884:
2088:
1214:
868:
1875:
1144:
1331:
655:
1901:
753:
1887:
1550:
79:
1430:
2891:
contemporary writer
Gardizi reports, Mahmud had 1,400 boats built; each boat was to carry 20 archers and be equipped with special projectiles that could be filled with naphtha. Mahmud's fleet sailed down the Jhelum and then the Indus, until it met the Jat fleet. Although the Jats had far more boats than Mahmud, their fleet was set ablaze and destroyed.
1753:
2025:, into one of the leading cities of Central Asia, patronizing scholars, establishing colleges, laying out gardens, and building mosques, palaces, and caravansaries. Mahmud brought whole libraries from Ray and Isfahan to Ghazni. He even demanded that the Khwarizmshah court send its men of learning to Ghazni.
1173:. Some historians claim that there are records of pilgrimages to the temple in 1038 that do not mention damage to the temple. However, powerful legends with intricate detail had developed regarding Mahmud's raid in the Turko-Persian literature, which "electrified" the Muslim world according to scholar
983:
pass. However, his advanced was checked by the strong fort of
Loharkot. After having besieged the fort for a month, Mahmud abandoned the siege and retreated, losing many of his troops on his way and almost losing his own life as well. In 1021, Mahmud again attempted to invade Kashmir, but was again
1049:
to lead an army against him, however after
Somnath raid, Mahmud Gazhnavi chose a more dangerous route via Sindh, to avoid facing the invading powerful armies of Bhoja, he passed through a desert, where the scarcity of food and water killed a large number of his soldiers and animals, Kitabh Zainu'l
3705:
Despite his huge conquests, Mahmud could not ,consolidate them with firm hand. He lacked the genius for civil administration, and neither did his reign create any lasting institutions. There were no enduring bonds between the conqueror and the conquered in a state that was built and maintained by
1110:
kings as vassal states and he was pragmatic enough not to neglect making alliances and enlisting local peoples into his armies at all ranks. Since Mahmud never kept a permanent presence in the northwestern subcontinent, he engaged in a policy of destroying Hindu temples and monuments to crush any
1798:
Following his quest for Jihad in India, Mahmud Ghazni not only ruined the
Somnath temple and plundered its treasures but also killed every devotee present in the town. He did the same with women devotees, either killing them or kidnapped them to be later sold in the slave markets of Afghanistan.
3313:""The bilingual coins of Maḥmūd of Ghazna (r. 998-1030) Translating the medieval Indo-Islamic world between Arabic and Sanskrit" (Poster presented at the Workshop "Les Ghaznavides et leurs voisins: nouvelles recherches sur le monde iranien oriental" at CNRS, Ivry sur Seine, February 26th, 2016)"
2890:
In 1026, warriors of the Jats, the indigenous population of Sindh, inflicted heavy losses on Mahmud's army when he retreated from
Somnath to Multan. Mahmud returned a year later to take revenge on the Jats, who had been stubbornly resisting forced Islamisation since the eighth century. As the
2107:
Mahmud appointed all his ministers himself without advising his wazir (chief advisor) or diwan, though occasionally he had to, as his religion dictated that
Muslims should consult each other on all issues. Most of the time he was suspicious of his ministers, particularly of the wazir, and the
1203:
Yet in a curiously contradictory manner, the Turko-Persian narratives were accepted as historically valid and even their internal contradictions were not given much attention, largely because they approximated more closely to the current
European sense of history than did the other
2117:
Mahmud was a patron of literature, especially poetry, and he was occasionally found in the company of talented poets either in his palace or in the royal garden. He was often generous to them, paying unstintingly for their works according to their talent and worth.
2066:
Despite Mahmud's remarkable abilities as a military commander, he failed to consolidate his empire's conquests with subtle authority. Mahmud also lacked the genius for administration and could not build long term enduring institutions in his state during his reign.
833:; he also engaged elsewhere with the Fatimids. At this point, Jayapala attempted to exact revenge for an earlier military defeat at the hands of Mahmud's father, who had controlled Ghazni in the late 980s and had cost Jayapala extensive territory. His son
3998:
1817:
and lived in their own quarter of Ghazna practicing their own religion. Indian soldiers under their commander
Suvendhray remained loyal to Mahmud. They were also used against a Turkic rebel, with the command given to a Hindu named Tilak according to
2078:
in honour of Mahmud of Ghazni. In addition, the
Pakistan Military Academy, where cadets are trained to become officers of the Pakistan Army, also gives tribute to Mahmud of Ghazni by naming one of its twelve companies Ghaznavi Company.
883:
4452:
1630:: he marches to their aid and finds the last Shahi King, Trilochanpaala, encamped as well. No battle, the opponents leave their baggage trains and withdraw from the field. Also fails to take the fort of Lokote again. Takes
2099:
Sultan Mahmud thought of himself as "the Shadow of the God on Earth", an absolute power whose will is law. He paid great attention to details in almost everything, personally overseeing the work of every department of his
712:
dynasty. The reason behind
Sabuktigin's choice to appoint Ismail as heir over the more experienced and older Mahmud is uncertain. It may have been due to Ismail's mother being the daughter of Sabuktigin's old master,
1213:
991:
and defeated a coalition of rulers there while also killing a ruler called Chandrapala. The city of Mathura was "ruthlessly sacked, ravaged, desecrated and destroyed". In particular, Al-utbi mentioned in his work
2087:
905:
Following the defeat of the Indian Confederacy, after deciding to retaliate for their combined resistance, Mahmud then set out on regular expeditions against them, leaving the conquered kingdoms in the hands of
3751:
He also gave patronage to literary men and poets, such as Firdausi, and carried forward the Persian renaissance which had begun with the Samanids. But he built no lasting institutions which could outlive
2036:
for every distich written in the Shahnameh (which would have been 60,000 dinars), but later retracted his promise and presented him with dirhams (20,000 dirhams), at that time the equivalent of only 200
684:. During this period, the Samanid Empire became highly unstable, with shifting internal political tides as various factions vied for control, the chief among them being Abu'l-Qasim Simjuri, Fa'iq, Abu
627:("Mirror of Masud"), a Persian-language hagiography written by Abdur Rahman Chishti in the 1620s, Mahmud's sister, Sitr-e-Mu'alla, was purportedly married to Dawood bin Ataullah Alavi, also known as
867:
2048:
in order to understand the Indians and their beliefs. During Mahmud's rule, universities were founded to study various subjects such as mathematics, religion, the humanities, and medicine.
2032:
to him. There are various stories in medieval texts describing the lack of interest shown by Mahmud to Ferdowsi and his life's work. According to historians, Mahmud had promised Ferdowsi a
1006:. When it was attacked by Mahmud of Ghazni, "all the idols" were burnt and destroyed during a period of twenty days, gold and silver was smelted for booty, and the city was burnt down. The
1602:, Mathura and various other regions along the route. While moving through Kashmir he levies troops from vassal Prince for his onward march; Kannauj and Meerut submit without battle.
