729:
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89:
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359:
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25:
914:, where upon the death of a member of the community, they were ritually dismembered and consumed by other members of the group, with their skulls being used to create skull cups. At other Magdalenian sites primary burial with no evidence of cannibalism is observed, with a handful of sites showing alternating evidence of cannibalism and primary burial at different occupation layers. At sites with primary burial, genetic analysis of these individuals indicate that they are more closely related to the people of the
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dark skin tone compared to modern
Europeans. A 2023 study proposed that relative to earlier Western European Cro-Magnon related groups like Goyet Q116-1-related Aurignacian and the Western Gravettian associated Fournol cluster, the Goyet-Q2-related Magdalenians appear to have carried significant (~30% ancestry) from the
947:
who inhabited France and Spain prior to the Last
Glacial Maximum. The 15,000 year old GoyetQ2 individual from Goyet Caves is often used as a proxy for Magdalenian ancestry. Analysis of genomes of GoyetQ2-related Magdalenians suggest that like earlier Cro-Magnon groups, they probably had a relatively
452:
Debate continues about the nature of the earliest
Magdalenian assemblages, and it remains questionable whether the Badegoulian culture is the earliest phase of Magdalenian culture. Similarly, finds from the forest of Beauregard near Paris have been suggested as belonging to the earliest Magdalenian.
425:
The
Magdalenian is divided into six phases generally agreed to have chronological significance (Magdalenian I through VI, I being the earliest and VI being the latest). The earliest phases are recognised by the varying proportion of blades and specific varieties of scrapers, the middle phases marked
994:
cluster (which predominantly descended from the
Villabruna cluster, with possible ancestry related to the Goyet-Q2 cluster), expanded northwards across the Alps, largely replacing the Goyet-Q2 cluster associated Magdalenian groups in Western Europe. In France and Spain, significant GoyetQ2-related
475:
By the end of the
Magdalenian, lithic technology shows a pronounced trend toward increased microlithisation. The bone harpoons and points have the most distinctive chronological markers within the typological sequence. As well as flint tools, Magdalenians are known for their elaborate worked bone,
1955:
Brunel, Samantha; Bennett, E. Andrew; Cardin, Laurent; Garraud, Damien; Barrand Emam, Hélène; Beylier, Alexandre; Boulestin, Bruno; Chenal, Fanny; Ciesielski, Elsa; Convertini, Fabien; Dedet, Bernard; Desbrosse-Degobertiere, Stéphanie; Desenne, Sophie; Dubouloz, Jerôme; Duday, Henri (2020-06-09).
2175:
Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; van de
Loosdrecht, Marieke S.; Posth, Cosimo; Mora, Rafael; MartĂnez-Moreno, Jorge; Rojo-Guerra, Manuel; Salazar-GarcĂa, Domingo C.; Royo-GuillĂ©n, JosĂ© I.; Kunst, Michael; Rougier, HĂ©lène; Crevecoeur, Isabelle; Arcusa-MagallĂłn, HĂ©ctor; Tejedor-RodrĂguez, Cristina;
2099:
Charlton, Sophy; Brace, Selina; Hajdinjak, Mateja; Kearney, Rebecca; Booth, Thomas; Reade, Hazel; Tripp, Jennifer A.; Sayle, Kerry L.; Grimm, Sonja B.; Bello, Silvia M.; Walker, Elizabeth A.; Gilardet, Alexandre; East, Philip; Glocke, Isabelle; Larson, Greger (2022-10-24).
934:
Cluster in Iberia, have shown close relationship to a population who had lived in
Northern Europe some 20,000 years previously. The analyses suggested that 70-80% of the ancestry of these individuals was from the population represented by Goyet Q116-1, associated with the
910:. Cannibalism has been suggested at a dozen other Magadelian sites across the culture's geographic range, representing 25% of all Magdalenian sites, far more than any other European Paleolithic culture. It has been suggested that Magdalenian peoples practiced a form of
2355:
Conkey, M.W.; Beltrán, A.; Clark, G.A.; Echegaray, J.G.; Guenther, M.G.; Hahn, J.; Hayden, B.; Paddayya, K.; Straus, L.G.; Valoch, K. (October 1980). "The
Identification of Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Aggregation Sites: The Case of Altamira ".
728:
1010:
366:
The
Magdalenian is represented by numerous sites, whose contents show progress in arts and culture. It was characterized by a cold and dry climate, humans in association with the reindeer, and the extinction of the
487:
The sea shells and fossils found in Magdalenian sites may be sourced to relatively precise areas and have been used to support hypotheses of Magdalenian hunter-gatherer seasonal ranges, and perhaps trade routes.
