160:
1070:, were elected each year along with the annual magistrates. Their number varied throughout Roman history, but eventually reached twenty-four. These were usually young men in their late twenties, who aspired to a senatorial career. Each tribune would be assigned to command a portion of the Roman army, subordinate to the magistrates and promagistrates appointed by the senate, and their legates.
50:
1347:). Being that the Roman Empire had withdrawn from Britain in AD 410, the use of this term may imply a continuation of some form of local Roman political system. There exists the possibility that this tribune had commanded a unit of the Roman army which had disbanded after the break with Rome, and was now occupying a more locally-granted appointment to help manage his city's defences.
1255:, repealing the law forbidding the intermarriage of patricians and plebeians, and providing that one of the consuls might be a plebeian. Rather than permit the consular dignity to pass into the hands of a plebeian, the senate proposed a compromise whereby three military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian, should be elected in place of the consuls. The first
1434:
1008:, or tribunician power, was limited by the fact that it was derived from the oath of the people to defend the tribunes. This limited most of the tribunes' actions to the boundaries of the city itself, as well as a radius of one mile around. They had no power to affect the actions of provincial governors.
1418:, and asking the Senate to overturn "the lists of eligibles, the acts of the Legislative Body and those of the government" on account of unconstitutionality. Its 100 members were designated by the Senate from the list of citizens from 25 years up, and annually one fifth was renewed for a five-year term.
950:. The ancient sources indicate the tribunes may have originally been two or five in number. If the former, the college of tribunes was expanded to five in 470 BC. Either way, the college was increased to ten in 457 BC, and remained at this number throughout Roman history. They were assisted by two
992:
by which any tribune could intercede on behalf of a Roman citizen to prohibit the act of a magistrate or other official. Citizens could appeal the decisions of the magistrates to the tribunes, who would then be obliged to determine the legality of the action before a magistrate could proceed. This
1421:
When it opposed the first parts of
Bonaparte's proposed penal code, he made the Senate nominate 20 new members at once to replace the 20 first opponents to his politic; they accepted the historically important reform of penal law. As the Tribunate opposed new despotic projects, he got the Senate in
1266:
Military tribunes were elected in place of the consuls in half the years from 444 to 401 BC, and in each instance, all of the tribunes were patricians; nor did any plebeian succeed in obtaining the consulship. The number of tribunes increased to four beginning in 426, and six beginning in 405. At
1311:
is shrouded in mystery. Originally they seem to have been tax collectors, but this power was slowly lost to other officials. By the end of the
Republic, this style belonged to a class of persons slightly below the equites in wealth. When the makeup of Roman juries was reformed in 70 BC, it was
1286:
be chosen from their order. When the senate refused their demand, the tribunes prevented the election of annual magistrates for five years, before relenting and permitting the election of consular tribunes from 370 to 367. In the end, and with the encouragement of the dictator
981:, and the whole body of the plebeians were pledged to protect the tribunes against any assault or interference with their persons during their terms of office. Anyone who violated the sacrosanctity of the tribunes might be killed without penalty.
1366:, Venice instituted a dual Tribunal modeled on the above Roman institution - two new Tribunes being elected each year, with the intention to oversee the Doge and prevent abuse of power (though this aim was not always successfully achieved).
1267:
last, the plebeians elected four of their number military tribunes for the year 400; others were elected in 399, 396, 383, and 379. But apart from these years, no plebeian obtained the highest offices of the Roman State.
1044:, the tribunes continued to be elected, but had lost their independence and most of their practical power. The office became merely a step in the political careers of plebeians who aspired toward a seat in the senate.
1019:
in 81 BC. Although many of these powers were restored in further reforms of 75 BC and 70 BC, the prestige and authority of the tribunes had been irreparably damaged. In 48 BC, the senate granted tribunician powers
976:
Although sometimes referred to as "plebeian magistrates," technically the tribunes of the plebs were not magistrates, having been elected by the plebeians alone, and not the whole Roman people. However, they were
1399:(the French for tribune), which, despite the apparent reference to one of ancient Rome's prestigious magistratures, never held any real political power as an assembly, its individual members no role at all.
965:, or plebeian assembly, and propose legislation before it. Only one of the tribunes could preside over this assembly, which had the power to pass laws affecting only the plebeians, known as
1914:
710:
786:. Various officers within the Roman army were also known as tribunes. The title was also used for several other positions and classes in the course of Roman history.
