Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (medicine)

1757: 1121:) and are therefore unsuitable for use in generating encyclopedic, reliable biomedical content. Scientists at Bayer reported in 2011 that they were able to replicate results in only ~20 to 25% of prominent studies they examined; scientists from Amgen followed with a 2012 publication showing that they were only able to replicate 6 (11%) of 53 high-impact publications and called for higher standards in scientific publishing. Further, the fact that a claim is published in a refereed journal need not make it true. Even well-designed randomized experiments will occasionally produce spurious results. Experiments and studies can produce flawed results or even fall victim to deliberate fraud (e.g. 1913:

summarize and integrate a topic of research into an overall view. In medicine, primary sources include clinical trials, which test new treatments. In addition to experiments, primary sources normally contain introductory, background, or review sections that place their research in the context of previous work; these sections may be cited in Knowledge (XXG) with care: they are often incomplete and typically less reliable than reviews or other sources, such as textbooks, which are intended to be reasonably comprehensive. If challenged, the primary source should be supplemented with, or replaced by, a more appropriate source.

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new and experimental treatment as "the cure" for a disease or an every-day substance as "the cause" of a disease. Newspapers and magazines may also publish articles about scientific results before those results have been published in a peer-reviewed journal or reproduced by other experimenters. Such articles may be based uncritically on a press release, which themselves promote research with uncertain relevance to human health and do not acknowledge important limitations, even when issued by an academic medical center. For Knowledge (XXG)'s purposes, articles in the popular press are

1889:, it is wise to skim-read everything available, including abstracts of papers that are not freely readable, and use that to get a feel for what reliable sources are saying. However, when it comes to actually writing a Knowledge (XXG) article, it is misleading to give a full citation for a source after reading only its abstract; the abstract necessarily presents a stripped-down version of the conclusions and omits the background that can be crucial for understanding exactly what the source says, and may not represent the article's actual conclusions. 1322: 1313: 2226:

important. Medical textbooks published by academic publishers are often excellent secondary sources. If a textbook is intended for students, it may not be as thorough as a monograph or chapter in a textbook intended for professionals or postgraduates. Ensure that the book is up to date, unless a historical perspective is required. Doody's maintains a list of core health sciences books, which is available only to subscribers. Major academic publishers (e.g.,

2344: 1048:. Controversies or uncertainties in medicine should be supported by reliable secondary sources describing the varying viewpoints. Primary sources should not be aggregated or presented without context in order to undermine proportionate representation of opinion in a field. If material can be supported by either primary or secondary sources – the secondary sources should be used. Primary sources may be presented together with secondary sources. 2513:

sources, they may have missed other sources that would have been more useful or they may generate pages and pages of less-than-useful material. A good strategy for avoiding sole reliance on search engines is to find a few recent high-quality sources and follow their citations to see what the search engine missed. It can also be helpful to perform a plain web search rather than one of scholarly articles only.

3536:, and search for the name of the journal. On the journal page, under the heading "Current Indexing Status", you can see whether or not the journal is currently indexed. Note that journals that have changed names or ceased publication will not be "currently" indexed on MEDLINE, but their indexing status, when they were being published, can be viewed under other headings on that same page. 2242:) publish specialized medical book series with good editorial oversight; volumes in these series summarize the latest research in narrow areas, usually in a more extensive format than journal reviews. Specialized biomedical encyclopedias published by these established publishers are often of good quality, but as a tertiary source, the information may be too terse for detailed articles. 50: 2452: 2559:(often not peer-reviewed). The classification scheme includes about 80 types of documents. For medical information, the most useful types of articles are typically labeled "Guideline", "Meta-analysis", "Practice guideline", or "Review". Even when an article is one of the most useful types and recently published, it can be helpful to check the journal on 1435:. Respect the levels of evidence: Do not reject a higher-level source (e.g., a meta-analysis) in favor of a lower one (e.g., any primary source) because of personal objections to the inclusion criteria, references, funding sources, or conclusions in the higher-level source. Editors should not perform detailed academic peer review. 108: 1676: 3547:

Mabizela, Mahlubi; Manca, Andrea; Milzow, Katrin; Mouton, Johann; Muchenje, Marvelous; Olijhoek, Tom; Ommaya, Alexander; Patwardhan, Bhushan; Poff, Deborah; Proulx, Laurie; Rodger, Marc; Severin, Anna; Strinzel, Michaela; Sylos-Labini, Mauro; Tamblyn, Robyn; van Niekerk, Marthie; Wicherts, Jelte M.; Lalu, Manoj M. (2019).

2323:. The reliability of these sources ranges from formal scientific reports, which can be the equal of the best reviews published in medical journals, to public guides and service announcements, which have the advantage of being freely readable but are generally less authoritative than the underlying medical literature. 2199:. A sponsored supplement need not necessarily have a COI with its medical content; for instance, public health agencies may also sponsor supplements. However, groups that do have a COI may hide behind layers of front organizations with innocuous names, so the ultimate funding sources should always be ascertained. 3638: 2512:

are commonly used to find biomedical sources. Each engine has quirks, advantages, and disadvantages, and may not return the results that the editor needs unless used carefully. It typically takes experience and practice to recognize when a search has not been effective; even if an editor finds useful

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fail to discuss important issues such as evidence quality, costs, and risks versus benefits, and news articles too often convey wrong or misleading information about health care. Articles in newspapers and popular magazines tend to overemphasize the certainty of any result, for instance, presenting a

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provide a general summary of a topic based on a survey of the literature, which can be useful when outlining a topic. A general narrative review of a subject by an expert in the field can make a good secondary source covering various aspects of a subject within a Knowledge (XXG) article. Such reviews

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may be used to describe personal opinions, but extreme care should be taken when using such sources lest more controversial opinions be taken at face value or, worse, asserted as fact. If independent sources discussing a medical subject are of low quality, then it is likely that the subject itself is

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or institutional position papers (ideal sources for clinical recommendations). It is normally best to use reviews and meta-analyses where possible. Reviews give a balanced and general perspective of a topic and are usually easier to understand. However, whereas a narrative review may give a panorama

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use sophisticated methodology to address a particular clinical question in as balanced (unbiased) a way as possible. Some systematic reviews also include a statistical meta-analysis to combine the results of several clinical trials to provide stronger quantitative evidence about how well a treatment

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In many topics, a review that was conducted more than five or so years ago will have been superseded by more up-to-date ones, and editors should try to find those newer sources, to determine whether the expert opinion has changed since the older sources were written. The range of reviews you examine

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is one in which the authors directly participated in the research and documented their personal experiences. They examined the patients, injected the rats, ran the experiments, or supervised those who did. Many papers published in medical journals are primary sources for facts about the research and

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provides a list of 114 selected "core clinical journals". Another useful grouping of core medical journals is the 2003 Brandon/Hill list, which includes 141 publications selected for a small medical library (although this list is no longer maintained, the listed journals are of high quality). Core

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s are the gold standard when it comes to assessing evidence quality. They take into account various aspects such as effect, risks, economic costs, and ethical concerns of a treatment. They seldom make recommendations, but instead explain most effective treatments and potential hazards and discuss

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Keeping an article up-to-date while maintaining the more-important goal of reliability is important. These instructions are appropriate for actively researched areas with many primary sources and several reviews, and may need to be relaxed in areas where little progress is being made or where few

