4091:
4115:
3862:
4127:
4103:
75:
often impossible or difficult to measure magma supply rates exactly. Furthermore, volcanic flux rates often vary over time, with distinct lulls and pulses. Wall rocks may be assimilated by magma or magma may undergo differentiation such as crystallization. Magma contains vesicles and volcanic edifices are often
2600:
Halter, Werner E; Bain, Nicolas; Becker, Katja; Heinrich, Christoph A; Landtwing, Marianne; VonQuadt, Albrecht; Clark, Alan H; Sasso, Anne M; Bissig, Thomas; Tosdal, Richard M (August 2004). "From andesitic volcanism to the formation of a porphyry Cu-Au mineralizing magma chamber: the Farallón Negro
74:
Estimating the volcanic flux rate or magma supply of a volcanic system is inherently difficult for a number of reasons, and different measurements can come to different conclusions about the volcanic flux rate of a given volcanic system. Not all volcanic bodies are equally well exposed, and it is
2680:
Auer, Sara; Bindeman, Ilya; Wallace, Paul; Ponomareva, Vera; Portnyagin, Maxim (6 August 2008). "The origin of hydrous, high-δ18O voluminous volcanism: diverse oxygen isotope values and high magmatic water contents within the volcanic record of
Klyuchevskoy volcano, Kamchatka, Russia".
2225:
Royo-Ochoa, M.; Alva-Valdivia, L. M.; Fucugauchi, J. Urrutia; Chavez-Aguirre, R.; Goguitchaichvili, A.; Solé, J.; Rivas, M. L. (1 June 2004). "Magnetic
Polarity Stratigraphy and K-Ar Dating in the Camargo Volcanic Field, Northern Mexico: Lateral SW-NE Migration of Volcanic Activity".
3356:
Singer, B. S.; Thompson, R. A.; Dungan, M. A.; Feeley, T. C.; Nelson, S. T.; Pickens, J. C.; Brown, L. L.; Wulff, A. W.; Davidson, J. P.; Metzger, J. (February 1997). "Volcanism and erosion during the past 930 k.y. at the Tatara–San Pedro complex, Chilean Andes".
2786:
Franz, Gerhard; Breitkreuz, Christoph; Coyle, David A.; El Hur, Bushra; Heinrich, Wilhelm; Paulick, Holger; Pudlo, Dieter; Smith, Robyn; Steiner, Gesine (August 1997). "The alkaline Meidob volcanic field (Late
Cenozoic, northwest Sudan)".
2636:
Le Pennec, J.L.; Ruiz, A.G.; Eissen, J.P.; Hall, M.L.; Fornari, M. (September 2011). "Identifying potentially active volcanoes in the Andes: Radiometric evidence for late
Pleistocene-early Holocene eruptions at Volcán Imbabura, Ecuador".
3258:
Gamble, John A.; Price, Richard C.; Smith, Ian E.M.; McIntosh, William C.; Dunbar, Nelia W. (February 2003). "40Ar/39Ar geochronology of magmatic activity, magma flux and hazards at
Ruapehu volcano, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand".
3213:
Jicha, Brian R.; Laabs, Benjamin J.C.; Hora, John M.; Singer, Brad S.; Caffee, Marc W. (November 2015). "Early
Holocene collapse of Volcán Parinacota, central Andes, Chile: Volcanological and paleohydrological consequences".
2277:
Stix, John; Gorton, Michael P. (October 1990). "Variations in trace element partition coefficients in sanidine in the Cerro Toledo
Rhyolite, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico: Effects of composition, temperature, and volatiles".
2328:
Samaniego, Pablo; Barba, Diego; Robin, Claude; Fornari, Michel; Bernard, Benjamin (April 2012). "Eruptive history of
Chimborazo volcano (Ecuador): A large, ice-capped and hazardous compound volcano in the Northern Andes".
2889:(December 2010). "The eruptive history of Morne Jacob volcano (Martinique Island, French West Indies): Geochronology, geomorphology and geochemistry of the earliest volcanism in the recent Lesser Antilles arc".
2982:
Branca, Stefano; Ferrara, Vincenzo (February 2013). "The morphostructural setting of Mount Etna sedimentary basement (Italy): Implications for the geometry and volume of the volcano and its flank instability".
1964:
D'Alessandro, W.; Brusca, L.; Kyriakopoulos, K.; Michas, G.; Papadakis, G. (December 2008). "Methana, the westernmost active volcanic system of the south Aegean arc (Greece): Insight from fluids geochemistry".
2499:
Carracedo, J. C.; Day, S.; Guillou, H.; Badiola, E. Rodríguez; Canas, J. A.; Torrado, F. J. Pérez (1998). "Hotspot volcanism close to a passive continental margin: the Canary
Islands".
1812:
Crustal recycling at modern subduction zones applied to the past—Issues of growth and preservation of continental basement crust, mantle geochemistry, and supercontinent reconstruction
3664:"Zircon Petrochronology and40Ar/39Ar Sanidine Dates for the Mesa Falls Tuff: Crystal-scale Records of Magmatic Evolution and the Short Lifespan of a Large Yellowstone Magma Chamber"
3395:
Escobar-Wolf, R. P.; Diehl, J. F.; Singer, B. S.; Rose, W. I. (30 December 2009). "40Ar/39Ar and paleomagnetic constraints on the evolution of Volcan de Santa Maria, Guatemala".
3480:; Hall, C. M.; Delgado-Granados, H. (8 October 2010). "Origin of andesite in the deep crust and eruption rates in the Tancitaro-Nueva Italia region of the central Mexican arc".
1876:"Magma addition and flux calculations of incrementally constructed magma chambers in continental margin arcs: Combined field, geochronologic, and thermal modeling studies"
3026:
D'Alessandro, W.; Giammanco, S.; Parello, F.; Valenza, M. (1 April 1997). "CO2 output and δ13C(CO2) from Mount Etna as indicators of degassing of shallow asthenosphere".
2019:
de Silva, Shanaka L.; Gosnold, William D. (November 2007). "Episodic construction of batholiths: Insights from the spatiotemporal development of an ignimbrite flare-up".
