444:
414:
365:
350:
465:
380:
286:
172:
27:
530:
399:
1764:
776:
500:
429:
1778:
1086:
443:
413:
854:
159:
in 1361. This style of painting spread quickly through Italy and by 1375 examples began to appear in Spain, France and
Germany. It was the most popular among the depictions of the early
1114:
277:'s depiction of about 1456 (see gallery below) represents a transition in the perception of nature, with the visual landscape forming itself around the seated Madonna.
197:. The formal symmetry of the strips below her feet and those hovering above her symbolize the harmony of her human nature and status as an earthly woman, with her
364:
124:, with the low cushion intended to express her humility. This painting in Palermo is, however, of a somewhat mediocre quality and was perhaps based on a work of
120:. It represents a Madonna seated on a small cushion just above the ground. The Christ Child partially looks at the viewer. The painting bears the inscription
464:
379:
349:
1688:
680:
1054:
607:
1480:
1583:
1107:
842:
597:
219:'s Madonna of Humility, painted between 1431 and 1437, is also an important work and illustrates Lippi's early style, when he was attentive to
799:
223:'s use of large and round figures. It was painted during a period when Lippi had dropped out of sight, and had perhaps gone into exile with
804:
602:
529:
201:. Despite the low seating position, the star and the gems as well as the halo signify her regal status. In this painting, which is at the
273:'s representation of about 1430 (which includes two angels) is notable in that Jesus is approached from above, focusing on his divinity.
1100:
1070:
892:
889:
398:
20:
1538:
1443:
1421:
1399:
1377:
1357:
1337:
1315:
1293:
1270:
1250:
1230:
1178:
1143:
484:
250:, but was perhaps done by a local painter from Pistoia. The Basilica, built by architect Ventura Vitoni, is an important example of
1447:
1014:
247:
231:
72:
style, when painted backgrounds came to be preferred in the 15th century, this pose is very common in images of the Virgin in a
1381:
897:
1403:
879:
535:
305:
297:
285:
230:
A miracle attributed to the fresco of the
Madonna of Humility painted in circa 1370 gave rise to the construction of the
1613:
1576:
864:
540:
202:
171:
1813:
508:
26:
902:
1638:
954:
938:
930:
917:
907:
1703:
1030:
869:
665:
1628:
912:
819:
809:
650:
645:
428:
289:
97:
piety, although it was not the creation of the
Franciscans, since the artist first associated with the image,
1569:
592:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1648:
986:
971:
94:
1728:
1623:
961:
779:
757:
693:
560:
50:
1718:
949:
1763:
1733:
1723:
1643:
1062:
849:
640:
258:
built the octagonal dome atop the
Basilica in 1562. The original fresco remains within the Basilica.
224:
1506:
1787:
1738:
1713:
1653:
976:
824:
767:
685:
660:
655:
182:
152:
136:, and both paintings were probably based on a Madonna of humility by Martini. A Virgin of humility
34:
1792:
1782:
1090:
1038:
516:
102:
1425:
1633:
1534:
1439:
1417:
1395:
1373:
1353:
1333:
1319:
1311:
1289:
1266:
1246:
1226:
1174:
1139:
1006:
747:
742:
727:
470:
419:
274:
129:
90:
58:
1297:
1663:
1194:
1046:
981:
829:
711:
587:
572:
567:
455:
320:
316:
296:
The feast of the
Humility of the Blessed Virgin Mary was on July 17. It was included in the
251:
141:
74:
1708:
1693:
1673:
874:
859:
698:
670:
521:
335:
198:
194:
499:
65:
originated in the 14th century, and was most common in that and the following century.
1698:
1592:
884:
675:
620:
577:
404:
370:
262:
255:
125:
98:
1558:(Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2009) (Bristol Studies in Medieval Cultures, 1).
1807:
1658:
1603:
991:
582:
450:
328:
269:
in which the
Madonna is shown sitting in a very low chair, rather than on a cushion.
