914:
1217:
121:
2770:
1132:
2759:
1085:
was nearly complete in the
Maastrichtian, with Australia beginning to break away from Antarctica and Madagascar breaking away from India. However, Arabia had not yet rifted away from Africa. North America was separated from Europe by rift basins, but sea floor spreading had not yet commenced between
1110:
During the
Maastrichtian, the global climate began to shift from the warm and humid climate of the Mesozoic to the colder and more arid climate of the Cenozoic. Variation of climate with latitude also became greater. This was likely caused by a major reorganization of oceanic circulation that took
1111:
place at the boundary between the early and late
Maastrichtian. This reorganization was triggered by the breach of tectonic barriers in the South Atlantic, permitting deep ocean water to begin circulating from the nascent North Atlantic to the south. This initiated
995:. At the original type locality near Maastricht, the stratigraphic record was later found to be incomplete. A reference profile for the base was then appointed in a section along the
1468:
1213:, tentatively assigned to Azhdarchidae, lacks any synapomorphies of the group. This seems to underscore a higher diversity of terminal Cretaceous pterosaurs than previously thought.
2139:
1534:
Odin, G.S. (2001). "Chapter E5c
Numerical age calibration of the Campanian-Maastrichtian succession at Tercis les Bains (landes, france) and in the Bottaccione Gorge (Italy)".
1150:
Dinosaurs remained the dominant large terrestrial animals throughout the
Maastrichtian, though mammals with internal organs similar to modern mammals were also present. Both
1145:
1195:, with other pterosaur groups having become extinct earlier on. However, more recent findings suggest a fairly composite pterosaur diversity: at least six ("Nyctosaurus"
913:
1216:
2003:
878:
488:
2132:
1266:
800:
555:
505:
1822:
Barrett, P. M., Butler, R. J., Edwards, N. P., & Milner, A. R. (2008). Pterosaur distribution in time and space: an atlas. Zitteliana: 61–107..
1383:
1954:
965:
and stage derive their names from the city. The
Maastricht Formation is known for its fossils from this age, most notably those of the giant
2125:
1016:
2813:
1643:
1555:
1359:
790:
1970:
1996:
1103:
began during the
Maastrichtian, at around 67 million years ago. This is thought to be a consequence of India drifting over the
1810:
1070:
31:
1890:"Late Maastrichtian pterosaurs from North Africa and mass extinction of Pterosauria at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary"
2798:
2148:
544:
1851:, 2002 from the Two Medicine Formation (Upper Cretaceous) of Western USA (Montana) as a pterosaur rather than a bird"
1512:
1989:
1387:
698:
629:
921:
2808:
2803:
1112:
1976:
901:, as well as many other lesser-known groups, died out. The cause of the extinction is most commonly linked to
1183:, persisted to the latest Maastrichtian but became extinct during the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event.
2421:
2416:
1831:
Carroll, N. REASSIGNMENT OF MONTANAZHDARCHO MINOR AS A NON-AZHDARCHID MEMBER OF THE AZHDARCHOIDEA, SVP 2015.
1583:
Ward, Peter D.; Kennedy, W. James (1993). "Maastrichtian
Ammonites from the Biscay Region (France, Spain)".
1120:
615:
1964:
120:
2793:
1137:
1100:
938:
837:
826:
676:
1805:
Wilton, Mark P. (2013). Pterosaurs: Natural
History, Evolution, Anatomy. Princeton University Press.
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1592:
958:
812:
589:
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962:
619:
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1717:
1616:
1608:
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The
Pacific Plate was rapidly growing in size as the surrounding oceanic plates were consumed by
1031:
The Maastrichtian is commonly subdivided into two substages (Upper and Lower) and three ammonite
905:
about 10 to 15 kilometres (6.2 to 9.3 mi) wide colliding with Earth, ending the Cretaceous.