3598:
39:
Magma supply rate is also known as the
Armstrong unit, where 1 Armstrong Unit = 1 cubic kilometre per year (32 m/s). Armstrong unit can also refer to volcanic
3307:"Late-stage volcano geomorphic evolution of the Pleistocene San Francisco Mountain, Arizona (USA), based on high-resolution DEM analysis and 40Ar/39Ar chronology"
3518:
Ancochea, Eumenio; Fuster, JoséMaría; Ibarrola, Elisa; Cendrero, Antonio; Coello, Juan; Hernan, Francisco; Cantagrel, Jean M.; Jamond, Colette (December 1990).
3077:
Panter, K.S.; McIntosh, W.C.; Smellie, J.L. (1 November 1994). "Volcanic history of Mount Sidley, a major alkaline volcano in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica".
197:
4.5 cubic kilometres per millennium (1.1 cu mi/ka) extrusive, 13.5–22.5 cubic kilometres per millennium (3.2–5.4 cu mi/ka) intrusive
254:
0.2 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.048 cu mi/ka) extrusive, 0.6–1 cubic kilometre per millennium (0.14–0.24 cu mi/ka) intrusive
91:
The magma supply rate is used to infer the behaviour of volcanic systems which erupt periodically, as well as to describe the growth of the continental
3612:
Thouret, Jean-Claude; Rivera, Marco; Wörner, Gerhard; Gerbe, Marie-Christine; Finizola, Anthony; Fornari, Michel; Gonzales, Katherine (21 April 2005).
178:
1.5 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.36 cu mi/ka) extrusive, 4.5–8 cubic kilometres per millennium (1.1–1.9 cu mi/ka) intrusive
235:
12 cubic kilometres per millennium (2.9 cu mi/ka) extrusive, 36–60 cubic kilometres per millennium (8.6–14.4 cu mi/ka) intrusive
4044:
3133:
216:
4 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.96 cu mi/ka) extrusive, 12–20 cubic kilometres per millennium (2.9–4.8 cu mi/ka) intrusive
3570:"Convergent margin magmatism in the central Andes and its near antipodes in western Indonesia : spatiotemporal and geochemical considerations"
156:
1 cubic kilometre per millennium (0.24 cu mi/ka) extrusive, 3–5 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.72–1.20 cu mi/ka) intrusive
62:. It is often easier to measure magma supply rates when they are normalized for an exposed surface area as it is often difficult to delimit an
2557:
Robinson, Joel E.; Eakins, Barry W. (March 2006). "Calculated volumes of individual shield volcanoes at the young end of the Hawaiian Ridge".
1827:
3422:
Allard, P.; Carbonnelle, J.; Métrich, N.; Loyer, H.; Zettwoog, P. (1994). "Sulphur output and magma degassing budget of Stromboli volcano".
3720:
3148:
2124:(24 July 2007). "Volcanic evolution of Volcán Aucanquilcha: a long-lived dacite volcano in the Central Andes of northern Chile".
434:
4131:
3613:
248:
229:
210:
191:
172:
151:
2739:"Construction and destruction of Mont Pelée volcano: Volumes and rates constrained from a geomorphological model of evolution"
2054:
Soto, Gerardo J.; Alvarado, Guillermo E. (September 2006). "Eruptive history of Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, 7 ka to present".
2172:"Oceanic plateau formation: a cause of mass extinction and black shale deposition around the Cenomanian–Turonian boundary?"
805:
3134:"El Macizo Tres Cruces: Un Complejo Volcanico Longevo Y Potencialmente Activo En La Alta Cordillera De Copiapo, Chile"
2426:"El Chichón volcanic complex, Chiapas, México: Stages of evolution based on field mapping and 40Ar/39Ar geochronology"
1759:
Janle, P.; Basilevsky, A.T.; Kreslavsky, M.A.; Slyuta, E.N. (1 July 1992). "Heat loss and tectonic style of Venus".
4074:
4069:
2470:"The 2 ka Eruption of Misti Volcano, Southern Peru—The Most Recent Plinian Eruption of Arequipa's Iconic Volcano"
3378:
31:. Global magma production rates on Earth are about 20–25 cubic kilometres per year (4.8–6.0 cu mi/a).
953:
695:
1451:
1434:
3713:
3577:
2924:
Hildreth, Wes; Fierstein, Judy (1 April 1997). "Recent eruptions of Mount Adams, Washington Cascades, USA".
417:
131:
2375:
Staudigel, Hubert; Park, K.-H.; Pringle, M.; Rubenstone, J.L.; Smith, W.H.F.; Zindler, A. (January 1991).
2071:
1398:
1380:
3152:
845:
474:
4107:
902:
0.040 ± 0.008 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.0096 ± 0.0019 cu mi/ka)
4153:
3628:
3534:
3431:
3366:
3318:
3268:
3223:
3129:
3086:
3035:
2992:
2933:
2898:
2843:
2796:
2750:
2646:
2610:
2566:
2508:
2388:
2334:
2287:
2235:
2183:
2133:
2063:
2028:
1974:
1927:
1887:
1768:
1468:
2076:
1874:
Paterson, Scott R.; Okaya, David; Memeti, Valbone; Economos, Rita; Miller, Robert B. (2011-12-01).
1417:
787:
4114:
2424:
Layer, P. W.; García-Palomo, A.; Jones, D.; Macías, J. L.; Arce, J. L.; Mora, J. C. (March 2009).
491:
4095:
4039:
3826:
3801:
3706:
3644:
3455:
3180:
Clavero R., Jorge E.; Sparks, Stephen J.; Polanco, Edmundo; Pringle, Malcolm S. (December 2004).