319:
Magdalenian peoples produced a wide variety of art, including figurines and cave paintings. Evidence has been found suggesting that Magdalenian peoples regularly engaged in (probably ritualistic)
522:
The best of Magdalenian artworks are a mammoth engraved on a fragment of its own ivory; a dagger of reindeer antler, with a handle in the form of a reindeer; a cave-bear cut on a flat piece of
2592:
382:
The fauna of the Magdalenian seems to have included tigers and other species of which the modern surviving relatives live only in much warmer conditions, as well as species such as reindeer,
4520:
2645:
2085:
4403:
4144:
3740:
2318:
Charles, Ruth (1996). "Back into the North: the Radiocarbon Evidence for the Human Recolonisation of the North-Western Ardennes after the Last Glacial Maximum".
952:(thought to be of southeastern European origin, and sharing affinities to West Asian peoples not found in earlier European hunter-gatherers) associated with the
4510:
719:
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4535:
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530:, trees, and a snake biting a man's leg. The man is naked, which, together with the snake, suggests a warm climate in spite of the presence of the reindeer.
4530:
4515:
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4525:
4191:
3642:
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284:. The culture was geographically widespread, and later Magdalenian sites stretched from Portugal in the west to Poland in the east, and as far north as
4540:
2596:
2500:
Housley, R.A.; Gamble, C.S.; Street, M.; Pettitt, P. (1997). "Radiocarbon evidence for the Lateglacial Human Recolonisation of Northern Europe".
2620:, Libor Balák at the Czech Academy of Sciences, the Institute of Archaeology in Brno, The Center for Paleolithic and Paleoethnological Research
499:
techno-complex. It has been suggested that key Late-glacial sites in south-western Britain may be attributed to Magdalenian culture, including
2410:
1532:
2304:
2638:
686:
519:
Bones, reindeer antlers and animal teeth display pictures carved or etched on them of seals, fish, reindeer, mammoths and other creatures.
46:
1342:
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cave, an 18-inch clay statue of two bison sculpted in relief was discovered in the deepest room, now known as the Room of the Bisons.
4505:
3769:
2675:
88:
68:
845:
695:
526:; a seal on a bear's tooth; a fish drawn on a reindeer antler; and a complete picture, also on reindeer antler, showing horses, an
342:, who had retreated to southwestern Europe during the LGM. Madgalenian peoples were largely replaced and in some areas absorbed by
3863:
1489:
827:
4388:
3779:
2817:
2631:
232:
773:
2482:
1614:
472:. As hunter gatherers, Magdalenians did not re-settle permanently in northwest Europe, instead following herds and seasons.
457:
is a similar culture appearing at the same time. Its known range extends from southeast France to the western shores of the
464:
The later phases of Magdalenian culture are contemporaneous with the human re-settlement of north-western Europe after the
4001:
3531:
2791:
3996:
3536:
3009:
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retouched, possibly to make the broken edges more regular. This manipulation suggests the shaping of skulls to produce
2962:
2613:
544:, and intricately engraved projectile points, as well as items of personal adornment including sea shells, perforated
39:
33:
2859:
272:
hunters, although Magdalenian sites contain extensive evidence for the hunting of red deer, horses, and other large
4264:
4065:
2539:
Reliquae Aquitanicae: being contributions to the archaeology of PĂ©rigord and adjoining provinces of Southern France
872:
358:
3976:
3885:
1525:
1255:
1167:
782:
50:
4259:
3351:
2896:
1843:"Upper Palaeolithic ritualistic cannibalism at Gough's Cave (Somerset, UK): The human remains from head to toe"
1841:
Bello, Silvia M.; SaladiĂ©, Palmira; Cáceres, Isabel; RodrĂguez-Hidalgo, Antonio; Parfitt, Simon A. (May 2015).
347:
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3225:
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2977:
2709:
1027:
991:
919:
710:
375:, increased, making the period essentially a bone period. Bone instruments are quite varied: spear-points,
330:
Genetic studies indicate that the Magdalenian peoples were largely descended from earlier Western European
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3823:
3519:
3260:
3099:
2736:
2670:
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has been suggested to be an agglomeration site where groups of Magdalenian hunter-gatherers congregated.
4203:
4139:
4013:
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3215:
3163:
3156:
2702:
2079:
1561:
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1304:
1286:
448:
Magdalenian people dwelt in tents such as this one of Pincevent (France) that dates to 12,000 years ago.
1895:"Cannibalism and burial in the late Upper Palaeolithic: Combining archaeological and genetic evidence"
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4371:
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1969:
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Some skulls were cleaned of soft tissues, then had the facial regions removed, with the remaining
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182:
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Bello, Silvia M.; Parfitt, Simon A.; Stringer, Chris B.; Petraglia, Michael (16 February 2011).
1336:
943:
in modern Belgium. It has also been found that Magdalenians are also closely related to western
746:
737:
534:
2546:
de Sonneville-Bordes, D.; Perrot, J. (1956). "Lexique typologique du Paléolithique supérieur".