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Use your best judgement when writing about topics where you may have a conflict of interest: citing yourself on Knowledge (XXG) is problematic. Citing your own organization, such as a governmental health agency or an NGO producing high-quality systematic reviews, is generally acceptable – if the

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Grudniewicz, Agnes; Moher, David; Cobey, Kelly D.; Bryson, Gregory L.; Cukier, Samantha; Allen, Kristiann; Ardern, Clare; Balcom, Lesley; Barros, Tiago; Berger, Monica; Ciro, Jairo Buitrago; Cugusi, Lucia; Donaldson, Michael R.; Egger, Matthias; Graham, Ian D.; Hodgkinson, Matt; Khan, Karim M.;

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Conference abstracts present incomplete and unpublished data and undergo varying levels of review; they are often unreviewed and their initial conclusions may have changed dramatically if and when the data are finally ready for publication. Consequently, they are usually poor sources and should

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Prefer recent reviews to older primary sources on the same topic. If recent reviews do not mention an older primary source, the older source is dubious. Conversely, an older primary source that is seminal, replicated, and often-cited may be mentioned in the main text in a context established by

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would not be appropriate in the 'Treatment' section of a disease article because future treatments have little bearing on current practice. The results might – in some cases – be appropriate for inclusion in an article specifically dedicated to the treatment in question or to the researchers or

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High-quality textbooks can be a good source to start an article, and often include general overviews of a field or subject. However, books generally move slower than journal sources, and are often several years behind the current state of evidence. This makes using up-to-date books even more

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journal). Determining the reliability of any individual journal article may also take into account whether the article has garnered significant positive citations in sources of undisputed reliability, suggesting wider acceptance in the medical literature despite any red flags suggested here.

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Peer-reviewed medical journals are a natural choice as a source for up-to-date medical information in Knowledge (XXG) articles. Journal articles come in many different types, and are a mixture of primary and secondary sources. Primary publications describe new research, while review articles

1717:(COI) must be disclosed. Editing on topics where one is involved or closely related, especially when there is potential financial gain, is discouraged. Medicine is not an exception. One way to contribute with a COI is to post on talk-pages, suggesting edits. Another alternative is the 1613:

Many treatments or proposed treatments lack good research into their efficacy and safety. In such cases, reliable sources may be difficult to find, while unreliable sources are readily available. When writing about medical claims not supported by mainstream research, it is vital that

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and animal-model data are cited on Knowledge (XXG), it should be clear to the reader that the data are pre-clinical, and the article text should avoid stating or implying that reported findings hold true in humans. The level of support for a hypothesis should be evident to a reader.

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sources should NOT normally be used as a basis for biomedical content. This is because primary biomedical literature is exploratory and often not reliable (any given primary source may be contradicted by another). Any text that relies on primary sources should usually have minimal

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with no supervision of content by the parent journal. Such articles do not share the reliability of their parent journal. Indications that an article was published in a supplement may be fairly subtle; for instance, a letter "s" added to a page number, or "Suppl." in a reference.

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businesses involved in it. Such information, particularly when citing secondary sources, may be appropriate in research sections of disease articles. To prevent misunderstanding, the text should clearly identify the level of research cited (e.g., "first-in-human safety testing").

990:, only describe conclusions made by the source, and describe these findings so clearly that any editor can check the sourcing without the need for specialist knowledge. Primary sources should never be cited in support of a conclusion that is not clearly made by the authors ( 1071:"A large study published in 2010 found that selenium and Vitamin E supplements, separately as well as together, did not decrease the risk of getting prostate cancer and that vitamin E may increase the risk; they were previously thought to prevent prostate cancer." (citing 2554:

When looking at an individual abstract on the PubMed website, an editor can consult "Publication Types", "MeSH Terms", etc. at the bottom of the page to see how the document has been classified in PubMed. For example, a page that is tagged as "Comment" or "Letter" is a

2400:. A news article should therefore not be used as a sole source for a medical fact or figure. Editors are encouraged to seek out the scholarly research behind the news story. One possibility is to cite a higher-quality source along with a more-accessible popular source. 3601: 3303: 1702:

conflict of interest is disclosed, it is done to improve coverage of a topic, and not with the sole purpose of driving traffic to your site. All edits should improve neutral encyclopedic coverage; anything else, such as promoting an organization, is

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Guidelines and position statements provided by major medical and scientific organizations are important on Knowledge (XXG) because they present recommendations and opinions that many caregivers rely upon (or may even be legally obliged to follow).

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are not peer reviewed, but sometimes feature articles that explain medical subjects in plain English. As the quality of press coverage of medicine ranges from excellent to irresponsible, use common sense, and see how well the source fits the

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methodology to select primary (or sometimes secondary) studies meeting explicit criteria to address a specific question. Such reviews should be more reliable and accurate and less prone to bias than a narrative review. Systematic reviews and

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Press releases, newsletters, advocacy and self-help publications, blogs and other websites, and other sources contain a wide range of biomedical information ranging from factual to fraudulent, with a high percentage being of low quality.

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by tying together separate statements with "however", "this is not supported by", etc. The image below attempts to clarify some internal ranking of statements from different organizations in the weight they are given on Knowledge (XXG).

969:, the Knowledge (XXG) community relies on guidance contained in expert scientific reviews and textbooks, and in official statements published by major medical and scientific bodies. Note that health-related content in the general 1958:), publish third-party summaries of reviews and guidelines published elsewhere. If an editor has access to both the original source and the summary and finds both helpful, it is good practice to cite both sources together (see 2326:

Guidelines by major medical and scientific organizations sometimes clash with one another (for example, the World Health Organization and American Heart Association on salt intake), which should be resolved in accordance with

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are often (but far from always) unacceptable sources. They are commonly sponsored by industry groups with a financial interest in the outcome of the research reported. They may lack independent editorial oversight and

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Li G, Abbade LP, Nwosu I, Jin Y, Leenus A, Maaz M, Wang M, Bhatt M, Zielinski L, Sanger N, Bantoto B, Luo C, Shams I, Shahid H, Chang Y, Sun G, Mbuagbaw L, Samaan Z, Levine MA, Adachi JD, Thabane L (December 2017).

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Findings are often touted in the popular press as soon as primary research is reported, before the scientific community has analyzed and commented on the results. Therefore, such sources should generally be omitted

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Conversely, the high-quality popular press can be a good source for social, biographical, current-affairs, financial, and historical information in a medical article. For example, popular science magazines such as

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Rochon PA, Gurwitz JH, Cheung CM, Hayes JA, Chalmers TC (July 1994). "Evaluating the quality of articles published in journal supplements compared with the quality of those published in the parent journal".

2535:. PubMed can be searched in a variety of ways. For example, clicking on the "Review" tab will help narrow the search to review articles. The "Filters" options can further narrow the search, for example, to 2156:

Indications that an article was published in a supplement may be fairly subtle; for instance, a letter "S" added to a page number, or "Suppl." in a reference. However, note that merely being published in

2551:, provides free access to full texts. While it is often not the official published version, it is a peer-reviewed manuscript that is substantially the same but lacks minor copy-editing by the publisher. 2094:, or its content being outside the journal's normal scope (for instance, an article on the efficacy of a new cancer treatment in a psychiatric journal or the surgical techniques for hip replacement in a 1235:

Finally, make readers aware of controversies that are stated in reliable sources. A well-referenced article will point to specific journal articles or specific theories proposed by specific researchers.