3110:
3059:
2957:
2867:
2768:
2698:
2532:
2259:
2207:
2149:
1837:
1792:
1254:
1236:
1218:
1197:
976:
1.6 ± 0.4 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.384 ± 0.096 cu mi/ka)
934:
915:
896:
1512:
4034:
3893:
3831:
3685:
3592:
3550:
3519:
3447:
3284:
3102:
3051:
3008:
2949:
2886:
2859:
2812:
2662:
2582:
2524:
2447:
2406:
2350:
2303:
2251:
2199:
2089:
1990:
1943:
1823:
1784:
1693:
823:
677:
3662:
Rivera, Tiffany A.; Schmitz, Mark D.; Jicha, Brian R.; Crowley, James L. (1 September 2016).
3520:"Volcanic evolution of the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands) in the light of new K-Ar data"
4119:
4049:
4018:
4013:
3796:
3675:
3636:
3569:
3542:
3489:
3439:
3404:
3374:
3336:
3326:
3276:
3231:
3193:
3094:
3043:
3000:
2941:
2906:
2851:
2804:
2758:
2690:
2654:
2618:
2574:
2516:
2437:
2396:
2392:
2342:
2295:
2243:
2191:
2141:
2081:
2036:
1982:
1935:
1895:
1815:
1776:
1772:
769:
733:
3988:
3851:
3763:
3753:
2831:
2442:
2425:
1849:
1490:
649:
597:
92:
2171:
3632:
3538:
3435:
3370:
3322:
3272:
3227:
3090:
3039:
2996:
2937:
2902:
2847:
2800:
2754:
2650:
2614:
2570:
2512:
2338:
2291:
2239:
2187:
2137:
2067:
2032:
1978:
1931:
1891:
4064:
3993:
3811:
3791:
2469:
1541:
1169:
1057:
751:
267:
55:
3280:
2808:
79:. The sizes of volcanic edifices and plutons are difficult to estimate, especially in
4147:
4059:
3963:
3870:
3846:
3821:
3816:
3806:
3648:
3546:
3477:
3114:
3063:
2961:
2910:
2871:
2772:
2658:
2622:
2578:
2536:
2401:
2376:
2346:
2299:
2263:
2211:
2153:
2121:
2085:
2040:
1986:
1939:
1796:
1341:
1324:
1307:
1290:
1272:
495:
452:
3198:
3181:
2702:
4054:
3998:
3836:
3768:
3459:
3144:
2832:"Geological evolution of the trachytic caldera volcano Menengai, Kenya Rift Valley"
1181:
593:
399:
380:
361:
342:
323:
304:
285:
99:. Magma output is usually larger in oceanic settings than in continental ones, and
59:
51:
44:
1551:
2738:
3948:
3903:
3878:
3786:
3758:
3748:
3614:"Ubinas: the evolution of the historically most active volcano in southern Peru"
3004:
1728:
1160:
1142:
1123:
1104:
1086:
1067:
3680:
3663:
2247:
3973:
3923:
3898:
3640:
3331:
3306:
2694:
2520:
2145:
1918:
Crisp, Joy A. (April 1984). "Rates of magma emplacement and volcanic output".
1819:
1671:
1502:
1370:
1206:
1046:
1027:
1008:
989:
971:
835:
723:
619:
609:
574:
555:
536:
514:
160:
3689:
3554:
3451:
3288:
3106:
3055:
3012:
2953:
2863:
2855:
2816:
2666:
2586:
2528:
2451:
2410:
2354:
2307:
2255:
2203:
2195:
2093:
1994:
1947:
1788:
3958:
3943:
3928:
3861:
3776:
1530:
637:
80:
63:
1715:
0.17–0.22 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.041–0.053 cu mi/ka)
1422:
0.33–0.19 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.079–0.046 cu mi/ka)
3047:
2945:
1631:
0.2–0.25 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.048–0.060 cu mi/ka)
1593:
0.25–0.5 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.060–0.120 cu mi/ka)
4003:
3978:
3953:
3883:
2763:
1698:
0.43–0.93 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.10–0.22 cu mi/ka)
1663:
1644:
1625:
1606:
1587:
1569:
864:
659:
561:
0.4–0.7 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.096–0.168 cu mi/ka)
404:
1,000–2,000 cubic kilometres per millennium (240–480 cu mi/ka)
100:
1650:
1.5–1.25 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.36–0.30 cu mi/ka)
3933:
3918:
3743:
3729:
3341:
3098:
2468:
Harpel, Christopher J.; de Silva, Shanaka; Salas, Guido (26 May 2011).
1900:
1875:
1814:. Geological Society of America Memoirs. Vol. 200. pp. 9–32.
1780:
880:
519:
0.5–0.7 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.12–0.17 cu mi/ka)
28:
2885:
Germa, Aurélie; Quidelleur, Xavier; Labanieh, Shasa; Lahitte, Pierre;
1073:
0.04 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.0096 cu mi/ka)±0.01
3983:
3968:
3938:
3913:
3908:
3888:
3841:
3493:
3443:
3408:
3235:
1710:
1689:
1477:
1110:
0.26 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.062 cu mi/ka)±0.08
1092:
0.36 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.086 cu mi/ka)±0.09
712:
542:
1–0.7 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.24–0.17 cu mi/ka)
523:
461:
96:
76:
1129:
0.52 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.12 cu mi/ka)±0.20
1535:
10–20 cubic kilometres per millennium (2.4–4.8 cu mi/ka)
885:
0.001 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.00024 cu mi/ka)
642:>0.4 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.096 cu mi/ka)
54:
the volcanic flux rate is normalized to a surface area, similar to
1667:
1358:
1223:
0.032 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.0077 cu mi/ka)
422:
0.026 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.0062 cu mi/ka)
329:
0.005 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.0012 cu mi/ka)
291:
0.015 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.0036 cu mi/ka)
24:
2737:
Germa, Aurelie; Lahitte, Pierre; Quidelleur, Xavier (July 2015).