2500:
3012:
1195:
But, as is well known, Hindu sources do not give any information regarding the raids of Sultan Mahmud, so that what follows is based solely on the testimony of Muslim authors.
956:. In 1013, during Mahmud's eighth expedition into eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan, the Shahi kingdom (which was then under Trilochanapala, son of Anandapala) was overthrown.
3564:
1414:
are then captured by Mahmud, made prisoner along with Muhammad ibn Suri's son, and taken to Ghazni, where Muhammad ibn Suri dies. Appoints Sewakpal to administer the region.
591:. Mahmud's mother was a local woman of possible Iranian descent from a landowning aristocrat family in the region of Zabulistan, and he is therefore known in some sources as
1545:: Marries his sister to Abul Abbas Mamun of Khwarezm, who dies in the same year in a rebellion. Moves to quell the rebellion and installs a new ruler and annexes a portion.
841:, he assembled a powerful confederacy that suffered defeat as his elephant turned back from the battle at a crucial moment, turning the tide in Mahmud's favor once more at
1079:. Even though the Jats had a bigger fleet than Mahmud, he is said to have had around 20 archers on each of his 1400 boats, stocked with "special projectiles" carrying
3355:
3222:
3154:
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2021:) give descriptions of the magnificence of the capital, as well as of the conqueror's munificent support of literature. He transformed Ghazni, the first centre of
1041:
against Bhima I. That same year Mahmud also attacked the Jats of Jud and defeated them. Mahmud's desecration of the Somnath temple in Gujarat in 1024 CE motivated
1874:
975:
against the Ghaznavids, and Mahmud wanted retribution. Antagonized by Sangramaraja's having helped Trilochanapala, Mahmud invaded Kashmir. He advanced along the
1143:
4063:
4448:
3636:
4525:
2132:
1075:. Later in 1027 CE, he avenged the attack by the Jats, who had been resisting "forced Islamisation" for the past 300 years, by ravaging their fleet in the
3976:
3919:
1191:
Historians including Thapar, Eaton, and A. K. Majumdar have questioned the iconoclastic historiography of this incident. Thapar quoted Majumdar (1956):
1845:, "Mahmud vowed that every year he would wage a Holy War against the infidels of Hindustan". During the seventh year of his reign, Mahmud mintage from
4404:
2440:
3615:
4671:
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4227:
4146:
3732:
3686:
3582:
3424:
3349:
3216:
3148:
3082:
2926:
2782:
2743:
2533:
2192:
4462:
1330:
2492:
1316:
995: The Samanid rebels Fa'iq (leader of a court faction that had defeated Alptigin's nomination for Emir) and Abu Ali expel Mahmud from
3498:
3460:
2258:
1740:
1027: Devastates the fleet of Jats in Indus river to avenge the "heavy losses" suffered by his army in an onslaught by Jats in 1026 CE.
2871:
924:
In 1001 Mahmud of Ghazni first invaded modern day Pakistan and then parts of India. Mahmud defeated, captured, and later released the
508:
evolved into a significant cultural, commercial, and intellectual centre in the Islamic world, almost rivalling the important city of
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3020:
4331:
4194:
4095:
4008:
3954:
3454:
2636:
2602:
2368:
654:
595:("Mahmud from Zabulistan"). Not much about Mahmud's early life is known, other than that he was a school-mate and foster brother of
4289:
1795:
and a raid on India every year. In 1005 Mahmud conducted a series of campaigns during which the Ismailis of Multan were massacred.
1399:. Mahmud massacres the Ismailis of Multan in the course of his conquest. Anandapala is defeated at Peshawar and pursued to Sodra (
1002:, writing a "History of Hindustan" in the 16th-17th century, the city of Mathura was the richest in India, and was consecrated to
984:
not able to advance beyond the Loharkot fort. After the two failed invasion attempts, he did not attempt to invade Kashmir again.
457:). At the time of his death, his kingdom had been transformed into an extensive military empire, which extended from northwestern
4518:
1649:
to submit and pay tribute: Trilochanpala, the grandson of Jayapala, is assassinated by his own troops. Official annexation of
752:
4681:
4376:
3534:
2108:
following words are widely believed to be his: "wazirs are the enemies of kings..." Sultan Mahmud had numerous spies (called
944:, at which time Anandapala's army attacked him. The following year Mahmud of Ghazni attacked and crushed Sukhapala, ruler of
523:
Mahmud ascended the throne at the age of 27 upon his father's death, albeit after a brief war of succession with his brother
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to pieces, and the stone fragments are carted back to Ghazni, where they are incorporated into the steps of the city's new
1668:
was renowned, and consequently it became an attractive target for Mahmud, as it had previously deterred most invaders. The
2071:
1900:
862:
2953:
I. H. Qureshi et al., A Short History of Pakistan (Karachi Division (Pakistan): University of Karachi, 2000), (p.246-247)
2667:
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from the Samanids. A concurrent invasion from the north by the Qarakhanids under Elik Khan (Nasr Khan) ends Samanid rule.
2652:
2618:
854:
341:
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579:
slave commander who laid foundations to the Ghaznavid dynasty in Ghazni in 977, which he ruled as a subordinate of the
1021:
Ganda, who was defeated. That same year Shahi Trilochanapala was killed at Rahib and his son Bhimapala succeeded him.
3830:
Anjum, Tanvir (Summer 2007). "The Emergence of Muslim Rule in India: Some Historical Disconnects and Missing Links".
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Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11Th-13th Centuries
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531:("authority"), signifying the extent of his power while at the same time preserving an ideological link to the
734:
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1802:
Mahmud used his plundered wealth to finance his armies which included mercenaries. The Indian soldiers, whom
4610:
628:
393:
2028:
Mahmud patronized the notable poet Ferdowsi, who after laboring 27 years, went to Ghazni and presented the
1841:
A. V. Williams Jackson, Professor of Indo-Iranian Languages in Columbia University has written in his book
1239:
from Central Asia and the Buyid dynasty. Initially, after being repulsed by Mahmud, the Seljuks retired to
4630:
4580:
2127:
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346:
336:
97:
4311:
1169:. He took away booty of 2 million dinars. The conquest of Somnath was followed by a punitive invasion of
4625:
4620:
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2432:
1251:(1028–1029). Later, they repeatedly raided and traded territory with his successors across Khorasan and
4565:
1819:
1517:
1012: Demands and receives remainder of the province of Khorasan from the Abbasid Caliph. Then demands
1264:
616:
219:
1549:
4661:
4443:
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1260:
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1715:
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during his last invasion. The medical complication from malaria had caused lethal tuberculosis. His
4656:
1979:
1653:
by Ghazni. Also fails to take the Lohara fort on the western border of Kashmir for the second time.
