548:
824:
the lines of communication to imperial defense factories, from the transmission of messages to the command of the civil service bureaux, to prevent rebellion, to control the administration and apply the laws: sore points for the late ancient State, and for this reason a subject of great concern to the central government and, what’s more if one thinks about it, the reason for the very frequent orders concerning the collective responsibility of government departments. The presence of agents in rebus, who through long familiarity with administrative functioning, we're experts in jobs of varying responsibilities must have guaranteed the efficient carrying out of technical work, administrative surveillance and political control,“ p. 71
1109:
106:
3270:
1095:
823:
Giardina “the agentes in rebus were part of a widespread system of control. There were various sectors of the government that they operated as guarantees of political security. These sectors covered all vital nerve tissue bundles (“ganglia”) (or focuses of strength metaphorically) of the State from
292:
through the secretariats from other ministries such as the prefectures, the
Treasury ('res summa, from 319 the Sacrae Largitions,') and the Crown Estates ('res privata'), though higher officials and military officers always had the right and duty to communicate with the emperors if the matter was
905:
A. Piganiol, L’empire chretien (325-395), 1947, p. 321 “lui-meme ne depend pas des prefets du pretoire, mais directemente du prince; le prefet ne peut intercepter ses rapports, et c’est au prince, non pas au prefets, qu’on fait appel des decisions judicaires du vicaire,” p.
348:, without the praetorian prefect's involvement, and vetted all business coming in and going out of the office and countersigned all documents. A law of 387 forbids the legal staffs of the prefects and vicars from instituting legal proceedings without the
492:
The office survived as a bureaucratic function in the eastern half of the Roman Empire, but during the late 7th or the 8th century, most of the office's administrative functions were removed, and it was converted into the dignity of
287:
became a kind of "Minister of
Internal Security, Administrative Oversight and Communications". The holders of the office were the emperor's chief watchdogs. Almost all routine business was channeled to the office of the
1439:
205:, because they were notes made by the emperor on documents presented to him, and also handled replies to petitions to the emperor. The second handled correspondence with foreign potentates and with the
2149:
638:
recorded the presence of 24. The rank continued in existence thereafter, but lost increasingly in importance. In the late 10th and 11th centuries, it was often held in combination with the title of
678:; Gianfranco Purpura agrees with E. Stein and Blum that the reassignment took place sometime between 341–346; but William G. Sinnigen dates it to the reign of Constantine, citing
2382:
1362:
3258:
1612:
1513:
2946:
1523:
1456:
547:
1471:
1466:
2547:
1533:
1508:
3307:
2898:
2881:
1538:
1518:
209:
and the cities, the third dealt with appeals from lower courts and petitions from those involved in them, and the fourth handled the documents issued in
3312:
2597:
2443:
2415:
2059:
2051:
1528:
1461:
2793:
2154:
1272:
2642:
3122:
2647:
3046:
1806:
1799:
1355:
1216:
1195:
604:
2657:
1945:
2798:
1789:
3127:
2540:
1125:
The Office of the Grand
Chamberlain in the Later Roman and Byzantine Empires. Two Studies in Later Roman and Byzantine Administration
3228:
1794:
1261:
1240:
1172:
423:
In the course of time, the office also took over the coordination of foreign affairs (already in the late 4th century, the official
374:
603:. From the reign of Michael III on, the title was conferred on more holders, effectively becoming a court rank, the highest in the
2291:
1348:
3297:
3263:
3085:
1617:
1385:
342:
was a key position: his role was to control the staff, not to do paperwork; he composed confidential reports directly for the
219:, a corps of trusted messengers who also functioned in a bureaucratic role as monitors of the imperial administration, to the
3233:
3223:
3095:
3016:
2702:
2274:
2218:
2139:
2006:
1331:
1163:
2834:
3302:
3090:
3080:
2995:
2750:
2535:
3164:
3132:
3036:
2745:
2717:
2525:
2064:
2888:
2530:
2377:
2134:
1885:
3208:
3154:
2893:
2765:
2755:
2455:
2335:
2213:
2144:
2032:
2001:
1844:
1784:
270:
3068:
2592:
2448:
2233:
2124:
2011:
814:
Giardina, Andrea, Aspetti della burocrazia nel basso Impero, Edizioni dell Ateneo & Bizzarri, 1977, pp. 45-93
1138:
The
Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century - With a Revised Text of the Kletorologion of Philotheos
156:), but was probably created sometime soon after 312–13, probably as part of an effort to limit the power of the
2367:
2119:
1606:
105:
1485:
338:, and by extension the emperor, on-the-spot "watchdogs" over the upper echelons of the administration, as the
3273:
2697:
2423:
2243:
2129:
1114:
599:"), and who was again one of the senior ministers of the state (without specific functions) and head of the
538:, who supervised the Public Post and foreign affairs, while the imperial bodyguard was transformed into the
453:, who held the position from 539 to 565 and undertook numerous diplomatic missions in this role for Emperor
331:
3198:
2788:
2630:
2074:
1880:
1854:
1849:
1622:
1598:
1594:
1561:
264:
258:
884:
Palme, Bernhard, ‘Die
Officia der Statthalter in der Spatantike,’ Antiquite Tardive, 7, 1999, pp. 108-110
2916:
2770:
1960:
1870:
1834:
1719:
1449:
1444:
1230:
534:
146:
68:
2507:
568:
213:
and the translation of Latin documents into Greek. Constantine also transferred the supervision of the
3159:
3142:
2963:
2722:
2687:
2570:
2502:
2037:
1980:
635:
624:
469:
442:
327:
2069:
1985:
1975:
1602:
1590:
1477:
1100:
450:
3269:
3147:
3137:
3011:
2682:
2565:
2482:
2345:
1697:
1677:
1657:
1647:
1413:
1308:
1226:
969:
680:
540:
517:
398:
157:
118:
86:. In Byzantium, the office was eventually transformed into a senior honorary rank, simply called
79:
127:
regiments, and assorted arms and armour attesting the office's control of the imperial arsenals.
3203:
3108:
3041:
3021:
2989:
2921:
2908:
2829:
2824:
2575:
2340:
2190:
1709:
1662:
1652:
1642:
1327:
1257:
1236:
1212:
1191:
1168:
1158:
920:
465:
173:
3073:
2866:
2814:
2760:
2727:
2677:
2470:
2460:
2238:
1926:
1818:
1741:
1724:
1702:
1687:
1672:
1586:
1371:
1300:
645:
600:
359:
215:
83:
355:
s permission or order (as an additional means of determining the validity of a legal suit.
3218:
3051:
3031:
3026:
2981:
2971:
2931:
2926:
2871:
2652:
2258:
2175:
2170:
1910:
1900:
1736:
1730:
1714:
1692:
1682:
1667:
506:
302:
177:. He was also appointed head of the palatine secretariats, divided into four bureaux, the
1205:
Kelly, Christopher (2006). "Bureaucracy and
Government". In Lenski, Noel Emmanuel (ed.).
1136:
1291:
Sinnigen, William G. (1962). "Three
Administrative Changes ascribed to Constantius II".
3056:
2936:
2669:
2428:
2322:
2308:
2107:
1970:
1811:
1566:
1184:
1146:
675:
671:
315:
210:
206:
59:
3291:
2976:
2853:
2819:
2557:
2492:
2465:
2350:
1965:
1905:
615:
319:
276:
143:
2737:
2712:
2692:
2497:
2475:
2330:
1578:
1573:
1407:
473:
428:
252:
234:
The office rose quickly in importance: initially ranked as a regimental commander,
142:), the office can first be definitely traced to the year 320, during the reign of
1321:
1251:
1206:
274:). In order of precedence in 372 they ranked in the highest of senatorial ranks,
3238:
3213:
2707:
2517:
2284:
1890:
1875:
575:
563:
481:
454:
2512:
2372:
2362:
2195:
2185:
1895:
1132:
1090:
1080:, "Magister officiorum" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1267; "Vestes" (A. Kazhdan), p. 2162.