2377:"The longevity of the South Pacific isotopic and thermal anomaly"
1556:≤0.19 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.046 cu mi/ka)
940:
0.02 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.0048 cu mi/ka)
921:
0.107 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.026 cu mi/ka)
386:
0.02 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.0048 cu mi/ka)
4008:
3781:
3182:"Evolution of Parinacota volcano, Central Andes, Northern Chile"
1517:
0.17 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.041 cu mi/ka)
1456:
0.16 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.038 cu mi/ka)
1439:
0.12 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.029 cu mi/ka)
1347:
0.17 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.041 cu mi/ka)
1202:
0.13 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.031 cu mi/ka)
1148:
0.13 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.031 cu mi/ka)
774:
0.13 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.031 cu mi/ka)
700:
0.31 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.074 cu mi/ka)
479:
0.11 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.026 cu mi/ka)
367:
0.16 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.038 cu mi/ka)
348:
0.09 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.022 cu mi/ka)
310:
0.16 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.038 cu mi/ka)
40:
3702:
3305:
Karátson, Dávid; Telbisz, Tamás; Singer, Brad S. (1 May 2010).
1676:
0.75 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.18 cu mi/ka)
1612:
0.4 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.096 cu mi/ka)
1574:
0.3 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.072 cu mi/ka)
1404:
0.3 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.072 cu mi/ka)
1385:
0.2 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.048 cu mi/ka)
1313:
0.93 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.22 cu mi/ka)
1296:
0.88 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.21 cu mi/ka)
1241:
2.25 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.54 cu mi/ka)
1186:
0.2 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.048 cu mi/ka)
1165:
0.75 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.18 cu mi/ka)
995:
0.84 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.20 cu mi/ka)
959:
0.1 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.024 cu mi/ka)
869:
0.52 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.12 cu mi/ka)
851:
0.2 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.048 cu mi/ka)
664:
0.63 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.15 cu mi/ka)
580:
0.1 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.024 cu mi/ka)
439:
2,000 cubic kilometres per millennium (480 cu mi/ka)
1330:
0.9 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.22 cu mi/ka)
1277:
0.6 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.14 cu mi/ka)
1014:
2.9 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.70 cu mi/ka)
624:
0.5 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.12 cu mi/ka)
272:
2.7 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.65 cu mi/ka)
1473:
9.7 cubic kilometres per millennium (2.3 cu mi/ka)
1051:
700 cubic kilometres per millennium (170 cu mi/ka)
1033:
4.8 cubic kilometres per millennium (1.2 cu mi/ka)
3698:
1733:
2 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.48 cu mi/ka)
1495:
36 cubic kilometres per millennium (8.6 cu mi/ka)
1363:
33 cubic kilometres per millennium (7.9 cu mi/ka)
1260:
10 cubic kilometres per millennium (2.4 cu mi/ka)
828:
21 cubic kilometres per millennium (5.0 cu mi/ka)
810:
3 cubic kilometres per millennium (0.72 cu mi/ka)
792:
40 cubic kilometres per millennium (9.6 cu mi/ka)
756:
17 cubic kilometres per millennium (4.1 cu mi/ka)
717:
210 cubic kilometres per millennium (50 cu mi/ka)
682:
10 cubic kilometres per millennium (2.4 cu mi/ka)
602:
11 cubic kilometres per millennium (2.6 cu mi/ka)
501:
35 cubic kilometres per millennium (8.4 cu mi/ka)
457:
300 cubic kilometres per millennium (72 cu mi/ka)
3379:
10.1130/0016-7606(1997)109<0127:VAEDTP>2.3.CO;2
738:
95 cubic kilometres per millennium (23 cu mi/ka)
1427:
Total volume/Duration, including glacially eroded volumes
50:
Sometimes in discussion of large volcanic systems such as
103:
volcanic systems produce more magma than silicic ones.
3300:
3298:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
3175:
3173:
2732:
2165:
2163:
1810:
Scholl, David W.; Huene, Roland von (January 2007).
1410:
Total volume/Duration, including landslide removals
1391:
Total volume/Duration, including landslide removals
927:
Total volume (assuming basis at sea level)/Duration
4027:
3869:
3736:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3390:
3388:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3132:; Perez de A., C.; Villeneuve, M. (4 August 2000).
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
1959:
1957:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1174:Average eruption volume*Eruptions per lifespan
3527:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
3261:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2891:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2743:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface
2639:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2603:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2559:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2331:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2056:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
2021:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1967:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1920:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research
1540:Magma intrusion needed to create the measured
3714:
3471:
3469:
8:
3597:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2601:Volcanic Complex, northwestern Argentina".
2463:
2461:
1913:
1911:
136:0.0004 cubic kilometres per millennium (9.6
95:and of deep-seated magmatic bodies such as
3721:
3707:
3699:
110:
3679:
3340:
3330:
3197:
2762:
2683:Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology
2441:
2400:
2075:
1899:
1501:Total volume of edifices/age, neglecting
1369:Total volume of edifices/age, neglecting
834:Total volume of edifices/age, neglecting
608:Total volume of edifices/age, neglecting
43:rate per length of arc in discussions of
946:Total volume (subtracting J1T)/Duration
3149:Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería
1751:
3590:
3482:Geological Society of America Bulletin
3397:Geological Society of America Bulletin
3359:Geological Society of America Bulletin
3216:Geological Society of America Bulletin
1845:
1835:
2443:10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2009.48.1.98
16:Production rate of magma at a volcano
7:
4102:
854:Between 7 and 0.3 million years ago
442:Between 89 and 91 million years ago
407:Between 88 and 89 million years ago
4126:
2381:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1483:Volume of plutons/emplacement time
14:
2836:Journal of the Geological Society
2789:Journal of African Earth Sciences
2176:Journal of the Geological Society
2170:Kerr, Andrew C. (1 August 1998).
4125:
4113:
4101:
4090:
4089:
3860:
2911:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.09.013
2659:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.06.002
2623:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.03.007
2579:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.07.033
2347:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.01.014
2086:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.03.041
2041:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.07.015
1987:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.09.014
435:Caribbean large igneous province
23:measures the production rate of
3199:10.4067/S0716-02082004000200009
2830:Leat, P. T. (1 November 1984).