873:. Unless the king himself elected to lead the cavalry into battle, this responsibility fell to the tribune of the celeres. In theory he could deprive the king of his
1147:, a tribune serving a tour of duty of only six months; there is no evidence to identify this officer as a cavalry commander, as sometimes stated in modern literature.
1801:
2343:
1593:
2385:
2373:
1771:
1422:
year X to allow itself to dissolve the
Tribunate. In XIII it was further downsized to 50 members. On August 16, 1807, it was abolished and never revived.
2432:
1295:. Sextius was elected the first plebeian consul, followed by Licinius two years later; and with this settlement, the consular tribunes were abolished.
1544:
2348:
896:
and asked that they revoke the king's imperium. After the fall of the monarchy, the powers of the tribune of the celeres were divided between the
3720:
2358:
973:
had the effect of law over all Roman citizens. By the 3rd century BC, the tribunes could also convene and propose legislation before the senate.
946:
of the plebs, in order to protect the interests of the plebeians against the actions of the senate and the annual magistrates, who were uniformly
3665:
2353:
2087:
1698:
703:
307:
3635:
2460:
1987:
892:, the king's nephew, and thus the senior member of the king's household, after the king himself and his sons. It was Brutus who convened the
297:
3725:
3600:
2753:
1263:, were elected for the year 444. Although plebeians were eligible for this office, each of the first "consular tribunes" was a patrician.
2306:
1244:
468:
1977:
1447:
1343:
writes that during his visit to
Britain in AD 429, Germanus miraculously healed the blind daughter of "a man with tribunician power" (
290:
273:
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2405:
1972:
1967:
1943:
1794:
696:
268:
133:
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2333:
1982:
1909:
285:
822:
were each headed by a tribune, who represented each tribe in civil, religious, and military matters. Subsequently, each of the
1926:
1859:
1012:
943:
278:
1754:
1028:. Caesar used them to prevent the other tribunes interfering with his actions. In 23 BC, the senate granted the same power to
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71:
3751:
3176:
1539:
1407:
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2072:
1787:
1588:
683:
3715:
3640:
3399:
2455:
2338:
1884:
1617:
114:
956:, or plebeian aediles. Only plebeians were eligible for these offices, although there were at least two exceptions.
86:
3675:
3339:
3231:
3001:
2773:
2595:
2503:
2368:
2311:
1484:
885:
481:
60:
3695:
2788:
2743:
2670:
2590:
2538:
2528:
2480:
1827:
1278:, tribunes of the people, who in 376 BC brought forward legislation demanding not merely that one of the consuls
546:
248:
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3206:
2715:
2695:
2690:
2675:
2628:
2568:
2523:
2325:
1518:
947:
150:
93:
67:
31:
746:. For most of Roman history, a college of ten tribunes of the plebs acted as a check on the authority of the
3705:
3685:
3625:
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2600:
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2638:
2400:
1931:
1569:
1452:
1395:(see above), was a collective organ of the young revolutionary French Republic composed of members styled
1288:
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100:
3680:
3610:
3434:
3186:
2986:
2981:
2778:
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2610:
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2513:
2415:
1674:
3690:
3655:
3344:
3334:
3211:
3111:
3036:
2901:
2864:
2240:
1904:
1403:
1271:
1086:
925:
889:
739:
226:
82:
3620:
3469:
3271:
3141:
3091:
2410:
2007:
1439:
1415:
1340:
1336:
1217:
1101:, an officer chosen from among the equites, five to each legion; identified by a narrow stripe, or
912:
361:
1639:
3670:
3394:
3201:
3056:
2996:
2916:
2859:
2723:
1959:
1938:
1503:
1363:
1356:
1292:
619:
258:
3309:
1184:, originally referring to a raised platform used to address the soldiers or administer justice.
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3304:
3156:
2911:
2871:
2849:
2057:
538:
531:
334:
1410:"in order to moderate the other powers" by discussing every legislative project, sending its
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2002:
1997:
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2012:
1837:
1758:
1227:
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1170:
376:
863:. This official was second only to the king, and had the authority to pass law, known as
1633:
1090:, a senatorial officer, second in command of a legion; identified by a broad stripe, or
3519:
3161:
2896:
2844:
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1024:, powers equivalent to those of a tribune without actually being one) to the dictator
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1992:
1876:
1810:
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stipulated that one-third of the members of each jury should belong to this class.