216:
1678:
966:
732:
715:
355:
331:
312:
270:
190:
175:
54:
105:
and may have created the image for them. The word humility derives from the Latin
1608:
1458:
1207:
69:
62:
1777:
1085:
1618:
752:
1561:
1022:
737:
635:
627:
385:
1668:
1556:
Madonna of
Humility: Development, Dissemination and Reception, c. 1340–1400
1683:
762:
434:
220:
209:, Domenico did not use cast shadows as he did in other works such as the
160:
156:
86:
78:
or "enclosed garden", where the Virgin often sits on the flowery grass.
1481:"The Humility of the Blessed Virgin Mary; This was Her defining Virtue"
722:
324:
239:
235:
145:
117:
1330:
Humanists and
Reformers: A History of the Renaissance and Reformation
814:
389:
137:
133:
112:
The earliest known painting of this type dates to 1346 and is at the
19:"Madonna dell'UmiltĂ " redirects here. For the church in Pistoia, see
53:
sitting on the ground, or upon a low cushion. She usually holds the
151:
An altar was dedicated to the
Madonna of humility in the church of
284:
243:
206:
170:
25:
1436:
Man in the
Landscape: A Historic View of the Esthetics of Nature
1565:
193:
as one of the most innovative devotional images of the early
323:
gifted an icon of Our Lady of Humility, which the Roman
1372:
by David Bershad, Carolina Mangone, Irving Hexham 2001
1392:
The fourteenth century. Bernardo Daddi and his circle
1350:
Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death
1263:
Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death
1223:
Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death
1308:
Sassetta: the Borgo San Sepolcro altarpiece, Volume
189:, painted in 1433, was described by art historian
1459:"July 17th: Humility of the Blessed Virgin Mary"
1288:by Franca Trinchieri Camiz, Katherine A. McIver
1577:
1108:
8:
1533:by Shelley Karen Perlove, Larry Silver 2009
1281:
1279:
1171:A history of ideas and images in Italian art
93:, and this iconography was associated with
304:(in some places), but was removed from the
1689:The Most Holy Virgin Mary, Queen of Poland
1584:
1570:
1562:
1310:by James R. Banker, Machtelt IsraÄ—ls 2009
1115:
1101:
494:
1394:by Richard Offner, MiklĂłs Boskovits 2002
1286:Art and music in the early modern period
246:. The fresco is sometimes attributed to
1218:
1216:
1128:
515:
345:
1370:The Christian Travelers Guide to Italy
57:in her lap, making it one form of the
1136:Renaissance art: a topical dictionary
7:
1245:by Dana Facaros, Michael Pauls 2004
939:Approved, with widespread liturgical
1438:by Paul Shepard, Dave Foreman 2002
941:veneration endorsed by the Holy See
1505:Lovasik, S.V.D., Rev. Lawrence G.
1160:. Boydell and Brewer. p. 115.
140:by Simone Martini survives in the
14:
1479:Peterson, Larry (July 27, 2018).
1414:Jesus of History, Christ of Faith
485:Marian art in the Catholic Church
334:during their farewell meeting at
1776:
1762:
1197:, 1971 ASIN: B0023VMZMA page 112
1084:
775:
774:
528:
498:
463:
442:
427:
412:
397:
378:
363:
348:
248:Giovanni di Bartolomeo Cristiani
232:Basilica of Our Lady of Humility
855:Congregation of Marian Fathers
603:Consecrations and entrustments
306:General Roman Calendar of 1960
298:General Roman Calendar of 1954
89:is a virtue extolled by Saint
1:
545:
49:is a depiction in art of the
1191:Iconography of Christian Art
865:Marianists (Society of Mary)
128:. A similar painting in the
21:Madonna dell'UmiltĂ , Pistoia
261:Other key examples include
122:Nostra Domina de Humilitate
109:, meaning earth or ground.
1830:
918:Queen of Angels Foundation
908:Marian Movement of Priests
890:World Apostolate of Fátima
860:Company of Mary (Montfort)
327:accepted; then donated to
18:
1771:
1760:
1599:
1593:Titles of the Virgin Mary
1206:Cat. # 1072, Follower of
1156:Williamson, Beth (2009).
