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959:
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66:. This angle varies at different points on Earth's surface. Positive values of inclination indicate that the magnetic field of Earth is pointing downward, into Earth, at the point of measurement, and negative values indicate that it is pointing upward. The dip angle is in principle the angle made by the needle of a vertically held compass, though in practice ordinary compass needles may be weighted against dip or may be unable to move freely in the correct plane. The value can be measured more reliably with a special instrument typically known as a
90:
918:
924:
41:
33:
987:
To compensate for turning errors, pilots in the
Northern Hemisphere will have to "undershoot" the turn when turning north, stopping the turn prior to the compass rotating to the correct heading; and "overshoot" the turn when turning south by stopping later than the compass. The effect is the opposite
935:
is significantly lower than the pivot point. As a result, the vertical component of the magnetic force is too weak to tilt the compass card significantly out of the horizontal plane, thus minimizing the dip angle shown in the compass. However, this also causes the airplane's compass to give erroneous
983:
Magnetic dip shifts the center of gravity of the compass card, causing temporary inaccurate readings when turning north or south. As the aircraft turns, the force that results from the magnetic dip causes the float assembly to swing in the same direction that the float turns. This compass error is
1004:
The acceleration errors occur because the compass card tilts on its mount when under acceleration. In the
Northern Hemisphere, when accelerating on either an easterly or westerly heading, the error appears as a turn indication toward the north. When decelerating on either of these headings, the
718:
542:
97:
Magnetic dip results from the tendency of a magnet to align itself with lines of magnetic field. As Earth's magnetic field lines are not parallel to the surface, the north end of a compass needle will point upward in the
1000:
Acceleration error in the
Northern Hemisphere, during an airplane's acceleration, cruising, and deceleration stages. A mnemonic for remembering the direction is the word “ANDS” (Acceleration-North/Deceleration-South).
222:
323:
420:
265:
154:
is defined locally for the magnetic field due to Earth's core, and has a positive value if the field points below the horizontal (i.e. into Earth). Here we show how to determine the value of
842:
466:
885:
1095:
The newe attractive: shewing the nature, propertie, and manifold vertues of the loadstone: with the declination of the needle, touched therewith under the plaine of the horizon
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Compass needles are often weighted during manufacture to compensate for magnetic dip, so that they will balance roughly horizontally. This balancing is latitude-dependent; see
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Magnetic dip causes the compass' pivoting point (marked by the green circle) to no longer overlap with its center of gravity (marked by
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270:
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375:
227:
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63:
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793:
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428:
1234:
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931:
The phenomenon is especially important in aviation. Magnetic compasses on airplanes are made so that the
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423:
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denotes the core as the origin of these fields. The first means we can introduce the scalar potential
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917:
749:
725:
111:
107:
103:
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compass indicates a turn toward the south. The effect is the opposite in the
Southern Hemisphere.
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1251:. Federal Aviation Administration, US Department of Transportation. 2014. pp. 5–13, 5–14.
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1122:
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114:). Contour lines along which the dip measured at Earth's surface is equal are referred to as
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1110:
713:{\displaystyle {\textbf {B}}_{c}=-\mu _{o}\nabla \phi _{c}={\frac {\mu _{o}}{4\pi }}{\big }}
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923:
40:
1093:
773:
328:
157:
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1111:
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78:
36:
Magnetic dip causes the compass to dip upward or downward depending on the latitude.
17:
123:
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In the
Southern Hemisphere, turning north causes the compass to "lead" the turn.
937:
537:{\displaystyle \phi _{c}={\frac {{\textbf {m}}\cdot {\textbf {r}}}{4\pi r^{3}}}}
1277:
964:
In the
Northern Hemisphere, turning north causes the compass to "lag" the turn.
1265:
67:
1185:
1136:
32:
1014:
1113:
Looking into the earth : an introduction to geological geophysics
77:
in 1544. A method of measuring it with a dip circle was described by
770:
on Earth's surface. From here it can be shown that the inclination
995:
916:
177:
Outside Earth's core we consider
Maxwell's equations in a vacuum,
88:
39:
31:
1180:. Higher Education from Cambridge University Press. p. 49.
174:
at a given latitude, following the treatment given by Fowler.
27:
Angle made with the horizontal by Earth's magnetic field lines
471:
Solving to leading order gives the magnetic dipole potential
217:{\displaystyle \nabla \times {\textbf {H}}_{c}={\textbf {0}}}
106:(positive dip). The range of dip is from -90 degrees (at the
940:(turning error) and airspeed changes (acceleration error).
318:{\displaystyle {\textbf {B}}_{c}=\mu _{0}{\textbf {H}}_{c}}
118:. The locus of the points having zero dip is called the
984:
amplified with the proximity to either magnetic pole.
1177:
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852:
796:
776:
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728:
554:
479:
431:
422:, while the second means the potential satisfies the
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331:
273:
230:
183:
160:
140:
415:{\displaystyle {\textbf {H}}_{c}=-\nabla \phi _{c}}
1117:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
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951:Northerly turning error caused by the magnetic dip
901:
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712:
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460:
414:
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259:
216:
166:
146:
909:is the latitude of the point on Earth's surface.