516:), however, the full former title was remembered: his powerful father-in-law,
424:
132:
1151:
The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and
Administrative Survey
664:
A. E. R. Boak and James E. Dunlap date the change of the jurisdiction to the
644:. From the late 11th century it was considerably devalued, especially in the
3061:
2941:
2433:
2301:
2248:
2180:
416:
323:
1340:
2587:
2487:
2438:
2296:
2228:
2016:
609:
477:
363:
236:
17:
123:: the codicil of his office on a stand, shields with the emblems of the
2953:
2839:
2780:
2279:
2253:
1931:
449:
s supervision. One of the most important incumbents of this office was
1312:
2876:
2582:
2357:
2223:
640:
557:
420:
and was ordered to bring them up to full strength and effectiveness.
441:
records the presence of four secretaries in charge of the so-called
1304:
296:
In a move that further strengthened the authority and power of the
1232:
The
Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II, AD 395–527
546:
300:, sometime in the early 340s he was made inspector-general of the
246:
104:
39:
131:
Although some scholars have supported its creation under
Emperor
2861:
3187:
2618:
2403:
2095:
1762:
1383:
1344:
619:) of Philotheos, written in 899, implies the existence of 12
521:
358:
The office's powers were further enhanced in the eastern (or
78:) was one of the most senior administrative officials in the
520:, is recorded once again as "master of the divine offices" (
280:, behind the prefects, urban prefects and highest generals.
256:
was one of the top four palatine officials (along with the
1280:
Annali del Seminario Giuridico dell'Università di Palermo
868:
866:
414:
was made inspector-general of the border army units or
92:(μάγιστρος), until it disappeared in the 12th century.
1190:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
714:
712:
318:
governors: the praetorian prefects, the vicars of the
231:
as they were also known, gave the office great power.
1049:
1047:
201:. The first bureau handled imperial decisions called
164:) the Roman emperor's chief administrative official.
762:
760:
648:, and disappeared entirely by the mid-12th century.
3104:
3004:
2962:
2907:
2852:
2807:
2779:
2736:
2668:
2629:
2556:
2414:
2321:
2267:
2206:
2163:
2106:
2050:
2025:
1994:
1953:
1944:
1919:
1863:
1827:
1773:
1631:
1547:
1494:
1425:
1396:
505:, μαγίστρισσα). At least until the time of Emperor
306:, the State Post. Perhaps at the same time, senior
73:
27:
Senior administrative officials in the Roman Empire
1323:The Reign of Leo VI (886-912): Politics and People
1183:
1208:The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine
613:in the mid-10th century. The List of Precedence (
171:was first given command of the palace guard, the
1167:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1731:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
1356:
742:, "Magister officiorum" (A. Kazhdan), p. 1267
8:
665:
527:
432:
396:
390:
343:
116:
110:
43:
32:
3184:
2635:
2626:
2615:
2411:
2400:
2112:
2103:
2092:
1950:
1777:
1770:
1759:
1393:
1380:
1363:
1349:
1341:
1002:
833:
395:. These last changes are reflected in the
362:) half of the Empire in 395, when Emperor
1235:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1211:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1273:"I curiosi e la schola agentum in rebus"
872:
526:). In his administrative functions, the
240:, by the end of Constantine's reign the
1038:
857:
696:
657:
437:for this reason), and in the East, the
1123:Boak, A. E. R.; Dunlap, J. E. (1924).
703:
314:) of the staffs of the most important
990:
964:
962:
953:
893:
845:
802:
790:
778:
751:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
718:
377:of some of its jurisdiction over the
7:
1065:
1053:
1026:
1014:
766:
623:, while during the reign of Emperor
1253:The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395
585:) there seem to have been only two
464:). The office was also retained in
1256:. London and New York: Routledge.
1164:The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
1141:. London: Oxford University Press.
25:
3308:Latin political words and phrases
3229:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1326:. Leiden; New York; Köln: Brill.
1293:The American Journal of Philology
1127:. New York and London: Macmillan.
