184:) was suggested. These paramagnetic proteins, which typically contain iron or have iron-containing cofactors, are then magnetically stimulated. How this technique can modulate neuronal activity remains unclear but it is thought that the ion channels are activated and opened either by mechanical force exerted by the paramagnetic proteins, or by heating of these via magnetic stimulation. However, availability of such paramagnetic proteins as a transducer for magnetic field to mechanical or temperature stimuli is controversial.
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response latency. In 1980, Young and colleagues have shown that magnetic fields with magnitudes in millitesla range are able to penetrate into the brain without attenuation of the signal or side effects because of the negligible magnetic susceptibility and low conductivity of biological tissue. Early attempts to manipulate electrical signaling within brain using magnetic fields was performed by Baker et al., who later developed devices for
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On the other hand, nanoparticles have been suggested as possible candidates that can function as the transducer of magnetic field to the stimulus cue. Based on this concept, next generation of magnetogenetics technique is being developed. In 2010, Arnd Pralle and colleges showed that the first in
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Techniques that rely on the magnetic control of cellular process are relatively new. This technique may provide an approach that does not require implantation of invasive electrodes or optical devices. This method will allow penetration in to the deeper region of the brain, and may have lower
207:'s research group has successfully developed the magneto-mechanical genetics which uses magnetic stimulation derived mechanical force in mammalian. In this study, magnetic torque by rotating magnetic field was employed to activate the mechanosensitive cation channel
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properties. Some researchers have reported that ferritin has remnant magnetization due to their intrinsic defect and impurities. However, even with optimistic calculations, the magnetic interaction energy for heat or force generation is several orders below than
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has advantages in that it can provide temporally and spatially precise manipulation of neurons. On the other hand, it involves light stimulation, which cannot penetrate tissues effectively and requires implanted optical devices, limiting its applications for
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The foremost strength of the genetic toolkits used in neuromodulation is that it can provide either spatially or temporally, or both, precise modulation of the brain nervous system. To date, several technologies are adapted with genetics (e.g.
142:, which is a neuromodulation tool kit that involves light-sensitive proteins such as opsins. This progress provided the grounds for a breakthrough in linking the causal relationship between neuronal activity and behavioral outcome.
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The development of genetic technologies that can modulate cellular processes has greatly contributed to biological research. A representative example is the development of
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In 2012, Seung Chan Kim showed gene expression profile change of total human genome approximately 30,000 genes using 0.2T static magnetic fields. In 2015,
245:. Recently, other researchers hypothesized that there are other possible mechanisms for activate the ion channels, but these studies remain inconclusive.
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232:. The ferritin is composed of 24 subunits of protein complex and a small iron oxide core. The core of the ferritin is in the form of
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Lee, Jung-uk; Shin, Wookjin; Lim, Yongjun; Kim, Jungsil; Kim, Woon Ryoung; Kim, Heehun; Lee, Jae-Hyun; Cheon, Jinwoo (2021-01-28).
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Del Sol-Fernández S, Martínez-Vicente P, Gomollón-Zueco P, Castro-Hinojosa C, Gutiérrez L, Fratila RM, Moros M (February 2022).
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Jutz G, van Rijn P, Santos
Miranda B, Böker A (February 2015). "Ferritin: a versatile building block for bionanotechnology".
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Chen R, Romero G, Christiansen MG, Mohr A, Anikeeva P (March 2015). "Wireless magnetothermal deep brain stimulation".
203:'s research group demonstrated that similar concept can enhance the neuronal signals in mammalian brain. In 2021,
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605:"Non-contact long-range magnetic stimulation of mechanosensitive ion channels in freely moving animals"
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505:"Gene expression profile analysis in cultured human neuronal cells after static magnetic stimulation"
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442:"Remote control of ion channels and neurons through magnetic-field heating of nanoparticles"
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Huang, Heng; Delikanli, Savas; Zeng, Hao; Ferkey, Denise M.; Pralle, Arnd (August 2010).
296:"Magnetogenetics: remote activation of cellular functions triggered by magnetic switches"
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One of the main issues in magnetogenetics is related the physical properties of the
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Roet M, Hescham SA, Jahanshahi A, Rutten BP, Anikeeva PO, Temel Y (June 2019).
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345:"Progress in neuromodulation of the brain: A role for magnetic nanoparticles?"
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To apply magnetogenetics in biological and neuroscientific research, fusing
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if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
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manipulation of behavior of mice can be done using magnetogenetics.
154:, etc.), and each technology has strengths and limits. For example,
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vivo magneto-thermal stimulation of heat sensitive ion channel
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that employs magnetic nanoparticles as a transducer in
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class receptors with a paramagnetic protein (typically
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Im, Wooseok; Lee, Soon-Tae; Kim, Seung Chan (2012).
393:Young JH, Wang MT, Brezovich IA (1980-05-09).
46:Please review the contents of the article and
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211:. Results of this study show that remote,
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126:is a medical research technique whereby
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668:"Physical limits to magnetogenetics"
224:Physical limitation of the ferritin
130:are used to affect cell function.
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275:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
171:transcranial magnetic stimulation
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364:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.002
48:add the appropriate references
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33:reliable medical references
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629:10.1038/s41563-020-00896-y
243:thermal fluctuation energy
666:Meister M (August 2016).
521:10.1007/s13206-012-6308-z
39:or relies too heavily on
352:Progress in Neurobiology
564:10.1126/science.1261821
466:10.1038/nnano.2010.125
260:Magnetic nanoparticles
255:Deep brain stimulation
446:Nature Nanotechnology
265:Regenerative medicine
165:live animal studies
695:10.7554/eLife.17210
621:2021NatMa..20.1029L
556:2015Sci...347.1477C
458:2010NatNa...5..602H
419:10.1049/el:19800255
411:1980ElL....16..358Y
399:Electronics Letters
312:10.1039/d1nr06303k
270:Tissue engineering
741:10.1021/cr400011b
550:(6229): 1477–80.
238:antiferromagnetic
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103:January 2024
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37:verification
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31:needs more
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678:: e17210.
281:References
236:which has
195:C. elegans
73:newspapers
774:Magnetism
653:231747654
637:1476-1122
474:1748-3387
427:1350-911X
300:Nanoscale
769:Genetics
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358:: 1–14.
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249:See also
230:ferritin
182:ferritin
705:5016093
617:Bibcode
552:Bibcode
544:Science
490:3084460
454:Bibcode
407:Bibcode
321:8830762
213:in vivo
162:in vivo
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348:(PDF)
190:TRPV1
94:JSTOR
80:books
745:PMID
710:PMID
641:PMID
633:ISSN
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470:ISSN
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368:PMID
326:PMID
178:TRPV
66:news
35:for
737:doi
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