902:. Finds of defleshed (as evidenced by cut marks) and cracked bones with human chewing marks at
390:, and other cold weather specialists. Magdalenian humans appear to have been of short stature,
4452:
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3250:
3235:
3220:
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2406:
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2335:
2264:
2246:
2158:"Scientists Sequence Genomes of Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers from Different Eurasian Cultures"
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2121:
2067:
2005:
1987:
1870:
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1427:
1420:
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289:
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than to the Magdalenians that practiced cannibalism (who belong to the GoyetQ2 cluster).
903:
2439:
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1973:
1910:
1858:
1796:
578:
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2000:
1958:"Ancient genomes from present-day France unveil 7,000 years of its demographic history"
1957:
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3173:
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2178:"Survival of Late Pleistocene Hunter-Gatherer Ancestry in the Iberian Peninsula"
1348:
1080:
1015:
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587:
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In northern Spain and south-west France this tool culture was superseded by the
458:
387:
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4018:
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120:
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2339:
2313:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–284.
2250:
2125:
2028:"Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European hunter-gatherers"
1991:
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1982:
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372:
324:
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135:
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2219:"Dual ancestries and ecologies of the Late Glacial Palaeolithic in Britain"
2143:
2102:"Dual ancestries and ecologies of the Late Glacial Palaeolithic in Britain"
2071:
2009:
1874:
1824:
1743:"15,000-Year-Old Bison Sculptures Are Perfectly Preserved in a French Cave"
659:
93:
Distribution of Magdalenian sites in Europe (pink) along with those of the
426:
by the emergence of a microlithic component (particularly the distinctive
227:. They date from around 17,000 to 12,000 years ago. It is named after the
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4043:
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of the type site, publishing in 1875. The Magdalenian is associated with
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511:
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2393:
Enloe, J. (2001). "Magdalenian". In Peregrine, P.N.; Ember, M. (eds.).
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that were present in Western Europe over 30,000 years ago prior to the
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Picture Gallery of the Paleolithic (reconstructional palaeoethnology)
2176:
GarcĂa-MartĂnez de Lagrán, Iñigo; Garrido-Pena, Rafael (April 2019).
1268:
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97:(red). Distribution of the Magdalenian in southern Britain not shown
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1009:
972:
960:
510:
477:
443:
415:
371:. The use of bone and ivory as implements, begun in the preceding
300:. Besides La Madeleine, the chief stations of the Magdalenian are
297:
1038:) in European sites, according to timeline and climate evolution.
1003:, with some Neolithic individuals in France and Spain largely of
906:, England suggests that the Magdalenian peoples there engaged in
4249:
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3690:
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3396:
3268:
2781:
1246:
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culture. In northern Europe it was followed by variants of the
3853:
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3327:
3285:
480:
that served both functional and aesthetic purposes, including
18:
2420:
Fu, Q.; Posth, C.; Hajdinjak, M.; et al. (May 2, 2016).
563:
in Spain, with its extensive and varied forms of Magdalenian
1766:
433:), and the later phases by the presence of uniserial (phase
1716:
1674:
235:, a rock shelter located in the Vézère valley, commune of
414:. Magdalenian tool culture is characterised by regular
406:
The culture spans from approximately 17,000 to 12,000
540:
Examples of Magdalenian portable art include batons,
1933:
4347:
4160:
3987:
3834:
3699:
3663:
3512:
3469:
3259:
3090:
3063:
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2735:
2593:"Pictures and description of the La Madeleine site"
174:
164:
146:
134:
126:
112:
102:
453:The earliest Magdalenian sites are in France. The
1893:Marsh, William A; Bello, Silvia (November 2023).
2217:Charlton, Sophy; Brace, Selina (November 2022).
1962:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1741:<Madeleine Muzdakis> (January 26, 2021).
555:contain the best known examples of Magdalenian
394:, with a low retreating forehead and prominent
2548:Bulletin de la Société préhistorique de France
1007:descent showing significant GoyetQ2 ancestry.
4521:Archaeological cultures in the Czech Republic
2639:
1526:
8:
2084:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
81:
548:teeth (presumably necklaces), and fossils.
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2624:
2397:. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 198–209.
1781:"Earliest Directly-Dated Human Skull-Cups"
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2455:
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2201:
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1999:
1981:
1918:
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350:ancestry at the end of the Pleistocene.
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
16:Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic cultures
2026:Posth, C., Yu, H., Ghalichi, A. (2023).
357:
32:This article includes a list of general
2422:"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe"
1728:
1606:
1589:
1587:
1583:
1078:
574:
264:). They conducted the first systematic
2502:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
2320:Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
2077:
1688:"Pincevent; a prehistoric site museum"
1675:de Sonneville-Bordes & Perrot 1956
80:
2021:
2019:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1836:
1834:
1642:
930:The genes of seven Magdalenians, the
7:
4511:Upper Paleolithic cultures of Europe
461:, Russia, with many sites in Italy.