403:, a list of all offices compiled
375:Praetorian Prefecture of the East
3313:Byzantine administrative offices
3268:
1107:
1093:
589:, the senior of whom was termed
1618:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1440:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
1077:
739:
629:
580:
511:
499:(Greek: μάγιστρος, female form
459:
368:
151:
137:
82:and the early centuries of the
2703:Great Palace of Constantinople
2444:Patriarchate of Constantinople
607:until the introduction of the
431:were under the control of the
410:. In the year 443 the eastern
199:scrinium epistolarum Graecarum
1:
1186:Ruling the Later Roman Empire
404:
385:) and the imperial arsenals (
3165:University of Constantinople
2746:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
1896:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1585:Byzantine successor states (
1271:Purpura, Gianfranco (1973).
940:12, 21 1; 6 (399); 8 (435) =
532:was replaced chiefly by the
523:μάγιστρος τῶν θείων ὀφφικίων
109:The insignia of the Eastern
2835:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1891:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
1886:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1182:Kelly, Christopher (2004).
574:Until the reign of Emperor
250:and member of the imperial
74:
3329:
3224:Neo-Byzantine architecture
1845:Comes sacrarum largitionum
1153:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
936:6, 28, 4 (387); 6 (399) =
848:, Vol. I, pp. 128-29, 369.
522:
472:, and was held by eminent
334:. The placements gave the
271:comes sacrarum largitionum
181:, each under a respective
3251:
3194:
3183:
2794:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
2638:
2625:
2614:
2410:
2399:
2115:
2102:
2091:
1780:
1769:
1758:
1392:
1379:
1250:Potter, David S. (2004).
389:) and handed them to the
310:were appointed as heads (
207:provincial administration
63:
2368:Droungarios of the Fleet
706:, pp. 371, 670–671.
595:(πρωτομάγιστρος, "first
223:. Control of the feared
2882:Early Byzantine mosaics
2244:Domestic of the Schools
1320:Tougher, Shaun (1997).
1115:Byzantine Empire portal
3298:Positions of authority
3199:Byzantine commonwealth
1961:Praetorian prefectures
1881:Logothetes tou genikou
1855:Quaestor sacri palatii
1850:Comes rerum privatarum
1623:Fall of Constantinople
1562:Sack of Constantinople
993:, Vol. I, pp. 203-369.
834:Boak & Dunlap 1924
666:
571:
528:
468:after the fall of the
433:
397:
391:
344:
265:comes rerum privatarum
259:quaestor sacri palatii
128:
117:
111:
75:magistros tōn offikiōn
64:μάγιστρος τῶν ὀφφικίων
33:
2899:Komnenian renaissance
2894:Macedonian period art
2799:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2771:Walls of Thessaloniki
1871:Logothetes tou dromou
1486:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1450:Valentinianic dynasty
1445:Constantinian dynasty
684:, 1, 6, 8 in support.
634:), the western envoy
550:
535:logothetēs tou dromou
147:Constantine the Great
108:
96:History and functions
3303:Ancient Roman titles
3096:Units of measurement
2830:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2723:Pammakaristos Church
2571:Corpus Juris Civilis
2522:Missionary activity
1981:Exarchate of Ravenna
1807:Imperial bureaucracy
636:Liutprand of Cremona
625:Nikephoros II Phokas
470:Western Roman Empire
443:Bureau of Barbarians
381:, the palace guard (
326:of the provinces of
191:scrinium epistularum
162:praefectus praetorio
115:as displayed in the
2620:Culture and society
2483:Ecumenical councils
1986:Exarchate of Africa
1976:Quaestura exercitus
1840:Magister officiorum
1835:Praetorian prefects
1478:Byzantine Dark Ages
1227:Martindale, John R.
1101:Ancient Rome portal
860:, pp. 181–183.
781:, pp. 206–208.