2280:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
924:5.14 ± 0.07 and 4.10 ± 0.06 Ma
249:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
230:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
211:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
192:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
173:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
152:Altiplano-Puna volcanic complex
780:Minimum total volume/Duration
1:
3281:10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00407-9
3151:. p. 295. Archived from
3128:Gardeweg, M.C.; Clavero, J.;
2809:10.1016/S0899-5362(97)00103-6
1401:, main shield building stage
1257:, Young Cone prior to 8.1 ka
705:Interpolated volume/Duration
3547:10.1016/0377-0273(90)90019-C
2402:10.1016/0012-821X(91)90015-A
2300:10.1016/0016-7037(90)90005-6
2228:International Geology Review
1940:10.1016/0377-0273(84)90039-8
806:Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc
107:Table of selected flux rates
3141:biblioserver.sernageomin.cl
3005:10.1016/j.tecto.2012.11.011
685:80 to 45 million years ago
4170:
3574:ir.library.oregonstate.edu
3186:Revista Geológica de Chile
2248:10.2747/0020-6814.46.6.558
1682:Estimated volume/Duration
1656:Estimated volume/Duration
1637:Estimated volume/Duration
1618:Estimated volume/Duration
1599:Estimated volume/Duration
1039:Estimated volume/timespan
1020:Estimated volume/timespan
1001:Estimated volume/timespan
982:Estimated volume/timespan
759:45 to 0 million years ago
364:, edifice building phases
4085:
3858:
3641:10.1007/s00445-004-0396-0
3332:10.1007/s00445-010-0365-8
2695:10.1007/s00410-008-0330-0
2521:10.1017/s0016756898001447
2146:10.1007/s00445-007-0158-x
741:6 to 0 million years ago
83:which are mostly buried.
47:, in that case km2/year.
3764:Cryptovolcanic structure
3681:10.1093/petrology/egw053
2856:10.1144/gsjgs.141.6.1057
2196:10.1144/gsjgs.155.4.0619
1761:Earth, Moon, and Planets
1226:Since Late Pleistocene.
1153:Edifice volume/Duration
1135:Edifice volume/Duration
1116:Edifice volume/Duration
1097:Edifice volume/Duration
1079:Edifice volume/Duration
507:Magma supplied/duration
504:Over 0.33 million years
70:Measurement difficulties
4045:Eruptions by death toll
3621:Bulletin of Volcanology
3578:Oregon State University
3568:J., Salisbury, Morgan.
3311:Bulletin of Volcanology
3079:Bulletin of Volcanology
3028:Bulletin of Volcanology
2926:Bulletin of Volcanology
2430:Geofísica Internacional
2393:1991E&PSL.102...24S
2126:Bulletin of Volcanology
1773:1992EM&P...58....1J
1310:, Te Herenga formation
1293:, Mangawhero formation
1011:, Valle del Bove phase
943:Between 3.2 and 1.5 Ma
905:During, 3.7 ± 0.03 Myr
648:Total volume including
558:, Intermediary Edifice
140:10 cu mi/ka)
1596:8-4 million years ago
1590:, Old Basaltic Series
1580:Total volume/Duration
1562:Total volume/Duration
1523:Total volume/Duration
1399:San Francisco Mountain
1381:San Francisco Mountain
1344:, Whakapapa formation
1327:, Waihianoa formation
1283:Total volume/Lifespan
1263:1000–2000 years long.
1126:, Saint Vincent stage
1030:, Stratovolcano phase
908:Total volume/Duration
857:Total volume/Duration
816:Total volume/Duration
798:Total volume/Duration
670:Total volume/Duration
482:Last 28 million years
445:Total volume/Duration
427:Total volume/Duration
418:Camargo volcanic field
410:Total volume/Duration
392:Total volume/Duration
373:Total volume/Duration
354:Total volume/Duration
335:Total volume/Duration
316:Total volume/Duration
297:Total volume/Duration
278:Total volume/Duration
260:Total volume/Duration
241:Total volume/Duration
222:Total volume/Duration
203:Total volume/Duration
184:Total volume/Duration
165:Total volume/Duration
3048:10.1007/s004450050154
2946:10.1007/s004450050156
1820:10.1130/2007.1200(02)
1721:Cone volume/Duration
1701:240,000–90,000 years
1628:, Cañadas II volcano
846:Meidob volcanic field
475:Central Volcanic Zone
132:Aegina volcanic field
3668:Journal of Petrology
3222:(11–12): 1681–1688.
2764:10.1002/2014JF003355
1647:, Cordillera Dorsal
1609:, Cañadas I volcano
1505:and eroded material
1373:and eroded material
838:and eroded material
612:and eroded material
3633:2005BVol...67..557T
3539:1990JVGR...44..231A
3436:1994Natur.368..326A
3371:1997GSAB..109..127S
3323:2010BVol...72..833K
3273:2003JVGR..120..271G
3228:2015GSAB..127.1681J
3158:on 22 November 2015
3091:1994BVol...56..361P
3040:1997BVol...58..455D
2997:2013Tectp.586...46B
2938:1997BVol...58..472H
2903:2010JVGR..198..297G
2848:1984JGSoc.141.1057L
2801:1997JAfES..25..263F
2755:2015JGRF..120.1206G
2651:2011JVGR..206..121L
2615:2004JVGR..136....1H
2571:2006JVGR..151..309R
2513:1998GeoM..135..591C
2501:Geological Magazine
2339:2012JVGR..221...33S
2292:1990GeCoA..54.2697S
2240:2004IGRv...46..558R
2188:1998JGSoc.155..619K
2138:2008BVol...70..633K
2120:Klemetti, Erik W.;
2068:2006JVGR..157..254S
2033:2007JVGR..167..320D
1979:2008JVGR..178..818D
1932:1984JVGR...20..177C
1892:2011Geosp...7.1439P
1418:San Pedro de Tatara
788:Klyuchevskaya Sopka
4040:Lists of volcanoes
3827:Subglacial volcano
3802:Pyroclastic shield
3099:10.1007/BF00326462
2887:Chauvel, Catherine
2474:GSA Special Papers
2333:. 221–222: 33–51.
1901:10.1130/GES00696.1
1781:10.1007/BF00058070
1736:Long term average
1679:0.2 million years
1653:0.2 million years
1634:0.8 million years
1577:Long term average
1244:Last 8,000 years.
