613:. Despite research efforts, however, the accumulation of nanoparticles inside of cancer tumors of all types is sub-optimal, even with affinity ligands. Willhelm et al. conducted a broad analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumors and concluded that the median amount of injected dose reaching a solid tumor is only 0.7%. The challenge of accumulating large amounts of nanoparticles inside of tumors is arguably the biggest obstacle facing nanomedicine in general. While direct injection is used in some cases, intravenous injection is most often preferred to obtain a good distribution of particles throughout the tumor. Magnetic nanoparticles have a distinct advantage in that they can accumulate in desired regions via magnetically guided delivery, although this technique still needs further development to achieve optimal delivery to solid tumors.
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790:. In chemistry, a catalyst support is the material, usually a solid with a high surface area, to which a catalyst is affixed. The reactivity of heterogeneous catalysts occurs at the surface atoms. Consequently, great effort is made to maximize the surface area of a catalyst by distributing it over the support. The support may be inert or participate in the catalytic reactions. Typical supports include various kinds of carbon, alumina, and silica. Immobilizing the catalytic center on top of nanoparticles with a large
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isolation takes place simply by placing a magnet on the side of the tube and pouring out the liquid. Magnetic beads have also been used in plasmid assembly. Rapid genetic circuit construction has been achieved by the sequential addition of genes onto a growing genetic chain, using nanobeads as an anchor. This method has been shown to be much faster than previous methods, taking less than an hour to create functional multi-gene constructs in vitro.
911:
low amplitude or high frequency oscillations of particles, which assumes linear response of the magnetization to an oscillating magnetic field. Non-equilibrium approaches include the
Langevin equation formalism and the Fokker-Planck equation formalism, and these have been developed extensively to model applications such as magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia, magnetic nanoparticle imaging (MPI), magnetic spectroscopy and biosensing etc.
25:
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protein molecule via a single specific amino acid (such as N- or C- termini), thus avoiding reduction in activity due to the free access of the substrate to the active site. Moreover, site-directed immobilization also avoids modifying catalytic residues. One such common method involves using Alkyne-Azide Click chemistry as both groups are absent in proteins.
715:, magnetic nanoparticles have a potential for treatment of contaminated water. In this method, attachment of EDTA-like chelators to carbon coated metal nanomagnets results in a magnetic reagent for the rapid removal of heavy metals from solutions or contaminated water by three orders of magnitude to concentrations as low as micrograms per Litre.
873:
kill cancer cells. Another major potential of magnetic nanoparticles is the ability to combine heat (hyperthermia) and drug release for a cancer treatment. Numerous studies have shown particle constructs that can be loaded with a drug cargo and magnetic nanoparticles. The most prevalent construct is the "Magnetoliposome", which is a
459:) from aqueous Fe/Fe salt solutions by the addition of a base under inert atmosphere at room temperature or at elevated temperature. The size, shape, and composition of the magnetic nanoparticles very much depends on the type of salts used (e.g.chlorides, sulfates, nitrates), the Fe/Fe ratio, the reaction
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and handled by a magnetic field or by modifying an electrode surface enhancing its conductivity and the affinity with the analyte. Coated-magnetic nanoparticles have a key aspect in electrochemical sensing not only because it facilitates the collecting of analyte but also it allows MNPs to be part of
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which prevents self agglomeration since they exhibit their magnetic behavior only when an external magnetic field is applied. The magnetic moment of ferrite nanoparticles can be greatly increased by controlled clustering of a number of individual superparamagnetic nanoparticles into superparamagnetic
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continuous and large–scale co–precipitation of magnetic particles by rapid mixing. Recently, the growth rate of the magnetic nanoparticles was measured in real-time during the precipitation of magnetite nanoparticles by an integrated AC magnetic susceptometer within the mixing zone of the reactants.
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In magnetic fluid hyperthermia, nanoparticles of different types like Iron oxide, magnetite, maghemite or even gold are injected in tumor and then subjected under a high frequency magnetic field. These nanoparticles produce heat that typically increases tumor temperature to 40-46 °C, which can
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The metallic core of magnetic nanoparticles may be passivated by gentle oxidation, surfactants, polymers and precious metals. In an oxygen environment, Co nanoparticles form an anti-ferromagnetic CoO layer on the surface of the Co nanoparticle. Recently, work has explored the synthesis and exchange
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There are a variety of mathematical models to describe the dynamics of the rotations of magnetic nanoparticles. Simple models include the
Langevin function and the Stoner-Wohlfarth model which describe the magnetization of a nanoparticle at equilibrium. The Debye/Rosenszweig model can be used for
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Enzymes immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) via random multipoint attachment, result in a heterogeneous protein population with reduced activity due to restriction of substrate access to the active site. Methods based on chemical modifications are now available where MNP can be linked to a
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Enzymes, proteins, and other biologically and chemically active substances have been immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles. The immobilization of enzymes on inexpensive, non-toxic and easily synthesized iron magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) has shown great promise due to more stable proteins, better
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of the media, and the mixing rate with the base solution used to provoke the precipitation. The co-precipitation approach has been used extensively to produce ferrite nanoparticles of controlled sizes and magnetic properties. A variety of experimental arrangements have been reported to facilitate
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Other diagnostic uses can be achieved by conjugation of the nanoparticles with oligonucleotides that can either be complementary to a DNA or RNA sequence of interest to detect them, such as pathogenic DNA or products of DNA amplification reactions in the presence of pathogenic DNA, or an aptamer
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Ernst, Constanze; Bartel, Alexander; Elferink, Johannes
Wilhelmus; Huhn, Jennifer; Eschbach, Erik; Schönfeld, Kirsten; Feßler, Andrea T.; Oberheitmann, Boris; Schwarz, Stefan (2019). "Improved DNA extraction and purification with magnetic nanoparticles for the detection of methicillin-resistant
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A promising candidate for high-density storage is the face-centered tetragonal phase FePt alloy. Grain sizes can be as small as 3 nanometers. If it's possible to modify the MNPs at this small scale, the information density that can be achieved with this media could easily surpass 1 Terabyte per
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Magnetic nanoparticles can be used for a variety of genetics applications. One application is the rapid isolation of DNA and mRNA. In one application, the magnetic bead is attached to a poly T tail. When mixed with mRNA, the poly A tail of the mRNA will attach to the bead's poly T tail and the
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with magnetic nanoparticles typically embedded in the lipid bilayer. Under an alternating magnetic field, the magnetic nanoparticles are heated, and this heat permeabilizes the membrane. This causes release of the loaded drug. This treatment option has a lot of potential as the combination of
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in which an alternating magnetic field (AMF) is used to heat the nanoparticles. To achieve sufficient magnetic nanoparticle heating, the AMF typically has a frequency between 100–500 kHz, although significant research has been done at lower frequencies as well as frequencies as high as
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Magnetic nanoparticles can be used for the detection of cancer. Blood can be inserted onto a microfluidic chip with magnetic nanoparticles in it. These magnetic nanoparticles are trapped inside due to an externally applied magnetic field as the blood is free to flow through. The magnetic
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are 0.5–500 micrometer in diameter. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters that are composed of a number of individual magnetic nanoparticles are known as magnetic nanobeads with a diameter of 50–200 nanometers. Magnetic nanoparticle clusters are a basis for their further magnetic assembly into
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the sensor transduction mechanism. For the manipulation of MNPs in electrochemical sensing has been used magnetic electrode shafts or disposable screen-printed electrodes integrating permanent bonded magnets, aiming to replace magnetic supports or any external magnetic field.