667:magister officiorum
605:Byzantine hierarchy
529:magister officiorum
451:Peter the Patrician
434:magister officiorum
392:magister officiorum
345:magister officiorum
195:scrinium libellorum
112:magister officiorum
34:magister officiorum
3037:Flags and insignia
2683:Baths of Zeuxippus
2566:Codex Theodosianus
2456:Oriental Orthodoxy
1414:Later Roman Empire
1159:Kazhdan, Alexander
1133:Bury, John Bagnell
970:Notitia Dignitatum
934:Codex Theodosianus
916:Codex Theodosianus
681:Codex Theodosianus
572:
569:Hervé Frankopoulos
518:Stylianos Zaoutzes
399:Notitia Dignitatum
293:important enough.
158:praetorian prefect
129:
119:Notitia Dignitatum
80:Later Roman Empire
3285:
3284:
3247:
3246:
3204:Byzantine studies
3179:
3178:
3175:
3174:
2990:Alexander Romance
2848:
2847:
2825:Nea Moni of Chios
2688:Blachernae Palace
2610:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2576:Code of Justinian
2424:Eastern Orthodoxy
2395:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2317:
2316:
2191:Scholae Palatinae
2087:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2052:Foreign relations
2046:
2045:
1940:
1939:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1553:(1204–1453)
1218:978-0-52-152157-4
1197:978-0-67-401564-7
1068:, pp. 32–33.
1017:, pp. 29–32.
942:Codex Justinianus
938:Codex Justinianus
921:Codex Justinianus
805:, Vol. I, p. 378.
793:, Vol. I, p. 333.
466:Ostrogothic Italy
383:Scholae Palatinae
187:scrinium memoriae
174:Scholae Palatinae
101:Late Roman Empire
72:
53:Master of Offices
16:(Redirected from
3320:
3272:
3185:
3128:Imperial Library
3074:Byzantine Greeks
2815:Daphni Monastery
2766:Panagia Chalkeon
2761:Hagios Demetrios
2728:Prison of Anemas
2678:Basilica Cistern
2636:
2627:
2616:
2471:West Syriac Rite
2461:Alexandrian Rite
2412:
2405:Religion and law
2401:
2336:Maritime themata
2292:Palaiologan army
2145:Military manuals
2113:
2104:
2093:
1951:
1927:Megas logothetes
1778:
1771:
1760:
1633:By modern region
1554:
1501:
1500:(717–1204)
1432:
1394:
1381:
1372:Byzantine Empire
1365:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1316:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1246:
1222:
1201:
1189:
1178:
1154:
1142:
1128:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1024:
1018:
1012:
1006:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
966:
957:
951:
945:
931:
925:
913:
907:
903:
897:
896:, Vol I, p. 128.
891:
885:
882:
876:
870:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
821:
815:
812:
806:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
755:
749:
743:
737:
722:
716:
707:
701:
685:
669:
662:
646:Komnenian period
633:
631:
601:Byzantine Senate
584:
582:
531:
525:
524:
515:
513:
488:Byzantine Empire
463:
461:
436:
409:
406:
402:
394:
372:
370:
354:
347:
216:agentes in rebus
155:
153:
141:
139:
122:
114:
84:Byzantine Empire
77:
67:
65:
57:
54:
51:
48:
45:
36:
21:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3278:
3243:
3219:Cyrillic script
3190:
3171:
3116:
3100:
3000:
2982:Digenes Akritas
2958:
2903:
2844:
2808:Other locations
2803:
2775:
2732:
2664:
2653:Cross-in-square
2621:
2602:
2552:
2406:
2387:
2313:
2263:
2259:Varangian Guard
2202:
2176:East Roman army
2171:Late Roman army
2159:
2098:
2079:
2042:
2021:
1990:
1936:
1915:
1911:Epi ton deeseon
1901:Epi tou eidikou
1859:
1823:
1765:
1746:
1733:
1636:
1634:
1627:
1613:Palaiologan era
1555:
1552:
1543:
1514:Nikephorian era
1502:
1499:
1490:
1433:
1431:(330–717)
1430:
1421:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1369:
1334:
1319:
1290:
1275:
1270:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1225:
1219:
1204:
1198:
1181:
1175:
1157:
1147:Jones, A. H. M.