1251:
1222:
1074:
1041:
799:
771:
747:
735:
474:
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197:
1036:, and from that point onwards it was regularly granted to each emperor as part of
1187:
Military tribunes are featured in notable works of historical fiction, including
3324:
2946:
2768:
2658:
2052:
1332:
1194:
1117:, an unassigned officer in the Late Roman army; a member of the general's staff.
823:
517:
159:
49:
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208:
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2508:
2301:
2185:
2160:
2039:
1212:
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640:
506:
488:
451:
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3514:
3499:
3414:
3404:
3374:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3251:
3166:
3046:
3031:
2961:
2941:
2931:
2926:
2906:
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2140:
2067:
1899:
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17:
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3439:
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3236:
3221:
3191:
3146:
3126:
3106:
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2648:
2427:
2230:
2120:
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401:
38:
1779:
3569:
3449:
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3281:
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3026:
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416:
1207:. Both novels involve characters affected by the life and death of
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1208:
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1016:
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1583:
1564:
1783:
2125:
1764:
1387:", the French word for tribunate, derived from the Latin term
1249:
In 445 BC, the tribunes of the plebs succeeded in passing the
577:
524:
43:
1414:("orators", i.e. spokesmen) to defend or attack them in the
1180:
to describe various military officers is derived the word
1011:
The powers of the tribunes were severely curtailed during
984:
This was also the source of the tribunes' power, known as
1635:
A History and
Description of Roman Political Institutions
1270:
The patricians' monopoly on power was finally broken by
959:
The tribunes of the plebs had the power to convene the
1215:
during the 1950s. Messala, the primary antagonist in
762:, and veto unfavourable legislation. There were also
877:, or authority to command, with the agreement of the
969:, or plebiscites. After 287 BC, the decrees of the
3588:
3482:
3295:
2887:
2880:
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2714:
2619:
2494:
2446:
2324:
2274:
2213:
2204:
2086:
2038:
1958:
1875:
1836:
1141:, a sort of military police unit stationed at Rome.
1077:, various middle-ranking officers were also styled
997:any act of the senate or another assembly. Only a
74:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1291:, the senate conceded the battle, and passed the
770:, subordinate to higher magistrates, such as the
734:) was the title of various elected officials in
902:, or Master of the Infantry, also known as the
888:, the last Roman king, this office was held by
1737:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History
993:power also allowed the tribunes to forbid, or
936:tribunes of the plebs, tribunes of the people,
1795:
1225:, while Marcellus Gallio, the protagonist of
1127:, part of a legion usually consisting of six
704:
8:
1699:"St. Germanus, Bishop of Auxerre, Confessor"
1741:for information on Tribunes of the Treasury
1479:
1477:
1475:
1473:
2884:
2210:
1842:
1802:
1788:
1780:
711:
697:
145:
1545:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
1155:was a senior officer, sometimes called a
802:. The three original tribes known as the
134:Learn how and when to remove this message
1391:, meaning the office or term of a Roman
1469:
1282:be a plebeian, but that henceforth one
553:
505:
440:
385:
350:
306:
257:
170:
148:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1534:
1532:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1261:military tribunes with consular power
1111:, an officer chosen by the commander.
942:were instituted in 494 BC, after the
7:
1659:Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans
72:adding citations to reliable sources
1257:tribuni militum consulare potestate
1245:Tribuni militum consulari potestate
826:was also represented by a tribune.
738:. The two most important were the
1448:Constitution of the Roman Republic
25:
1675:"The End of Roman Britain Part 5"
1359:, during the tenure of the sixth
857:personal bodyguard, known as the
1432:
766:, who commanded portions of the
158:
48:
59:needs additional citations for
1507:. Vol. i. tit. 2 s2 § 20.
1001:was exempt from these powers.
758:to intervene on behalf of the
1:
1408:Constitution of the Year VIII
1190:Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ
1173:until the early 7th century.
2374:Frontiers and fortifications
1632:Abbott, Frank Frost (1901).
1355:In the early history of the
1169:, the title survived in the
1081:. These officers included:
2433:Decorations and punishments
1618:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1272:Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo
3768:
3340:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1915:historiography of the fall
1638:. Ginn & Co. pp.