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Another potential treatment of cancer includes attaching magnetic nanoparticles to free-floating cancer cells, allowing them to be captured and carried out of the body. The treatment has been tested in the laboratory on mice and will be looked at in survival studies.
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Siddiqui KS, Shemsi AM, Guerriero G, Najnin T, Taha, Ertan H, 2017. Biotechnological improvements of cold-adapted enzymes: commercialization via an integrated approach. In: Margesin, Rosa (Ed.), Psychrophiles: From
Biodiversity to Biotechnology, Springer-Verlag, pp.
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is then detected by a magnetic reader (magnetometer) which measures the magnetic field change induced by the beads. The signal measured by the magnetometer is proportional to the analyte (virus, toxin, bacteria, cardiac marker, etc.) quantity in the initial sample.
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etc. can be attached to the magnetic nanoparticle surface with the use of various chemistries. This enables targeting of magnetic nanoparticles to specific tissues or cells. This strategy is used in cancer research to target and treat tumors in combination with
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The surface of a maghemite or magnetite magnetic nanoparticle is relatively inert and does not usually allow strong covalent bonds with functionalization molecules. However, the reactivity of the magnetic nanoparticles can be improved by coating a layer of
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A. Schätz, Alexander; R. N. Grass; Q. Kainz; W. J. Stark; O. Reiser (2010). "Cu(II)−Azabis(oxazoline) Complexes
Immobilized on Magnetic Co/C Nanoparticles: Kinetic Resolution of 1,2-Diphenylethane-1,2-diol under Batch and Continuous-Flow Conditions".
310:
Ferrite nanoparticle clusters with narrow size distribution consisting of superparamagnetic oxide nanoparticles (~ 80 maghemite superparamagnetic nanoparticles per bead) coated with a silica shell have several advantages over metallic nanoparticles:
347:) would be beneficial for biomedical applications. This also implies that for the same moment, metallic nanoparticles can be made smaller than their oxide counterparts. On the other hand, metallic nanoparticles have the great disadvantage of being
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as labels in lieu of conventional, enzymes, radioisotopes or fluorescent moieties. This assay involves the specific binding of an antibody to its antigen, where a magnetic label is conjugated to one element of the pair. The presence of
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Shemsi, AM, Khanday F, Qureshi AH, Khalil A, Guerriero G, *Siddiqui KS (2019). Site-directed chemically-modified magnetic enzymes: fabrication, improvements, biotechnological applications and future prospects. Biotechnol. Adv.
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to various degrees. This makes their handling difficult and enables unwanted side reactions which makes them less appropriate for biomedical applications. Colloid formation for metallic particles is also much more challenging.
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S. Ayyappan; S. Mahadevan; P. Chandramohan; M. P.Srinivasan; John Philip; Baldev Raj (2010). "Influence of Co2 Ion
Concentration on the Size, Magnetic Properties, and Purity of CoFe2O4 Spinel Ferrite Nanoparticles".
2222:
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Tadic, Marin; Kralj, Slavko; Jagodic, Marko; Hanzel, Darko; Makovec, Darko (December 2014). "Magnetic properties of novel superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoclusters and their peculiarity under annealing treatment".
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Heydari, Morteza; Javidi, Mehrdad; Attar, Mohammad Mahdi; Karimi, Alireza; Navidbakhsh, Mahdi; Haghpanahi, Mohammad; Amanpour, Saeid (2015). "Magnetic Fluid
Hyperthermia in a Cylindrical Gel Contains Water Flow".
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nanoparticles are coated with antibodies targeting cancer cells or proteins. The magnetic nanoparticles can be recovered and the attached cancer-associated molecules can be assayed to test for their existence.
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This technology is potentially relevant to cellular labelling/cell separation, detoxification of biological fluids, tissue repair, drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, hyperthermia and magnetofection.
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The physical and chemical properties of magnetic nanoparticles largely depend on the synthesis method and chemical structure. In most cases, the particles range from 1 to 100 nm in size and may display
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usually applied in chemistry. Furthermore, the magnetic nanoparticles can be guided via a magnetic field to the desired location which could, for example, enable pinpoint precision in fighting cancer.
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Xiaoting Meng, Xiaoting; Hugh C. Seton; Le T. Lu; Ian A. Prior; Nguyen T. K. Thanh; Bing Song (2011). "Magnetic CoPt nanoparticles as MRI contrast agent for transplanted neural stem cells detection".
3126:
Huang-Hao Yang, Huang-Hao; Shu-Qiong Zhang; Xiao-Lan Chen; Zhi-Xia Zhuang; Jin-Gou Xu; Xiao-Ru Wang (2004). "Magnetite-Containing
Spherical Silica Nanoparticles for Biocatalysis and Bioseparations".
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S S.Rana; J. Philip; B.Raj (2010). "Micelle based synthesis of Cobalt
Ferrite nanoparticles and its characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Transmission Spectrometry and Thermogravimetry".
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Sharifi, Ibrahim; Zamanian, Ali; Behnamghader, Aliasghar (2016-08-15). "Synthesis and characterization of Fe0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 ferrite magnetic nanoclusters using simple thermal decomposition method".
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Magneto-electrochemical assays are based on the use of magnetic nanoparticles in electrochemical sensing either by being distributed through a sample where they can collect and preconcentrate the
1903:
Kralj, Slavko; Rojnik, Matija; Romih, Rok; Jagodič, Marko; Kos, Janko; Makovec, Darko (7 September 2012). "Effect of surface charge on the cellular uptake of fluorescent magnetic nanoparticles".