1459:
1003:
717:. Mahmud shortly revolted, and with the help of his other brother, Abu'l-Muzaffar, the governor of
693:
659:
620:
466:
4421:
3997:
Nazim, M.; Bosworth, C. Edmund (1991). "The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107–108".
2493:"An Indian Embassy before Sultan Mahmud of Ghanzna, from the "Majmal al-Tawarikh" of Hafiz-e Abru"
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78:
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948:(who had become ruler by rebelling against the Shahi kingdom). In 1008–1009, Mahmud defeated the
493:
214:
143:
2810:
425:, ruling from 998 to 1030. During his reign and in medieval sources, he is usually known by his
4438:
1833:
on "non-Muslims" during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni nor any mention of "forced conversions":
1135:
all submitted or were raided. It is estimated Mahmud's invasions killed over 2 million people.
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is (Mahmud's) expeditions against India were not motivated by religion but by love of plunder.
1511:
1446:
1429:
1411:
830:
826:
742:
639:
612:
488:, Mahmud continued the bureaucratic, political, and cultural customs of his predecessors, the
277:
206:
3495:
3444:
3339:
3206:
3138:
2772:
2523:
2250:
1279:
On 30 April 1030 Sultan Mahmud died in Ghazni at the age of 58. Sultan Mahmud had contracted
4575:
4550:
4474:
4048:
3944:
3570:
3257:
2853:
2075:
2063:(also known as Muhammad of Ghori) captured the last Ghaznavid stronghold at Lahore in 1187.
2060:
1223:
1064:
1058:
803:
799:
795:
762:
705:
664:
584:
548:
524:
422:
384:
256:
133:
110:
92:
64:
1309:
994: Gains the title of Saif ad-Dawla and becomes Governor of Khorasan under service to Nuh
998:, that Mahmud Ghaznavi destroyed a "great and magnificent temple" in Mathura. According to
4433:
4353:
1777:
1683:: Mahmud sacks the temple and is reported to have personally hammered the temple's gilded
1473:
1186:
953:
838:
725:
and gained control over the Ghaznavid kingdom. That year, in 998, Mahmud then traveled to
536:
356:
351:
194:
3887:
539:. During his rule, he invaded and plundered the richest cities and temple towns, such as
4128:
The Military in British India: The Development of British Forces in South Asia:1600-1947
1909:
The tomb is located in the village of Rawza (Rawdza), 4 kilometers northeast of Ghazni (
802:. From there he decided to focus on Hindustan to the southeast, particularly the highly
4415:
4217:
4105:
2453:
Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of Zarang in Sijistan in 1003 AD
1945:
1826:
1576:
1395:
1005-6: Multan: Fateh Daud, the Ismaili ruler of Multan revolts and enlists the aid of
1357:
1335:
1252:
1236:
1221:
ruler "Ilig Khan" on horse, submitting to Mahmud of Ghazni, who is riding an elephant.
1174:
1160:
1148:
1071:"inflicted heavy losses" on the army of Mahmud while it was on its way from Somnath to
1007:
596:
576:
544:
485:
84:
921:. He also vowed to raid and loot the wealthy region of northwestern India every year.
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4450:
Online Copy:Last Accessed 11 October 2007 Elliot, Sir H. M., Edited by Dowson, John.
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A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century
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3569:. New Approaches to Asian History. Cambridge University Press. 2020. pp. 10–41.
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35:
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940:. In 1005 Mahmud of Ghazni invaded Bhatia (probably Bhera), and in 1006 he invaded
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31:
3140:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526) - Part One
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History of the Chamar Dynasty : (From 6Th Century A.D. To 12Th Century A.D.)
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Lost Enlightenment: Central Asia's Golden Age from the Arab Conquest to Tamerlane
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A painting of the inside of the mausoleum of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, in 1839–40.
1271:, resulting in Mas'ud abandoning most of his western territories to the Seljuks.
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succeeded him and continued the struggle to avenge his father's suicide. In the
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Ramachandran, Sudha (3 September 2005). "Asia's missiles strike at the heart".
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The Ismailis in the Middle Ages: A History of Survival, A Search for Salvation
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Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) Part 1
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Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
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Objects of Translation: Material Culture and Medieval "Hindu-Muslim" Encounter
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The Ghaznavid Empire was ruled by his successors for 157 years. The expanding
1959:
1880:
Exterior of the tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni, painted by James Atkinson circa 1840
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The last four years of Mahmud's life were spent contending with the influx of
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Following Mahmud's recognition by the Abbasid caliphate in 999, he pledged a
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2114:) across his empire, supervised by the special department within his diwan.
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The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period
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in 1008 and bringing Mahmud control of the Shahi dominions of Udbandpura.
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1010: Multan revolts. Abul Fatah Dawood is imprisoned for life at Ghazni.
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936:(modern Pakistan). Jayapala killed himself and was succeeded by his son
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1664:: This raid is his last major campaign. The concentration of wealth at
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1570:"There is no God except Allah, and Muhammad is the meassenger of Allah"
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in the capture of Khorasan from the rebel Fa'iq in aid of the Samanid
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3013:"Review of Romila Thapar's "Somanatha, The Many Voices of a History""
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1810:, were one of the components of the army with their commander called
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Mullahs on the mainframe: Islam and modernity among the Daudi Bohras
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Under the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni, the region broke away from the
551:
seventeen times, and used the booty to build his capital in Ghazni.
2040:
dinars. His expedition across the Gangetic plains in 1017 inspired
4020:
History of the Islamic Peoples: With a Review of Events, 1939-1947
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1987:
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la ilaha illa'llah muhammad rasulullah sal allahu alayhi wa sallam
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3496:"Chapter 2 – The Idol-Breaker – Mahmud of Ghazni – 997–1030 A.D."
1557:
of Mahmud of Ghazni with bilingual Arabic and Sanskrit minted in
619:, who succeeded him one after the other; his grandson by Mas'ud,
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Growth of Muslim Population in Medieval India: A. D. 1000 - 1800
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Sufism in Kashmir from the Fourteenth to the Sixteenth Century
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Yamin al-Dawla Amin al-Milla Abu'l-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sebüktegin
184:
Ghazni, Zabulistan, Ghaznavid Empire (present-day Afghanistan)
4018:
Grockelmann, Carl; Perlmann, Moshe; Carmichael, Joel (1947).
2859:
The History of Central Asia: The Age of Islam and the Mongols
3563:"Islam across the Oxus (Seventh to Seventeenth Centuries)".
1766:
Muhammad Rasul/Allah Yamin al-Daw/la wa-Amin al-Milla/Mahmud
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1990:
in modern-day Pakistan came under his semi-permanent rule;
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in a bid to curry political favor and recognition with the
1458:
I of the Kara-Khanid Khanate and recaptures Nishapur from
512:. The capital appealed to many prominent figures, such as
2218:
2216:
2006:
remained under the control of the local Hindu dynasties.