666:Our Lady, Star of the Sea
541:Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
68:Initially mostly using a
913:Fatima Family Apostolate
903:Our Lady's Rosary Makers
820:Seven Joys of the Virgin
651:Our Lady of Mount Carmel
646:Our Lady of Good Counsel
290:Jan Sanders van Hemessen
265:'s central panel in the
1507:"Our Lady's Feast Days"
1210:per the 1986 catalogue.
1158:The Madonna of Humility
955:Three Secrets of Fátima
843:Movements and societies
82:History and development
1783:Catholicism portal
1754:Our Lady of the Pillar
1749:Our Lady of Navigators
1744:Our Lady of Luxembourg
1639:Lady of Perpetual Help
1416:by Thomas Zanzig 2000
1352:by Millard Meiss 1979
1332:by Bard Thompson 1996
1265:by Millard Meiss 1979
1225:by Millard Meiss 1979
1091:Catholicism portal
293:
179:
38:
1729:Our Lady of Guadalupe
1624:Immaculate Conception
1071:Immaculate Conception
1007:Key Marian feast days
825:Seven Sorrows of Mary
758:Mary, Mother of Grace
536:Immaculate Conception
311:Upon the election of
288:
174:
29:
1734:Our Lady of the Hens
1724:Our Lady of the Fire
1629:Lady of Good Counsel
1138:by Irene Earls 1987
898:Mariological Society
880:Schoenstatt Movement
850:Sodality of Our Lady
805:Consecration to Mary
794:Devotional practices
641:Mother of the Church
588:Devotional practices
101:, had ties with the
1788:Christianity portal
1739:Our Lady of Lourdes
1714:Our Lady of Charity
1173:by James Hall 1983
768:Sub tuum praesidium
689:(Refuge of Sinners)
687:Refugium Peccatorum
661:Our Lady of Victory
656:Our Lady of Sorrows
302:pro aliquibus locis
292:, mid-16th century.
187:Madonna of Humility
183:Domenico di Bartolo
153:Santa Maria Novella
43:Madonna of humility
35:Domenico di Bartolo
31:Madonna of Humility
1814:Virgin Mary in art
1793:Visual arts portal
1719:Our Lady of Fátima
1669:Madonna of Majesty
1649:Lady of the Rosary
1614:Help of Christians
1554:Williamson, Beth,
800:Acts of Reparation
294:
203:Pinoteca Nazionale
199:heavenly queenship
180:
47:Virgin of humility
39:
1801:
1800:
1531:Rembrandt's faith
1125:
1124:
944:
748:Immaculata prayer
743:Hail Mary of Gold
471:Giovanni di Paolo
420:Andrea di Bartolo
300:among the feasts
275:Giovanni di Paolo
267:De Carlo Triptych
225:Cosimo de' Medici
211:Madonna Enthroned
163:artistic period.