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A.-H. Lu; W. Schmidt; N. Matoussevitch; H. Bönnemann; B. Spliethoff; B. Tesche; E. Bill; W. Kiefer; F. Schüth (August 2004). "Nanoengineering of a
Magnetically Separable Hydrogenation Catalyst".
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A wide variety of potential applications have been envisaged. Since magnetic nanoparticles are expensive to produce, there is interest in their recycling or for highly specialized applications.
2286:
Ström, Valter; Olsson, Richard T.; Rao, K. V. (2010). "Real-time monitoring of the evolution of magnetism during precipitation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for bioscience applications".
2084:
G.Gnanaprakash; S.Ayyappan; T.Jayakumar; John Philip; Baldev Raj (2006). "A simple method to produce magnetic nanoparticles with enhanced alpha to gamma-Fe2O3 phase transition temperature".
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addresses this problem. In the case of magnetic nanoparticles it adds the property of facile a separation. An early example involved a rhodium catalysis attached to magnetic nanoparticles .
1860:
Kralj, Slavko; Drofenik, Miha; Makovec, Darko (16 December 2010). "Controlled surface functionalization of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles with terminal amino and carboxyl groups".
1246:
Mornet, S.; Vasseur, S.; Grasset, F.; Veverka, P.; Goglio, G.; Demourgues, A.; Portier, J.; Pollert, E.; Duguet, E. (July 2006). "Magnetic nanoparticle design for medical applications".
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Kavre, Ivna; Kostevc, Gregor; Kralj, Slavko; Vilfan, Andrej; Babič, Dušan (13 August 2014). "Fabrication of magneto-responsive microgears based on magnetic nanoparticle embedded PDMS".
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Kralj, Slavko; Makovec, Darko; Čampelj, Stanislav; Drofenik, Miha (July 2010). "Producing ultra-thin silica coatings on iron-oxide nanoparticles to improve their surface reactivity".
624:
Magnetic nanoparticles can be conjugated with carbohydrates and used for detection of bacteria. Iron oxide particles have been used for the detection of Gram negative bacteria like
3751:
A Elaissari; J Chatterjee; M Hamoudeh; H Fessi (2010). "Chapter 14. Advances in the Preparation and Biomedical Applications of Magnetic Colloids". In Roque Hidalgo-Ålvarez (ed.).
2424:
E. K. Athanassiou, Evagelos K.; R. N. Grass; W. J. Stark (2010). "Chemical Aerosol Engineering as a Novel Tool for Material Science: From Oxides to Salt and Metal Nanoparticles".
2565:
Kralj, Slavko; Rojnik, Matija; Kos, Janko; Makovec, Darko (26 April 2013). "Targeting EGFR-overexpressed A431 cells with EGF-labeled silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles".
2608:
Wilhelm, Stefan; Tavares, Anthony J.; Dai, Qin; Ohta, Seiichi; Audet, Julie; Dvorak, Harold F.; Chan, Warren C. W. (2016). "Analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumours".
1680:
Philip, V. Mahendran; Felicia, Leona J. (2013). "A Simple, In-Expensive and Ultrasensitive Magnetic Nanofluid Based Sensor for Detection of Cations, Ethanol and Ammonia".
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with no remains of the catalyst in the end product. Graphene coated cobalt nanoparticles have been used for that experiment since they exhibit a higher magnetization than
2127:
G. Gnanaprakash; John Philip; T. Jayakumar; Baldev Raj (2007). "Effect of Digestion Time and Alkali Addition Rate on the Physical Properties of Magnetite Nanoparticles".
1949:
R.N. Grass, Robert N.; E.K. Athanassiou; W.J. Stark (2007). "Covalently Functionalized Cobalt Nanoparticles as a Platform for Magnetic Separations in Organic Synthesis".
2643:
Scarberry KE, Dickerson EB, McDonald JF, Zhang ZJ (2008). "Magnetic Nanoparticle-Peptide Conjugates for in Vitro and in Vivo Targeting and Extraction of Cancer Cells".
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recognizing a molecule of interest. This can lead to detection of pathogens such as virus or bacteria in humans or dangerous chemicals or other substances in the body.
3286:
F. Panahi; F. Bahrami; A. Khalafi-nezhad (2017). "Magnetic nanoparticles grafted l-carnosine dipeptide: remarkable catalytic activity in water at room temperature".
3348:
A. Schätz, Alexander; R. N. Grass; W. J. Stark; O. Reiser (2008). "TEMPO Supported on Magnetic C/Co-Nanoparticles: A Highly Active and Recyclable Organocatalyst".
1369:
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Fang, Mei; Ström, Valter; Olsson, Richard T.; Belova, Lyubov; Rao, K. V. (2011). "Rapid mixing: A route to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles with high moment".
2738:
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Chaudhary, V.; Chen, X.; Ramanujan, R.V. (February 2019). "Iron and manganese based magnetocaloric materials for near room temperature thermal management".
1018:
Kralj, Slavko; Makovec, Darko (27 October 2015). "Magnetic Assembly of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Clusters into Nanochains and Nanobundles".
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product yield, ease of protein purification and multiple usage as a result of their magnetic susceptibility. They are of interest as possible supports for
655:
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The potential and versatility of magnetic chemistry arises from the fast and easy separation of the magnetic nanoparticles, eliminating tedious and costly
504:
Using the microemulsion technique, metallic cobalt, cobalt/platinum alloys, and gold-coated cobalt/platinum nanoparticles have been synthesized in reverse
299:
shell can be easily modified with various surface functional groups via covalent bonds between organo-silane molecules and silica shell. In addition, some
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Göransson, Jenny; Zardán Gómez De La Torre, Teresa; Strömberg, Mattias; Russell, Camilla; Svedlindh, Peter; Strømme, Maria; Nilsson, Mats (2010-11-15).
161:. The magnetic nanoparticles have been the focus of much research recently because they possess attractive properties which could see potential use in
3886:"Simple models for dynamic hysteresis loop calculations of magnetic single-domain nanoparticles: Application to magnetic hyperthermia optimization"
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Tae-Jong Yoon, Tae-Jong; Woo Lee; Yoon-Seuk Oh; Jin-Kyu Lee (2003). "Magnetic nanoparticles as a catalyst vehicle for simple and easy recycling".