1198:Nevado Tres Cruces
777:Past 35,000 years
251:, after 4th pulse
4141:
4140:
3894:Basaltic andesite
3832:Submarine volcano
3430:(6469): 326–330.
2286:(10): 2697–2708.
2122:Grunder, Anita L.
1829:978-0-8137-1200-0
1744:
1743:
824:Marquesas Islands
722:Volume including
678:Emperor Seamounts
627:Past 8,000 years
605:25 million years
21:magma supply rate
4161:
4129:
4128:
4117:
4105:
4104:
4093:
4092:
4050:Decade Volcanoes
4028:Lists and groups
4019:Pyroclastic flow
4014:Pyroclastic fall
3864:
3797:Pyroclastic cone
3723:
3716:
3709:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3683:
3659:
3653:
3652:
3618:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3596:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3533:(3–4): 231–249.
3524:
3515:
3498:
3497:
3494:10.1130/B30124.1
3488:(1–2): 274–294.
3473:
3464:
3463:
3444:10.1038/368326a0
3419:
3413:
3412:
3409:10.1130/B26569.1
3403:(5–6): 757–771.
3392:
3383:
3382:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3334:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3267:(3–4): 271–287.
3255:
3240:
3239:
3236:10.1130/B31247.1
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3177:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3138:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3023:
3017:
3016:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2897:(3–4): 297–310.
2882:
2876:
2875:
2842:(6): 1057–1069.
2827:
2821:
2820:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2766:
2749:(7): 1206–1226.
2734:
2707:
2706:
2677:
2671:
2670:
2645:(3–4): 121–135.
2633:
2627:
2626:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2565:(1–3): 309–317.
2554:
2541:
2540:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2465:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2404:
2372:
2359:
2358:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2167:
2158:
2157:
2117:
2098:
2097:
2079:
2062:(1–3): 254–269.
2051:
2045:
2044:
2027:(1–4): 320–335.
2016:
1999:
1998:
1961:
1952:
1951:
1926:(3–4): 177–211.
1915:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1886:(6): 1439–1468.
1871:
1854:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1833:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1756:
1615:1 million years
1498:5 million years
1480:plumbing system
1366:3 million years
1247:Volume/Duration
1229:Volume/Duration
1211:Volume/Duration
1089:, Mont Conil Ib
1070:, Mont Conil Ia
899:, whole edifice
848:, whole edifice
831:7 million years
795:Last 6800 years
762:Volume/Duration
744:Volume/Duration
734:Hawaiian Islands
688:Volume/Duration
650:sector collapses
630:Volume/Duration
586:Volume/Duration
567:Volume/Duration
548:Volume/Duration
539:, Basal Edifice
529:Volume/Duration
526:plumbing system
467:Volume/Duration
464:plumbing system
139:
111:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4081:
4023:
3989:Tephriphonolite
3865:
3856:
3852:Harmonic tremor
3754:Complex volcano
3732:
3727:
3697:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3616:
3611:
3610:
3606:
3589:
3582:
3580:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3522:
3517:
3516:
3501:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3394:
3393:
3386:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3257:
3256:
3243:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3025:
3024:
3020:
2981:
2980:
2969:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2736:
2735:
2710:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2556:
2555:
2544:
2498:
2497:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2467:
2466:
2459:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2327:
2326:
2315:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2224:
2223:
2219:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2119:
2118:
2101:
2077:10.1.1.495.2449
2053:
2052:
2048:
2018:
2017:
2002:
1963:
1962:
1955:
1917:
1916:
1909:
1873:
1872:
1857:
1844:
1834:
1830:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1758:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1513:Soufrière Hills
1491:Society Islands
1076:543±8-189±3 ka
956:volcanic field
645:Juvenile stage
598:Austral Islands
383:, later phases
326:, Cumbre Negra
232:, fourth pulse
194:, second pulse
137:
109:
89:
72:
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4167:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4146:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4123:
4111:
4099:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4065:Volcanic field
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3994:Trachyandesite
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3875:
3873:
3871:Volcanic rocks
3867:
3866:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3812:Shield volcano
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3792:Parasitic cone
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3733:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3703:
3696:
3695:
3654:
3627:(6): 557–589.
3604:
3560:
3499:
3476:Ownby, S. E.;
3465:
3414:
3384:
3365:(2): 127–142.
3348:
3317:(7): 833–846.
3294:
3241:
3205:
3169:
3143:(in Spanish).
3120:
3085:(5): 361–376.
3069:
3034:(6): 455–458.
3018:
2985:Tectonophysics
2967:
2932:(6): 472–490.
2916:
2877:
2822:
2795:(2): 263–291.
2778:
2708:
2689:(2): 209–230.
2672:
2628:
2592:
2542:
2507:(5): 591–604.
2491:
2457:
2416:
2360:
2313:
2269:
2234:(6): 558–573.
2217:
2182:(4): 619–626.
2159:
2132:(5): 633–650.