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should not normally be used to source biomedical content in Knowledge (XXG) articles. (News sources may be useful for non-biomedical content, such as information about "society and culture" – see

2331:. Guidelines do not always correspond to best evidence, but instead of omitting them, reference the scientific literature and explain how it may differ from the guidelines. Remember to avoid 1082:

Given time a review will be published, and the primary sources should preferably be replaced with the review. Using secondary sources then allows facts to be stated with greater reliability:

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Several formal systems exist for assessing the quality of available evidence on medical subjects. Here, "assess evidence quality" essentially means editors should determine the appropriate

4625: 73: 1228:. Although significant-minority views are welcome in Knowledge (XXG), such views must be presented in the context of their acceptance by experts in the field. Additionally, the views of 4705: 4653: 2363:

gaps in knowledge. Their name is somewhat of a misnomer as they do not need to concern "technology" as perceived by the public – but rather any intervention intended to improve health.

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are usually acceptable sources for uncontroversial information; however, as much as possible Knowledge (XXG) articles should cite the more established literature directly.

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should be wide enough to catch at least one full review cycle, containing newer reviews written and published in the light of older ones and of more-recent primary studies.

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of randomized controlled trials can provide strong evidence of the clinical efficacy of particular treatments in given scenarios, which may, in turn, be incorporated into

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summarizes a range of secondary sources. Undergraduate- or graduate-level textbooks, edited scientific books, lay scientific books, and encyclopedias are tertiary sources.

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typically do not contain primary research but can make interpretations and draw conclusions from primary sources that no Knowledge (XXG) editor would be allowed to do.

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or position statements by internationally or nationally recognized expert bodies also often contain recommendations, along with assessments of underlying evidence (see

2078:" behavior, which includes questionable business practices and/or peer-review processes that raise concerns about the reliability of their journal articles. (See also 1358:(RCTs). Systematic reviews of literature that include non-randomized studies are less reliable. Narrative reviews can help establish the context of evidence quality. 565: 1063:

of studies requires reliable secondary sources (not press releases or newspaper articles based on such sources). If conclusions are worth mentioning (such as large

2993:"Evidence-Based Decision Making: Introduction and Formulating Good Clinical Questions | Continuing Education Course | dentalcare.com Course Pages | DentalCare.com" 2706: 2670: 2455:

Reliable sources must be strong enough to support the claim. A lightweight source may be acceptable for a lightweight claim, but never for an extraordinary claim.

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of data. Studies cited or mentioned in Knowledge (XXG) should be put in context by using high-quality secondary sources rather than by using the primary sources.

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to either provide an electronic copy or read the source and summarize what it says; if none of this is possible, the editor may need to find a different source.

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are commonly sponsored by industry groups with a financial interest in the outcome of the research reported. They may lack independent editorial oversight and

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found in medical journals, specialist academic or professional books, and medical guidelines or position statements published by major health organizations.

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to get a correctly written citation. Although PubMed is a comprehensive database, many of its indexed journals restrict online access. Another website,

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studies and animal models serve a central role in research, and are invaluable in determining mechanistic pathways and generating hypotheses. However,

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Additionally, popular science books are useful sources, but generally should not be referenced on Knowledge (XXG) to support medical statements (see

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as academic articles. Such supplements, and those that do not clearly declare their editorial policy and conflicts of interest, should not be cited.

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Robinson KA, Goodman SN (January 2011). "A systematic examination of the citation of prior research in reports of randomized, controlled trials".

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summarizes one or more primary or secondary sources to provide an overview of current understanding of the topic, to make recommendations, or to

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Statements and information from reputable major medical and scientific bodies may be valuable encyclopedic sources. These bodies include the

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Cooper BE, Lee WE, Goldacre BM, Sanders TA (August 2012). "The quality of the evidence for dietary advice given in UK national newspapers".

2691: 721:. Sourcing for all other types of content – including non-medical information in medicine-articles – is covered by the general guideline on 516: 2034: 1893: 3497: 1276:

information. Even in reputable medical journals, different papers are not given equal weight. Studies can be categorized into levels in a

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Prinz F, Schlange T, Asadullah K (August 2011). "Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets?".

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are generally of high quality and are periodically re-examined even if their initial publication dates fall outside the 5-year window.

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Predatory open access journals in a performance-based funding model: Common journals in Beall's list and in version V of the VABB-SHW

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Primary sources should not be cited with intent of "debunking", contradicting, or countering conclusions made by secondary sources.

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If no reviews on the subject are published in a reasonable amount of time, then the content and primary source should be removed.

2583: 2189: 3151: 1615: 751:, as such sources often include unreliable or preliminary information; for example, early lab results that do not hold in later 702: 334: 237: 2427: 1997: 631: 626: 617: 586: 461: 424: 404: 320: 288: 283: 246: 2631: 2257:

undergo no independent fact-checking or peer review and, consequently, are not reliable sources. However, books published by

1409:); and non-evidence-based expert opinion or clinical experience. Case reports and series are especially avoided, as they are 1201: 3229: 2568: 2332: 1769:

can be useful as sources for images in Knowledge (XXG) articles. Because the above image was published under the terms of a

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Guidelines are important on Knowledge (XXG) because they present recommended practices and positions of major authorities.

2312: 4733: 1782: 1165:. Be careful of material published in journals lacking peer review or that report material mainly in other fields. (See: 805: 546: 397: 380: 251: 65: 2528: 2304: 2300: 2262: 1966: 674: 4245:"How to read a paper. Statistics for the non-statistician. I: Different types of data need different statistical tests" 1740:

who reads the talk-page will not always have the knowledge to assess the sources properly. Then it is better to follow

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is less preferred as it is not possible to reference specific versions of their articles, and archives do not exist.

2074:. A journal article is probably not reliable for biomedical claims if its publisher has a reputation for exhibiting " 489: 484: 375: 370: 3750: 2439: 2833: 710: 325: 22: 3515: 2320: 1064: 648: 446: 1770: 1554: 1492: 1378: 740:, academic and professional books written by experts in the relevant fields and from respected publishers, and 4658: 2764: 2712: 2397: 2391:

The popular press is generally not a reliable source for scientific and medical information in articles. Most

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and early-stage research should not be cited to imply wide acceptance. For example, results of an early-stage

1086:"Neither vitamin E nor selenium decreases the risk of prostate cancer and vitamin E may increase it." (citing 880:

requires sourcing that complies with this guideline, whereas general information in the same article may not.

551: 176: 1839:, publish a few freely readable articles even though most are not free. A few high-quality journals, such as 2308: 2296: 1536:

Assessing reviews may be difficult. While the most-recent reviews include later research results, this does

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Evidence-Based Health Care and Public Health: How to Make Decisions About Health Services and Public Health

698: 591: 348: 315: 4286:"How to read a paper. Statistics for the non-statistician. II: "Significant" relations and their pitfalls" 3222:

Recommendations for the conduct, reporting, editing, and publication of scholarly work in medical journals

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Some baseline methods to identify questionable journals have reached consensus in the academic community.