1145:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1064:
1060:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1009:
1005:, p. 1257.
1003:Martindale 1980
1001:
997:
989:
985:
967:
960:
952:
948:
932:
928:
918:6, 28 4 (387 =
914:
910:
904:
900:
892:
888:
883:
879:
871:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
822:
818:
813:
809:
801:
797:
789:
785:
777:
773:
765:
758:
750:
746:
738:
725:
717:
710:
702:
698:
694:
689:
688:
663:
659:
654:
628:
579:
510:
507:Leo VI the Wise
490:
458:
407:
379:cursus publicus
373:) stripped the
367:
352:
303:cursus publicus
150:
136:
103:
98:
55:
52:
49:
46:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3326:
3324:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3188:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2998:
2993:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2968:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2751:Byzantine Bath
2748:
2742:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2674:
2672:
2670:Constantinople
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2655:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2623:
2622:
2619:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2568:
2562:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2429:Byzantine Rite
2420:
2418:
2408:
2407:
2404:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2309:Grand domestic
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2275:Komnenian army
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2173:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2150:Military units
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2120:Battle tactics
2116:
2110:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2056:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1998:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1815:
1814:
1812:Medieval Greek
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1781:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1567:Fourth Crusade
1558:
1556:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1524:Macedonian era
1521:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1457:Theodosian era
1454:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1436:
1434:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1404:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1332:
1317:
1305:10.2307/292919
1299:(4): 369–382.
1288:
1268:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1229:, ed. (1980).
1223:
1217:
1202:
1196:
1179:
1173:
1161:, ed. (1991).
1155:
1143:
1129:
1119:
1118:
1104:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1070:
1058:
1043:
1031:
1019:
1007:
995:
983:
958:
956:, p. 208.
946:
926:
908:
898:
886:
877:
862:
850:
838:
826:
816:
807:
795:
783:
771:
756:
754:, p. 188.
744:
723:
721:, p. 189.
708:
695:
693:
690:
687:
686:
676:A. H. M. Jones
672:Constantius II
656:
655:
653:
650:
632: 963–969
592:prōtomagistros
583: 842–867
514: 886–912
489:
486:
474:Roman senators
462: 527–565
371: 395–408
154: 306–337
140: 284–305
102:
99:
97:
94:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3325:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3186:
3182:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:Encyclopedias
3121:
3120:
3118:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Hellenization
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3007:
3005:Everyday life
3003:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2977:Acritic songs
2975:
2973:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2961:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2820:Hosios Loukas
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2613:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:Monophysitism
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2466:Armenian Rite
2464:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2402:
2398:
2384:
2383:Naval battles
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2307:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2094:
2090:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1906:Protasekretis
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1757:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1534:Komnenian era
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1472:Heraclian era
1470:
1468:
1467:Justinian era
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1429:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1335:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1263:0-415-10057-7
1259:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1242:0-521-20159-4
1238:
1234:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1176:
1174:0-19-504652-8
1170:
1166:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1105:
1102:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1059:
1056:, p. 32.
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:, p. 99.
1040:
1035:
1032:
1029:, p. 30.
1028:
1023:
1020:
1016:
1011:
1008:
1004:
999:
996:
992:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
971:
965:
963:
959:
955:
950:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
927:
923:
922:
917:
912:
909:
902:
899:
895:
890:
887:
881:
878:
874:
873:Sinnigen 1962
869:
867:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
839:
836:, p. 34.
835:
830:
827:
820:
817:
811:
808:
804:
799:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
775:
772:
769:, p. 75.