2099:
2046:
2000:
1953:
1907:
1855:
1846:|journal=
1828:
1802:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1542:sulfur dioxide
1538:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1506:
1499:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:103 ka – 1902
1457:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:250,000 years
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:, Paleo-Pelee
1101:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:carbon dioxide
1054:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1004:
1002:
999:
998:110,000 years
996:
993:
992:, Timpe phase
986:
985:
983:
980:
979:330,000 years
977:
974:
968:
967:
965:
963:
960:
957:
950:
949:
947:
944:
941:
938:
931:
930:
928:
925:
922:
919:
912:
911:
909:
906:
903:
900:
893:
892:
890:
888:
886:
883:
877:
876:
874:
872:
870:
867:
861:
860:
858:
855:
852:
849:
842:
841:
839:
832:
829:
826:
820:
819:
817:
814:
811:
808:
802:
801:
799:
796:
793:
790:
784:
783:
781:
778:
775:
772:
766:
765:
763:
760:
757:
754:
752:Hawaiian Ridge
748:
747:
745:
742:
739:
736:
730:
729:
727:
720:
718:
715:
709:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:Farallon Negro
692:
691:
689:
686:
683:
680:
674:
673:
671:
668:
665:
662:
656:
655:
653:
646:
643:
640:
634:
633:
631:
628:
625:
622:
616:
615:
613:
606:
603:
600:
590:
589:
587:
584:
581:
578:
571:
570:
568:
565:
562:
559:
552:
551:
549:
546:
543:
540:
533:
532:
530:
527:
520:
517:
511:
510:
508:
505:
502:
499:
488:
487:
485:
483:
480:
477:
471:
470:
468:
465:
458:
455:
449:
448:
446:
443:
440:
437:
431:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
414:
413:
411:
408:
405:
402:
396:
395:
393:
390:
387:
384:
377:
376:
374:
371:
368:
365:
358:
357:
355:
352:
349:
346:
339:
338:
336:
333:
330:
327:
320:
319:
317:
314:
311:
308:
301:
300:
298:
295:
292:
289:
282:
281:
279:
276:
273:
270:
264:
263:
261:
258:
255:
252:
245:
244:
242:
239:
236:
233:
226:
225:
223:
220:
217:
214:
213:, third pulse
207:
206:
204:
201:
198:
195:
188:
187:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:, first pulse
169:
168:
166:
163:
157:
154:
148:
147:
145:
143:
141:
134:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
108:
105:
88:
85:
71:
68:
36:
33:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4166:
4155:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4134:
4133:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4110:
4109:
4100:
4098:
4097:
4088:
4087:
4084:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4060:Volcanic belt
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3964:Phonotephrite
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3847:Volcanic cone
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3822:Stratovolcano
3820:
3818:
3817:Somma volcano
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Rootless cone
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3717:
3712:
3710:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3674:(9): egw053.
3673:
3669:
3665:
3658:
3655:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3594:
3579:
3575:
3571:
3564:
3561:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3209:
3206:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3073:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2673:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2609:(1–2): 1–30.
2608:
2604:
2596:
2593:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2495:
2492:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2273:
2270:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2218:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1839:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1662:
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1658:
1655:
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1649:
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1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1469:Sierra Nevada
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:Based on the
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1036:60,000 years
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1017:50,000 years
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
987:
984:
981:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
966:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
951:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
933:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
894:
891:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
875:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
843:
840:
837:
833:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
800:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
753:
750:
749:
746:
743:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
728:
725:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
710:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
654:
651:
647:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
632:
629:
626:
623:
621:
618:
617:
614:
611:
607:
604:
601:
599:
595:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
577:, Young Cone
576:
573:
572:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
534:
531:
528:
525:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
496:Jemez Caldera
493:
490:
489:
486:
484:
481:
478:
476:
473:
472:
469:
466:
463:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
436:
433:
432:
429:
426:
424:
421:
419:
416:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
394:
391:
388:
385:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
318:
315:
312:
309:
306:
303:
302:
299:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
196:
193:
190:
189:
186:
183:
180:
177:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
162:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
146:
144:
142:
135:
133:
130:
129:
125:
122:
119:
116:
113:
112:
106:
104:
102:
98:
94:
86:
84:
82:
78:
69:
67:
65:
61:
60:hydrodynamics
57:
53:
52:volcanic arcs
48:
46:
45:volcanic arcs
42:
34:
32:
30:
26:
22:
4130:
4118:
4106:
4094:
4055:Volcanic arc
3999:Trachybasalt
3837:Supervolcano
3769:Fissure vent
3671:
3667:
3657:
3624:
3620:
3607:
3581:. Retrieved
3573:
3563:
3530:
3526:
3485:
3481:
3478:Lange, R. A.
3427:
3423:
3417:
3400:
3396:
3362:
3358:
3351:
3314:
3310:
3264:
3260:
3219:
3215:
3208:
3189:
3185:
3160:. Retrieved
3153:the original
3145:Puerto Varas
3140:
3130:Mpodozis, C.
3123:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3031:
3027:
3021:
2988:
2984:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2894:
2890:
2880:
2839:
2835:
2825:
2792:
2788:
2781:
2746:
2742:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2562:
2558:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2482:. Retrieved
2477:
2473:
2436:(1): 33–54.
2433:
2429:
2419:
2387:(1): 24–44.
2384:
2380:
2330:
2283:
2279:
2272:
2231:
2227:
2220:
2179:
2175:
2129:
2125:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2024:
2020:
1970:
1966:
1923:
1919:
1883:
1879:
1811:
1805:
1764:
1760:
1754:
1718:< 376 ka
1520:Last 174 ka
1182:Mount Sidley
1168:Past 13,500
1113:126±2–25 ka
962:Postglacial
813:Last 100 ka
667:Last 350 ka
594:Cook Islands
498:, intrusion
492:Cerro Toledo
400:Broken Ridge
381:Aucanquilcha
370:Over 200 ka
362:Aucanquilcha
343:Aucanquilcha
332:Over 150 ka
324:Aucanquilcha
313:1040–920 ka
305:Aucanquilcha
286:Aucanquilcha
275:7,000 years
90:
87:Applications
73:
49:
38:
20:
18:
4154:Volcanology
4132:WikiProject
4075:polygenetic
4070:monogenetic
3949:Nephelinite
3904:Blairmorite
3879:Agglomerate
3787:Mud volcano
3759:Cryovolcano
3749:Cinder cone
3342:10831/91180
3162:22 November
2484:26 November
1767:(1): 1–29.
1729:Yellowstone
1544:emissions.
1452:Santa Maria
1435:Santa Maria
1161:Mount Pelee
1145:, longterm
1143:Mount Pelee
1124:Mount Pelee
1105:Mount Pelee
1087:Mount Pelee
1068:Mount Pelee
954:Mount Adams
935:Morne Jacob
916:Morne Jacob
897:Morne Jacob
351:950–850 ka
307:, Azufrera
294:600-200 ka
56:Darcy's law
35:Definitions
3974:Rhyodacite
3924:Ignimbrite
3899:Benmoreite
1973:(4): 820.