410:, toward the end of the most recent
4536:Archaeological cultures in Portugal
1659:World Prehistory in New Perspective
963:included two samples of haplogroup
441:6) made of bone, antler and ivory.
379:-heads, borers, hooks and needles.
4531:Archaeological cultures in Germany
4516:Archaeological cultures in Belgium
1343:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
1030:(WHG) Villabruna ancestry (orange
348:Villabruna/Western Hunter Gatherer
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4526:Archaeological cultures in France
3770:Megalithic architectural elements
2579:. University of New Mexico Press.
2541:. London: Williams & Norgate.
2475:The Initial Magdalenian in France
515:Antler carving, France, 15,000 BC
437:5) and biserial 'harpoons' (phase
316:and others in south-west France.
4541:Archaeological cultures in Spain
2537:Lartet, E.; Christy, H. (1875).
2287:
990:Around 14-12,000 years ago, the
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23:
4389:Evolutionary origin of religion
1920:10.1016/j.quascirev.2023.108309
2223:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2106:Nature Ecology & Evolution
1661:, p. 108, 1977, Cambridge UP,
1032:
1:
4002:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3532:British megalith architecture
2575:Straus, Lawrence Guy (1992).
1242:
1190:
1112:
1020:
939:of about 35,000 BP, from the
256:originally termed the period
3997:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3537:Nordic megalith architecture
2595:. 2009-03-01. Archived from
2403:10.1007/978-1-4615-1187-8_16
1867:10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.02.016
1806:10.1371/journal.pone.0017026
1557:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
1014:Transition from Magdalenian
995:ancestry persisted into the
979:, including five samples of
308:, and Gorges d'Enfer in the
4557:
4145:British Isles and Brittany
4066:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
2577:Iberia Before the Iberians
2395:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
2243:10.1038/s41559-022-01883-z
2118:10.1038/s41559-022-01883-z
2054:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0
1899:Quaternary Science Reviews
1847:Journal of Human Evolution
1593:Dates given vary somewhat.
189:
3830:
3813:
3465:
3452:
2914:
2731:
2718:
2661:
2514:10.1017/s0079497x0000236x
2332:10.1017/s0079497x00002711
2194:10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.006
2040:(2 March 2023): 117–126.
1256:Initial Upper Paleolithic
1064:
1057:
1049:
362:Magdalenian cave painting
86:
4506:Industries (archaeology)
2473:Hemingway, M.F. (1980).
912:funerary endocannibalism
130:c. 17,000 – c. 12,000 BP
4377:Evolutionary musicology
3780:Oldest extant buildings
3707:Archaeological features
3226:Prepared-core technique
2310:Encyclopædia Britannica
1983:10.1073/pnas.1918034117
1619:Les Eyzies Tourist Info
1028:Western Hunter Gatherer
992:Western Hunter-Gatherer
418:industries struck from
312:; Grotte du Placard in
53:more precise citations.
4339:Unchambered long cairn
4187:Mound Builders culture
3520:Neolithic architecture
2655:Prehistoric technology
2560:10.3406/bspf.1956.3357
1062:17,000–9,000 BP
1039:
516:
449:
363:
280:toward the end of the
4014:List of Stone Age art
3216:Microblade technology
3164:Langdale axe industry
2762:Ard / plough
1562:List of Stone Age art
1013:
1005:Early European Farmer
959:The three samples of
890:Treatment of the dead
635:Lascaux cave painting
514:
447:
361:
323:along with producing
4421:Prehistoric medicine
4416:Prehistoric counting
4399:Prehistoric religion
4394:Paleolithic religion
4372:Behavioral modernity
3729:Causewayed enclosure
3621:Abri de la Madeleine
2745:Neolithic Revolution
2358:Current Anthropology
1665:, ISBN 9780521291781
470:Late Glacial Maximum
466:Last Glacial Maximum
346:producing groups of
340:Last Glacial Maximum
141:Abri de la Madeleine
4460:Prehistoric warfare
3206:Magdalenian culture
3169:Levallois technique
3100:Earliest toolmaking
2448:10.1038/nature17993
2440:2016Natur.534..200F
2235:2022NatEE...6.1658C
2188:(7): 1169–1177.e7.
2046:2023Natur.615..117P
1974:2020PNAS..11712791B
1968:(23): 12791–12798.