1485:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
1376:
1242:
1161:, who commanded a cavalry
1151:In the late Roman army, a
1137:, commander of one of the
1123:, an officer commanding a
1051:
1013:the constitutional reforms
923:
916:or "Master of the Horse".
910:, and his lieutenant, the
886:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus
867:, and to preside over the
36:
29:
3721:External wars and battles
1845:
1818:
1728:Nouveau Larousse illustré
1345:vir tribunicae potestatis
1135:Tribunus cohortis urbanae
547:Senatus consultum ultimum
442:Extraordinary magistrates
1309:Tribunes of the Treasury
1303:The exact nature of the
1299:Tribunes of the treasury
1276:Lucius Sextius Lateranus
1231:, was played by a young
1068:tribunes of the soldiers
151:Politics of ancient Rome
37:Not to be confused with
32:Tribune (disambiguation)
3716:Roman–Iranian relations
2191:Optimates and populares
1772:Encyclopædia Britannica
1735:Mackay, Christopher S.
1337:St. Germanus of Auxerre
1316:Later uses of the title
1211:, and were turned into
1098:Tribunus angusticlavius
853:, was commander of the
847:tribune of the celeres,
754:, holding the power of
27:Elected Roman officials
3726:Civil wars and revolts
2992:Sextus Pompeius Festus
2639:Conflict of the Orders
1998:Legislative assemblies
1775:(11th ed.). 1911.
1656:. "Life of Camillus".
1453:List of Roman tribunes
1289:Marcus Furius Camillus
934:, known in English as
851:tribune of the knights
731:
308:Political institutions
3435:Simplicius of Cilicia
3187:Quintus Curtius Rufus
2416:Siege in Ancient Rome
2025:Executive magistrates
1621:(2nd ed.). 1970.
1592:, ii. 33, 58 (citing
1504:Digesta seu Pandectae
1402:It was instituted by
1370:French revolutionary
740:tribunes of the plebs
3752:Ancient Roman titles
3445:Stephanus Byzantinus
3350:Eusebius of Caesaria
3212:Sidonius Apollinaris
2902:Ammianus Marcellinus
2241:Tribune of the plebs
1489:Romaike Archaiologia
1404:Napoleon I Bonaparte
1087:Tribunus laticlavius
1062:known in English as
926:Tribune of the plebs
920:Tribune of the plebs
890:Lucius Junius Brutus
798:is derived from the
387:Ordinary magistrates
68:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3621:Distinguished women
3272:Velleius Paterculus
3112:Nicolaus Damascenus
3092:Marcellus Empiricus
2481:Republican currency
1752:Livius.org: Tribune
1440:Ancient Rome portal
1341:Constantius of Lyon
1145:Tribunus sexmestris
1073:Within each of the
1038:their formal titles
1022:tribunicia potestas
1006:tribunicia potestas
986:ius intercessionis,
3395:Phlegon of Tralles
3202:Seneca the Younger
2676:Naming conventions
2406:Personal equipment
1939:Later Roman Empire
1757:2013-11-07 at the
1615:"Tribuni Plebis".
1364:Domenico Monegario
1357:Republic of Venice
1351:Republic of Venice
1321:Post-Roman Britain
1293:Licinian Rogations
940:plebeian tribunes,
756:ius intercessionis
752:annual magistrates
620:Triumvir monetalis
554:Titles and honours
3734:
3733:
3696:Pontifices maximi
3478:
3477:
3335:Diogenes Laërtius
3157:Pliny the Younger
2912:Asconius Pedianus
2872:Romance languages
2744:Civil engineering
2486:Imperial currency
2359:Political control
2320:
2319:
1954:
1953:
1679:The History Files
1239:Consular tribunes
1121:Tribunus cohortis
1064:military tribunes
1048:Military tribunes
764:military tribunes
744:military tribunes
721:
720:
539:Quaestio perpetua
532:Senatus consultum
335:Roman citizenship
144:
143:
136:
118:
16:(Redirected from
3759:
3686:Magistri equitum
3601:Cities and towns
3594:
3520:Constantinopolis
3330:Diodorus Siculus
3262:Valerius Maximus
3197:Seneca the Elder
3117:Nonius Marcellus
2885:
2438:Hippika gymnasia
2401:Infantry tactics
2307:Consular tribune
2297:Magister equitum
2246:Military tribune
2211:
2171:Pontifex maximus
2166:Princeps senatus
2156:Magister militum
1922:Byzantine Empire
1843:
1804:
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1525:. Vol. 560.