902:
804:
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1104:
2550:
2514:
1921:
1806:
1788:
1639:
1551:
1355:
1131:
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2519:
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1768:
1707:
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1481:
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301:
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1204:
833:
819:
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2442:
2405:
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Traditionally, pterosaur faunas of the Maastrichtian were assumed to be dominated by
808:
579:
288:
79:
1874:
1721:
2774:
2758:
2705:
2555:
2478:
1233:(flowering plants) was well under way in the Maastrichtian. From 50% to 80% of all
1192:
1097:
844:
1973:, at the website of Norges Network of offshore records of geology and stratigraphy
1906:
1638:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 220, 222, 230.
1349:
2700:
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2185:
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2045:
1238:
1230:
1055:
991:
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360:
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54:
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2012:
1967:, at the website of the subcommission for stratigraphic information of the ICS
1959:
1604:
1155:
1090:
1020:
970:
954:
894:
830:
396:
342:
265:
99:
64:
1437:
1384:"Scientists reconstruct ancient impact that dwarfs dinosaur-extinction blast"
713:
700:
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631:
17:
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2055:
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1151:
871:
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432:
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414:
369:
332:
321:
276:
104:
1925:
1792:
1747:
Longrich, Nicholas R.; Tokaryk, Tim; Field, Daniel J. (13 September 2011).
1500:
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2665:
2629:
2529:
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2431:
2326:
2295:
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2206:
2180:
2156:
2081:
1712:
1687:
1262:
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405:
254:
242:
229:
94:
89:
74:
69:
59:
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2211:
2195:
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1612:
1082:
1067:
1032:
1012:
934:
848:
692:
675:
enriched layer associated with a major meteorite impact and subsequent
672:
109:
84:
1749:"Mass extinction of birds at the Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary"
1485:
2720:
2603:
2237:
2065:
2060:
1199:, a Mexican humerus, a Jordan humerus and several taxa from Morocco)
1008:
863:
688:
623:
449:
387:
378:
1981:
1842:
1265:', that is now discouraged as a formal geochronological unit by the
1242:
1234:
1215:
1130:
985:
The base of the Maastrichtian Stage is at the first appearance of
975:
912:
1291:
2744:
2740:
2736:
1888:
Longrich, Nicholas R.; Martill, David M.; Andres, Brian (2018).
48:
2121:
1985:
933:
The Maastrichtian was introduced into scientific literature by
1669:
1667:
1093:, and the Pacific-Izanagi Ridge was rapidly approaching Asia.
137:
1011:. The top of the Maastrichtian Stage is defined to be at the
752:
1688:"Tectonic forcings of Maastrichtian ocean-climate evolution"
1115:
similar to that of the modern oceans. At the same time, the
885:
extinction event) occurred at the end of this age. In this
779:
776:
1123:
of North America, further contributing to global cooling.
767:
1348:
Ogg, James G.; Gradstein, Felix M.; Smith, A.G. (2004).
125:
Opening of the western Indian Ocean in the Maastrichtian
974:, which in turn derives its name from the nearby river
1977:
Maastrichtian Microfossils: 60+ images of Foraminifera
1438:"Stratigraphy of the type Maastrichtian – a synthesis"
791:
782:
770:
758:
1307:
1305:
1019:(K–Pg boundary), which is also characterised by the
889:, many commonly recognized groups such as non-avian
773:
764:
761:
2719:
2683:
2643:
2612:
2581:
2568:
2528:
2497:
2461:
2430:
2404:
2373:
2360:
2325:
2294:
2268:
2255:
2220:
2194:
2168:
2155:
1314:"The global Campanian-Maastrichtian stage boundary"
1146:
List of vertebrate fauna of the Maastrichtian stage
755:
749:
729:
683:
668:
660:
611:
603:
595:
585:
575:
570:
562:
550:
540:
535:
527:
522:
130:
39:
1686:Frank, Tracy D.; Arthur, Michael A. (April 1999).
1382:Sleep, Norman H.; Lowe, Donald R. (9 April 2014).
1158:were in serious decline during the Maastrichtian.
1570:
1841:Agnolin, Federico L.; Varricchio, David (2012).
1245:still covered larger areas of the land surface.
1753:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1312:Odin, Gilles S.; Michèle A. Lamaurelle (2001).