1025:(modern Pakistan) was annexed by Mahmud. Mahmud besieged
4135:
Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977).
3724:
Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals (1206–1526)
2837:
2771:
Firishtah, Muḥammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh Astarābādī (2003).
2433:"Medieval Catapult Illustrated in the Jami' al-Tawarikh"
1534:
1015: Mahmud's army sacks Lahore, but his expedition to
1037:
fled. The next year, he captured Somnath and marched to
871:
Mahmud of Ghazni receiving Indian elephants as tribute (
778:
November 1001, his army fought and defeated the army of
3797:
3795:
3793:
3727:. Vol. 1. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 20–21.
2703:
Sethi, R. R.; Saran, Parmatma; Bhandari, D. R. (1951).
1029:, in 1023, where he was given tribute. Mahmud attacked
756:
Sultan Mahmud and his forces attacking the fortress of
688:
Ali, the General Bekhtuzin as well as the neighbouring
3176:
3174:
3172:
2316:
2314:
2312:
1392:) is annexed after it fails to pay its yearly tribute.
1382:; Jayapala subsequently abdicates and commits suicide.
623:, also later became ruler of the empire. According to
4463:
of Abu Nasr Muhammad ibn Muhammad al Jabbaru-l 'Utbi.
4239:
Afghanistan's Political Stability: A Dream Unrealised
2233:
2231:
2109:
1743:
1028, 1029: Merv, Nishapur are lost to Seljuq dynasty
704:
Sabuktigin died in 997, and was succeeded by his son
398:
4086:
The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia
3943:
Bosworth, C. Edmund (2012). "Maḥmud b. Sebüktegin".
1346:. It was founded by Mahmud of Ghazni in 998-1030 CE.
1199:
Thapar also argued against the prevalent narrative:
1061:
and Firishta's writings also mention this incident.
813:
Mahmud's first campaign to the south was against an
770:
Mahmud initiated the first of numerous invasions of
403:; 2 November 971 – 30 April 1030), usually known as
4053:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States, Part I"
1978:. Although his raids carried his forces across the
1784:as a matter of form, he was also granted the title
1102:were all conquered and left in the hands of Hindu,
330:
319:
293:
283:
271:
255:
241:
205:
188:
174:
153:
149:
139:
129:
116:
105:
45:
4257:Handbook of Oriental studies: Near and Middle East
4083:
3871:
2363:. London: Asian Educational Services. p. 68.
1944:in 1842, wrongly claiming that it belonged to the
1718:who harry his army on its return from the sack of
264:یمین الدوله امینالملة ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین
2709:. Ranjit Printers & Publishers. p. 269.
2586:
2584:
1695:) in 1026. He places a new king on the throne in
1320:. Mahmud and Sabuktigin defeat Samanid rebels at
2825:
2630:
2628:
2479:
2091:Portrait of Maḥmūd of Ghazni from the genealogy
2055:empire absorbed most of the Ghaznavid west. The
2013:was enormous, and contemporary historians (e.g.
1676:are sacked, and most of its defenders massacred.
1151:in the 19th century. Photograph by Henry Cousens
741:, and then set out west from Ghazni to take the
4119:A Short History of Muslim rule in Indo-Pakistan
3416:Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India
2812:The Jain Stupa And Other Antiquities of Mathura
2641:. 74: Light & Life Publishers. p. 138.
2360:The Garden of India Or Chapters on Oudh History
1835:
1776:sphere of influence. While he acknowledged the
1638:. First Muslim governors appointed east of the
1201:
1193:
1057:) by 'Abd al-Hayy Gardizi, Tabaqat-i-Akbari by
893:brought to Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. Folio from
749:), which he transformed to a militarised city.
721:, he defeated Ismail the following year at the
646:, about whom poems and stories have been told.
27:Sultan of the Ghaznavid Empire from 998 to 1030
4186:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
4156:Khan, Iqtidar Alam (2007). "Ganda Chandella".
1699:as a tributary. His return detours across the
1581:avyaktam eka muhammada avatāra nrpati mahamuda
979:valley, planning to enter Kashmir through the
849:Ghaznavid campaigns in the Indian subcontinent
4519:
4219:The Life and Times of Sultan Mahmud of Ghazna
3246:"Ramayana and Political Imagination in India"
2777:. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. p. 60.
2395:
2332:
1760:. Obverse legend with the name of the caliph
1454:1005: Defends Balkh and Khorasan against Nasr
1422:, fort in the hills on the western border of
1378:: Sultan Mahmud defeats Raja Jayapala in the
412:
261:
8:
3763:
433:
3681:. Pearson Education India. pp. 49–50.
3077:. Princeton University Press. p. 372.
2962:
2133:Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent
1940:). The gate of the tomb was removed by the
1243:, but Togrül and Çagrı led them to capture
963:. The next year he unsuccessfully attacked
527:. He was the first ruler to hold the title
439:
193:Mosque and Tomb of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi,
4526:
4512:
4504:
3211:. Princeton University Press. p. 41.
3143:. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 19–20.
2677:(Thesis). Australian National University.
2528:. Princeton University Press. p. 80.
263:
42:
2848:
2846:
2344:
2279:
1583:"There is one Invisible; Muhammad is the
1263:, they decisively defeated Mahmud's son,
1111:move by the Hindus to attack the Empire;
1083:, which he used to burn the Jats' fleet.
492:. He established the ground for a future
4430:Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
4424:Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
4418:Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition)
4365:Yagnik, Achyut; Sheth, Suchitra (2005),
3662:
3561:For a relatively recent photograph see:
2560:
2464:
2419:
2407:
2320:
2303:
2222:
1616:to kingship, awarding him the throne of
1433:Mahmud of Ghazni raided India as far as
1428:
1329:
1313:II of the Samanid Empire in civil strife
653:
4158:Historical Dictionary of Medieval India
3446:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
3341:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
3192:
3121:
2735:The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum
2575:
2184:The Splendour of Mathurā Art and Museum
2143:
2070:The military of Pakistan has named its
1829:states that there was no imposition of
4444:Rewriting history and Mahmud of Ghazni
4323:Somanatha:The Many Voices of a History
3975:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3968:
3918:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3911:
3894:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3
3618:from the original on 20 September 2022
3400:
3388:
3109:
3058:
3046:
2998:
2986:
2974:
2644:
2610:
2383:
1634:on his return. Trilochanpala flees to
1465:1005: Sewakpal rebels and is defeated.
1385:1002: Seistan: Is imprisoned in Khuluf
504:, a city he conquered. His capital of
238:
4412:Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth Edition)
4069:from the original on 29 December 2020
4041:Ismailis in Medieval Muslim societies
3813:
3801:
3784:
3481:
3376:
3180:
3097:
2935:from the original on 22 November 2023
2666:Rafiqi, Abdul Qaiyum (October 1972).