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bias effect in these Co core CoO shell nanoparticles with a gold outer shell. Nanoparticles with a magnetic core consisting either of elementary
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Zhang, Xiaojuan; Reeves, Daniel B.; Perreard, Irina M.; Kett, Warren C.; Griswold, Karl E.; Gimi, Barjor; Weaver, John B. (15 December 2013).
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Javidi, Mehrdad; Heydari, Morteza; Attar, Mohammad Mahdi; Haghpanahi, Mohammad; Karimi, Alireza; Navidbakhsh, Mahdi; Amanpour, Saeid (2014).
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An-Hui Lu, An-Hui; E. L. Salabas; Ferdi Schüth (2007). "Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Protection, Functionalization, and Application".
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Weizenecker, J.; Gleich, B.; Rahmer, J.; Dahnke, H.; Borgert, J. (2009). "Three-dimensional real-time in vivo magnetic particle imaging".
2938:"Magnetic EDTA: Coupling heavy metal chelators to metal nanomagnets for rapid removal of cadmium, lead and copper from contaminated water"
2469:"Rapid magnetic heating treatment by highly charged maghemite nanoparticles on Wistar rats exocranial glioma tumors at microliter volume"
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component that has functionality. While nanoparticles are smaller than 1 micrometer in diameter (typically 1–100 nanometers), the larger
2358:"A rapid and efficient thermal decomposition approach for the synthesis of manganese-zinc/oleylamine core/shell ferrite nanoparticles"
1984:
Johnson, Stephanie H.; C.L. Johnson; S.J. May; S. Hirsch; M.W. Cole; J.E. Spanier (2010). "Co@CoO@Au core-multi-shell nanocrystals".
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Elliott, Daniel W.; Zhang, Wei-xian (December 2001). "Field Assessment of Nanoscale Bimetallic Particles for Groundwater Treatment".
89:
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Kim, DK, G.; Mikhaylova, M; et al. (2003). "Anchoring of Phosphonate and Phosphinate Coupling Molecules on Titania Particles".
108:
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Gupta AK, Ajay Kumar; Gupta M (2005). "Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications".
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39:
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Sharifi, Ibrahim; Shokrollahi, H.; Amiri, S. (2012-03-01). "Ferrite-based magnetic nanofluids used in hyperthermia applications".
3042:"Magnetic entrapment for fast and sensitive determination of metronidazole with a novel magnet-controlled glassy carbon electrode"
246:) are the most explored magnetic nanoparticles up to date. Once the ferrite particles become smaller than 128 nm they become
283:
3081:"All-screen-printed graphite sensors integrating permanent bonded magnets. Fabrication, characterization and analytical utility"
1716:
A.-H. Lu; E. L. Salabas; F. Schüth (2007). "Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Protection, Functionalization, and Application".
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A. K. Gupta; M. Gupta (June 2005). "Synthesis and surface engineering of iron oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications".
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Metallic nanoparticles may be beneficial for some technical applications due to their higher magnetic moment whereas oxides (
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S.Ayyappan, John Philip & Baldev Raj (2009). "Solvent polarity effect on physical properties of CoFe2O3 nanoparticles".
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hyperthermia and drug release is likely to treat tumors better than either option alone, but it is still under development.
3583:"Evaluation of the effects of injection velocity and different gel concentrations on nanoparticles in hyperthermia therapy"
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F.M. Koehler, Fabian M.; M. Rossier; M. Waelle; E.K. Athanassiou; L.K. Limbach; R.N. Grass; D. Günther; W.J. Stark (2009).
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and varying the reaction conditions, oxides, metal or carbon coated nanoparticles are produced at a rate of > 30 g/h .
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falls back to zero. Just like non-magnetic oxide nanoparticles, the surface of ferrite nanoparticles is often modified by
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K.Norén, Katarina; M. Kempe (2009). "Multilayered Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Support in Solid-Phase Peptide Synthesis".
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Mahendran, V. (2012). "Nanofluid based opticalsensor for rapid visual inspection of defects in ferromagnetic materials".
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Ramanavičius, Simonas; Žalnėravičius, Rokas; Niaura, Gediminas; Drabavičius, Audrius; Jagminas, Arūnas (2018-07-01).
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Ramaswamy, B; Kulkarni, SD; Villar, PS; Smith, RS; Eberly, C; Araneda, RC; Depireux, DA; Shapiro, B (24 June 2015).
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Effects of surfactant on the structural and magnetic properties of hydrothermally synthesized NiFe2O4 nanoparticles
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reaction. The resulting catalyst was then used for the chemoselective oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols.
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A. Schätz, Alexander; O. Reiser; W.J. Stark (2010). "Nanoparticles as Semi-Heterogeneous Catalyst Supports".
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B. Gleich; J. Weizenecker (2005). "Tomographic imaging using the nonlinear response of magnetic particles".
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4078:"Molecular sensing with magnetic nanoparticles using magnetic spectroscopy of nanoparticle Brownian motion"
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of alkaline organometallic compounds in high-boiling organic solvents containing stabilizing surfactants.
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Catinon, M., Ayrault, S., Boudouma, O., Bordier, L., Agnello, G., Reynaud, S., & Tissut, M. (2014).
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performs a critical role, as the smaller the particles, the more significant the antimicrobial effect.
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3534:"Cylindrical agar gel with fluid flow subjected to an alternating magnetic field during hyperthermia"
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of cetyltrimethlyammonium bromide, using 1-butanol as the cosurfactant and octane as the oil phase.,
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nanoparticle clusters, namely magnetic nanobeads. With the external magnetic field switched off, the
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Magnetic Nanomaterials, Editors: S H Bossmann, H Wang, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge 2017,
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have been synthesized recently. The advantages compared to ferrite or elemental nanoparticles are:
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R. N. Grass, Robert N.; W. J. Stark (2006). "Gas phase synthesis of fcc-cobalt nanoparticles".
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nanoparticles, which is essential for a fast and clean separation via external magnetic field.
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or nanoparticle clusters composed of FDA-approved oxide superparamagnetic nanoparticles (e.g.
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Gloag, Lucy; Mehdipour, Milad; Chen, Dongfei; Tilley, Richard D.; Gooding, J. Justin (2019).
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Reeves, Daniel B. (2017). "Nonlinear Nonequilibrium Simulations of Magnetic Nanoparticles".
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3654:"Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Magnetically-Guided and Magnetically-Responsive Drug Delivery"
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Papavasileiou, Anastasios V.; Panagiotopoulos, Ioannis; Prodromidis, Mamas I. (2020-11-10).