504:Subdivision of the Cretaceous according to the
1634:Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. Robin M. (2017).
1536:Developments in Palaeontology and Stratigraphy
1410:"Dinosaur asteroid hit 'worst possible place'"
1261:This designation has as a part of it a term, '
2133:
1997:
1354:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1343:
1341:
1066:The Maastrichtian is roughly coeval with the
8:
1938:
1734:
1673:
1658:
511:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
2578:
2370:
2265:
2165:
2140:
2126:
2118:
2021:
2004:
1990:
1982:
1971:Stratigraphic chart of the Late Cretaceous
1290:International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1915:
1905:
1782:
1772:
1711:
1436:Jagt, J.W.M; Jagt-Yazykova, E.A. (2012).
1329:
1171:Several archaic clades of birds, such as
957:. These strata are now classified as the
27:Sixth and last age of the Late Cretaceous
1267:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1237:of land plants were angiosperms, though
1035:. The biozones are (from young to old):
858:. The Maastrichtian was preceded by the
801:International Commission on Stratigraphy
1282:
1254:
1515:from the original on September 4, 2019
36:
879:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
7:
1585:Memoir (The Paleontological Society)
1505:-The First Discovery of a Mosasaur?"
607:Mean of 12 biostratigraphic criteria
478:
2739:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
920:soil on the Maastrichtian Chalk in
2743:= megaannum (millions years ago);
1960:ghK Classification – Maastrichtian
881:(formerly known as the Cretaceous–
25:
2747:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
1636:Earth history and palaeogeography
1203:date to this period, as do a few
982:being Latin for the river Maas).
2768:
2757:
1955:GeoWhen Database – Maastrichtian
1843:"Systematic reinterpretation of
1077:Palaeogeography and paleoclimate
745:
119:
1571:Ogg, Gradstein & Smith 2004
1331:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i4/002
851:. It spanned the interval from
1499:Mike Everhart (May 14, 2010).
1480:(PhD). University of Alberta.
1408:Amos, Jonathan (15 May 2017).
1071:North American Land Mammal Age
32:Maastrichtian (disambiguation)
1:
2186:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
1548:10.1016/S0920-5446(01)80068-6
1470:A re-assessment of the genus
1017:Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
1907:10.1371/journal.pbio.2001663
1049:Anapachydiscus fresvillensis
2149:Geological history of Earth
2835:
2422:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
2417:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
2181:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
1388:American Geophysical Union
1351:A geologic time scale 2004
1143:
1003:, close to the village of
29:
2734:
2706:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
2556:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
2019:
1965:Late Cretaceous timescale
1605:10.1017/S0022336000062223
1467:Hallie P. Street (2016).
909:Stratigraphic definitions
669:Upper boundary definition
604:Lower boundary definition
501:
135:
118:
44:
2814:Cretaceous geochronology
2701:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
2546:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
2391:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
2243:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
2233:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
1939:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
1735:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
1674:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
1659:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
1474:(Squamata: Mosasauridae)
1292:"ICS - Chart/Time Scale"
1113:thermohaline circulation
1023:of many groups of life.
941:in 1849, after studying
2696:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
2661:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
2656:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
2599:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
2489:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
2396:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
2207:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
1774:10.1073/pnas.1110395108
1220:Maastrichtian landscape
1121:Western Interior Seaway
1056:Pachydiscus neubergicus
1042:Anapachydiscus terminus
992:Pachydiscus neubergicus
183:−100 —
173:−110 —
163:−120 —
153:−130 —
143:−140 —
2666:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
2635:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
2594:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
2541:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
2386:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
2212:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
2026:Lower/Early Cretaceous
1221:
1141:
1138:Hemipneustes leymeriei
1101:large igneous province
1061:Pachydiscus epiplectus
925:
922:Kozubów Landscape Park
616:Grande Carrière quarry
213:−70 —
203:−80 —
193:−90 —
2671:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
2630:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
2551:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
2238:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
2031:Upper/Late Cretaceous
1219:
1134:
916:
862:and succeeded by the
677:K-Pg extinction event
2711:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
2604:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
2484:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
2474:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
1713:10.1029/1998PA900017
1503:Mosasaurus hoffmanni
1296:www.stratigraphy.org
1086:the two continents.