1515:
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1508:
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1492:
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1442:
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1436:
1435:
1416:Corps législatif
1221:, was played by
1205:Lloyd C. Douglas
1176:From the use of
1109:Tribunus rufulus
1060:tribuni militum,
1054:Military tribune
1015:of the dictator
971:concilium plebis
962:concilium plebis
913:magister equitum
899:Magister Militum
884:In the reign of
843:tribunus celerum
713:
706:
699:
655:Pontifex maximus
648:Princeps senatus
634:Magister militum
469:Consular tribune
463:Magister equitum
291:Augustan reforms
162:
146:
139:
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52:
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21:
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3474:
3310:AĂ«tius of Amida
3291:
3277:Verrius Flaccus
3257:Valerius Antias
3217:Silius Italicus
3152:Pliny the Elder
3097:Marcus Aurelius
2972:Cornelius Nepos
2922:Aurelius Victor
2876:
2798:
2710:
2644:Secessio plebis
2615:
2490:
2442:
2316:
2270:
2200:
2082:
2034:
1950:
1871:
1832:
1814:
1808:
1766:"Tribune"
1763:
1759:Wayback Machine
1748:
1734:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1717:
1708:
1706:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1681:
1673:Kessler, P. L.
1672:
1671:
1667:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1631:
1630:
1626:
1614:
1613:
1600:
1589:Ab urbe condita
1582:
1578:
1570:Ab Urbe Condita
1563:
1562:
1553:
1538:
1537:
1530:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1483:
1482:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1381:
1375:
1353:
1323:
1318:
1305:Tribuni Aerarii
1301:
1247:
1241:
1171:East Roman army
1115:Tribunus vacans
1056:
1050:
944:first secession
928:
922:
904:Praetor Maximus
879:comitia curiata
870:comitia curiata
835:
830:Tribune of the
792:
790:Tribal tribunes
717:
688:
684:Other countries
675:
544:
501:
436:
381:
346:
302:
279:Sullan republic
244:
240:
231:
222:
218:
211:
201:
192:
183:
153:
140:
129:
123:
120:
77:
75:
65:
53:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3765:
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3174:
3169:
3164:
3162:Pomponius Mela
3159:
3154:
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3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
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2897:Aelius Donatus
2893:
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2865:Ecclesiastical
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2606:Toys and games
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2146:Vigintisexviri
2143:
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2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Cursus honorum
2103:
2098:
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1747:
1746:External links
1744:
1743:
1742:
1739:. p. 135.
1732:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1690:
1665:
1645:
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1598:
1576:
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1540:Smith, William
1528:
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1377:Main article:
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1243:Main article:
1240:
1237:
1233:Richard Burton
1149:
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1132:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1094:
1066:or literally,
1052:Main article:
1049:
1046:
953:aediles plebis
932:tribuni plebis
924:Main article:
921:
918:
865:lex tribunicia
834:
828:
824:Servian tribes
791:
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780:promagistrates
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341:Cursus honorum
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212:27 BC – AD 284
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202:27 BC – AD 395
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3308:
3306:
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3302:
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3298:
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3288:
3285:
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3205:
3203:
3200:
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3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
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3143:
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3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Julius Paulus
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
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3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2987:Fabius Pictor
2985:
2983:
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2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
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2841:
2838:
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2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Amphitheatres
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2618:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Deforestation
2459:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2411:Siege engines
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2344:Establishment
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:Extraordinary
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2261:Promagistrate
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2048:Twelve Tables
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1691:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1628:
1625:
1620:
1619:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1577:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1478:
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73:
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57:This article
55:
51:
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40:
33:
19:
3666:Institutions
3530:Leptis Magna
3483:Major cities
3390:Philostratus
3177:Quadrigarius
2997:Rufus Festus
2860:Contemporary
2581:Romanization
2504:Architecture
2235:
2111:Collegiality
1960:Constitution
1811:Ancient Rome
1770:
1736:
1730:(in French).