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
748:
745:
741:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
724:
720:
715:
713:
709:
705:
700:
697:
691:
683:
682:
677:
673:
668:
661:
658:
651:
649:
647:
643:
642:
637:
626:
622:
618:
617:
616:Klētorologion
612:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:
588:
577:
570:
566:
565:
560:
559:
554:
549:
545:
543:
542:
537:
536:
530:
519:
508:
504:
503:
498:
497:
487:
485:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
430:
426:
421:
419:
418:
413:
401:
400:
393:
388:
384:
380:
376:
365:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
304:
299:
294:
291:
286:
281:
279:
278:
273:
272:
267:
266:
261:
260:
255:
254:
249:
248:
243:
239:
238:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
217:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
179:sacra scrinia
176:
175:
170:
165:
163:
159:
148:
145:
144:Roman emperor
134:
126:
121:
120:
113:
107:
100:
95:
93:
91:
90:
85:
81:
76:
70:
61:
41:
37:
35:
19:
2988:
2756:Hagia Sophia
2738:Thessalonica
2713:Hagia Sophia
2693:Chora Church
2631:Architecture
2508:Great Schism
2498:Paulicianism
2476:Miaphysitism
2331:Karabisianoi
1839:
1635:or territory
1595:Thessalonica
1579:Latin Empire
1574:Frankokratia
1549:
1509:Isaurian era
1496:
1427:
1412:
1408:Roman Empire
1398:
1322:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1252:
1231:
1207:
1185:
1162:
1150:
1137:
1124:
1073:
1061:
1039:Tougher 1997
1034:
1022:
1010:
998:
986:
979:Pars Orient.
978:
974:
968:
949:
941:
937:
933:
929:
919:
915:
911:
901:
889:
880:
858:Purpura 1973
853:
841:
829:
819:
810:
798:
786:
774:
747:
699:
679:
660:
639:
620:
614:
608:
596:
591:
590:
586:
573:
567:of the East
562:
556:
552:
551:Seal of the
539:
533:
501:
500:
495:
494:
491:
446:
438:
429:interpreters
422:
415:
411:
386:
382:
378:
357:
349:
339:
335:
311:
307:
301:
297:
295:
289:
284:
282:
275:
269:
263:
257:
253:consistorium
251:
245:
241:
235:
233:
228:
224:
220:
214:
203:annotationes
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
168:
166:
161:
130:
124:
88:
87:
31:
29:
3239:Megali Idea
3214:Byzantinism
2917:Agriculture
2708:Hagia Irene
2541:Kievan Rus'
2518:Mount Athos
2341:Cibyrrhaeot
2285:Vestiaritai
2140:Mercenaries
2017:Catepanates
1876:Sakellarios
1795:Family tree
1720:Mesopotamia
1539:Angelid era
1519:Amorian era
704:Potter 2004
576:Michael III
564:stratēlatēs
502:magistrissa
482:Cassiodorus
455:Justinian I
425:translators
229:magistriani
3292:Categories
3234:Third Rome
3160:University
3143:Philosophy
3133:Inventions
2996:Historians
2964:Literature
2947:Varangians
2789:San Vitale
2718:Hippodrome
2698:City Walls
2598:Mutilation
2593:Hexabiblos
2513:Bogomilism
2503:Iconoclasm
2373:Megas doux
2363:Greek fire
2346:Aegean Sea
2219:Kleisourai
2196:Excubitors
2186:Bucellarii
2038:Despotates
2007:Kleisourai
1946:Provincial
1790:Coronation
1764:Governance
1529:Doukid era
1462:Leonid era
1333:9004108114
1286:: 165–275.
991:Jones 1964
954:Kelly 2004
924:12, 21, 1)
894:Jones 1964
846:Jones 1964
803:Jones 1964
791:Jones 1964
779:Kelly 2006
752:Kelly 2006
719:Kelly 2006
692:References
674:, as does
445:under the
408: 400
324:proconsuls
322:, and the
316:provincial
133:Diocletian
3062:Octoechos
2942:Silk Road
2434:Hesychasm
2302:Paramonai
2249:Hetaireia
2181:Foederati
2070:Diplomacy
2065:Diplomats
1971:Provinces
1800:Empresses
1603:Trebizond
1399:Preceding
1066:Bury 1911
1054:Bury 1911
1027:Bury 1911
1015:Bury 1911
975:Pars Occ.