1321: 652: 2746: 2132: 2111: 1541: 1055: 993: 896: 596: 305: 3914:"From conference abstract to full paper: differences between data presented in conferences and journals" 1390: 1277: 656: 3770:"How do US journalists cover treatments, tests, products, and procedures? An evaluation of 500 stories" 2909:

Begley CG, Ellis LM (March 2012). "Drug development: Raise standards for preclinical cancer research".

2492: 2374: 2274: 2208: 1901: 1868: 1795: 1684: 1647: 1596: 1504: 1450: 1245: 1141: 1006: 779: 608: 603: 82: 69: 3471: 2425:. Sources for evaluating health-care media coverage include specialized academic journals such as the 3602:"Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: a conflict of interest?" 3560: 3304:"Food company sponsorship of nutrition research and professional activities: a conflict of interest?" 3167: 2918: 2556: 2075: 1483:

and animal-model findings do not translate consistently into clinical effects in human beings. Where

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A biomedical claim! Strong MEDRS (MEDical Reliable Source) sourcing is definitely required here (see

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are the best place to find both primary and secondary sources. Every rigorous scientific journal is

451: 3353:"A scoping review of comparisons between abstracts and full reports in primary biomedical research" 2543:, and/or to freely readable sources. Once you have a PMID from Pubmed, you can plug that PMID into 2412: 2090:

not be reliable are its publication in a journal that is not indexed in the bibliographic database

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A reason to avoid primary sources in the biomedical field – especially papers reporting results of

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for questions about reliability of specific sources, and feel free to ask at WikiProjects such as

4079: 4062: 3942: 3895: 3739: 3631: 3583: 3424: 3333: 3187: 2941: 2892: 2741: 2540: 2392: 2150: 2110:; updates are added separately by an anonymous post-doctoral researcher. On Knowledge (XXG), the 1976: 1410: 1382: 1293: 1118: 4031: 3678:"Developing a virtual community for health sciences library book selection: Doody's Core Titles" 1955: 1944:

of current knowledge on a particular topic, a systematic review tends to have a narrower focus.

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People most interested in improving only a single article may have a connection to its subject.

1312: 4586: 4561: 4541: 4496: 4478: 4437: 4396: 4355: 4314: 4273: 4232: 4191: 4134: 3989: 3935: 3888: 3850: 3800: 3732: 3698: 3624: 3576: 3417: 3383: 3326: 3285: 3180: 3133: 3081: 3057: 2975: 2934: 2885: 2815: 2749:, a bot-compiled listing of potentially unreliable publications cited by Knowledge (XXG) (see 2046: 1952: 1940: 1778: 1297: 1281: 1197: 1094: 1087: 1072: 848: 844: 741: 733: 729: 137: 125: 121: 4555: 3030: 2760: 2117: 950: 938: 797: 4535: 4469: 4461: 4428: 4420: 4387: 4379: 4346: 4338: 4305: 4297: 4264: 4256: 4223: 4215: 4182: 4174: 4071: 3980: 3972: 3925: 3884: 3880: 3842: 3791: 3781: 3724: 3689: 3616: 3568: 3413: 3409: 3374: 3364: 3318: 3277: 3172: 3124: 3116: 2967: 2926: 2877: 2851: 2806: 2798: 2258: 2040: 1917: 1572: 1398: 1370: 1208:) and widely respected governmental and quasi-governmental health authorities (for example, 1128: 834: 706: 650: 2343: 1718: 1710: 1269: 1169:.) Be careful of material published in disreputable journals or disreputable fields. (See: 966: 4599:

Vitamin D & cancer: How can two news releases about the same study be polar opposites?

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supplement. Many, if not most, supplements are perfectly legitimate sources, such as the

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section below for examples of such publishers.) Other indications that a journal article

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with surprising results), they should be described appropriately as from a single study:

1041: 942: 912: 4054: 3811: 3564: 2922: 1268:, assessing evidence quality helps distinguish between minor and major views, determine 4537:

Science and Technology Resources: A Guide for Information Professionals and Researchers

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articles do not share the reliability of their parent journal, being essentially paid

1624: 4722: 3586: 3548: 3427: 3281: 2856: 2787:"Irreproducible experimental results: causes, (mis)interpretations, and consequences" 2564: 2544: 2536: 2509: 2406: 2103: 1989: 1980:, publish speculative proposals that are not reliable sources for biomedical topics. 1892:

To access the full text of a book or journal article, the editor may need to use the

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The pills were invented by Dr Archibald Foster and released onto the market in 2015.

3830: 3190: 2944: 2254: 1931: 1406: 1386: 1170: 3533: 2707:

Knowledge (XXG):Identifying and using style guides § Topical academic style guides

3786: 3220: 906: 894: 4409:"How to read a paper. Papers that tell you what things cost (economic analyses)" 2571:, but it is useful to compare the authors to others in the same field of study. 2165: 2142: 1634: 1618:, independent sources be used. Sources written and reviewed by the advocates of 1394: 1289: 1285: 1166: 1162: 4603: 4163:"How to read a paper. Getting your bearings (deciding what the paper is about)" 3912:

Rosmarakis ES, Soteriades ES, Vergidis PI, Kasiakou SK, Falagas ME (May 2005).

3868: 3572: 1724:

These methods are often best when writing about oneself, one's organization or

1334:, but they similarly put high-level reviews and practice guidelines at the top. 1200:

issued by major professional medical or scientific societies (for example, the

4055:"Open access and accuracy: author-archived manuscripts vs. published articles" 3369: 2003: 1820: 970: 117: 4465: 4424: 4383: 4342: 4301: 4260: 4219: 4178: 4075: 3976: 3728: 3516:"Potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers" 3120: 709:, and must accurately reflect current knowledge. This guideline supports the 2476: 1737: 1733: 1225: 3938: 3891: 3853: 3803: 3735: 3701: 3627: 3579: 3420: 3386: 3329: 3183: 3176: 3105:"Papers that summarise other papers (systematic reviews and meta-analyses)" 2978: 2958:

Wright JG (May 2007). "A practical guide to assigning levels of evidence".

2937: 2888: 2818: 2451: 2120:

script can be leveraged to facilitate the detection of predatory journals.

1974:

sections, but is rarely useful for current medicine. Still others, such as

1097: 1090: 1075: 4481: 4440: 4399: 4358: 4317: 4276: 4235: 4194: 3992: 3930: 3913: 3288: 3136: 1627:

enough to have its own article or relevant for mention in other articles.

1491:

Using small-scale, single studies makes for weak evidence, and allows for

3846: 3465:"Brandon/Hill selected list of print books for the small medical library" 2971: 2692:

Knowledge (XXG):Reliable source examples § Physical sciences and medicine

2480: 2227: 1728:– but may be less so when there is a potential conflict of interest in a 1549: 1475: 1109: 4006: 1675: 4526:

This is derived from a prepublication version of a series published in

4513: 4368:"How to read a paper. Papers that report diagnostic or screening tests" 3867:

Woloshin S, Schwartz LM, Casella SL, Kennedy AT, Larson RJ (May 2009).

3620: 3322: 2881: 2524: 2239: 2095: 2091: 2025: 1845:, publish only freely readable sources. Also, a few sources are in the 1725: 3519: 3441: 713:

with specific attention to what is appropriate for medical content in

2516: 1213: 744:

or position statements from national or international expert bodies.