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Synthesized magnetic particles of diameter under 100 nanometers with biomedical applications
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2326:
2097:
2062:
1916:
1873:
1838:
1595:
1556:
1513:
1476:
1437:
1394:
1286:
1224:
981:
542:
4102:
4077:
4053:
4012:
3861:
3818:
3680:
3653:
3599:
3582:
3219:
2890:
2857:
2542:
2517:
2493:
2468:
1612:
1579:
1149:
1124:
1101:
860:. Magnetic CoPt nanoparticles are being used as an MRI contrast agent for transplanted
639:
549:
Operational layout differences between conventional and reducing flame spray synthesis
468:
133:
4137:
2410:
2356:
Monfared, A. H.; Zamanian, A.; Beygzadeh, M.; Sharifi, I.; Mozafari, M. (2017-02-05).
2105:
527:
4181:
3973:
3938:
3411:
Colombo, M; et al. (2012). "Biological Applications of Magnetic Nanoparticles".
3307:
3112:
2793:
2594:
2249:
1666:
1529:
1521:
834:
671:
643:
535:
499:
394:
178:
3737:
3581:
Javidi, M; Heydari, M; Karimi, A; Haghpanahi, M; Navidbakhsh, M; Razmkon, A (2014).
3192:
3096:
3057:
2969:
2723:
2518:"Magnetic nanomaterials for hyperthermia-based therapy and controlled drug delivery"
2453:
2113:
2035:
1932:
1889:
1349:
844:
822:
797:
443:
Co-precipitation is a facile and convenient way to synthesize iron oxides (either Fe
327:
Retained superparamagnetic properties (independent of the nanoparticle cluster size)
3997:
2692:"Detection of pathogenic Streptococcus suis bacteria using magnetic glycoparticles"
2218:
1366:
1310:
675:
635:
486:
Magnetic nanocrystals with smaller size can essentially be synthesized through the
426:
129:
3567:
2374:
2357:
1648:
1424:
J. Philip; Shima.P.D. B. Raj (2006). "Nanofluid with tunable thermal properties".
3721:
3550:
3533:
2777:
989:
3793:
1500:
J.Philip; T.J.Kumar; P.Kalyanasundaram; B.Raj (2003). "Tunable Optical Filter".
1324:
Hyeon, Taeghwan (3 April 2003). "Chemical synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles".
610:
517:
460:
235:
170:
136:. Such particles commonly consist of two components, a magnetic material, often
24:
4093:
3510:
2677:
2629:
2533:
2334:
1846:
1485:
1460:
1140:
856:
There are many applications for iron-oxide based nanoparticles in concert with
3760:
3638:
3299:
3184:
2586:
2445:
1924:
1881:
711:
Thanks to the easy separation by applying a magnetic field and the very large
647:
593:
348:
256:
198:
153:
4044:
3981:
3930:
3852:
3518:
3104:
3065:
3018:
2881:
2858:"Aptamer–nanoparticle complexes as powerful diagnostic and therapeutic tools"
2834:
2785:
2383:
2342:
727:) hold much potential for waste water treatment since they express excellent
4143:
Magnetic Nanoparticles Remove Ovarian Cancer Cells from the Abdominal Cavity
4142:
1173:
1031:
816:
724:
720:
659:
344:
340:
264:
252:
243:
239:
162:
4111:
4062:
3989:
3870:
3729:
3689:
3608:
3559:
3475:
3432:
3369:
3361:
3272:
3264:
3227:
3147:
3026:
3009:
2984:
2961:
2899:
2842:
2715:
2664:
2551:
2502:
2241:
2148:
1970:
1962:
1772:
1764:
1737:
1729:
1621:
1410:
1341:
1302:
1197:
1158:
1125:"Movement of magnetic nanoparticles in brain tissue: mechanisms and safety"
1109:
1074:
1066:
1039:
2762:"Shell-dependent antimicrobial efficiency of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles"
1693:
4151:, Thematic Series in the Open Access Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology.
4133:
Properties and use of magnetic nanoparticle clusters (magnetic nanobeads)
3670:
1815:
Properties and use of magnetic nanoparticle clusters (magnetic nanobeads)
1174:"Magnetic Assembly Route to Colloidal Responsive Photonic Nanostructures"
874:
812:
783:
505:
386:
369:
149:
2873:
1657:
1580:"Magnetocaloric Properties of Fe-Ni-Cr Nanoparticles for Active Cooling"
1459:
Chaudhary, V.; Wang, Z.; Ray, A.; Sridhar, I.; Ramanujan, R. V. (2017).
1294:
1172:
He, Le; Wang, Mingsheng; Ge, Jianping; Yin, Yadong (18 September 2012).
201:, optical filters, defect sensor, magnetic cooling and cation sensors.
4132:
3467:
3424:
2299:
1812:
1232:
744:
597:
4036:
3922:
3397:
3139:
2825:
2808:
2656:
2484:
2203:
2175:
2140:
2070:
1799:
1603:
1564:
1445:
1402:
1189:
843:
821:
796:
585:
10 MHz, with the amplitude of the field usually between 8-16kAm.
541:
526:
3334:
2953:
2707:
2027:
1997:
1333:
601:
400:
382:
321:
Higher colloidal stability since they do not magnetically agglomerate
304:
296:
292:
286:
image of a maghemite magnetic nanoparticle cluster with silica shell.
260:
145:
141:
2265:"Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Spinning Disc Processing"
735:
of the material is an advantage compared to metallic nanoparticles.
3835:
2985:"Advances in the Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Sensing"
3905:
808:
363:
278:
2913:
Luc Lenglet; Petr Nikitin; Clayton Péquignot (July–August 2008).
534:
Various flame spray conditions and their impact on the resulting
413:
Chemistry on the graphene surface via methods already known for
330:
Silica surface enables straightforward covalent functionalization
2809:"Sensitive Detection of Bacterial DNA by Magnetic Nanoparticles"
887:
378:
137:
324:
Magnetic moment can be tuned with the nanoparticle cluster size
315:
Higher chemical stability (crucial for biomedical applications)
368:
Cobalt nanoparticle with graphene shell (note: The individual
318:
Narrow size distribution (crucial for biomedical applications)
173:
and tissue specific targeting, magnetically tunable colloidal
18:
2263:
Raston, CL; Saunders, M; Smith, N; Woodward, R (7 May 2006).
3040:
Yang, Guangming; Zhao, Faqiong; Zeng, Baizhao (2014-07-20).
