia 4162:Whittling 4112:Parquetry 4097:Marquetry 4042:Certosina 4037:Carpentry 4027:Cabinetry 3974:Overviews 3905:Machining 3900:Jewellery 3868:Workpiece 3863:Tramp oil 3853:Tolerance 3684:Machining 3674:Jig borer 3659:Engraving 3634:Broaching 3621:Machining 3501:Threading 3466:Drill bit 3448:threading 3389:Machining 1955:HSK taper 1443:End types 941:center/° 320:Sm. Dia. 317:Lg. Dia. 290:tailstock 190:, BT and 155:precisely 5586:Category 5365:Adhesive 5345:Purfling 5325:Intarsia 5266:Profiles 5191:Dovetail 5130:Geometry 4969:Hand saw 4954:Crosscut 4939:Circular 4934:Chainsaw 4881:Holdfast 4546:Rosewood 4478:American 4473:Mahogany 4445:Jelutong 4415:Hornbeam 4380:Cocobolo 4375:Chestnut 4290:Andiroba 4102:Millwork 4067:Intarsia 4062:Fretwork 4057:Ébéniste 3986:Glossary 3915:Smithing 3654:End mill 3561:Grinding 3521:Abrasive 3481:Drilling 3456:Die head 3443:Drilling 3243:22 March 3002:cite web 2942:cite web 2860:21186374 2852:10829545 2814:Archived 2776:See also 1995:Fretting 1838:B Tapers 1801:1:19.231 1763:1:19.180 1725:1:19.002 1687:1:19.254 1649:1:19.922 1611:1:20.020 1573:1:20.047 1535:1:19.212 733:Big End 689:0.04167 669:0.04167 649:0.04167 629:0.04167 609:0.04167 589:0.04168 569:0.04164 549:0.04175 529:0.04301 509:0.04174 489:0.04175 469:0.04175 449:0.04194 429:0.04180 409:0.04187 389:0.04183 369:0.04183 349:0.04183 188:NMTB/CAT 5606:Commons 5522:Whipsaw 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