2443:from the original on 22 December 2021
2291:
2261:from the original on 16 November 2021
1764:(in the fifth line). Reverse legend:
1645:1023: Lahore. He forces Kalinjar and
1484:, and captures the Shahi treasury at
83:Mahmud of Ghazni (center) receives a
7:
4360:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4203:from the original on 8 February 2023
3741:from the original on 20 January 2023
3695:from the original on 25 January 2024
2902:
2237:
1788:in recognition of his independence.
1524:1013: Bulnat: Defeats Trilochanpala.
959:In 1014 Mahmud led an expedition to
4000:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. VI
3344:. Penguin Books India. p. 43.
3292:from the original on 20 August 2016
3205:Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018).
3071:Starr, S. Frederick (2 June 2015).
2522:Flood, Finbarr B. (20 March 2018).
658:Fight between Mahmud of Ghazni and
434:
413:
388:
4439:History of Iran: Ghaznevid Dynasty
4174:Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra (2003) .
3886:(1983). "Abu'l-Ḥasan Esfarāʾīnī".
3463:from the original on 26 March 2023
2684:from the original on 26 March 2023
599:, a Persian native of Zabulistan.
400:Abu al-Qāṣim Maḥmūd ibn Sabuktigīn
381:Abu al-Qasim Mahmud ibn Sabuktigin
25:
4295:Kavalam Madhava Panikkar (1947).
3930:(1991). "Mahmud bin Sebuktigin".
3501:from the original on 15 June 2020
1856:" (Mahmud the breaker of idols).
1181:Historiography concerning Somnath
571:) on 2 November 971. His father,
4385:from the original on 11 May 2024
4340:from the original on 11 May 2024
4034:. Har-Anand Publication Pvt Ltd.
3957:from the original on 17 May 2023
3900:from the original on 17 May 2023
3775:Ibn Qutaiba, Uyunu'l-Akhbar, p.3
3543:from the original on 11 May 2024
3358:from the original on 11 May 2024
3319:from the original on 26 May 2022
3225:from the original on 11 May 2024
3157:from the original on 11 May 2024
3011:Meenakshi Jain (21 March 2004).
2880:from the original on 11 May 2024
2791:from the original on 11 May 2024
2774:The history of Hindustan. Vol. 1
2752:from the original on 11 May 2024
2713:from the original on 11 May 2024
2597:. 31: Aakar Books. p. 352.
2542:from the original on 11 May 2024
2503:from the original on 20 May 2022
2201:from the original on 11 May 2024
2162:from the original on 11 May 2024
1970:in the north-east, and from the
1899:
1885:
1873:
1538:fails, due to inclement weather.
672:In 994 Mahmud joined his father
77:
3856:. University of Nebraska Press.
2738:. D.K. Printworld. p. 38.
2732:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994).
2187:. D.K. Printworld. p. 39.
2181:Sharma, Ramesh Chandra (1994).
1707:and other allies on his return.
932:, who had moved his capital to
607:Mahmud married the daughter of
559:Mahmud was born in the town of
4222:. Cambridge University Press.
4189:. Routledge. pp. 1–1088.
4141:. Cambridge University Press.
4138:The Cambridge History of Islam
4130:. Manchester University Press.
4117:Hanifi, Manzoor Ahmad (1964).
3865:. University of Chicago Press.
3854:The State at War in South Asia
3650:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
3608:"The Lost Splendour of Ghazni"
2594:Kashmīr Under the Sultāns pp31
2480:Holt, Lambton & Lewis 1977
1010:fell into decline thereafter.
367:Ghaznavid invasions of Kannauj
166:, Samanid Empire (present-day
1:
4672:11th-century monarchs in Asia
4667:10th-century monarchs in Asia
4276:The Paramars 800 to 1305 A.D.
4237:Qassem, Ahmad Shayeq (2009).
3878:. Edinburgh University Press.
3675:Salma Ahmed Farooqui (2011).
3606:Williams, Teri (3 May 2021).
2921:. Research. p. 211-217.
2838:Kavalam Madhava Panikkar 1947
2072:short-range ballistic missile
2059:captured Ghazni in 1150, and
1958:By the end of his reign, the
1605:1018-1020: Sacks the town of
1051:
1013:In 1021 Mahmud supported the
863:Ghaznavid invasion of Kannauj
731:Abu'l-Harith Mansur b. Nur II
323:
4090:. Rutgers University Press.
3250:The Journal of Asian Studies
1948:, and is now located in the
1758:Islamic declaration of faith
855:Ghaznavid campaigns in India
342:Ghaznavid campaigns in India
3413:Mehta, Jaswant Lal (1979).
2915:Lal, Kishori Saran (1973).
2706:The March of Indian History
2110:
817:state first established at
500:, particularly centered on
399:
4698:
4298:A Survey Of Indian History
4268:. Oxford University Press.
4264:Saunders, Kenneth (1947).
4003:. Brill. pp. 1–1044.
3852:Barua, Pradeep P. (2005).
3612:Edinburgh University Press
3045:(Bombay, 1956), quoted in
2009:The booty brought back to
1710:1025: Marches against the
1468:1008: Mahmud defeated the
1184:
852:
611:, and they had twin sons,
389:ابوالقاسم محمود بن سبکتگین
224:Izz al-Dawla Abd al-Rashid
29:
4541:
4368:Shaping of Modern Gujarat
4273:Pratipal Bhatiya (1970).
4043:. I B Taurus and company.
3984:Bosworth, C. E. (2012b).
3575:10.1017/9781316226803.004
3566:Islam and Asia: A History
3244:Pollock, Sheldon (1993).
2396:Nazim & Bosworth 1991
2333:Nazim & Bosworth 1991
2251:"Maḥmūd | king of Ghazni"
2152:"Maḥmūd | king of Ghazna"
1756:Coins of Mahmud with the
1342:, ancient Bost, southern
1259:in 1037. In 1040, at the
859:Battle of Peshawar (1001)
790:. In 1002 Mahmud invaded
638:Mahmud's companion was a
633:Ghazi Saiyyad Salar Masud
374:
362:Battle of Peshawar (1001)
314:
310:
262:
246:
237:
76:
50:
4255:Ritter, Hellmut (2003).
4216:Nazim, Muhammad (1931).
4126:Heathcote, T.A. (1995).
4110:Sultan Mahmud of Ghaznin
4039:Daftary, Farhad (2005).
3843:Barnett, Lionel (1999).
3494:A. V. Williams Jackson.
2651:: CS1 maint: location (
2617:: CS1 maint: location (
1982:, only a portion of the
1867:Tomb of Mahmud of Ghazni
1748:View on religion and war
1737:from the Buyids Dynasty.
1521:as well but is rebuffed.