464:
3173:
International Journal of Peptide Research and Therapeutics
1944:
1942:
1370:
Magnetic Nanoparticle for Information Storage Applications
693:(MIA) is a novel type of diagnostic immunoassay utilizing
4127:
2690:
Parera Pera N; Kouki A.; Finne J.; Pieters R. J. (2010).
303:
molecules can be covalently bonded to the functionalized
3819:"Approaches for Modeling Magnetic Nanoparticle Dynamics"
3753:
Structure and Functional Properties of Colloidal Systems
576:
Magnetic nanoparticles have been examined for use in an
4128:
FML – Functional Materials Laboratory of the ETH Zürich
4011:
Reeves, Daniel B.; Weaver, John B. (15 December 2012).
3884:
Carrey, J.; Mehdaoui, B.; Respaud, M. (15 April 2011).
1361:
1359:
1004:
https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-78801-037-5
4013:"Simulations of magnetic nanoparticle Brownian motion"
3786:
Magnetic Characterization Techniques for Nanomaterials
4149:
Properties and applications of magnetic nanoparticles
271:
derivatives to increase their stability in solution.
2009:
2007:
1578:Chaudhary, V.; Ramanujan, R. V. (11 October 2016).
3788:. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 121–156.
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1129:Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine
962:
960:
958:
956:
588:Affinity ligands such as epidermal growth factor (
782:Magnetic nanoparticles are of potential use as a
769:Random versus site-directed enzyme immobilization
628:and for detection of Gram positive bacteria like
4170:. Science of the Total Environment, 475, 39-47 (
4138:Magnetic nanoparticles target human cancer cells
2915:"Magnetic immunoassays: A new paradigm in POCT"
2739:"An attractive method for bacteria detection"
2678:Using Magnetic Nanoparticles to Combat Cancer
829:The catalytic reaction can be conducted in a
425:Several methods exist for preparing magnetic
8:
3626:Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology
1013:
1011:
674:. It is known that the size of the magnetic
4168:Isolation of technogenic magnetic particles
3817:Reeves, Daniel B.; Weaver, John B. (2014).
3491:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
2315:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
1827:Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
3823:Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
4101:
4052:
3904:
3860:
3834:
3679:
3669:
3598:
3549:
3008:
2889:
2824:
2541:
2492:
2373:
1656:
1611:
1484:
1148:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
2645:Journal of the American Chemical Society
540:
525:
1055:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
952:
1383:Environmental Science & Technology
45:Please improve this article by adding
3652:Estelrich, Joan; et al. (2015).
3538:International Journal of Hyperthermia
2862:Experimental & Molecular Medicine
2856:Jo, Hunho; Ban, Changill (May 2016).
2680:Newswise, Retrieved on July 17, 2008.
2217:Fun Chin, Suk; Iyer, K. Swaminathan;
1465:Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
1260:10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2005.11.010
7:
4147:Wiedwald, U. and Ziemann, P. (Ed.):
2696:Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
1813:http://nanos-sci.com/technology.html
3845:10.1615/CritRevBiomedEng.2014010845
3288:Journal of Iranian Chemical Society
815:-coated cobalt nanoparticles via a
4193:Nanoparticles by physical property
3220:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.012
2766:Nano-Structures & Nano-Objects
1502:Measurement Science and Technology
1102:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.10.012
572:Medical diagnostics and treatments
14:
2411:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2010.06.029
1248:Progress in Solid State Chemistry
385:with a nonreactive shell made of
2567:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
2467:Rabias, I.; et al. (2010).
1905:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
1862:Journal of Nanoparticle Research
23:
3954:Physics in Medicine and Biology
3755:. CRC Press. pp. 315–337.
3097:10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136981
3058:10.1016/j.electacta.2014.04.162
2737:Barden, David (30 March 2010).
2516:Kumar, CS; Mohammad, F (2011).
2399:Materials Chemistry and Physics
2362:Journal of Alloys and Compounds
1461:"Self pumping magnetic cooling"
804:In another example, the stable
218:Types of magnetic nanoparticles
2743:Highlights in Chemical Biology
2426:Aerosol Science and Technology
2288:Journal of Materials Chemistry
1986:Journal of Materials Chemistry
752:Supported enzymes and peptides
132:that can be manipulated using
1:
4082:Biosensors and Bioelectronics
3350:Chemistry: A European Journal
2375:10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.09.253
1649:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2018.09.005
1637:Progress in Materials Science
1178:Accounts of Chemical Research
646:properties against hazardous
578:experimental cancer treatment
47:secondary or tertiary sources
3722:10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.009
3551:10.3109/02656736.2014.988661
2778:10.1016/j.nanoso.2018.03.007
990:10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.09.181
167:nanomaterial-based catalysts
3794:10.1007/978-3-662-52780-1_4
2221:; Saunders, Martin (2008).
2106:10.1088/0957-4484/17/23/023
4209:
4094:10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.049
4017:Journal of Applied Physics
3974:10.1088/0031-9155/54/5/L01
3893:Journal of Applied Physics
3511:10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.10.017
2630:10.1038/natrevmats.2016.14
2534:10.1016/j.addr.2011.03.008
2335:10.1016/j.jmmm.2016.03.091
1847:10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.12.038
1522:10.1088/0957-0233/14/8/314
1141:10.1016/j.nano.2015.06.003
885:
858:magnetic resonance imaging
609:or nanoparticle-delivered
497:
479:
436:
183:magnetic resonance imaging
3761:10.1201/9781420084474-c14
3639:10.1142/S0219519415500888
3300:10.1007/s13738-017-1157-2
3185:10.1007/s10989-009-9190-3
2587:10.1007/s11051-013-1666-6
2446:10.1080/02786820903449665
1925:10.1007/s11051-012-1151-7
1882:10.1007/s11051-010-0171-4
195:environmental remediation
187:magnetic particle imaging
3323:New Journal of Chemistry
2610:Nature Reviews Materials
1486:10.1088/1361-6463/aa4f92
921:Iron oxide nanoparticles
295:onto their surface. The
238:in crystal structure of
232:iron oxide nanoparticles
58:"Magnetic nanoparticles"
3899:(8): 083921–083921–17.