1911:2023QSRv..31908309M
1859:2015JHumE..82..170B
1797:2011PLoSO...617026B
1717:Housley et al. 1997
937:Aurignacian culture
551:Cave sites such as
282:last glacial period
262:Age of the Reindeer
83:
4411:Origin of language
4404:Spiritual drug use
4314:Rectangular dolmen
4216:Dartmoor kistvaens
4029:Carved stone balls
3741:Circular enclosure
3700:Other architecture
3643:Alp pile dwellings
3231:Solutrean industry
3142:Gravettian culture
2792:Secondary products
2616:2017-06-14 at the
1767:Conkey et al. 1980
1184:Middle Paleolithic
1040:
983:and one sample of
967:and one sample of
950:Villabruna cluster
920:Villabruna cluster
517:
450:
364:
192:Prehistoric Europe
183:Ahrensburg culture
103:Geographical range
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4433:Prehistoric music
4382:music archaeology
4039:Cup and ring mark
3864:Clothing/textiles
3809:
3808:
3805:
3804:
3448:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3251:Yubetsu technique
3236:Striking platform
3201:Lithic technology
3086:
3085:
3071:Game drive system
2990:Projectile points
2882:Mortar and pestle
2434:(7606): 200–205.
2412:978-1-4684-7131-1
2229:(11): 1658–1668.
2112:(11): 1658–1668.
1615:"The Magdalenian"
1567:Haplogroup I-M170
1552:Swimming Reindeer
1543:
1542:
1236:Upper Paleolithic
1106:Lower Paleolithic
1074:
1073:
1065:Succeeded by
1037:
1025:
971:. All samples of
482:perforated batons
217:Upper Paleolithic
188:
187:
117:Upper Paleolithic
79:
78:
71:
4548:
4448:Divje Babe flute
4355:Archaeoastronomy
4098:Petrosomatoglyph
3832:
3815:
3664:Water management
3467:
3454:
3357:Denticulate tool
3179:Lithic reduction
2912:
2733:
2720:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2580:
2571:
2542:
2533:
2496:
2469:
2459:
2416:
2389:
2351:
2314:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2154:
2148:
2147:
2137:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2083:
2075:
2065:
2023:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1985:
1952:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1890:
1879:
1878:
1838:
1829:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1776:
1770:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1621:. Archived from
1611:
1594:
1591:
1547:Magdalenian Girl
1535:
1528:
1521:
1262:Fertile Crescent
1250:
1244:
1198:
1192:
1126:
1117:
1114:
1076:
1050:Preceded by
1047:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1018:ancestry (green
884:
875:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
698:
689:
680:
671:
662:
653:
644:
632:
617:
608:
599:
590:
581:
440:
436:
334:groups like the
151:Cave of Altamira
91:
84:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4476:
4343:
4329:Stone box grave
4299:Megalithic tomb
4204:Cotswold-Severn
4156:
4061:Guardian stones
3989:Prehistoric art
3983:
3826:
3801:
3790:Timber trackway
3695:
3659:
3655:Wattle and daub
3508:
3487:Standing stones
3461:
3440:
3255:
3082:
3059:
2984:
2901:
2811:Food processing
2806:
2755:New World crops
2727:
2714:
2657:
2652:
2618:Wayback Machine
2602:
2600:
2591:
2588:
2583:
2574:
2545:
2536:
2499:
2485:
2472:
2419:
2413:
2392:
2354:
2317:
2303:, ed. (1911). "
2299:
2288:
2286:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2182:Current Biology
2174:
2173:
2169:
2164:. 2 March 2023.
2156:
2155:
2151:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2076:
2025:
2024:
2017:
1954:
1953:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1892:
1891:
1882:
1840:
1839:
1832:
1778:
1777:
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1751:
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1641:
1637:
1628:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1539:
1502:
1501:
1357:(41,000-37,000)
1337:Châtelperronian
1251:
1240:
1238:
1228:
1227:
1199:
1188:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1146:(1.76–0.13 Ma)
1127:
1115:
1110:
1108:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1045:
1033:
1026:, Goyet Q2) to
1021:
928:
892:
885:
876:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
699:
690:
681:
672:
663:
654:
645:
636:
633:
624:
618:
609:
600:
591:
582:
573:
535:Tuc d'Audoubert
509:
438:
434:
404:
392:dolichocephalic
356:
290:Channel Islands
199:cultures (also
194:
119:
98:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4554:
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4544:
4543:
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4533:
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4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4493:
4492:
4486:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4462:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4438:Alligator drum
4430:
4429:
4428:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4374:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4365:lunar calendar
4362:
4351:
4349:
4348:Other cultural
4345:
4344:
4342:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4252:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4208:
4207:
4206:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4166:
4164:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4154:
4152:Venus figurine
4149:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4083:Megalithic art
4080:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4036:
4034:Cave paintings
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4010:
4009:
3999:
3993:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
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3980:
3979:
3974:
3964:
3959:
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3952:
3947:
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3932:
3927:
3917:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3893:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3836:Material goods
3828:
3827:
3818:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3755:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3709:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3646:
3645:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3559:
3554:
3552:Cliff dwelling
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3457:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3409:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3271:
3265:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3137:Fire hardening
3134:
3129:
3127:Clovis culture
3124:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3096:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3050:Manis Mastodon
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2950:
2945:
2944:
2943:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2929:throwing stick
2921:
2915:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2741:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2716:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2608:
2587:
2586:External links
2584:
2582:
2581:
2572:
2554:(7): 408–412.