140:

and position statements from national or international expert bodies.

3666:

of how to identify shill academic articles cited in Knowledge (XXG).

2930: 1947:

Journals may specialize in particular article types. A few, such as

1829:

A Knowledge (XXG) article should cite high-quality reliable sources

2106:, an early list of potentially predatory journals, can be found at 2519:

is an excellent starting point for locating peer-reviewed medical

2472: 2450: 2342: 2146: 1755: 1674: 1896:, visit a medical library, pay to read it, or ask someone at the 3442:"Abridged Index Medicus (AIM or "Core Clinical") Journal Titles" 2560: 1785:

on Knowledge (XXG). Click on the above image to find its source.

1369:). Roughly in descending order, these include: individual RCTs; 1217: 1209: 4607: 3831:"Communicating medical news—pitfalls of health care journalism" 2652:– maintenance tag for articles lacking reliable medical sources 1849:; these include many U.S. government publications, such as the 1350:

of treatments and other health interventions comes mainly from

654: 3869:"Press releases by academic medical centers: not so academic?" 1540:

automatically give more weight to the most recent review (see

1221: 657: 102: 44: 3214: 3212: 2468:, and carefully identified in the text as preliminary work. 2145:, with no supervision of content by the parent journal. Such 2108:

Beall's List – of Potential Predatory Journals and Publishers

3156:

Nature Clinical Practice. Gastroenterology & Hepatology

1930:

works for a particular purpose. A systematic review uses a

136:), recognised standard textbooks by experts in a field, or 4204:"Assessing the methodological quality of published papers" 4131:

How to Read a Paper: The Basics of Evidence-based Medicine

1831:

regardless of whether they require a fee or a subscription

1280:, and editors should rely on high-level evidence, such as 4150:

is taken from an earlier version of this book, which was

3056:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 102–05. 2265:

tend to be well-researched and useful for most purposes.

2107: 887:

could contain both biomedical and non-biomedical claims:

68:

may apply. Substantive edits to this page should reflect

31:

Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Medicine-related articles

4491:

Straus SE, Richardson WS, Glasziou P, Haynes RB (2005).

3076:

Straus SE, Richardson WS, Glasziou P, Haynes RB (2005).

3052:

Straus SE, Richardson WS, Glasziou P, Haynes RB (2005).

2527:

database of biomedical research articles offered by the

3098: 3096: 2567:

of authors if they make extraordinary claims. There is

2500: 2382: 2282: 2216: 1970:, publish historical material that can be valuable for 1876: 1810: 1803: 1692: 1655: 1604: 1512: 1465: 1458: 1361:

Lower levels of evidence in medical research come from

1253: 1149: 1125:

Retracted article on dopaminergic neurotoxicity of MDMA

1021: 1014: 787: 90: 4493:

Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM

4450:"Papers that go beyond numbers (qualitative research)" 3078:

Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM

3054:

Evidence-based Medicine: How to Practice and Teach EBM

3023:"The Journey of Research - Levels of Evidence | CAPhO" 2960:

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume

2702:

Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (science)

1340:. Right: Canadian Association of Pharmacy in Oncology. 919:

They are purple and triangular, packaged one to a box,

37:

Knowledge (XXG):Identifying reliable sources (science)

4327:"How to read a paper. Papers that report drug trials" 3503:(Report). University of Antwerp, Gezaghebbende Panel. 2834:"Scientists' Elusive Goal: Reproducing Study Results" 2521:

literature reviews on humans from the last five years

1032:

Knowledge (XXG):Identifying and using primary sources

3532:

To determine if a journal is MEDLINE indexed, go to

3080:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 99. 2664:– a note for user talk pages with links to this page 2523:. It offers a free search engine for accessing the 1558:

as part of a discussion supported by recent reviews.

1439:

Avoid over-emphasizing single studies, particularly

1038:

Synthesis of published material advancing a position

2464:always be used with caution, never used to support 4512:. Centre for Health Evidence. 2001. Archived from 2767:which highlights potentially unreliable citations. 2038:. Core basic science and biology journals include 728:Ideal sources for biomedical information include: 2398:generally considered independent, primary sources 3496:Jakaria Rahman A, Engels TC (25 February 2015). 2697:Knowledge (XXG):Conflicts of interest (medicine) 2687:Help:Knowledge (XXG) editing for medical experts 2072:a poor reputation for fact-checking and accuracy 1671:Knowledge (XXG):Conflicts of interest (medicine) 749:should generally not be used for medical content 3549:"Predatory journals: no definition, no defence" 3262: 3260: 2610:(same as above, except the text is highlighted) 922:as no-one ever manages to swallow a second one. 56:This page documents an English Knowledge (XXG) 3470:. Mt. Sinai School of Medicine. Archived from 2563:and other databases as well as the status and 2178:Astronomy & Astrophysics Supplement Series 1562:There are exceptions to these rules of thumb: 1192:, which can be found in recent, authoritative 4619: 4585:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 4495:(3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. 4157:. Other parts of that serialization include: 2335:by only using the best possible sources, and 2138:Symposia and supplements to academic journals 1631:Symposia and supplements to academic journals 1084: 1069: 675: 8: 2116:compilation (updated twice monthly) and the 717:Knowledge (XXG) article, including those on 4557:Health Sciences Literature Review Made Easy 3961:"How to read a paper. The Medline database" 3751:"How far should we trust health reporting?" 2732:Dispatches: Sources in biology and medicine 2010:Journal of the American Medical Association 64:Editors should generally follow it, though 4626: 4612: 4604: 4510:"Users' Guides to Evidence-Based Practice" 3682:Journal of the Medical Library Association 2715:, an essay about why this guideline exists 2317:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2184:Nuclear Physics B: Proceedings Supplements 1886: 1857:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1732:. For example, one may legitimately be an 682: 668: 440: 267: 233: 4472: 4448:Greenhalgh T, Taylor R (September 1997). 4431: 4390: 4349: 4308: 4267: 4226: 4185: 4053:Goodman D, Dowson S, Yaremchuk J (2007). 3983: 3929: 3794: 3785: 3692: 3377: 3368: 3166: 3127: 2809: 1113:experiments – is that they are often not 1044:, and Knowledge (XXG) is not a venue for 949:, articles need to be based on reliable, 2857:Challenges in Reproducibility initiative 2721:, Frequently Asked Questions about MEDRS 1833:. Some high-prestige journals, such as 1582:A newer source that is of lower quality 798:Primary, secondary, and tertiary sources 3885:10.7326/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00007 3414:10.7326/0003-4819-154-1-201101040-00007 3152:"How to critically appraise an article" 2777: 2726:Users' Guides to the Medical Literature 1744:, disclosing any COI and to be careful 639: 616: 564: 536: 501: 469: 432: 360: 333: 259: 236: 4739:Knowledge (XXG) reliable source guides 4534:Bobick JE, Berard GL (30 April 2011). 3676:Shedlock J, Walton LJ (January 2006). 3150:Young JM, Solomon MJ (February 2009). 2471:Medical information resources such as 1862: 873:Knowledge (XXG):Biomedical information 557:Deletion guidelines for administrators 41:Knowledge (XXG):Biomedical information 3812:"Why reading should not be believing" 3644:from the original on 17 November 2018 3463:Hill DR, Stickell H, Crow SJ (2003). 2671:Reliable sources for medical articles 2196:The Times Higher Education Supplement 1995:general medical journals include the 1852:Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1296:or conventional wisdom) are avoided. 1206:Infectious Disease Society of America 843:of several studies. Examples include 802:Identifying and using primary sources 132:secondary sources (such as reputable 7: 2269:Medical and scientific organizations 2118:Unreliable/Predatory Source Detector 2035:Canadian Medical Association Journal 1920:or systematic (and sometimes both). 1377:(non-experimental) studies, such as 937:Per the Knowledge (XXG) policies of 27:Knowledge (XXG):No original research 4560:. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. 3835:The New England Journal of Medicine 2423:general reliable sources guidelines 1748:to overemphasize your own sources. 1548:reviews. For instance, the article 4729:Knowledge (XXG) content guidelines 4634:Knowledge (XXG) biomedical editing 2533:U.S. National Institutes of Health 2246: 2070:Avoid articles from journals with 1586:an older source of higher quality. 1184:demand that we present prevailing 892:Dr Foster's pills cure everything. 155:Knowledge (XXG) biomedical editing 72:. When in doubt, discuss first on 14: 3235:from the original on 5 March 2014 2803:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.098244 2434:American Journal of Public Health 2431:. Reviews can also appear in the 2169:evidence of being published in a 1552:could mention Darwin's 1859 book 1330:There are different ways to rank 1232:minorities need not be reported. 1224:), in textbooks, or in scholarly 867:Biomedical v. general information 3357:BMC Medical Research Methodology 3282:10.1001/jama.1994.03520020034009 3197:from the original on 14 May 2021 2190:Supplement to the London Gazette 1902:WikiProject Medicine's talk page 1887:searching for biomedical sources 1320: 1311: 1182:not publishing original research 1176:Knowledge (XXG) policies on the 911:, and it only requires ordinary 130:reliable, third-party, published 106: 48: 4407:Greenhalgh T (September 1997). 4146: 3717:Public Understanding of Science 3103:Greenhalgh T (September 1997). 2659:Reliable medical sources please 2428:Journal of Health Communication 2083: 1998:New England Journal of Medicine 1569:sections often cite older work. 3810:Goldacre, Ben (20 June 2008). 3749:Goldacre, Ben (17 June 2011). 2870:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 2337:avoid weasel words and phrases 1964:for details). Others, such as 1711:conflict of interest guideline 1665:Personal conflicts of interest 1284:. Low-level evidence (such as 1202:European Society of Cardiology 1136:Summarize scientific consensus 885:Dr Foster's Magic Purple Pills 815:In the biomedical literature: 143:Cite reviews, don't write them 1: 4554:Garrard J (25 October 2010). 3245:Conflicts-of-interest section 2647:More medical citations needed 2356:Health technology assessments 2313:National Institutes of Health 1898:WikiProject Resource Exchange 1332:level of evidence in medicine 300:Don't disrupt to make a point 23:Knowledge (XXG):Verifiability 4366:Greenhalgh T (August 1997). 4325:Greenhalgh T (August 1997). 4284:Greenhalgh T (August 1997). 4243:Greenhalgh T (August 1997). 4202:Greenhalgh T (August 1997). 3787:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050095 3514:Beall J (31 December 2016). 2736:The Knowledge (XXG) Signpost 2599:Medical citation needed span 2529:National Library of Medicine 2305:National Academy of Sciences 2301:National Academy of Medicine 2263:National Academy of Sciences 2253:books or books published by 1967:Journal of Medical Biography 1863:Don't just cite the abstract 1407:retrospective cohort studies 1356:randomized controlled trials 760:reliable sources noticeboard 723:identifying reliable sources 480:Categories, lists, templates 4644:Editing for medical experts 4144:The Greenhalgh citation in 4104:"PubMed: Publication Types" 3873:Annals of Internal Medicine 3600:Nestle M (2 January 2007). 3402:Annals of Internal Medicine 2020:Annals of Internal Medicine 1292:) or non-evidence (such as 883:For example, an article on 321:Other behavioral guidelines 162:Editing for medical experts 4760: 4161:Greenhalgh T (July 1997). 4032:"PubMed tutorial: filters" 3959:Greenhalgh T (July 1997). 3829:Dentzer S (January 2009). 3573:10.1038/d41586-019-03759-y 2832:Naik G (2 December 2011). 2713:Knowledge (XXG):Why MEDRS? 2490: 2440:Columbia Journalism Review 2372: 2272: 2206: 2130: 2066:WP:RS § Predatory journals 2063: 2030:(British Medical Journal), 1866: 1818: 1793: 1682: 1668: 1645: 1594: 1520: 1502: 1448: 1379:prospective cohort studies 1243: 1139: 1065:randomized clinical trials 1029: 1004: 909:not biomedical information 870: 795: 777: 238:Knowledge (XXG) guidelines 80: 74:this guideline's talk page 34: 20: 4639: 3370:10.1186/s12874-017-0459-5 3302:Nestle M (October 2001). 2785:Loscalzo J (March 2012). 2617:Unreliable medical source 2321:World Health Organization 1742:ordinary editing protocol 1001:Respect secondary sources 736:) published in reputable 326:WMF friendly space policy 4466:10.1136/bmj.315.7110.740 4425:10.1136/bmj.315.7108.596 4384:10.1136/bmj.315.7107.540 4343:10.1136/bmj.315.7106.480 4302:10.1136/bmj.315.7105.422 4261:10.1136/bmj.315.7104.364 4220:10.1136/bmj.315.7103.305 4179:10.1136/bmj.315.7102.243 4076:10.1087/095315107X204012 3977:10.1136/bmj.315.7101.180 3768:Schwitzer G (May 2008). 