3710:Veterinary Microbiology
1426:Applied Physics Letters
1326:Chemical Communications
1032:10.1021/acsnano.5b02328
970:Applied Surface Science
831:continuous flow reactor
792:surface to volume ratio
739:Electrochemical sensing
713:surface to volume ratio
3386:Chemistry of Materials
3362:10.1002/chem.200801001
3265:10.1002/chem.200903462
3010:10.1002/adma.201904385
2242:10.1002/adfm.200701101
1963:10.1002/anie.200700613
1788:Chemistry of Materials
1765:10.1002/anie.200602866
1730:10.1002/anie.200602866
1067:10.1002/anie.200454222
848:
826:
801:
557:Potential applications
546:
531:
518:flame spray pyrolysis
373:
287:
122:Magnetic nanoparticles
34:relies excessively on
3706:Staphylococcus aureus
1694:10.1166/jon.2013.1050
1682:Journal of Nanofluids
937:Regenerative medicine
847:
825:
800:
759:solid phase synthesis
733:environmental impacts
731:which concerning the
707:Waste water treatment
656:Staphylococcus aureus
607:magnetic hyperthermia
582:magnetic hyperthermia
545:
530:
512:Flame spray synthesis
488:thermal decomposition
482:Thermal decomposition
476:Thermal decomposition
367:
360:Metallic with a shell
282:
275:Ferrites with a shell
3671:10.3390/ijms16048070
3128:Analytical Chemistry
2813:Analytical Chemistry
2522:Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev
1951:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed
1753:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed
1718:Angew. Chem. Int. Ed
1365:Natalie A. Frey and
811:was attached to the
691:Magnetic immunoassay
686:Magnetic immunoassay
664:Candida parapsilosis
634:Core-shell magnetic
566:separation processes
407:solution as well as
399:Higher stability in
4029:1998JChPh.109.4281T
3966:2009PMB....54L...1W
3915:2011JAP...109h3921C
3503:2012JMMM..324..903S
3460:2011Nanos...3..977M
3085:Electrochimica Acta
3046:Electrochimica Acta
3001:2019AdM....3104385G
2874:10.1038/emm.2016.44
2749:on 21 October 2012.
2622:2016NatRM...116014W
2579:2013JNR....15.1666K
2438:2010AerST..44..161A
2327:2016JMMM..412..107S
2098:2006Nanot..17.5851G
2063:2011ApPhL..99v2501F
1917:2012JNR....14.1151K
1874:2011JNR....13.2829K
1839:2010JMMM..322.1847K
1596:2016NatSR...635156C
1557:2012ApPhL.100g3104M
1514:2003MeScT..14.1289P
1477:2017JPhD...50cLT03C
1438:2008ApPhL..92d3108P
1395:2001EnST...35.4922E
1295:10.1038/nature03808
1287:2005Natur.435.1214G
1281:(7046): 1214–1217.
1225:2014RSCAd...438316K
1219:(72): 38316–38322.
982:2014ApSS..322..255T
897:Genetic engineering
882:Information storage
372:layers are visible)
159:magnetic nanochains
3468:10.1039/C0NR00846J
3425:10.1039/c2cs15337h
2989:Advanced Materials
2300:10.1039/c0jm00043d
2269:TechConnect Briefs
1584:Scientific Reports
1233:10.1039/C4RA05602G
942:Ultrafine particle
852:Biomedical imaging
849:
827:
802:
717:Magnetic nanobeads
700:magnetic nanobeads
695:magnetic nanobeads
630:Streptococcus suis
547:
532:
374:
288:
212:superparamagnetism
4037:10.1063/1.4770322
3923:10.1063/1.3551582
3803:978-3-662-52779-5
3770:978-1-4200-8447-4
3664:(12): 8070–8101.
3587:J Biomed Phys Eng
3398:10.1021/cm9019099
3356:(27): 8262–8266.
3214:(18): 3995–4021.
3140:10.1021/ac034920m
2826:10.1021/ac102133e
2819:(22): 9138–9140.
2702:(10): 2425–2429.
2657:10.1021/ja801969b
2485:10.1063/1.3449089
2230:Adv. Funct. Mater
2204:10.1021/jp911966p
2198:(14): 6334–6341.
2176:10.1021/jp8083875
2141:10.1021/jp071299b
2135:(28): 7978–7986.
2092:(23): 5851–5857.
2071:10.1063/1.3662965
1833:(13): 1847–1853.
1800:10.1021/cm001253u
1604:10.1038/srep35156
1565:10.1063/1.3684969
1446:10.1063/1.2838304
1403:10.1021/es0108584
1389:(24): 4922–4926.
1190:10.1021/ar200276t
1096:(18): 3995–4021.
1061:(33): 4303–4306.
1026:(10): 9700–9707.
932:Magnetic nanoring
927:Neuroregeneration
906:Physical modeling
788:catalyst supports
554:
553:
248:superparamagnetic
230:nanoparticles or
175:photonic crystals
128:) are a class of
119:
118:
111:
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3658:Int. J. Mol. Sci
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3335:10.1039/B209391J
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3134:(5): 1316–1321.
3123:
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3069:
3037:
3031:
3030:
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2980:
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2954:10.1039/B909447D
2933:
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2926:
2921:. Archived from
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2745:. Archived from
2734:
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2708:10.1039/C000819B
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2668:
2651:(31): 10258–62.
2640:
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2562:
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2555:
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2473:Biomicrofluidics
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2304:
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2275:(2006): 343–346.
2260:
2254:
2253:
2227:
2219:Raston, Colin L.
2214:
2208:
2207:
2192:J. Phys. Chem. C
2186:
2180:
2179:
2164:J. Phys. Chem. C
2159:
2153:
2152:
2129:J. Phys. Chem. B
2124:
2118:
2117:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2051:Appl. Phys. Lett
2046:
2040:
2039:
2028:10.1039/B601013J
2011:
2002:
2001:
1998:10.1039/b919610b
1981:
1975:
1974:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1868:(7): 2829–2841.
1857:
1851:
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1804:
1803:
1794:(8): 1617–1627.
1783:
1777:
1776:
1759:(8): 1222–1244.
1748:
1742:
1741:
1724:(8): 1222–1244.
1713:
1698:
1697:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1632:
1626:
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1575:
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1545:Appl. Phys. Lett
1540:
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1533:
1508:(8): 1289–1294.
1497:
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1490:
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1450:
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1421:
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1378:
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1334:10.1039/B207789B
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1270:
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1254:(2–4): 237–247.
1243:
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1184:(9): 1431–1440.
1169:
1163:
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1085:
1079:
1078:
1050:
1044:
1043:
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1000:
994:
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964:
862:neural stem cell
778:Catalyst support
729:biocompatibility
668:Candida albicans
626:Escherichia coli
523:
522:
439:Co-precipitation
433:Co-precipitation
415:carbon nanotubes
409:organic solvents
353:oxidizing agents
351:and reactive to
223:Oxides: ferrites
114:
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103:
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4005:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3888:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3804:
3783:
3782:
3778:
3771:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3419:(11): 4306–34.