1727:
1721:Bibliography
1707:. Retrieved
1705:. 2023-01-12
1703:Bartleby.com
1702:
1693:
1682:. Retrieved
1678:
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1565:Titus Livius
1543:
1523:ad Virg. Aen
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1328:Vita Germani
1326:
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1252:lex Canuleia
1250:
1248:
1226:
1223:Stephen Boyd
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1042:Roman Empire
1040:. Under the
1032:, the first
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795:
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782:, and their
755:
736:ancient Rome
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323:Collegiality
259:Constitution
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198:Roman Empire
196:
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66:Please help
61:verification
58:
3661:Geographers
3345:Dioscorides
3325:Cassius Dio
2947:Cassiodorus
2850:Renaissance
2456:Agriculture
2428:Auxiliaries
2369:Engineering
2206:Magistrates
2058:Citizenship
2053:Mos maiorum
1988:Late Empire
1333:hagiography
1195:Lew Wallace
1092:laticlavus.
518:Mos maiorum
298:Late Empire
241:AD 395–1453
3741:Categories
3550:Mediolanum
3490:Alexandria
3455:Themistius
3420:Porphyrius
3247:Tertullian
3182:Quintilian
3172:Propertius
3067:Lactantius
3017:Fulgentius
2952:Censorinus
2774:Sanitation
2759:Metallurgy
2716:Technology
2681:Demography
2629:Patricians
2596:Spectacles
2554:Literature
2549:Hairstyles
2386:Technology
2136:Praefectus
2088:Government
2078:Litigation
2063:Auctoritas
2008:Centuriate
1895:Principate
1890:Pax Romana
1850:Foundation
1709:2024-03-04
1684:2024-03-04
1654:Plutarchus
1596:, iii. 31)
1459:References
1389:tribunatus
1213:epic films
1163:vexillatio
979:sacrosanct
967:plebiscita
837:Under the
816:Titienses,
768:Roman army
599:Praefectus
507:Public law
362:Centuriate
352:Assemblies
329:Auctoritas
232:AD 395–476
219:AD 284–641
209:Principate
184:753–509 BC
124:March 2019
94:newspapers
3706:Quaestors
3636:Empresses
3626:Dynasties
3616:Dictators
3591:and other
3580:Volubilis
3575:Vindobona
3535:Londinium
3460:Theodoret
3430:Procopius
3410:Polyaenus
3385:Pausanias
3287:Vitruvius
3232:Symmachus
3227:Suetonius
3137:Petronius
3122:Obsequens
3087:Macrobius
3082:Lucretius
3007:Frontinus
2982:Eutropius
2967:Columella
2917:Augustine
2907:Appuleius
2855:Neo-Latin
2830:Classical
2821:Versions
2729:Aqueducts
2671:Patronage
2591:Sexuality
2564:Mythology
2539:Education
2529:Cosmetics
2354:Campaigns
2349:Structure
2302:Decemviri
2161:Imperator
1860:overthrow
1167:tribounos
1129:centuries
948:patrician
808:Ramnenses
794:The word
760:plebeians
641:Imperator
489:Decemviri
482:Triumviri
452:Corrector
193:509–27 BC
83:"Tribune"
3747:Tribunes
3711:Tribunes
3701:Praetors
3651:Generals
3631:Emperors
3540:Lugdunum
3525:Eboracum
3515:Carthage
3500:Aquileia
3415:Polybius
3405:Plutarch
3375:Libanius
3365:Josephus
3360:Herodian
3252:Tibullus
3167:Priscian
3142:Phaedrus
3102:Manilius
3047:Jordanes
3032:Hydatius
2962:Claudian
2942:Catullus
2932:Boëthius
2927:Ausonius
2845:Medieval
2817:Alphabet
2789:Theatres
2764:Numerals
2749:Concrete
2739:Circuses
2706:Bagaudae
2696:Adoption
2691:Marriage
2664:Assembly
2569:Religion
2544:Folklore
2524:Clothing
2519:Calendar
2476:Currency
2466:Commerce
2364:Strategy
2326:Military
2312:Triumvir
2292:Dictator
2287:Interrex
2266:Governor