2543:
2534:
2497:
2483:
2470:
2417:
2411:
2390:
2370:10.1086/202540
2364:(5): 609–630.
2352:
2315:
2301:Chisholm, Hugh
2283:
2281:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2209:
2167:
2149:
2091:
2015:
1938:
1934:Fu et al. 2016
1926:
1880:
1830:
1771:
1759:
1733:
1721:
1709:
1705:Hemingway 1980
1697:
1679:
1667:
1655:Clark, Grahame
1647:
1635:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1582:
1581:
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1504:
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1500:
1499:
1493:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1444:
1441:Iberomaurusian
1438:
1425:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1399:(15.5–13.1 ka)
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1319:(12.2–10.8 ka)
1314:
1313:(14.5–11.5 ka)
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1272:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1234:
1233:
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1141:
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1128:
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627:
625:
619:
612:
610:
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601:
594:
592:
585:
583:
576:
572:
569:
559:. The site of
508:
505:
403:
400:
355:
354:Period biology
352:
306:Laugerie-Basse
258:L'âge du renne
250:Édouard Lartet
225:western Europe
186:
185:
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172:
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162:
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148:
144:
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138:
132:
131:
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107:Western Europe
104:
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99:
92:
77:
76:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4553:
4542:
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4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4471:
4468:
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4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
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4451:
4449:
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4434:
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4427:
4424:
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4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
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4392:
4391:
4390:
4387:
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4380:
4379:
4378:
4375:
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4370:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4324:Simple dolmen
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4309:Passage grave
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4255:Gallery grave
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
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2599:on 2009-03-01
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1747:My Modern Met
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1625:on 2021-01-18
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1385:Epigravettian
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954:Epigravettian
951:
946:
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923:
921:
917:
916:Epigravettian
913:
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905:
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704:cave painting
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623:cave painting
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565:mobiliary art
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501:Kent's Cavern
498:
494:
489:
485:
483:
479:
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467:
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460:
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455:Epigravettian
446:
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409:
401:
399:
397:
393:
389:
385:
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344:Epigravettian
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311:
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295:
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287:
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254:Henry Christy
251:
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142:
139:
137:
133:
129:
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118:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
96:
95:Epigravettian
90:
85:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4265:wedge-shaped
4250:Funeral pyre
4243:Great dolmen
4199:Chamber tomb
4180:Round barrow
4135:Stone circle
4007:Blombos Cave
3935:Grooved ware
3859:Chalcolithic
3763:Thornborough
3681:Flush toilet
3616:Blombos Cave
3611:Rock shelter
3567:Quiggly hole
3459:Architecture
3434:illustration
3205:
3076:Buffalo jump
2897:Storage pits
2860:Aşıklı Höyük
2850:Ground stone
2686:Subdivisions
2601:. Retrieved
2597:the original
2576:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2505:
2501:
2474:
2431:
2425:
2394:
2361:
2357:
2323:
2319:
2308:
2280:Bibliography
2226:
2222:
2212:
2203:10261/208851
2185:
2181:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2109:
2105:
2094:
2080:cite journal
2037:
2031:
1965:
1961:
1929:
1902:
1898:
1850:
1846:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1762:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1736:
1729:Charles 1996
1724:
1712:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1650:
1638:
1627:. Retrieved
1623:the original
1618:
1609:
1481:
1426:
1405:(14–12.8 ka)
1390:
1339:(44.5–36 ka)
1322:
1301:(18–12.5 ka)
1260:
1170:(400–220 ka)
1164:(424–400 ka)
1158:(500–130 ka)
1140:(2.6–1.7 Ma)
1094:
1059:Magdalenian
1058:
989:
975:belonged to
958:
929:
904:Gough's Cave
893:
550:
539:
532:
521:
518:
490:
486:
474:
463:
451:
428:denticulated
424:
405:
388:arctic hares
384:arctic foxes
381:
365:
329:
318:
257:
248:
246:department.
233:La Madeleine
211:) are later
208:
200:
196:
195:
155:Kents Cavern
65:
56:
37:
4501:Magdalenian
4287:unchambered
4282:Long barrow
4272:Grave goods
4228:Court cairn
4223:Clava cairn
4175:Bowl barrow
4113:Rock cupule
4056:Golden hats
4049:Hill figure
3950:Unstan ware
3930:Cord-marked
3795:Sweet Track
3717:Burnt mound
3638:Stilt house
3626:Sibudu Cave
3419:Tally stick
3387:Quern-stone
3372:Hammerstone
3362:Fire plough
3333:Pesse canoe
3291:Bannerstone
3261:Other tools
3174:Lithic core
3122:Aurignacian
3010:Bare Island
2892:Quern-stone
1853:: 170–189.