3729:10.1177/0963662511401782 3121:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.672 2080:WP:RS#Predatory journals 1949:Evidence-based Dentistry 1771:Creative Commons license 1555:On the Origin of Species 1272:, and identify accepted 768:WikiProject Pharmacology 462:Other editing guidelines 425:Other content guidelines 294:Don't bite the newcomers 114:This page in a nutshell: 4734:Knowledge (XXG) sources 3609:Public Health Nutrition 3311:Public Health Nutrition 2584:Medical citation needed 2309:National Health Service 2297:U.S. National Academies 1894:Knowledge (XXG) Library 1736:on a certain topic – a 1591:Use independent sources 1528:reviews are published. 1499:Use up-to-date evidence 1391:cross-sectional studies 1262:When writing about any 1240:Assess evidence quality 711:general sourcing policy 4681:Plain and simple guide 4664:Biomedical information 4133:(3rd ed.). BMJ Books. 3177:10.1038/ncpgasthep1331 2719:Knowledge (XXG):MEDFAQ 2456: 2365: 1991:Abridged Index Medicus 1961:Citing medical sources 1786: 1680: 1433:quality of publication 1373:studies; prospective 1346:The best evidence for 1102: 1080: 878:Biomedical information 695:Biomedical information 199:Plain and simple guide 182:Biomedical information 16:Wikimedia project page 4676:Conflicts of interest 4129:Greenhalgh T (2006). 3931:10.1096/fj.04-3140lfe 2632:Primary source inline 2487:Searching for sources 2454: 2393:medical news articles 2346: 2249:). In addition, most 2127:Sponsored supplements 2064:Further information: 1984:List of core journals 1759: 1719:articles for creation 1715:conflicts of interest 1678: 1669:Further information: 1417:Speculative proposals 1393:(surveys), and other 1278:hierarchy of evidence 1178:neutral point of view 1030:Further information: 939:neutral point of view 933:Avoid primary sources 871:Further information: 796:Further information: 410:Don't copy long texts 194:Conflicts of interest 21:Further information: 4744:WikiProject Medicine 4686:WikiProject Medicine 3847:10.1056/NEJMp0805753 2972:10.2106/JBJS.F.01380 2557:letter to the editor 2419:verifiability policy 2333:WP:original research 1767:open access journals 1405:analyses (including 1338:Procter & Gamble 1196:, in statements and 1190:scientific consensus 943:no original research 764:WikiProject Medicine 719:alternative medicine 344:Talk page guidelines 279:Conflict of interest 204:WikiProject Medicine 4007:"PubMed User Guide" 3565:2019Natur.576..210G 3522:on 11 January 2017. 3033:on 21 February 2016 2923:2012Natur.483..531B 2838:Wall Street Journal 2541:practice guidelines 2413:Scientific American 1908:Biomedical journals 1198:practice guidelines 1159:Scientific journals 415:Don't create hoaxes 4063:Learned Publishing 3621:10.1079/PHN2001253 3323:10.1079/PHN2001253 3250:2018-12-30 at the 2997:www.dentalcare.com 2882:10.1038/nrd3439-c1 2742:Replication crisis 2457: 2366: 2259:university presses 2163:supplement is not 2060:Predatory journals 1977:Medical Hypotheses 1941:medical guidelines 1927:Systematic reviews 1787: 1681: 1584:does not supersede 1399:ecological studies 1383:longitudinal study 1371:quasi-experimental 1298:Medical guidelines 1282:systematic reviews 1119:replication crisis 967:biomedical content 849:systematic reviews 845:literature reviews 750: 734:systematic reviews 716: 627:Naming conventions 405:Offensive material 289:Disruptive editing 284:Courtesy vanishing 138:medical guidelines 126:systematic reviews 122:literature reviews 116:Ideal sources for 4716: 4715: 3559:(7786): 210–212. 2466:surprising claims 1922:Narrative reviews 1779:Wikimedia Commons 1709:According to the 1443:or animal studies 1042:original research 828:discoveries made. 745: 714: 707:secondary sources 692: 691: 497: 496: 457:Understandability 356: 355: 311:Gaming the system 274:Assume good faith 150: 149: 120:material include 101: 100: 58:content guideline 4751: 4649:Reliable sources 4628: 4621: 4614: 4605: 4595: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4550: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4505: 4485: 4476: 4444: 4435: 4403: 4394: 4362: 4353: 4321: 4312: 4280: 4271: 4239: 4230: 4198: 4189: 4143: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4111: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4059: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4028: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4017: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3987: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3933: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3864: 3858: 3857: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3807: 3798: 3789: 3765: 3759: 3758: 3746: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3696: 3673: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3615:(5): 1015–1022. 3606: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3518:. Archived from 3511: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3477:on 7 August 2011 3476: 3469: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3381: 3372: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3308: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3264: 3255: 3243: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3227: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3170: 3168:10.1.1.1041.1168 3147: 3141: 3140: 3131: 3100: 3091: 3090: 3073: 3067: 3066: 3049: 3043: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3029:. Archived from 3019: 3013: 3012: 3010: 3008: 2999:. Archived from 2989: 2983: 2982: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2865: 2859: 2848: 2842: 2841: 2829: 2823: 2822: 2813: 2782: 2676:– for talk pages 2675: 2669: 2663: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2636: 2630: 2621: 2615: 2609: 2603: 2597: 2588: 2582: 2565:publishing track 2503: 2385: 2285: 2219: 1879: 1813: 1806: 1790:Non-free content 1752:Choosing sources 1695: 1658: 1607: 1573:Cochrane Library 1515: 1468: 1461: 1397:studies such as 1324: 1315: 1256: 1152: 1059:). Determining 1024: 1017: 915: 900: 835:secondary source 811:Types of sources 806:Party and person 790: 738:medical journals 684: 677: 670: 658: 547:Deletion process 441: 400: 399:Non-free content 381:Reliable sources 301: 268: 234: 167:Reliable sources 134:medical journals 110: 109: 103: 93: 52: 51: 45: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4712: 4671:Manual of style 4635: 4632: 4592: 4581:Gray M (2009). 4580: 4571: 4569: 4567: 4553: 4547: 4533: 4519: 4517: 4516:on 19 July 2014 4508: 4502: 4490: 4460:(7110): 740–3. 4447: 4419:(7108): 596–9. 4406: 4378:(7107): 540–3. 4365: 4337:(7106): 480–3. 4324: 4296:(7105): 422–5. 4283: 4255:(7104): 364–6. 4242: 4214:(7103): 305–8. 4201: 4173:(7102): 243–6. 4160: 4140: 4128: 4125: 4123:Further reading 4120: 4119: 4109: 4107: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4057: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4005: 4004: 4000: 3971:(7101): 180–3. 3958: 3957: 3953: 3911: 3910: 3906: 3866: 3865: 3861: 3828: 3827: 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2307:), the British 2299:(including the 2289: 2288: 2281: 2277: 2271: 2232:Springer Verlag 2223: 2222: 2215: 2211: 2205: 2135: 2129: 2068: 2062: 1986: 1916:Reviews may be 1910: 1883: 1882: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1827: 1817: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1798: 1792: 1754: 1699: 1698: 1691: 1687: 1673: 1667: 1662: 1661: 1654: 1650: 1644: 1611: 1610: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1577:NICE guidelines 1525: 1523:Template:Update 1519: 1518: 1511: 1507: 1501: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1327: 1326: 1325: 1317: 1316: 1260: 1259: 1252: 1248: 1242: 1194:review articles 1156: 1155: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1034: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1013: 1009: 1003: 935: 930: 875: 869: 858:tertiary source 841:combine results 813: 808: 794: 793: 786: 782: 776: 753:clinical trials 747:Primary sources 730:review articles 688: 659: 651: 566:Project content 512:Manual of Style 420:Patent nonsense 398: 393:Fringe theories 299: 247:Guidelines list 232: 231: 189:Manual of style 157: 107: 97: 96: 89: 85: 77: 49: 43: 33: 17: 12: 11: 5: 4757: 4755: 4747: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4721: 4720: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4646: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4602: 4601: 4596: 4591:978-0443101236 4590: 4578: 4566:978-1449618681 4565: 4551: 4546:978-1591587941 4545: 4531: 4506: 4501:978-0443074448 4500: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4445: 4404: 4363: 4322: 4281: 4240: 4199: 4152:serialized in 4139:978-1405139762 4138: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4095: 4045: 4023: 3998: 3951: 3904: 3859: 3821: 3808: 3760: 3747: 3707: 3668: 3655: 3592: 3538: 3525: 3506: 3488: 3455: 3433: 3392: 3342: 3317:(5): 1015–22. 3294: 3256: 3208: 3142: 3092: 3086:978-0443074448 3085: 3068: 3062:978-0443074448 3061: 3044: 3014: 2984: 2966:(5): 1128–30. 2950: 2901: 2860: 2843: 2824: 2797:(10): 1211–4. 