959:Maastricht Formation
854:72.1 to 66
30:For other uses, see
2766: •
2755: •
2753:Geologic time scale
2515:Middle (458–470 Ma)
2479:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
2448:Middle (383–393 Ma)
2343:Middle (237–247 Ma)
2312:Middle (164–174 Ma)
1765:2011PNAS..10815253L
1759:(37): 15253–15257.
1737:, p. 238, 239.
1704:1999PalOc..14..103F
1597:1993JPal...67S...1W
939:André Hubert Dumont
730:Upper GSSP ratified
710: /
684:Upper boundary GSSP
661:Lower GSSP ratified
641: /
612:Lower boundary GSSP
596:Time span formality
47:72.1 ± 0.2 – 66.0
2799:Maastrichtian life
2764:Geology portal
2625:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
2520:Early (470–485 Ma)
2453:Early (393–419 Ma)
2348:Early (247–252 Ma)
2317:Early (174–201 Ma)
2286:Early (100–145 Ma)
2281:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
1867:10.5252/g2012n4a10
1222:
1142:
926:
805:geologic timescale
714:36.1537°N 8.6486°E
645:43.6795°N 1.1133°W
586:Stratigraphic unit
576:Chronological unit
563:Time scale(s) used
2781:
2780:
2679:
2678:
2645:Paleoproterozoic
2564:
2563:
2510:Late (444–458 Ma)
2443:Late (359–383 Ma)
2356:
2355:
2338:Late (201–237 Ma)
2307:Late (145–164 Ma)
2251:
2250:
2172:(present–2.58 Ma)
2160:(present–66.0 Ma)
2115:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2013:Cretaceous Period
1486:10.7939/R31N7XZ1K
1442:Scripta Geologica
1229:The radiation of
856:million years ago
737:
736:
536:Usage information
517:
516:
497:
496:
16:(Redirected from
2826:
2775:World portal
2773:
2772:
2762:
2761:
2724:
2688:
2648:
2617:
2614:Mesoproterozoic
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2409:
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1692:Paleoceanography
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1509:Oceans of Kansas
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1270:
1259:
1117:Laramide orogeny
1096:Eruption of the
1007:in southwestern
1005:Tercis-les-Bains
857:
824:Upper Cretaceous
795:
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703:
687:El Kef Section,
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650:43.6795; -1.1133
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2809:Geological ages
2804:Late Cretaceous
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2748:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2686:
2675:
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2639:
2615:
2608:
2584:
2583:Neoproterozoic
2573:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
2572:
2571:
2570:Proterozoic Eon
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1900:(3): e2001663.
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1418:
1415:BBC News Online
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1148:
1129:
1105:Réunion hotspot
1081:The breakup of
1079:
1029:
1015:anomaly at the
1001:Grande Carrière
931:
911:
887:mass extinction
852:
817:Late Cretaceous
793:
748:
744:
719:36.1537; 8.6486
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510:
493:
490:
482:
475:
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459:
455:
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220:
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192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
126:
113:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
46:
45:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2786:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2652:
2650:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2576:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2470:
2468:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2406:Carboniferous
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2368:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2227:
2224:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2203:
2201:
2198:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2177:
2175:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2137:
2130:
2122:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1957:
1950:
1949:External links
1947:
1944:
1943:
1941:, p. 238.
1931:
1880:
1861:(4): 883–894.
1833:
1824:
1815:
1798:
1739:
1727:
1698:(2): 103–117.
1678:
1676:, p. 234.
1663:
1661:, p. 220.
1651:
1644:
1626:
1575:
1573:, p. 345.
1563:
1556:
1526:
1491:
1459:
1428:
1400:
1374:
1360:
1337:
1324:(4): 229–238.