1486:Kangra, Himachal Pradesh
1326:997: Kara-Khanid Khanate
987:In 1018 Mahmud attacked
971:had been an ally of the
729:and paid homage to Amir
30:Not to be confused with
4326:. Penguin Books India.
4183:Meri, Josef W. (2005).
4082:Grousset, René (1970).
3874:The Ghaznavids 994–1040
3870:Bosworth, C.E. (1963).
3637:Agra Fort Museum notice
3419:. Sterling Publishers.
3338:Thapar, Romila (2008).
2963:Yagnik & Sheth 2005
2591:Mohibbul Hasan (2005).
2255:Encyclopedia Britannica
1928:33.581870°N 68.453852°E
1703:to avoid the armies of
1086:The Indian kingdoms of
1067:notes that in 1026 CE,
1033:in 1025, and its ruler
967:. The ruler of Kashmir
629:Gazi Saiyyed Salar Sahu
215:Jalal al-Dawla Muhammad
61:Mahmud the Idol Breaker
4428:Ghaznavids and Ghurids
4259:. Vol. 69. Brill.
4178:. Motilal Banarsidass.
4169:. Kalpaz Publications.
3529:. BRILL. p. 321.
2635:F.M. Hassnain (1977).
2128:History of Afghanistan
2096:
1839:
1769:
1590:
1589:; the king is Mahmud".
1510:and deposes its ruler
1450:
1356:999: Khorasan, Balkh,
1347:
1334:Ghaznavid fortress of
1228:
1206:
1197:
1155:In 1025 Mahmud raided
1152:
902:
880:
767:
669:
347:Siege of Lohkot (1015)
337:Battle of Ghazni (998)
98:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
4682:11th century in India
4241:. Ashgate Publishing.
4022:. G.P. Putnam's sons.
3990:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3951:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3932:Encyclopedia of Islam
3861:Blank, Jonah (2001).
3449:. Verso. p. 40.
2826:Pratipal Bhatiya 1970
2497:worcester.emuseum.com
2357:Irwin, H. C. (1880).
2090:
1755:
1598:, and Muhavun on the
1552:
1432:
1371:from Saffarid dynasty
1333:
1216:
1146:
1139:Events and challenges
886:
870:
755:
735:Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini
657:
320:Years of service
220:Shihab al-Dawla Masud
4279:Munshiram Manoharlal
4112:. S. Chand & Co.
4051:(22 December 2000).
3896:. pp. 303–304.
3845:Antiquities of India
3043:Chalukyas of Gujarat
2866:. pp. 207–208.
1933:33.581870; 68.453852
1491:1010: Ghor; against
1261:Battle of Dandanaqan
1209:Political challenges
733:. He then appointed
708:as the ruler of the
555:Birth and background
91:. 1314 miniature in
4461:, or Kitabu-l Yami
4354:Virani, Shafique N.
4165:Kumar, Raj (2008).
3884:Bosworth, C. Edmund
3311:Cappelletti, Sara.
3023:on 18 December 2014
2815:. 1901. p. 53.
2422:, pp. 303–304.
1980:Indian subcontinent
1924: /
694:Kara-Khanid Khanate
467:Indian subcontinent
4266:A Pageant of India
4160:. Scarecrow Press.
3652:. 20 October 2006.
2638:Hindu Kashmīr pp74
2386:, p. 309-310.
2104:(administration).
2097:
2023:Persian literature
1942:East India Company
1770:
1591:
1451:
1380:Battle of Peshawar
1348:
1229:
1153:
903:
881:
788:Battle of Peshawar
768:
745:followed by Bost (
670:
144:Muhammad of Ghazni
4677:Ghaznavid sultans
4644:
4643:
4535:Ghaznavid sultans
4502:
4501:
4496:Mohammad Ghaznavi
4422:Ghaznavid Dynasty
4248:Asia Times Online
4229:978-1-107-45659-4
4148:978-0-521-29138-5
4049:Eaton, Richard M.
3971:cite encyclopedia
3914:cite encyclopedia
3764:Ramachandran 2005
3734:978-81-241-1064-5
3688:978-81-317-3202-1
3648:"Arts, Islamic".
3584:978-1-107-10612-3
3426:978-81-207-0617-0
3351:978-0-14-306468-8
3218:978-0-691-18074-8
3150:978-81-241-1064-5
3084:978-0-691-16585-1
2977:, pp. 36–37.
2965:, pp. 39–40.
2928:978-0-88386-298-8
2854:Baumer, Christoph
2784:978-81-208-1994-8
2745:978-81-246-0015-3
2535:978-0-691-18074-8
2194:978-81-246-0015-3
2093:Zübdet-üt Tevarih
2015:Abolfazl Beyhaghi
1825:Indian historian
1512:Abu Nasr Muhammad
1500:1012-1013: Sacks
1447:Gurjara-Pratihara
1412:Muhammad ibn Suri
1299:Campaign timeline
1163:and breaking its
1159:, plundering the
895:Majmu al-Tavarikh
873:Majmu al-Tawarikh
831:Abbasid Caliphate
827:Fatimid Caliphate
609:Abu'l Haret Ahmad
563:in the region of
397:
378:
377:
278:Ghaznavid dynasty
251:
250:
16:(Redirected from
4689:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4505:
4475:Ismail of Ghazni
4468:
4410:Mahmud of Ghazna
4393:
4392:
4390:
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4310:
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4233:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4179:
4170:
4161:
4152:
4131:
4122:
4121:. Ideal Library.
4113:
4101:
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4074:
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3119:
3113:
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3101:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3041:A. K. Majumdar,
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3019:. Archived from
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2951:
2945:
2944:
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2912:
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2823:
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2816:
2807:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2768:
2762:
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2759:
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2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2672:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2650:
2642:
2632:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2588:
2579:
2578:, p. 74-78.
2573:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2489:
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2271:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2148:
2113:
2076:Ghaznavi Missile
2039:
1960:Ghaznavid Empire
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1903:
1889:
1877:
1843:History of India
1762:al-Qadir bi-llah
1462:of the Samanids.
1460:Isma'il Muntasir
1457:
1312:
1268:
1255:and even sacked
1224:Jami al-Tawarikh
1065:Christoph Baumer
1059:Nizamuddin Ahmad
1056:
1053:
1004:Vāsudeva-Krishna
887:Captured Indian
800:Saffarid dynasty
796:Khalaf ibn Ahmad
777:
763:Jami al-Tawarikh
723:battle of Ghazni
687:
665:Jami al-Tawarikh
660:Abu 'Ali Simjuri
631:, whose son was
621:Maw'dud Ghaznavi
567:(in present-day
456:
453:
447:
444:
441:
437:
436:
423:Ghaznavid Empire
416:
415:
405:Mahmud of Ghazni
402:
392:
390:
325:
306:
267:
266:
265:
239:
181:
134:Ismail of Ghazni
124:
111:Ghaznavid Empire
93:Jami al-Tawarikh
81:
46:Mahmud of Ghazni
43:
21:
4697:
4696:
4692:
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4688:
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4106:Habib, Mohammad
4104:
4098:
4081:
4072:
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4055:
4047:
4038:
4028:Chandra, Satish
4026:
4017:
4011:
3996:
3983:
3967:
3960:
3958:
3942:
3926:
3910:
3903:
3901:
3882:
3869:
3860:
3851:
3842:
3832:Islamic Studies
3829:
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3309:
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3262:10.2307/2059648
3243:
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3219:
3204:
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3199:
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3135:Chandra, Satish
3133:
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3092:
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2897:
2883:
2881:
2874:
2856:(30 May 2016).