44:Illustration of magnetic dip from Norman's book,
260:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot {\textbf {B}}_{c}=0}
73:Dip angle was discovered by the German engineer
705:
625:
8:
1233:. 24 August 2016. p. 26. Archived from
1249:Instrument Flying Handbook: FAA-H-8083-15B
1226:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
1109:Mussett, Alan E.; Khan, M. Aftab (2000).
1067:(First ed.). HarperCollins. p.
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62:is the angle made with the horizontal by
837:{\displaystyle \tan I=B_{r}/B_{\theta }}
1048:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
461:{\displaystyle \nabla ^{2}\phi _{c}=0}
1174:Fowler, C. M. R. (20 December 2004).
880:{\displaystyle \tan I=2\tan \lambda }
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102:(negative dip) or downward in the
93:Isoclinic lines for the year 2020.
25:
1223:"Chapter 8: Flight Instruments".
790:as defined above satisfies (from
1015:Compass balancing (magnetic dip)
969:
957:
922:
130:Calculation for a given latitude
1231:Federal Aviation Administration
677:
661:
650:
644:
1:
763:{\displaystyle {\textbf {r}}}
739:{\displaystyle {\textbf {m}}}
988:in the Southern Hemisphere.
64:Earth's magnetic field lines
1278:Look up magnetic dip values
1229:(FAA-H-8083-25B ed.).
1314:
365:{\displaystyle \phi _{c}}
110:) to +90 degrees (at the
1271:1 September 2006 at the
1186:10.1017/cbo9780511819643
1160:The Nuttall Encyclopædia
902:{\displaystyle \lambda }
1092:Norman, Robert (1581).
1298:Orientation (geometry)
1037:South Atlantic Anomaly
1027:Aircraft compass turns
1001:
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1063:Human Accomplishment
1032:Magnetic declination
913:Practical importance
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746:and position vector
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722:for magnetic moment
552:
546:and hence the field
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81:in England in 1581.
60:magnetic inclination
18:Magnetic inclination
112:North Magnetic Pole
108:South Magnetic Pole
104:Northern Hemisphere
100:Southern Hemisphere
46:The Newe Attractive
1002:
992:Acceleration error
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325:and the subscript
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95:
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933:center of gravity
783:{\displaystyle I}
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338:{\displaystyle c}
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167:{\displaystyle I}
147:{\displaystyle I}
16:(Redirected from
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1237:on 20 June 2023.
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936:readings during
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424:Laplace equation
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134:The inclination
120:magnetic equator
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1273:Wayback Machine
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1057:Murray, Charles
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116:isoclinic lines
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1266:Compass errors
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1260:External links
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1155:"Aclinic Line"
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75:Georg Hartmann
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944:Turning error
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79:Robert Norman
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57:
53:
47:
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34:
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19:
1293:Geomagnetism
1248:
1243:
1235:the original
1225:
1199:. Retrieved
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1169:
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1145:
1112:
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1051:
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986:
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938:banked turns
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176:
133:
124:aclinic line
119:
96:
72:
59:
55:
52:Magnetic dip
51:
50:
45:
29:
1151:Wood, James
85:Explanation
1287:Categories
1201:13 January
1128:0521780853
1043:References
372:such that
68:dip circle
56:dip angle,
1009:Balancing
897:λ
875:λ
872:
857:
830:θ
801:
681:−
668:⋅
662:^
645:^
618:π
605:μ
590:ϕ
586:∇
577:μ
573:−
519:π
504:⋅
482:ϕ
444:ϕ
434:∇
404:ϕ
400:∇
397:−
354:ϕ
293:μ
235:⋅
232:∇
188:×
185:∇
1269:Archived
1137:43227335
1059:(2003).
1021:See also
1192:
1135:
1125:
1075:
889:where
267:where
1203:2022
1190:ISBN
1133:OCLC
1123:ISBN
1073:ISBN
224:and
1182:doi
1119:140
1069:176
869:tan
854:tan
798:tan
122:or
58:or
1289::
1211:^
1188:.
1157:.
1131:.
1121:.
1071:.
1017:.
927:).
844:)
468:.
126:.
70:.
54:,
1205:.
1184::
1163:.
1139:.
1098:.
1081:.
866:2
863:=
860:I
826:B
821:/
815:r
811:B
807:=
804:I
778:I
756:r
732:m
706:]
697:3
693:r
686:m
678:)
673:m
658:r
651:(
641:r
634:3
626:[
615:4
609:o
599:=
594:c
581:o
570:=
565:c
559:B
527:3
523:r
516:4
509:r
499:m
491:=
486:c
456:0
453:=
448:c
438:2
408:c
394:=
389:c
383:H
358:c
333:c
311:c
305:H
297:0
289:=
284:c
278:B
255:0
252:=
247:c
241:B
210:0
205:=
200:c
194:H
162:I
142:I
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