1301:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1226:
1223:
1210:Navajodactylus
1205:pteranodontids
1188:
1185:
1181:Hesperornithes
1177:Ichthyornithes
1173:Enantiornithes
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1128:
1125:
1078:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1051:
1045:
1028:
1025:
930:
927:
910:
907:
735:
734:
731:
727:
726:
685:
681:
680:
670:
666:
665:
662:
658:
657:
613:
609:
608:
605:
601:
600:
597:
593:
592:
587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
572:
568:
567:
566:ICS Time Scale
564:
560:
559:
552:
551:Regional usage
548:
547:
542:
541:Celestial body
538:
537:
533:
532:
529:
528:Name formality
525:
524:
520:
519:
515:
514:
502:
499:
498:
495:
494:
487:
485:
476:
472:
471:
467:
466:
462:
461:
457:
456:
448:
447:
439:
438:
430:
429:
421:
420:
412:
411:
403:
402:
394:
393:
385:
384:
376:
375:
367:
366:
358:
357:
349:
348:
340:
339:
331:
330:
320:
319:
309:
308:
298:
297:
287:
286:
274:
273:
261:
260:
252:
251:
239:
238:
225:
224:
223:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
116:
115:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
52:
42:
41:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2831:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2794:Maastrichtian
2792:
2791:
2789:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2760:
2754:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2718:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2682:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2585:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
2580:
2577:
2575:
2567:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2362:Paleozoic Era
2359:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2324:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2272:(66.0–145 Ma)
2267:
2264:
2262:
2260:(66.0–252 Ma)
2254:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2103:
2102:Maastrichtian
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1855:Geodiversitas
1852:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1825:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1645:9781107105324
1641:
1637:
1630:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1591:(S34): 1–58.
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1564:
1559:
1557:9780444506474
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1463:
1460:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1429:
1417:
1416:
1411:
1404:
1401:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1375:
1363:
1361:0-521-78142-6
1357:
1353:
1352:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1286:
1283:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1224:
1218:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1087:
1084:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1034:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
988:
983:
981:
977:
973:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
949:close to the
948:
944:
940:
936:
928:
923:
919:
915:
908:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
875:
873:
869:
866:(part of the
865:
861:
855:
850:
846:
843:
840:, and of the
839:
835:
832:
828:
825:
821:
818:
814:
810:
807:, the latest
806:
802:
799:) is, in the
798:
797:
787:
742:
741:Maastrichtian
732:
728:
723:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:February 2001
663:
659:
654:
625:
621:
617:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
591:
588:
584:
581:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
543:
539:
534:
530:
526:
521:
509:
508:, as of 2022.
507:
500:
492:
486:
481:
480:
477:
453:
443:
442:Maastrichtian
434:
425:
416:
407:
398:
389:
380:
371:
362:
353:
344:
336:
327:
314:
303:
294:
283:
282:
269:
267:
257:
256:
247:
246:
233:
231:
222:
140:
139:
134:
129:
122:
117:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
50:
43:
40:Maastrichtian
38:
33:
19:
18:Maestrichtian
2749:
2685:Archean Eon
2647:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
2532:(485–539 Ma)
2501:(444–485 Ma)
2465:(419–444 Ma)
2434:(359–419 Ma)
2408:(299–359 Ma)
2377:(252–299 Ma)
2365:(252–539 Ma)
2329:(201–252 Ma)
2298:(145–201 Ma)
2257:Mesozoic Era
2157:Cenozoic Era
2101:
1934:
1897:
1894:PLOS Biology
1893:
1883:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1827:
1818:
1801:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1730:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1654:
1635:
1629:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1566:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1517:. Retrieved
1508:
1502:
1494:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1445:
1441:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1413:
1403:
1391:. Retrieved
1377:
1365:. Retrieved
1350:
1321:
1317:
1295:
1285:
1257:
1228:
1208:
1196:
1190:
1170:
1149:
1136:
1127:Paleontology
1119:drained the
1109:
1098:Deccan Traps
1095:
1088:
1080:
1065:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1040:
1030:
1000:
997:Ardour river
990:
984:
979:
969:
932:
876:
740:
738:
503:
441:
275:
263:
253:
241:
227:
2721:Hadean Eon
2499:Ordovician
2270:Cretaceous
2170:Quaternary
2051:Hauterivian
2046:Valanginian
1847:barbarulna
1542:: 775–782.