2852:
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2264:
2262:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2236:
2229:
2221:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2195:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2165:
2163:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2124:
2085:
2044:to compose his
2037:
1966:in the west to
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1849:styled him as "
1806:presumed to be
1750:
1594:1017: Kannauj,
1571:
1562:
1474:Battle of Chach
1455:
1353:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1277:
1266:
1211:
1189:
1187:Sack of Somnath
1183:
1141:
1054:
995:Tarikh-e-yamini
954:Battle of Chach
879:, Herat, 1425).
865:
851:
839:Battle of Chach
775:
743:Kandahar region
702:
685:
652:
605:
593:Mahmud-i Zavuli
557:
537:Abbasid Caliphs
454:
448:
445:
442:
409:Mahmud Ghaznavi
357:Battle of Chach
352:Sack of Somnath
315:Military career
300:
233:
201:
195:Ghazni Province
183:
179:
158:
125:
122:
101:
70:
67:: محمود بتشکن)
62:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4695:
4693:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4548:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4499:
4490:
4478:
4466:
4465:
4456:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4425:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4400:
4399:External links
4397:
4395:
4394:
4377:
4371:, Penguin UK,
4362:
4350:
4332:
4318:Thapar, Romila
4314:
4292:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4243:
4234:
4228:
4213:
4195:
4180:
4171:
4162:
4153:
4147:
4132:
4123:
4114:
4102:
4096:
4079:
4045:
4036:
4024:
4015:
4009:
3994:
3986:"Āl-e Farīġūn"
3981:
3940:
3928:Bosworth, C.E.
3924:
3880:
3867:
3858:
3849:
3840:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3816:, p. 144.
3806:
3804:, p. 128.
3789:
3787:, p. 127.
3777:
3768:
3756:
3733:
3719:Satish Chandra
3710:
3687:
3667:
3665:, p. 132.
3655:
3640:
3629:
3598:
3583:
3554:
3535:
3512:
3486:
3474:
3455:
3432:
3425:
3405:
3403:, p. 100.
3393:
3381:
3379:, p. 127.
3369:
3350:
3330:
3303:
3236:
3217:
3197:
3185:
3168:
3149:
3126:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3083:
3063:
3051:
3034:
3003:
2991:
2979:
2967:
2955:
2946:
2927:
2907:
2895:
2873:978-1838609399
2872:
2842:
2840:, p. 144.
2830:
2828:, p. 353.
2818:
2802:
2783:
2763:
2744:
2724:
2695:
2658:
2624:
2603:
2580:
2565:
2563:, p. 162.
2553:
2534:
2514:
2484:
2482:, p. 3-4.
2469:
2457:
2424:
2412:
2400:
2388:
2376:
2369:
2349:
2345:Bosworth 2012b
2337:
2335:, p. 915.
2325:
2308:
2296:
2294:, p. 234.
2284:
2280:Heathcote 1995
2272:
2242:
2240:, p. 294.
2227:
2225:, p. 146.
2212:
2193:
2173:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2120:
2084:
2081:
2046:Tarikh Al-Hind
1962:extended from
1946:Somnath Temple
1908:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1827:Mohammad Habib
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1723:
1716:Jood mountains
1708:
1677:
1654:
1643:
1620:
1610:
1603:
1577:Sharada script
1547:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1515:
1506:1012: Invades
1504:
1498:
1495:
1489:
1466:
1463:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1388:1004: Bhatia (
1386:
1383:
1372:
1365:
1352:
1349:
1336:Lashkari Bazar
1328:
1327:
1324:
1314:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1287:is located in
1276:
1273:
1210:
1207:
1185:Main article:
1182:
1179:
1175:Meenakshi Jain
1161:Somnath temple
1149:Somnath temple
1140:
1137:
1055: 1048 CE
1008:Art of Mathura
901:, Herat, 1425.
850:
847:
794:and dethroned
701:
698:
651:
648:
625:Mirat-i-Masudi
604:
601:
597:Ahmad Maymandi
556:
553:
461:proper to the
430:Yamin al-Dawla
376:
375:
372:
371:
370:
369:
364:
359:
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349:
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192:
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186:
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182:(aged 58)
176:
172:
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157:2 November 971
155:
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147:
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141:
137:
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131:
127:
126:
120:
118:
114:
113:
103:
102:
85:robe of honour
82:
74:
73:
69:
68:
59:
58:Yamīn-ud-Dawla
53:
48:
47:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4694:
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4673:
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4668:
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4654:
4652:
4637:
4636:Khusrau Malik
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4591:Abd al-Rashid
4589:
4587:
4584:
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4464:
4460:
4459:Tarikh Yamini
4457:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:Mahmud Ghazni
4432:
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4408:
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4402:
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4384:
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4359:
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4351:
4339:
4335:
4333:9781844670208
4329:
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4225:
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4220:
4214:
4202:
4198:
4196:9781135455965
4192:
4188:
4187:
4181:
4177:
4176:Ancient India
4172:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4133:
4129:
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4120:
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4099:
4097:9780813513041
4093:
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4065:
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4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4016:
4012:
4010:90-04-08112-7
4006:
4002:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3972:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3946:Archived copy
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3889:Archived copy
3885:
3881:
3876:
3875:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3828:
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3807:
3803:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3781:
3778:
3772:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3757:
3753:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3711:
3707:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3671:
3668:
3664:
3663:Bosworth 1963
3659:
3656:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3633:
3630:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3599:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3558:
3555:
3542:
3538:
3532:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3513:
3500:
3497:
3490:
3487:
3484:, p. 77.
3483:
3478:
3475:
3462:
3458:
3456:9781844670208
3452:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3441:Romila Thapar
3436:
3433:
3428:
3422:
3418:
3417:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3394:
3391:, p. 19.
3390:
3385:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3370:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3342:
3334:
3331:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3304:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3237:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3198:
3195:, p. 18.
3194:
3189:
3186:
3183:, p. 27.
3182:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3156:
3152:
3146:
3142:
3141:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3124:, p. 68.
3123:
3118:
3115:
3112:, p. 21.
3111:
3106:
3103:
3100:, p. 37.