3410:
3409:
3405:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3347:
3346:
3342:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3294:(10): 2211–20.
3285:
3284:
3280:
3259:(30): 8950–67.
3250:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3205:
3204:
3200:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3155:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3039:
3038:
3034:
2995:(48): 1904385.
2982:
2981:
2977:
2935:
2934:
2930:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2642:
2641:
2637:
2607:
2606:
2602:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2515:
2514:
2510:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2225:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1957:(26): 4909–12.
1948:
1947:
1940:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1824:
1823:
1819:
1811:
1807:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1715:
1714:
1701:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1364:
1357:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1272:
1271:
1267:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1017:
1016:
1009:
1001:
997:
966:
965:
954:
950:
917:
908:
899:
890:
884:
870:
854:
780:
754:
741:
709:
688:
638:, particularly
574:
559:
514:
502:
496:
484:
478:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
435:
423:
362:
337:
301:fluorescent dye
277:
269:phosphoric acid
225:
220:
207:
134:magnetic fields
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
44:
40:primary sources
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4206:
4204:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4123:
4122:External links
4120:
4118:
4117:
4068:
4023:(12): 124311.
4003:
3944:
3876:
3809:
3802:
3776:
3769:
3743:
3695:
3644:
3633:(5): 1550088.
3614:
3573:
3524:
3497:(6): 903–915.
3481:
3454:(3): 977–984.
3438:
3403:
3392:(2): 305–310.
3375:
3340:
3329:(2): 227.229.
3313:
3278:
3243:
3233:
3198:
3179:(4): 287–292.
3163:
3153:
3118:
3071:
3032:
2975:
2948:(32): 4862–4.
2928:
2925:on 2008-08-30.
2919:IVD Technology
2905:
2848:
2799:
2752:
2729:
2682:
2670:
2635:
2600:
2557:
2528:(9): 789–808.
2508:
2459:
2416:
2389:
2348:
2305:
2278:
2255:
2236:(6): 922–927.
2209:
2181:
2170:(2): 590–596.
2154:
2119:
2086:Nanotechnology
2076:
2057:(22): 222501.
2041:
2016:J. Mater. Chem
2003:
1992:(3): 439–443.
1976:
1938:
1895:
1852:
1817:
1805:
1778:
1743:
1699:
1688:(2): 112–119.
1672:
1627:
1570:
1535:
1492:
1451:
1416:
1373:
1355:
1328:(8): 927–934.
1316:
1265:
1238:
1203:
1164:
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1080:
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1007:
995:
951:
949:
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934:
929:
924:
916:
913:
907:
904:
898:
895:
883:
880:
869:
868:Cancer therapy
866:
853:
850:
779:
776:
753:
750:
740:
737:
708:
705:
687:
684:
672:microorganisms
640:cobalt ferrite
573:
570:
558:
555:
552:
551:
539:
513:
510:
498:Main article:
495:
492:
480:Main article:
477:
474:
469:ionic strength
456:
452:
448:
444:
437:Main article:
434:
431:
422:
419:
418:
417:
411:
397:
361:
358:
336:
333:
332:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
276:
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224:
221:
219:
216:
206:
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117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
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4:
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2:
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4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
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4126:
4125:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4072:
4069:
4064:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4046:
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4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
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4014:
4007:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3960:(5): L1–L10.
3959:
3955:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3813:
3810:
3805:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3747:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3618:
3615:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3593:(4): 151–62.
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3574:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
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3430:
3426:
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3407:
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3371:
3367:
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3359:
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3351:
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3341:
3336:
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3328:
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3317:
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3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
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3247:
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3237:
3234:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3006:
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2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
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2943:
2939:
2932:
2929:
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2920:
2916:
2909:
2906:
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2892:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2674:
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2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
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2646:
2639:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2479:(2): 024111.
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2432:(2): 161–72.
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2368:: 1090–1095.
2367:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2224:
2220:
2213:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2182:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1747:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1676:
1673:
1668:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1628:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1574:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1551:(7): 073104.
1550:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1471:(3): 03LT03.
1470:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1432:(4): 043108.
1431:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1135:(7): 1821–9.
1134:
1130:
1126:
1119:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1005:
999:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
963:
961:
959:
957:
953:
947:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
922:
919:
918:
914:
912:
905:
903:
896:
894:
893:square inch.
889:
881:
879:
876:
867:
865:
863:
859:
851:
846:
842:
840:
836:
835:batch reactor
833:instead of a
832:
824:
820:
818:
814:
810:
807:
799:
795:
793:
789:
785:
777:
775:
771:
770:
766:
762:
760:
751:
749:
746:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:
704:
701:
696:
692:
685:
683:
679:
677:
676:nanoparticles
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
644:antimicrobial
641:
637:
636:nanoparticles
632:
631:
627:
622:
618:
614:
612:
608:
603:
599:
595:
591:
586:
583:
579:
571:
569:
567:
562:
556:
550:
544:
538:
537:
536:nanoparticles
529:
524:
521:
519:
511:
509:
507:
501:
500:Microemulsion
494:Microemulsion
493:
491:
489:
483:
475:
473:
470:
466:
462:
440:
432:
430:
428:
420:
416:
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
396:
395:magnetization
392:
391:
390:
388:
384:
380:
371:
366:
359:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
329:
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
313:
312:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
285:
281:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
222:
217:
215:
213:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:microfluidics
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
4167:
4161:Bibliography
4085:
4081:
4071:
4020:
4016:
4006:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3896:
3892:
3879:
3829:(1): 85–93.
3826:
3822:
3812:
3785:
3779:
3752:
3746:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3698:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3630:
3624:
3617:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3544:(1): 33–39.
3541:
3537:
3527:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3416:
3413:Chem Soc Rev
3412:
3406:
3389:
3385:
3378:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3256:
3253:Chem. Eur. J
3252:
3246:
3236:
3211:
3208:Biomaterials
3207:
3201:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3156:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3049:
3045:
3035:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2945:
2942:Chem. Commun
2941:
2931:
2923:the original
2918:
2908:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2769:
2765:
2755:
2747:the original
2742:
2732:
2699:
2695:
2685:
2673:
2648:
2644:
2638:
2616:(5): 16014.
2613:
2609:
2603:
2570:
2566:
2560:
2525:
2521:
2511:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2318:
2314:
2308:
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2291:
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