944:12, 21, 4
767:Bury 1911
652:Footnotes
621:magistroi
597:magistros
587:magistroi
553:magistros
496:magistros
447:magister'
417:limitanei
360:Byzantine
312:Principes
277:illustres
89:magistros
69:romanized
18:Magistros
3155:Scholars
3148:Rhetoric
3138:Medicine
3113:Learning
3012:Calendar
2889:Painters
2588:Basilika
2526:Bulgaria
2488:Arianism
2439:Hayhurum
2416:Religion
2378:Admirals
2297:Allagion
2229:Droungos
2135:Generals
2097:Military
2060:Treaties
1966:Dioceses
1785:Emperors
1698:Sardinia
1678:Dalmatia
1658:Bulgaria
1648:Anatolia
1607:Theodoro
1601: /
1597: /
1589: /
1149:(1964).
1135:(1911).
610:proedros
478:Boethius
476:such as
412:magister
387:fabricae
364:Arcadius
350:princeps
340:princeps
336:magister
320:dioceses
298:magister
290:magister
285:magister
242:magister
237:tribunus
221:magister
197:and the
183:magister
169:magister
3264:Outline
3209:Museums
3109:Science
3086:Slavery
3042:Gardens
3022:Cuisine
2954:Dynatoi
2922:Coinage
2909:Economy
2877:Mosaics
2840:Mystras
2781:Ravenna
2643:Secular
2531:Moravia
2280:Pronoia
2254:Akritai
2239:Tagmata
2214:Themata
2155:Revolts
2125:Battles
2033:Kephale
2002:Themata
1932:Mesazon
1774:Central
1710:Maghreb
1663:Corsica
1653:Armenia
1643:Albania
1386:History
1087:Sources
977:IX and
541:tagmata
439:Notitia
308:agentes
225:agentes
125:Scholae
71::
47:
3274:Portal
3189:Impact
3069:People
3017:Cities
2867:Enamel
2648:Sacred
2583:Ecloga
2449:Saints
2358:Dromon
2234:Bandon
2224:Tourma
2207:Middle
2130:Beacon
2012:Bandon
1995:Middle
1864:Middle
1819:Senate
1742:Thrace
1725:Serbia
1703:Sicily
1688:Greece
1673:Cyprus
1591:Epirus
1587:Nicaea
1497:Middle
1374:topics
1330:
1313:292919
1311:
1260:
1239:
1215:
1194:
1171:
641:vestēs
561:, and
558:vestēs
332:Achaea
328:Africa
244:was a
193:, the
189:, the
185:: the
3259:Index
3091:Death
3081:Women
3052:Music
3032:Dress
3027:Dance
2972:Novel
2932:Trade
2927:Mints
2872:Glass
2862:Icons
2658:Domes
2536:Serbs
2351:Samos
2164:Early
1954:Early
1828:Early
1737:Syria
1715:Malta
1693:Italy
1683:Egypt
1668:Crete
1599:Morea
1428:Early
1309:JSTOR
1284:XXXIV
1276:(PDF)
353:'
247:comes
227:, or
211:Greek
60:Greek
40:Latin
3057:Lyra
2937:silk
2548:Jews
2323:Navy
2268:Late
2108:Army
2075:Wars
2026:Late
1920:Late
1550:Late
1328:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1213:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1169:ISBN
906:354.
480:and
427:and
330:and
283:The
268:and
167:The
44:lit.
30:The
2854:Art
2558:Law
1301:doi
1078:ODB
981:XI.
740:ODB
670:to
3294::
1307:.
1297:83
1295:.
1282:.
1278:.
1046:^
973:,
961:^
865:^
759:^
726:^
711:^
630:r.
581:r.
555:,
544:.
512:r.
484:.
460:r.
405:c.
369:r.
262:,
152:r.
138:r.
66:,
62::
58:;
42:;
1609:)
1605:–
1593:–
1480:"
1476:"
1364:e
1357:t
1350:v
1336:.
1315:.
1303::
1266:.
1245:.
1221:.
1200:.
1177:.
875:.
627:(
578:(
509:(
457:(
366:(
160:(
149:(
135:(
56:'
50:'
38:(
20:)
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