91:Francis of Assisi
59:Madonna and Child
1821:
1781:
1780:
1766:
1664:Madonna Advocata
1644:Lady of the Sign
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1542:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1465:
1455:
1449:
1433:
1427:
1411:
1405:
1389:
1383:
1367:
1361:
1347:
1341:
1327:
1321:
1305:
1299:
1283:
1274:
1260:
1254:
1240:
1234:
1220:
1211:
1204:
1198:
1195:Gertrud Schiller
1188:
1182:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1153:
1147:
1133:
1117:
1110:
1103:
1089:
1088:
1074:
1066:
1058:
1050:
1042:
1034:
1026:
1018:
982:Miraculous Medal
937:
830:Three Hail Marys
778:
777:
552:
550:
547:
532:
502:
495:
467:
456:hortus conclusus
446:
431:
416:
401:
392:in marble, 1420s
382:
367:
352:
321:Hilarion Alfeyev
317:Russian Orthodox
252:high Renaissance
142:Palais des Papes
75:hortus conclusus
16:Artistic subject
1829:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1797:
1775:
1767:
1758:
1709:Virgin of Mercy
1704:Star of the Sea
1694:Queen of Heaven
1674:Nursing Madonna
1654:Lady of Sorrows
1595:
1590:
1551:
1549:Further reading
1546:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1489:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1434:
1430:
1412:
1408:
1390:
1386:
1368:
1364:
1348:
1344:
1328:
1324:
1306:
1302:
1284:
1277:
1261:
1257:
1241:
1237:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1201:
1189:
1185:
1169:
1165:
1155:
1154:
1150:
1134:
1130:
1121:
1083:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1061:
1053:
1045:
1037:
1029:
1021:
1013:
1009:
999:
998:
940:
933:
923:
922:
875:Marist Brothers
845:
835:
834:
810:First Saturdays
795:
787:
786:
718:
704:
703:
699:Virgin of Mercy
694:Untier of Knots
681:Queen of Poland
671:Queen of Heaven
631:(Mother of God)
623:
613:
612:
563:
553:
548:
543:
522:Catholic Church
519:
493:
481:
474:
468:
459:
447:
438:
437:, ca. 1445–1450
432:
423:
417:
408:
402:
393:
383:
374:
368:
359:
353:
344:
336:Castel Gandolfo
283:
169:
114:Museo Nazionale
84:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1699:Seat of Wisdom
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1523:
1497:
1471:
1450:
1428:
1406:
1384:
1362:
1342:
1322:
1300:
1275:
1255:
1235:
1212:
1199:
1183:
1163:
1148:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1057:(12 September)
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1010:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
997:
996:
995:
994:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
958:
957:
946:
945:
934:
929:
928:
925:
924:
921:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
887:
885:Legion of Mary
882:
877:
872:
870:Marist Fathers
867:
862:
857:
852:
846:
841:
840:
837:
836:
833:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
771:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
728:Fátima prayers
725:
719:
710:
709:
706:
705:
702:
701:
696:
691:
683:
678:
676:Queen of Peace
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:
633:
624:
621:Titles of Mary
619:
618:
615:
614:
611:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
564:
559:
558:
555:
554:
533:
525:
524:
513:
512:
504:
503:
492:
489:
488:
487:
480:
477:
476:
475:
469:
462:
460:
448:
441:
439:
433:
426:
424:
418:
411:
409:
405:Sano di Pietro
403:
396:
394:
384:
377:
375:
371:Lorenzo Monaco
369:
362:
360:
354:
347:
343:
340:
282:
279:
263:Bernardo Daddi
256:Giorgio Vasari
254:architecture.
168:
165:
130:Gemäldegalerie
126:Simone Martini
99:Simone Martini
83:
80:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1826:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1679:Mystical Rose
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1634:Lady of Peace
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1604:Black Madonna
1602:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1540:
1539:0-271-03406-8
1536:
1532:
1527:
1524:
1512:
1508:
1501:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1444:0-8203-2440-X
1441:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:0-88489-530-0
1419:
1415:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1400:88-09-02182-7
1397:
1393:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:0-310-22573-6
1375:
1371:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1358:0-691-00312-2
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:0-8028-6348-5
1335:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:0-674-03523-2
1313:
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1294:0-7546-0689-9
1291:
1287:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:0-691-00312-2
1268:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:1-86011-175-0
