786:
of rice, and selling up to 30 bags a day produces noteworthy incomes. Specifically, incomes average $ 1000 a month for this product alone. Considering that this crop is being produced on an average of 0.48 ha of land, the underuse is evident. Increasing the area of farming land for this crop would be extremely beneficial to both producers and consumers, as it would allow for a greater generation of the crop and enhance the availability to the greater population. With the generation of $ 1000 monthly incomes, the possibilities that the geocarpa groundnut offer to the economies of small-scale farming in Benin and other regions is promising.
87:
161:
735:
cotton. "Within two years, the peasant farmers of
Hausaland were producing so many tonnes of groundnuts that the railway was unable to cope with the traffic. As a result, the European merchants in Kano had to stockpile sacks of groundnuts in the streets." This is a great example of the African initiative taken by peasant producers to adapt to a cash economy. It is not clear, however, whether the "Hausa groundnut",
25:
764:
having differing climate between the north and south. Southern climate is primarily stable, maintaining temperatures between 27 and 32 °C in the warmest season and 22 to 25 °C during the colder season. In the north, temperatures fluctuate between 27 and 32 °C in the dry season and 25 to 27 °C during the lowest season.
797:
crops have been decreasing in production for years. The reduction is causing the adoption to halt, as farmers in regions new to the crop are unwilling to take chances with crops not seen to be a feasible option. With proper implementation and production practices, these constraints can be lifted. One
785:
While the groundnut provides nutrition and the potential to alleviate hunger in Africa, it also offers potential to reduce poverty by contributing economically to small-scale farmers. In Benin in 2012, a kilogram of the geocarpa groundnut could sell for $ 2–$ 4 - roughly three to five times the price
734:
became major producers of groundnuts. They surprised the
British, who had expected the Hausa to turn to cotton production. However, the Hausa had sufficient agricultural expertise to realize cotton required more labor and the European prices offered for groundnuts were more attractive than those for
807:
is indigenous to west Africa, but is not widely grown there, and shows low levels of morphological variation. The need to maintain genetic diversity and food security by continuing to grow this crop throughout its historical range may be more important than promoting its adoption in new regions. It
817:
men and women contribute. In the north, however, operations run by primarily females are dominant. Women contribute to the production of many underused crop species in Benin more than their counterparts, and the increase in production could enhance the position and empowerment of women in Africa.
816:
Although variation in regions may be present, Benin is host to a very female-empowered agriculture enterprise. Holding the main role in marketplace interactions, women have an important role in both the production and sale of their products. In southern Benin, where primary production occurs, both
763:
Benin is located in the savanna of Africa which has weather conditions that are fairly humid in the south while being semiarid in the north . It offers growing conditions for a variety of crops that can be intercropped in the differing seasons, known as the dry season and rainy season, as well as
754:
is noted for relatively low yields, but high protein content and desirable flavour. Per 100g of dried seed, it consists of 9.7 g of water, 348 kcal, 19.4 g protein, 1.1 g fat, 66.6 g carbohydrates, 5.5 g fibre, 103 mg calcium, 392 mg phosphorus, 15 mg iron, 0.76 mg thiamin,
698:
is a pulse belonging to the legume family. It is primarily produced in western Africa, specifically in Benin and surrounding regions. It can provide nutrition, income, and the ability to alleviate hunger given the further production and enhancement of current practices.
879:
National
Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.).
776:
The geocarpa groundnut pod develops in the ground in pods in regions in Benin under the previously noted climate conditions. The growing conditions that allow for the success of the groundnut are seen in several countries across Africa in the savanna.
767:
Mergeai notes that cultivated forms of
Kersting's groundnut are known, but not commonly grown, in coastal African nations from Senegal to Nigeria. Tamini records the declining cultivation of Kersting's groundnut in the south west of Burkina Faso.
798:
problem is that it is viewed as crop for elders to farm; a reduction in plantation has been occurring and will continue to decrease unless wider adoption is met. Further education in agriculture practices could alleviate this issue.
829:
is as important as the crop itself, but with proper implementation the production can carry on to harvests that will bring upon wealth, both in the economical and health sides of the matter.
686:
969:"Influence des facteurs sociologiques sur la conservation des ressources phytogénétiques. Le cas de la lentille de terre (Macrotyloma geocarpum (Harms) Marechal & Baudet) au Togo."
858:
1443:
1210:
825:
The geocarpa groundnut can be rotated with other species, thus reducing the risk of health degradation to soils. Producing as much as possible without degrading
1249:
1047:
Dansi, A., & Akpagana, K. (2012). Diversity of the
Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species of Importance in Benin. The Scientific World Journal, 1-24.
930:
Plant resources of tropical Africa. Cereals and pulses. Plant resources of tropical Africa (PROTA). Backhuys
Publishers. Eds. Brink, Grubben, etc. 2006.