2776: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2758: 2744: 2739: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2679: 2678: 2677: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2626: 2611: 2593: 2576: 2573: 2549:PubMed Central 2510:Search engines 2505: 2504: 2496: 2491: 2488: 2485: 2448: 2445: 2443:, and others. 2387: 2386: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2351: 2349: 2348: 2287: 2286: 2278: 2273: 2270: 2267: 2255:vanity presses 2251:self-published 2247:#Popular press 2236:Wolters Kluwer 2221: 2220: 2212: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2128: 2125: 2102:An archive of 2061: 2058: 1985: 1982: 1909: 1906: 1881: 1880: 1872: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1804:WP:NOTONLYFREE 1799: 1794: 1791: 1788: 1753: 1750: 1730:research field 1697: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1651: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1620:marginal ideas 1609: 1608: 1600: 1595: 1592: 1589: 1588: 1587: 1580: 1570: 1560: 1559: 1545: 1534: 1517: 1516: 1508: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1493:cherry picking 1470: 1469: 1462: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1437: 1429:type of source 1421:clinical trial 1335: 1329: 1328: 1319: 1318: 1310: 1309: 1308: 1307: 1306: 1274:evidence-based 1258: 1257: 1249: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1154: 1153: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1026: 1025: 1018: 1010: 1005: 1002: 999: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 924: 916: 901: 868: 865: 864: 863: 852: 829: 823:primary source 812: 809: 792: 791: 783: 778: 775: 772: 690: 689: 687: 686: 679: 672: 664: 661: 660: 655: 653: 649: 647: 644: 643: 637: 636: 635: 634: 629: 621: 620: 614: 613: 612: 611: 606: 601: 600: 599: 589: 584: 583: 582: 569: 568: 562: 561: 560: 559: 554: 549: 541: 540: 534: 533: 532: 531: 530: 529: 524: 519: 506: 505: 499: 498: 495: 494: 493: 492: 490:Disambiguation 487: 485:Categorization 482: 474: 473: 471:Categorization 467: 466: 465: 464: 459: 454: 449: 437: 436: 430: 429: 428: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 395: 390: 389: 388: 378: 376:External links 373: 371:Citing sources 365: 364: 358: 357: 354: 353: 352: 351: 346: 338: 337: 331: 330: 329: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 296: 291: 286: 281: 276: 264: 263: 257: 256: 255: 254: 249: 241: 240: 230: 229: 228: 227: 226: 221: 216: 211: 201: 196: 191: 186: 185: 184: 179: 174: 164: 158: 153: 152: 151: 148: 147: 111: 99: 98: 95: 94: 86: 81: 78: 63: 62: 53: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4756: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4651: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4638: 4629: 4624: 4622: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4568: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4552: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4532: 4529: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4489: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4360: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4237: 4234: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4122: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4084: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4070:(3): 203–15. 4069: 4065: 4064: 4056: 4049: 4046: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4012: 4008: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3944: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3924:(7): 673–80. 3923: 3919: 3918:FASEB Journal 3915: 3908: 3905: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3863: 3860: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3802: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3774:PLOS Medicine 3771: 3764: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3723:(6): 664–73. 3722: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3656: 3640: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3542: 3539: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3507: 3499: 3492: 3489: 3473: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3335: 3331: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3276:(2): 108–13. 3275: 3271: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3231: 3224: 3223: 3215: 3213: 3209: 3196: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3048: 3045: 3032: 3028: 3027:www.capho.org 3024: 3018: 3015: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2912: 2905: 2902: 2897: 2894: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2835: 2828: 2825: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2730: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2633: 2627: 2625: 2618: 2612: 2608: 2600: 2594: 2592: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:meta-analyses 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2511: 2502: 2498: 2497: 2494: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2461: 2453: 2447:Other sources 2446: 2444: 2442: 2441: 2436: 2435: 2430: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2408: 2407:New Scientist 2401: 2399: 2394: 2384: 2380: 2379: 2376: 2369:Popular press 2368: 2361: 2357: 2354: 2345: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2218: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2202: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2179: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2161: 2154: 2152: 2151:ads disguised 2148: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2059: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2022: 2021: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1963: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1938: 1937:meta-analyses 1933: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1888: 1878: 1877:WP:NOABSTRACT 1874: 1873: 1870: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1853: 1848: 1847:public domain 1844: 1843: 1842:PLoS Medicine 1838: 1837: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1800: 1797: 1789: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1762:PLoS Medicine 1758: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1707: 1705: 1694: 1690: 1689: 1686: 1677: 1672: 1664: 1657: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1626: 1621: 1617: 1606: 1602: 1601: 1598: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1563: 1557: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1529: 1524: 1514: 1510: 1509: 1506: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1489: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477: 1467: 1466:WP:MEDINVITRO 1463: 1460: 1456: 1455: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1425: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:retrospective 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381:(one type of 1380: 1376: 1375:observational 1372: 1368: 1365:studies (see 1364: 1359: 1357: 1353: 1352:meta-analyses 1349: 1339: 1333: 1323: 1314: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1266: 1265:health effect 1255: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1239: 1237: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163:peer reviewed 1160: 1151: 1147: 1146: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1129:Schön scandal 1126: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1083: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1057: 1049: 1047: 1046:open research 1043: 1039: 1033: 1023: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1000: 998: 996: 995: 989: 984: 983: 978: 976: 972: 968: 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For 964: 963: 958: 957: 952: 948: 947:verifiability 944: 940: 932: 927: 923: 920: 917: 914: 910: 905: 902: 898: 893: 890: 889: 888: 886: 881: 879: 874: 866: 861: 860: 859: 853: 850: 846: 842: 838: 837: 836: 830: 826: 825: 824: 818: 817: 816: 810: 807: 803: 799: 789: 785: 784: 781: 773: 771: 769: 765: 761: 756: 754: 748: 743: 739: 735: 731: 726: 724: 720: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 685: 680: 678: 673: 671: 666: 665: 663: 662: 646: 645: 642: 638: 633: 630: 628: 625: 624: 623: 622: 619: 615: 610: 607: 605: 602: 598: 595: 594: 593: 590: 588: 585: 581: 578: 577: 576: 575:Project pages 573: 572: 571: 570: 567: 563: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 543: 542: 539: 535: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 513: 510: 509: 508: 507: 504: 500: 491: 488: 486: 483: 481: 478: 477: 476: 475: 472: 468: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 444: 443: 442: 439: 438: 435: 431: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 396: 394: 391: 387: 384: 383: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 368: 367: 366: 363: 359: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 340: 339: 336: 332: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 258: 253: 252:Policies list 250: 248: 245: 244: 243: 242: 239: 235: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 187: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 169: 168: 165: 163: 160: 159: 156: 146: 144: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 112: 105: 104: 92: 88: 87: 84: 79: 75: 71: 67: 61: 59: 54: 47: 46: 42: 38: 32: 28: 24: 19: 4648: 4582: 4572:16 September 4570:. 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