1248:
1244:
1243:Provence, 4th
1239:
1236:
1233:pages 132–133
1232:
1231:0-691-00312-2
1228:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1179:0-06-433317-5
1176:
1172:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1144:0-313-24658-0
1141:
1137:
1132:
1129:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1081:
1072:
1068:
1065:(21 November)
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:(8 September)
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1015:Mother of God
1012:
1011:
1008:
1003:
1002:
993:
992:Dowry of Mary
990:
989:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
956:
953:
952:
951:
948:
947:
942:
936:
935:
932:
927:
926:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
844:
839:
838:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
797:
791:
790:
783:
782:
773:
772:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
717:
713:
708:
707:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
688:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
630:
626:
625:
622:
617:
616:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
583:Hymns to Mary
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
565:
562:
557:
556:
542:
538:
537:
531:
527:
526:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
505:
501:
497:
496:
490:
486:
483:
482:
478:
472:
466:
461:
458:
457:
452:
451:Robert Campin
445:
440:
436:
430:
425:
421:
415:
410:
406:
400:
395:
391:
387:
381:
376:
372:
366:
361:
357:
351:
346:
341:
339:
337:
333:
330:
329:Pope Emeritus
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
291:
287:
280:
278:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
218:
217:Filippo Lippi
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
177:
173:
166:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
81:
79:
77:
76:
71:
66:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
36:
32:
28:
22:
1555:
1530:
1526:
1514:. Retrieved
1510:
1500:
1488:. Retrieved
1485:Catholic 365
1484:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1453:
1435:
1431:
1413:
1409:
1391:
1387:
1369:
1365:
1349:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1307:
1303:
1285:
1262:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1222:
1202:
1190:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1157:
1151:
1135:
1131:
1073:(8 December)
1063:Presentation
1031:Annunciation
1025:(2 February)
781:Marian hymns
780:
733:Flos Carmeli
686:
628:
534:
454:
356:Fra Angelico
332:Benedict XVI
313:Pope Francis
310:
301:
295:
271:Fra Angelico
266:
260:
229:
215:
210:
191:Andrew Ladis
186:
181:
176:Fra Angelico
150:
121:
113:
111:
106:
85:
73:
67:
55:Christ Child
46:
42:
40:
30:
1208:Lippo Memmi
1041:(15 August)
1017:(1 January)
931:Apparitions
893:(Blue Army)
549: 1675
453:, set in a
195:Renaissance
70:gold ground
63:iconography
51:Virgin Mary
1619:Hodegetria
1039:Assumption
1033:(25 March)
987:Walsingham
972:La Salette
753:Magnificat
608:Veneration
491:References
358:, c. 1430.
178:, c. 1430.
148:, France.
103:Dominicans
95:Franciscan
1446:page 170
1424:page 306
1360:pages 136
1318:page 309
1055:Holy Name
1023:Candlemas
962:Guadalupe
738:Hail Mary
636:Mediatrix
629:Theotokos
598:Societies
573:Antiphons
517:Mariology
473:, c. 1456
422:, c. 1410
386:Donatello
373:, c. 1410
315:in 2013,
1808:Category
1541:page 175
1516:July 17,
1490:July 17,
1464:July 17,
1402:page 21
1340:page 249
1296:page 15
1273:page 144
1181:page 223
1146:page 174
1047:Nativity
763:Memorare
561:Overview
509:a series
507:Part of
479:See also
435:Sassetta
221:Masaccio
167:Examples
161:Trecento
157:Florence
87:Humility
1659:Madonna
1253:page 94
977:Lourdes
723:Angelus
712:Prayers
568:Prayers
520:of the
407:c. 1440
342:Gallery
325:Pontiff
319:Bishop
240:Tuscany
236:Pistoia
146:Avignon
118:Palermo
61:. The
37:, 1433.
1609:Eleusa
1537:
1442:
1420:
1398:
1376:
1356:
1336:
1314:
1292:
1269:
1249:
1229:
1177:
1142:
950:Fátima
815:Rosary
593:Saints
578:Titles
511:on the
449:After
390:relief
388:, low
138:fresco
134:Berlin
1684:PietĂ
1380:page
967:Knock
716:hymns
281:Feast
244:Italy
207:Siena
107:humus
1535:ISBN
1518:2021
1511:EWTN
1492:2021
1466:2021
1440:ISBN
1418:ISBN
1396:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1354:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1247:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1175:ISBN
1140:ISBN
714:and
1193:by
539:by
308:.
234:in
205:in
185:'s
155:in
144:in
116:in
45:or
33:by
1810::
1509:.
1483:.
1278:^
1215:^
546:c.
338:.
242:,
238:,
227:.
213:.
132:,
41:A
1585:e
1578:t
1571:v
1520:.
1494:.
1468:.
1116:e
1109:t
1102:v
943::
551:)
544:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.