995:
1051:
1404:
1158:
1456:
1417:
1223:
1171:
1288:
891:
108:
1042:
973:
1052:
Ethnobotanical study and agro-morphological evaluation of
Kersting's groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum Harms) in Benin. Benin: IRDCAM.
886:. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US).
1533:
935:
130:
68:
850:
808:
is most widely grown where markets for it exist and where a history of religious and cultural significance for the crop is known.
35:
1031:
1430:
1197:
1461:
1228:
990:
905:
846:
304:
308:
968:
160:
101:
95:
50:
1254:
1469:
1301:
46:
1100:
711:
112:
1014:
1474:
1306:
1528:
991:"Étude ethnobotanique de la Lentille de Terre (Macrotyloma geocarpum Maréchal & Baudet) au Burkina Faso"
1062:
682:
1176:
634:
287:
1422:
1132:
1043:
http://www.geog.ox.ac.uk/research/climate/projects/undp-cp/UNDP_reports/Benin/Benin.hires.report.pdf*
660:
1523:
801:
Rusts and mildews can be problematic diseases for this crop in the more humid parts of its range.
1495:
1396:
1327:
1293:
621:
601:
474:
379:
320:
155:
1448:
1215:
1378:
1262:
1241:
1119:
931:
897:
887:
740:
562:
1267:
731:
198:
685:
for adults, except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from
1009:
1275:
312:
185:
1517:
1280:
1236:
430:
1500:
1383:
1332:
1124:
826:
727:
416:
375:
1111:
1041:
McSweeney, C. (n.d.). Benin. Retrieved from UNDP Climate Change
Country Profiles:
1010:"Diversity of the Neglected and Underutilized Crop Species of Importance in Benin"
1370:
1359:
948:
1184:
1094:
1036:
723:
400:
264:
1085:
951:, 3rd edition, 2012. Palgrave MacMillan, UK. Page 348. Retrieved 27 April 2015.
881:
739:, was the groundnut being produced in such significant numbers, as peanuts and
647:
545:
1145:
579:
254:
1487:
1319:
901:
755:
0.19 mg riboflavin, and 2.3 mg niacin. Leaves can also be eaten.
1482:
1353:
1314:
1079:
528:
244:
211:
1409:
1391:
1163:
508:
234:
1189:
719:
383:
224:
1056:
53:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
1435:
1202:
1150:
715:
382:, tolerant of drought, with a growth habit similar to that of the
172:
372:
1137:
1060:
996:
Journal d'agriculture traditionnelle et de botanique appliquée
977:, Gembloux, vol.28, issue 4, 1993. Retrieved on 27 April 2015.
450:
80:
18:
702:
Yields reach 500 kg/ha (450 lb/acre) in dry seed.
851:"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"
42:
1343:
1069:
659:
646:
633:
620:
599:
578:
561:
544:
527:
506:
471:
447:
429:
413:
399:
394:
883:Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium
611:
518:
974:Bulletin des Recherches Agronomiques de Gembloux
938:p. 100. Cites Leung, Busson & Jardin 1968.
395:Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
8:
389:
926:
924:
922:
378:and a crop of minor economic importance in
1057:
1050:ASSOGBA Kossigbé Epiphanie Prisca (2013).
847:United States Food and Drug Administration
488:
388:
144:
963:
961:
959:
957:
131:Learn how and when to remove this message
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
999:, vol. 30, issue 1, 1995. Pages 187-199.
985:
983:
94:This article includes a list of general
838:
7:
1018:, 2012. Retrieved on 27 April 2015.
710:Following the construction of the
100:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1475:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:501237-1
1307:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:505864-1
363:. In French, it is often called
159:
85:
23:
908:from the original on 2024-05-09
861:from the original on 2024-03-27
706:Early 20th century, West Africa
743:are also grown in the region.
1:
790:Constraints to wider adoption
405:1,457 kJ (348 kcal)
681:Percentages estimated using
49:the claims made and adding
1550:
16:Species of flowering plant
680:
672:
595:
591:
502:
498:
491:
487:
467:
463:
443:
439:
409:
390:Geocarpa groundnut, dried
326:
319:
293:
286:
156:Scientific classification
154:
147:
1534:Plants described in 1908
1015:Scientific World Journal
712:Nigerian railway system
683:US recommendations
330:Kerstingiella geocarpum
115:more precise citations.
1345:Kerstingiella geocarpa
714:, which extended from
687:the National Academies
1101:Macrotyloma geocarpum
1071:Macrotyloma geocarpum
821:Practical information
493:Vitamins and minerals
347:is also known as the
344:Macrotyloma geocarpum
297:Macrotyloma geocarpum
149:Macrotyloma geocarpum
989:Tamini, Zoumbiessé.