1752:January 29,
1403:Federmesser
1391:Magdalenian
1361:PĂ©rigordian
1349:Aurignacian
1287:Aurignacian
1281:Baradostian
1224:(130–10 ka)
1218:(130–70 ka)
1212:(145–20 ka)
1206:(160–40 ka)
1081:Paleolithic
945:Gravettians
941:Goyet Caves
908:cannibalism
476:antler and
468:during the
459:Volga River
396:brow ridges
336:Gravettians
321:cannibalism
276:present in
266:excavations
209:Magdalénien
197:Magdalenian
175:Followed by
165:Preceded by
147:Major sites
82:Magdalenian
51:introducing
4495:Categories
4426:trepanning
4319:Ring cairn
4277:Jar burial
4260:transepted
4192:U.S. sites
4093:Petroglyph
4019:Bird stone
3977:wine press
3650:Stone roof
3633:Roundhouse
3525:long house
3502:Stonehenge
3470:Ceremonial
3414:Stone tool
3241:Tool stone
3211:Metallurgy
3115:Mousterian
3092:Toolmaking
3030:Cumberland
3003:Transverse
2973:Schöningen
2865:Qesem cave
2833:Earth oven
2787:Irrigation
2698:Technology
2666:Prehistory
2603:2019-09-28
2484:0860541045
2305:Madelenian
1905:: 108309.
1643:Enloe 2001
1629:2019-09-28
1573:References
1509:Mesolithic
1498:(21–12 ka}
1492:(24–15 ka)
1466:(15–11 ka)
1460:(15—11 ka)
1454:(22–14 ka)
1443:(25–11 ka)
1437:(42–18 ka)
1417:(13–12 ka)
1415:Ahrensburg
1411:(14–10 ka)
1393:(17–12 ka)
1387:(20–10 ka)
1381:(22–17 ka)
1375:(29–25 ka)
1369:(33–24 ka)
1367:Gravettian
1363:(35–20 ka)
1351:(43–26 ka)
1345:(43–32 ka)
1333:(48–40 ka)
1331:Bohunician
1305:Trialetian
1295:(20–10 ka)
1289:(35–29 ka)
1283:(36–18 ka)
1277:(46–42 ka)
1271:(50–40 ka)
1204:Mousterian
1162:Clactonian
1116: 3.3
997:Mesolithic
900:skull cups
896:brain case
497:Tjongerian
431:microliths
402:Chronology
332:Cro-Magnon
325:skull cups
302:Les Eyzies
221:Mesolithic
201:Madelenian
190:See also:
121:Mesolithic
34:references
4470:symbolism
4334:Tor cairn
4292:Grønsalen
4233:Cremation
4125:Sculpture
4103:Pictogram
4088:Petroform
3908:amber use
3876:Cosmetics
3686:Reservoir
3671:Check dam
3601:Pueblitos
3596:Pit-house
3579:Longhouse
3513:Dwellings
3382:Microlith
3313:Bow drill
3308:Bone tool
3301:prismatic
3110:Acheulean
3025:Cresswell
2998:Arrowhead
2924:Boomerang
2840:Granaries
2802:Terracing
2681:Stone Age
2568:0037-9514
2530:130323509
2522:0079-497X
2508:: 25–54.
2477:. B.A.R.
2386:145367811
2378:0011-3204
2348:128580542
2340:0079-497X
2251:2397-334X
2126:2397-334X
1992:0027-8424
1601:Footnotes
1478:(10–8 ka)
1472:(15–5 ka)
1447:Mushabian
1435:Khormusan
1423:(11–8 ka)
1421:Swiderian
1379:Solutrean
1373:Pavlovian
1355:Szeletian
1307:(16–8 ka)
1216:Micoquien
1150:Madrasian
1144:Acheulean
1053:Solutrean
1001:Neolithic
546:carnivore
542:figurines
420:carinated
373:Solutrean
229:type site
169:Solutrean
136:Type site
4108:Rock art
4071:painting
4044:Geoglyph
3869:timeline
3849:Beadwork
3589:Mehrgarh
3584:Mudbrick
3492:megalith
3367:Fire-saw
3189:debitage
3184:analysis
3152:Hand axe
3132:Cupstone
2710:Glossary
2671:Timeline
2614:Archived
2466:27135931
2326:: 1–17.