1519:November 6,
1239:gymnosperms
1231:angiosperms
1193:azhdarchids
1027:Subdivision
967:sea reptile
947:Chalk Group
943:rock strata
903:an asteroid
895:plesiosaurs
811:(uppermost
717: /
648: /
361:Hauterivian
352:Valanginian
2819:Maastricht
2788:Categories
2723:(4–4.6 Ga)
2687:(2.5–4 Ga)
2616:(1–1.6 Ga)
2222:Paleogene
2077:Cenomanian
2041:Berriasian
1849:Varricchio
1811:0691150613
1472:Mosasaurus
1277:References
1201:nyctosaurs
1187:Pterosaurs
1156:pterosaurs
1144:See also:
1135:Fossil of
1091:subduction
1021:extinction
971:Mosasaurus
955:Maastricht
937:geologist
929:Definition
831:Cretaceous
702:36°09′13″N
633:43°40′46″N
571:Definition
491:extinction
397:Cenomanian
343:Berriasian
266:Cretaceous
131:Chronology
2750:See also:
2530:Cambrian
2463:Silurian
2432:Devonian
2327:Triassic
2296:Jurassic
2097:Campanian
2092:Santonian
2087:Coniacian
2056:Barremian
1621:181450798
1162:Dinosaurs
1152:ammonites
963:formation
899:mosasaurs
891:dinosaurs
872:Paleocene
868:Paleogene
860:Campanian
815:) of the
705:8°38′55″E
636:1°06′48″W
523:Etymology
489:K-Pg mass
433:Campanian
424:Santonian
415:Coniacian
370:Barremian
334:Tithonian
2375:Permian
2196:Neogene
2082:Turonian
1926:29534059
1875:56002643
1793:21914849
1722:30926910
1513:Archived
1421:16 March
1393:15 March
1318:Episodes
1263:Tertiary
1053:zone of
1047:zone of
1039:zone of
1033:biozones
989:species
987:ammonite
953:city of
924:, Poland
918:Rendzina
883:Tertiary
842:Mesozoic
554:Global (
406:Turonian
230:Mesozoic
1917:5849296
1784:3174646
1761:Bibcode
1700:Bibcode
1613:1315613
1593:Bibcode
1197:lamegoi
1083:Pangaea
1068:Lancian
1013:iridium
999:called
961:– both
945:of the
935:Belgian
849:Erathem
796:-tee-ən
693:Tunisia
673:Iridium
483:←
218:–
208:–
198:–
188:–
178:–
168:–
158:–
148:–
2729:
2066:Albian
2061:Aptian
1924:
1914:
1873:
1809:
1791:
1781:
1720:
1642:
1619:
1611:
1554:
1448:: 5–32
1358:
1235:genera
1207:, and
1179:, and
1009:France
864:Danian
838:System
834:Period
829:, the
827:Series
803:(ICS)
792:mahss-
689:El Kef
624:France
620:Landes
599:Formal
531:Formal
473:
468:
463:
458:
451:Danian
388:Albian
379:Aptian
1871:S2CID
1845:Piksi
1718:S2CID
1617:S2CID
1609:JSTOR
1478:(PDF)
1452:8 May
1367:8 May
1249:Notes
1243:ferns
1225:Flora
1167:Birds
1059:till
951:Dutch
820:Epoch
813:stage
590:Stage
545:Earth
302:Early
1922:PMID
1807:ISBN
1789:PMID
1640:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1521:2019
1454:2022
1423:2018
1395:2018
1369:2022
1356:ISBN
1241:and
1154:and
980:mosa
976:Maas
897:and
877:The
870:and
794:TRIK
739:The
733:1991
313:Late
55:PreꞒ
1912:PMC
1902:doi
1863:doi
1779:PMC
1769:doi
1757:108
1708:doi
1601:doi
1544:doi
1482:doi
1326:doi
874:).
847:or
845:Era
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