947:Shillington, Kevin.
365:la lentille de terre
361:Kersting's groundnut
949:"History of Africa"
391:
812:Gender involvement
772:Growing conditions
741:Bambara groundnuts
380:sub-Saharan Africa
353:geocarpa groundnut
34:possibly contains
1511:
1510:
1263:Open Tree of Life
1063:Taxon identifiers
1008:Dansi, A. et al.
893:978-0-309-48834-1
747:Nutritional value
693:
692:
676:
675:
340:
339:
334:
279:M. geocarpum
141:
140:
133:
79:
78:
71:
36:original research
1541:
1504:
1503:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1464:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1438:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1400:
1399:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1336:
1335:
1323:
1322:
1310:
1309:
1297:
1296:
1284:
1283:
1271:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1232:
1231:
1219:
1218:
1206:
1205:
1193:
1192:
1180:
1179:
1167:
1166:
1154:
1153:
1141:
1140:
1128:
1127:
1115:
1114:
1105:
1104:
1103:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1058:
1019:
1006:
1000:
987:
978:
965:
952:
945:
939:
928:
917:
916:
914:
913:
876:
870:
869:
867:
866:
843:
732:northern Nigeria
615:
566:
549:
532:
522:
489:
392:
332:
299:
164:
163:
145:
136:
129:
125:
122:
116:
111:this article by
102:inline citations
89:
88:
81:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
51:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1499:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1455:
1447:
1442:
1434:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1369:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1339:
1331:
1326:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1300:
1292:
1287:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1209:
1201:
1196:
1188:
1183:
1175:
1170:
1162:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1136:
1131:
1123:
1118:
1110:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1084:
1083:
1078:
1065:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1007:
1003:
988:
981:
966:
955:
946:
942:
929:
920:
911:
909:
894:
878:
877:
873:
864:
862:
845:
844:
840:
835:
823:
814:
792:
783:
774:
761:
749:
708:
667:
654:
641:
628:
616:
586:
573:
564:
556:
547:
539:
530:
523:
494:
483:
478:
459:
454:
425:
420:
357:Hausa groundnut
315:
301:
295:
282:
158:
137:
126:
120:
117:
107:Please help to
106:
90:
86:
75:
64:
58:
55:
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1547:
1545:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:Edible legumes
1526:
1516:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:wfo-0000182040
1492:
1479:
1466:
1453:
1440:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1365:
1349:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1333:wfo-0000182031
1324:
1311:
1298:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1246:
1233:
1220:
1207:
1194:
1181:
1168:
1155:
1142:
1129:
1116:
1106:
1091:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1026:External links
1024:
1021:
1020:
1001:
979:
967:Mergeai, Guy.
953:
940:
918:
892:
871:
837:
836:
834:
831:
822:
819:
813:
810:
791:
788:
782:
779:
773:
770:
760:
757:
748:
745:
707:
704:
691:
690:
678:
677:
674:
673:
670:
669:
665:
663:
657:
656:
652:
650:
644:
643:
639:
637:
631:
630:
626:
624:
618:
617:
610:
605:
597:
596:
593:
592:
589:
588:
584:
582:
576:
575:
571:
569:
559:
558:
554:
552:
542:
541:
537:
535:
525:
524:
517:
512:
504:
503:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
485:
484:
481:
479:
472:
469:
468:
465:
464:
461:
460:
457:
455:
448:
445:
444:
441:
440:
437:
436:
433:
427:
426:
423:
421:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
403:
397:
396:
338:
337:
336:
335:
324:
323:
317:
316:
302:
291:
290:
284:
283:
276:
274:
270:
269:
262:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
242:
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
215:
214:
209:
202:
201:
196:
189:
188:
183:
176:
175:
170:
166:
165:
152:
151:
139:
138:
93:
91:
84:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1546:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1107:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1053:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1032:prota article
1030:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
986:
984:
980:
976:
975:
970:
964:
962:
960:
958:
954:
950:
944:
941:
937:
936:90-5782-170-2
933:
927:
925:
923:
919:
907:
903:
899:
895:
889:
885:
884:
875:
872:
860:
856:
852:
848:
842:
839:
832:
830:
828:
820:
818:
811:
809:
806:
802:
799:
796:
789:
787:
780:
778:
771:
769:
765:
758:
756:
753:
746:
744:
742:
738:
733:
729:
726:in 1911, the
725:
721:
717:
713:
705:
703:
700:
697:
688:
684:
679:
671:
664:
662:
658:
651:
649:
645:
638:
636:
632:
625:
623:
619:
614:
609:
606:
604:
603:
598:
594:
590:
583:
581:
577:
570:
568:
560:
553:
551:
546:Riboflavin (B
543:
536:
534:
526:
521:
516:
513:
511:
510:
505:
501:
497:
490:
486:
480:
477:
476:
470:
466:
462:
456:
453:
452:
446:
442:
438:
434:
432:
431:Dietary fiber
428:
422:
419:
418:
417:Carbohydrates
412:
408:
404:
402:
398:
393:
387:
385:
381:
377:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
345:
331:
328:
327:
325:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
300:
298:
292:
289:
288:Binomial name
285:
281:
280:
275:
272:
271:
268:
267:
263:
260:
259:
256:
253:
250:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
220:
217:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
200:
197:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:Tracheophytes
184:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
167:
162:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
135:
132:
124:
114:
110:
104:
103:
97:
92:
83:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
1344:
1070:
1013:
1004:
994:
972:
943:
910:. Retrieved
882:
874:
863:. Retrieved
854:
841:
827:soil quality
824:
815:
805:M. geocarpum
804:
803:
800:
794:
793:
784:
775:
766:
762:
752:M. geocarpum
751:
750:
737:M. geocarpum
736:
722:in 1900 and
709:
701:
696:M. geocarpum
695:
694:
612:
607:
600:
519:
514:
507:
473:
449:
415:
376:annual plant
369:M. geocarpum
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
342:
341:
329:
296:
294:
278:
277:
265:
218:
205:
192:
179:
148:
142:
127:
118:
99:
65:
56:
33:
1185:iNaturalist
1095:Wikispecies
1037:fao article
795:M geocarpum
718:in 1896 to
529:Thiamine (B
482:19.4 g
424:66.6 g
349:ground bean
266:Macrotyloma
251:Subfamily:
199:Angiosperms
113:introducing
59:August 2021
1524:Phaseoleae
1518:Categories
1276:Plant List
912:2024-06-21
865:2024-03-28
833:References
648:Phosphorus
458:1.1 g
435:5.5 g
373:herbaceous
121:March 2013
96:references
43:improve it
1360:Q39158504
781:Economics
759:Geography
661:Potassium
580:Vitamin C
563:Niacin (B
273:Species:
255:Faboideae
169:Kingdom:
47:verifying
1488:13058781
1483:Tropicos
1449:11254498
1436:501237-1
1354:Wikidata
1320:13074301
1315:Tropicos
1281:ild-2813
1242:19891590
1216:10743792
1203:505864-1
1086:Q1349024
1080:Wikidata
906:Archived
902:30844154
859:Archived
849:(2024).
608:Quantity
602:Minerals
515:Quantity
509:Vitamins
321:Synonyms
309:Maréchal
245:Fabaceae
241:Family:
212:Eudicots
1410:2976971
1392:Ecocrop
1268:3921285
1255:2109663
1164:2976970
622:Calcium
557:0.19 mg
540:0.76 mg
475:Protein
261:Genus:
235:Fabales
231:Order:
173:Plantae
109:improve
41:Please
1462:515443
1368:APDB:
1289:PLANTS
1229:506256
1190:138905
1177:311411
1138:644861
1112:177128
1109:APDB:
934:
900:
890:
720:Ibadan
668:332 mg
655:392 mg
629:103 mg
587:0.0 mg
574:2.3 mg
401:Energy
384:peanut
371:is an
313:Baudet
311:&
225:Rosids
98:, but
1444:IRMNG
1423:21152
1384:3R6L8
1371:70860
1294:MAGE2
1211:IRMNG
1151:MTMGE
1125:3XCP9
728:Hausa
716:Lagos
642:15 mg
359:, or
333:Harms
305:Harms
219:Clade
206:Clade
193:Clade
180:Clade
1470:POWO
1457:ITIS
1431:IPNI
1418:GRIN
1405:GBIF
1397:7056
1302:POWO
1250:NCBI
1237:IUCN
1224:ITIS
1198:IPNI
1172:GRIN
1159:GBIF
1146:EPPO
932:ISBN
898:PMID
888:ISBN
724:Kano
635:Iron
1496:WFO
1379:CoL
1328:WFO
1133:EoL
1120:CoL
855:FDA
730:of
666:11%
653:31%
640:83%
613:%DV
572:14%
555:15%
538:63%
520:%DV
451:Fat
45:by
1520::
1498::
1485::
1472::
1459::
1446::
1433::
1420::
1407::
1394::
1381::
1356::
1330::
1317::
1304::
1291::
1278::
1265::
1252::
1239::
1226::
1213::
1200::
1187::
1174::
1161::
1148::
1135::
1122::
1097::
1082::
1012:,
993:,
982:^
971:,
956:^
921:^
904:.
896:.
857:.
853:.
627:8%
585:0%
386:.
367:.
355:,
351:,
307:)
221::
208::
195::
182::
915:.
868:.
689:.
567:)
565:3
550:)
548:2
533:)
531:1
303:(
134:)
128:(
123:)
119:(
105:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