2269:36280785
2162:Sci.News
2144:36280785
2072:36859578
2010:32457149
1875:25887278
1825:21359211
1785:PLOS ONE
1476:Magosian
1464:Sebilian
1317:Khiamian
1311:Natufian
1275:Ahmarian
1168:Mugharan
1152:(1.5 Ma)
1134:(3.3 Ma)
1089:Pliocene
1043:See also
932:El Miron
926:Genetics
918:culture/
702:Altamira
561:Altamira
557:cave art
314:Charente
310:Dordogne
270:reindeer
244:Dordogne
241:France's
213:cultures
59:May 2021
4465:Symbols
4076:pigment
3962:Weaving
3925:Cardium
3920:Pottery
3915:Mirrors
3903:Jewelry
3844:Baskets
3824:culture
3676:Cistern
3482:Pyramid
3424:Weapons
3402:Scraper
3392:Racloir
3352:Cleaver
3340:Chopper
3246:Uniface
3157:Grooves
3147:Hafting
3105:Oldowan
3064:Systems
3015:Cascade
2978:woomera
2968:harpoon
2941:history
2907:Hunting
2887:Pottery
2828:Cooking
2737:Farming
2703:history
2676:Outline
2493:7368169
2457:4943878
2436:Bibcode
2298::
2260:9630104
2231:Bibcode
2135:9630104
2063:9977688
2042:Bibcode
2001:7293694
1970:Bibcode
1907:Bibcode
1855:Bibcode
1816:3040189
1793:Bibcode
1483:Siberia
1470:Eburran
1409:Azilian
1397:Hamburg
1299:Kebaran
1293:Zarzian
1222:Sangoan
1210:Aterian
1193:300–50
1156:Soanian
1138:Oldowan
1132:Lomekwi
1093:before
1068:Azilian
1034:
1022:
621:Lascaux
571:Gallery
553:Lascaux
533:In the
528:aurochs
493:Azilian
422:cores.
412:ice age
377:harpoon
369:mammoth
294:England
274:mammals
215:of the
179:Azilian
159:Lascaux
47:improve
4443:flutes
4238:Dolmen
4162:Burial
3972:winery
3945:Linear
3775:Midden
3753:Cursus
3746:Goseck
3606:Pueblo
3557:Dugout
3542:Burdei
3221:Mining
3045:Lamoka
3040:Folsom
3020:Clovis
2877:Metate
2855:Hearth
2823:Basket
2797:Sickle
2566:
2528:
2520:
2491:
2481:
2464:
2454:
2427:Nature
2409:
2384:
2376:
2346:
2338:
2292:
2267:
2257:
2249:
2142:
2132:
2124:
2070:
2060:
2033:Nature
2008:
1998:
1990:
1873:
1823:
1813:
1692:UNESCO
1663:google
1452:Halfan
1428:Africa
1324:Europe
1269:Emiran
1245:50–12
1239:
1187:
1121:– 300
1109:
524:schist
439:
435:
296:, and
288:, the
286:France
278:Europe
237:Tursac
205:French
113:Period
36:, but
4360:sites
4304:Mummy
4024:Cairn
3940:JĹŤmon
3891:shoes
3886:Hides
3758:Henge
3712:Broch
3574:Jacal
3429:Wheel
3377:Knife
3323:Canoe
3318:Burin
3296:Blade
3194:flake
3055:Plano
2963:baton
2953:Spear
2919:Arrow
2872:Manos
2725:Tools
2526:S2CID
2382:S2CID
2344:S2CID
1578:Notes
1458:Qadan
1016:Goyet
973:mtDNA
961:Y-DNA
478:ivory
416:blade
298:Wales
260:(the
239:, in
127:Dates
4453:gudi
4211:Cist
4140:list
3967:Wine
3896:Ă–tzi
3881:Glue
3854:Beds
3822:and
3820:Arts
3691:Well
3547:Cave
3477:Kiva
3407:side
3397:Rope
3345:tool
3279:bone
3269:Adze
3035:Eden
2948:Nets
2818:Fire
2782:Goad
2767:Celt
2564:ISSN
2518:ISSN
2489:OCLC
2479:ISBN
2462:PMID
2407:ISBN
2374:ISSN
2336:ISSN
2265:PMID
2247:ISSN
2140:PMID
2122:ISSN
2086:link
2068:PMID
2006:PMID
1988:ISSN
1871:PMID
1821:PMID
1754:2021
1095:Homo
1079:The
999:and
969:HIJK
252:and
219:and
3562:Hut
3497:row
3328:Oar
3286:Axe
3274:Awl
2556:doi
2510:doi
2452:PMC
2444:doi
2432:534
2399:doi
2366:doi
2328:doi
2307:".
2255:PMC
2239:doi
2198:hdl
2190:doi
2130:PMC
2114:doi
2058:PMC
2050:doi
2038:615
1996:PMC
1978:doi
1966:117
1915:doi
1903:319
1863:doi
1811:PMC
1801:doi
985:U5b
981:U8b
507:Art
231:of
223:in
4497::
2562:.
2552:53
2550:.
2524:.
2516:.
2506:63
2504:.
2487:.
2460:.
2450:.
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1586:^
1507:↓
1485::
1430::
1326::
1264::
1247:ka
1243:c.
1195:ka
1191:c.
1123:ka
1119:Ma
1113:c.
1087:↑
987:.
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408:BP
398:.
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