2251:Quaestor
2214:Ordinary
2196:Province
2186:Tetrarch
2176:Augustus
2141:Vicarius
2131:Officium
2068:Imperium
2018:Plebeian
1978:Republic
1900:Dominate
1867:Republic
1828:Timeline
1755:Archived
1426:See also
1412:orateurs
1393:tribunus
1385:Tribunat
1379:Tribunat
1372:tribunat
1228:The Robe
1200:The Robe
1182:tribunal
1178:tribunus
1153:tribunus
1030:Augustus
999:dictator
908:dictator
875:imperium
820:Luceres,
818:and the
776:praetors
750:and the
742:and the
732:Tribunus
671:Tetrarch
661:Augustus
606:Vicarius
585:Officium
496:Interrex
457:Dictator
432:Governor
407:Quaestor
372:Plebeian
318:Imperium
274:Republic
249:Timeline
216:Dominate
18:Tribunus
3681:Legions
3641:Fiction
3611:Consuls
3606:Climate
3560:Ravenna
3555:Pompeii
3545:Lutetia
3510:Bononia
3505:Berytus
3495:Antioch
3470:Zosimus
3465:Zonaras
3440:Sozomen
3425:Priscus
3400:Photius
3242:Terence
3237:Tacitus
3222:Statius
3207:Servius
3192:Sallust
3147:Plautus
3127:Orosius
3107:Martial
3062:Juvenal
3037:Hyginus
3022:Gellius
2881:Writers
2812:History
2794:Thermae
2784:Temples
2734:Bridges
2701:Slavery
2649:Equites
2621:Society
2601:Theatre
2574:Deities
2534:Cuisine
2514:Bathing
2496:Culture
2471:Finance
2448:Economy
2339:Borders
2334:History
2236:Tribune
2231:Praetor
2121:Legatus
2116:Emperor
2003:Curiate
1973:Kingdom
1968:History
1944:History
1927:decline
1885:History
1855:Kingdom
1838:History
1823:Outline
1542:(ed.).
1519:Servius
1325:In his
1218:Ben-Hur
1079:tribune
1075:legions
894:comitia
860:celeres
832:celeres
796:tribune
784:legates
772:consuls
724:Tribune
592:Praeses
571:Legatus
562:Emperor
422:Tribune
402:Praetor
367:Curiate
269:Kingdom
237:Eastern
228:Western
171:Periods
108:scholar
39:Tribute
3691:Nomina
3676:Legacy
3656:Gentes
3593:topics
3589:Lists
3570:Smyrna
3450:Strabo
3380:Lucian
3370:Julian
3320:Arrian
3315:Appian
3305:Aelian
3282:Vergil
3057:Justin
3042:Jerome
3027:Horace
3012:Fronto
3002:Florus
2977:Ennius
2957:Cicero
2937:Caesar
2835:Vulgar
2659:Tribes
2586:Romans
2396:Legion
2379:castra
2256:Aedile
2226:Censor
2221:Consul
2181:Caesar
2151:Lictor
2073:Status
2013:Tribal
1993:Senate
1983:Empire
1877:Empire
1813:topics
1642:, 261.
1397:tribun
1197:, and
1165:. As
1125:cohort
855:king's
841:, the
812:Tities
804:Ramnes
748:senate
666:Caesar
627:Lictor
427:Censor
417:Aedile
397:Consul
377:Tribal
286:Empire
110:
103:
96:
89:
81:
3355:Galen
3297:Greek
3267:Varro
3077:Lucan
2889:Latin
2804:Latin
2779:Ships
2769:Roads
2754:Domes
2686:Women
2634:Plebs
2559:Music
2101:Forum
2096:Curia
1464:Notes
1383:The "
1307:, or
1280:might
1259:, or
1209:Jesus
1193:, by
1158:comes
1017:Sulla
728:Latin
115:JSTOR
101:books
3671:Laws
3646:Film
3565:Roma
3132:Ovid
3072:Livy
2840:Late
2654:Gens
2611:Wine
2423:Navy
2391:Army
2030:SPQR
1932:fall
1910:fall
1594:Piso
1584:Livy
1361:Doge
1331:, a
1284:must
1274:and
1058:The
1004:The
995:veto
930:The
774:and
87:news
2825:Old
2509:Art
2282:Rex
2126:Dux
2040:Law
1640:196
1406:'s
1335:of
1203:by
988:or
938:or
906:or
849:or
814:or
806:or
578:Dux
525:Ius
475:Rex
70:by
3743::
1769:.
1701:.
1677:.
1601:^
1586:,
1567:.
1554:^
1531:^
1521:.
1487:.
1472:^
1339:,
1235:.
881:.
810:,
778:,
730::
1803:e
1796:t
1789:v
1712:.
1687:.
1662:.
1573:.
1548:.
1491:.
1131:.
1105:.
1020:(
726:(
712:e
705:t
698:v
137:)
131:(
126:)
122:(
112:·
105:·
98:·
91:·
64:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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