1747:References
1672:Pico Viejo
1503:subsidence
1442:103-35 ka
1371:subsidence
1255:Parinacota
1237:Parinacota
1219:Parinacota
1047:Mount Etna
1028:Mount Etna
1009:Mount Etna
990:Mount Etna
972:Mount Etna
836:subsidence
726:/Duration
724:subsidence
652:/Duration
620:El Chichon
610:subsidence
575:Chimborazo
556:Chimborazo
545:120-60 ka
537:Chimborazo
515:Chimborazo
126:Reference
81:intrusions
3959:Phonolite
3944:Leucitite
3929:Komatiite
3777:Lava dome
3773:Lava cone
3730:Volcanoes
3690:0022-3530
3649:129294486
3583:8 January
3555:0377-0273
3452:1476-4687
3289:0377-0273
3115:140586519
3107:0258-8900
3064:129640540
3056:0258-8900
3013:0040-1951
2991:: 46–64.
2962:129487879
2954:0258-8900
2872:129702105
2864:0016-7649
2817:1464-343X
2773:129899404
2667:0377-0273
2587:0377-0273
2537:128483385
2529:1469-5081
2452:0016-7169
2411:0012-821X
2355:0377-0273
2308:0016-7037
2264:131356343
2256:0020-6814
2212:129178854
2204:0016-7649
2154:140668081
2094:0377-0273
2072:CiteSeerX
1995:0377-0273
1948:0377-0273
1880:Geosphere
1848:ignored (
1838:cite book
1797:122135792
1789:0167-9295
1559:≥ 550 ka
1552:Tancítaro
1531:Stromboli
1476:A single
1407:~ 100 ka
1388:≤ 400 ka
1205:1.5-0.03
638:El Hierro
583:33–14 ka
564:60–35 ka
522:A single
460:A single
345:, Rodado
288:, Angulo
120:Timespan
64:intrusion
4148:Category
4096:Category
4004:Trachyte
3979:Rhyolite
3954:Obsidian
3884:Andesite
3593:cite web
2703:43098190
1694:Huayrana
1664:Tenerife
1645:Tenerife
1626:Tenerife
1607:Tenerife
1588:Tenerife
1570:Tenerife
1132:25–9 ka
865:Menengai
770:Imbabura
660:El Misti
453:Cascades
257:2400 ka
101:basaltic
4108:Commons
4035:Hotspot
3934:Lapilli
3919:Felsite
3744:Caldera
3629:Bibcode
3535:Bibcode
3460:4241099
3432:Bibcode
3367:Bibcode
3319:Bibcode
3269:Bibcode
3224:Bibcode
3087:Bibcode
3036:Bibcode
2993:Bibcode
2934:Bibcode
2899:Bibcode
2844:Bibcode
2797:Bibcode
2751:Bibcode
2647:Bibcode
2611:Bibcode
2567:Bibcode
2509:Bibcode
2389:Bibcode
2335:Bibcode
2288:Bibcode
2236:Bibcode
2184:Bibcode
2134:Bibcode
2064:Bibcode
2029:Bibcode
1975:Bibcode
1928:Bibcode
1888:Bibcode
1769:Bibcode
1342:Ruapehu
1325:Ruapehu
1308:Ruapehu
1291:Ruapehu
1273:Ruapehu
1060:output
881:Methana
389:800 ka
238:350 ka
219:600 ka
200:600 ka
181:200 ka
123:Method
97:plutons
29:volcano
4120:Portal
3984:Tephra
3969:Pumice
3939:Latite
3914:Dacite
3909:Cinder
3889:Basalt
3842:Tossol
3688:
3647:
3553:
3458:
3450:
3424:Nature
3287:
3113:
3105:
3062:
3054:
3011:
2960:
2952:
2870:
2862:
2815:
2771:
2701:
2665:
2585:
2535:
2527:
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2409:
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2306:
2262:
2254:
2210:
2202:
2152:
2092:
2074:
1993:
1946:
1826:
1795:
1787:
1711:Ubinas
1690:Tunupa
1478:pluton
937:, J2T
918:, J1T
713:Hawaii
524:pluton
462:pluton
268:Arenal
77:eroded
3737:Types
3645:S2CID
3617:(PDF)
3523:(PDF)
3456:S2CID
3192:(2).
3156:(PDF)
3137:(PDF)
3111:S2CID
3060:S2CID
2958:S2CID
2868:S2CID
2769:S2CID
2699:S2CID
2533:S2CID
2260:S2CID
2208:S2CID
2150:S2CID
1793:S2CID
1668:Teide
1359:Samoa
117:Rate
114:Name
93:crust
27:at a
25:magma
4009:Tuff
3782:Maar
3686:ISSN
3599:link
3585:2016
3551:ISSN
3448:ISSN
3285:ISSN
3164:2015
3103:ISSN
3052:ISSN
3009:ISSN
2950:ISSN
2860:ISSN
2813:ISSN
2663:ISSN
2583:ISSN
2525:ISSN
2486:2015
2448:ISSN
2407:ISSN
2351:ISSN
2304:ISSN
2252:ISSN
2200:ISSN
2090:ISSN
1991:ISSN
1944:ISSN
1850:help
1824:ISBN
1785:ISSN
41:flux
19:The
3676:doi
3637:doi
3543:doi
3490:doi
3486:123
3440:doi
3428:368
3405:doi
3401:122
3375:doi
3363:109
3337:hdl
3327:doi
3277:doi
3265:120
3232:doi
3220:127
3194:doi
3095:doi
3044:doi
3001:doi
2989:586
2942:doi
2907:doi
2895:198
2852:doi
2840:141
2805:doi
2759:doi
2747:120
2691:doi
2687:157
2655:doi
2643:206
2619:doi
2607:136
2575:doi
2563:151
2517:doi
2505:135
2480:: 5
2478:484
2438:doi
2397:doi
2385:102
2343:doi
2296:doi
2244:doi
2192:doi
2180:155
2142:doi
2082:doi
2060:157
2037:doi
2025:167
1983:doi
1971:178
1936:doi
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1207:mya
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