3099:
3094:
3091:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3064:
3061:, p. 14.
3060:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2992:
2989:, p. 75.
2988:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2934:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2911:
2908:
2905:, p. 66.
2904:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2803:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2764:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2728:
2725:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2699:
2696:
2680:
2676:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2640:
2639:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2606:
2604:9788187879497
2600:
2596:
2595:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2561:Saunders 1947
2557:
2554:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2518:
2515:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2467:, p. 89.
2466:
2465:Bosworth 1963
2461:
2458:
2454:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:Bosworth 1983
2416:
2413:
2410:, p. 45.
2409:
2408:Bosworth 1963
2404:
2401:
2398:, p. 65.
2397:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2377:
2372:
2370:9788120615427
2366:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2326:
2322:
2321:Bosworth 2012
2317:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2306:, p. 65.
2305:
2304:Bosworth 1991
2300:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2273:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:Grousset 1970
2219:
2217:
2213:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2177:
2174:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2062:
2061:Mu'izz al-Din
2058:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1902:
1888:
1876:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1821:
1816:
1814:
1809:
1805:
1804:Romila Thapar
1800:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1612:1021: Raises
1611:
1608:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1578:
1575:in Sanskrit (
1574:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1147:Ruins of the
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1060:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1017:king against
1016:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
990:
985:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
957:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
920:
919:Punjab region
916:
912:
909:
900:
896:
892:
891:
885:
878:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
848:
846:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
808:Punjab region
806:lands of the
805:
801:
798:, ending the
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
780:Raja Jayapala
773:
765:
764:
759:
754:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
711:
707:
699:
697:
695:
691:
683:
679:
675:
667:
666:
661:
656:
649:
647:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
552:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
452:
431:
428:
424:
420:
410:
406:
401:
395:
386:
382:
373:
368:
365:
363:
360:
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355:
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350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
334:
333:
329:
322:
318:
313:
309:
304:
299:
296:
292:
289:
286:
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279:
276:
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270:
260:
258:
254:
245:
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236:
229:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
212:
210:
208:
204:
200:
196:
191:
187:
178:30 April 1030
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
123:30 April 1030
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
86:
80:
75:
72:
66:
60:
57:
56:
55:
52:
49:
44:
41:
37:
36:Mahmud Ghazan
33:
19:
18:Mahmud Ghazni
4631:Khusrau Shah
4555:
4494:
4492:Followed by:
4480:
4473:
4471:Preceded by:
4451:
4405:UCLA website
4387:, retrieved
4367:
4357:
4342:. Retrieved
4322:
4303:. Retrieved
4297:
4281:. Retrieved
4275:
4265:
4256:
4247:
4238:
4218:
4205:. Retrieved
4185:
4175:
4166:
4157:
4137:
4127:
4118:
4109:
4085:
4071:. Retrieved
4059:
4040:
4031:
4019:
3999:
3989:
3959:. Retrieved
3950:
3945:
3938:. E.J.Brill.
3935:
3931:
3902:. Retrieved
3893:
3888:
3873:
3862:
3853:
3844:
3835:
3831:
3809:
3780:
3771:
3759:
3750:
3743:. Retrieved
3723:
3713:
3706:force alone.
3704:
3697:. Retrieved
3677:
3670:
3658:
3649:
3643:
3632:
3622:19 September
3620:. Retrieved
3611:
3601:
3565:
3557:
3547:30 September
3545:. Retrieved
3525:
3515:
3503:. Retrieved
3489:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3445:
3435:
3415:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3360:. Retrieved
3340:
3333:
3321:. Retrieved
3306:
3294:. Retrieved
3253:
3249:
3239:
3227:. Retrieved
3207:
3200:
3193:Chandra 2006
3188:
3159:. Retrieved
3139:
3129:
3122:Daftary 2005
3117:
3105:
3093:
3073:
3066:
3054:
3049:, p. 16
3042:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3021:the original
3016:
3006:
3001:, Chapter 3.
2994:
2982:
2970:
2958:
2949:
2937:. Retrieved
2917:
2910:
2898:
2889:
2882:. Retrieved
2858:
2833:
2821:
2811:
2805:
2793:. Retrieved
2773:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2734:
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2705:
2698:
2686:. Retrieved
2674:
2661:
2637:
2593:
2576:Barnett 1999
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2524:
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2496:
2487:
2460:
2452:
2445:. Retrieved
2436:
2427:
2415:
2403:
2391:
2379:
2359:
2352:
2340:
2328:
2299:
2287:
2282:, p. 6.
2275:
2263:. Retrieved
2254:
2245:
2203:. Retrieved
2183:
2176:
2164:. Retrieved
2155:
2146:
2116:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2069:
2065:
2050:
2045:
2027:
2008:
1957:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1824:
1811:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1771:
1765:
1688:
1660:, Nehrwala,
1584:
1580:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1470:Hindu Shahis
1406:
1278:
1237:Seljuk Turks
1230:
1222:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1164:
1154:
1085:
1063:
1012:
993:
986:
973:Hindu Shahis
969:Sangramaraja
958:
950:Hindu Shahis
923:
904:
899:Hafiz-i Abru
894:
888:
877:Hafiz-i Abru
872:
821:in 965 by a
812:
784:Kabul Shahis
769:
761:
760:in 1003 CE.
703:
671:
663:
650:Early career
637:
624:
606:
592:
583:, who ruled
558:
547:in medieval
528:
522:
483:
451:of the State
435:یمین الدوله
429:
408:
404:
380:
379:
331:Battles/wars
180:(1030-04-30)
121:March 998 –
95:
87:from Caliph
71:
54:
51:
40:
32:Mahmud Hotak
4662:1030 deaths
4626:Bahram-Shah
4621:Arslan-Shah
4601:Farrukh-Zad
3847:. Atlantic.
3401:Virani 2007
3389:Qassem 2009
3362:15 December
3323:15 December
3296:15 December
3229:15 December
3110:Hanifi 1964
3059:Thapar 2005
3047:Thapar 2005
3027:15 December
3017:The Pioneer
2999:Thapar 2005
2987:Thapar 2005
2975:Thapar 2005
2668:"Chapter 1"
2447:22 December
2384:Ritter 2003
2083:Personality
1972:Caspian Sea
1931: /
1815:-i-Hinduwan
1701:Thar Desert
1689:Jama Masjid
1640:Indus River
1566:in Arabic:
1561:in 1028 CE.
1531:is attacked
1508:Gharchistan
1344:Afghanistan
1293:Afghanistan
1219:Kara-Khanid
1166:jyotirlinga
1131:(1023) and
1077:Indus river
926:Hindu Shahi
772:North India
747:Lashkar Gah
589:Transoxiana
569:Afghanistan
486:Persianized
475:Transoxiana
449:Right Hand
414:محمود غزنوی
298:Sunni Islam
199:Afghanistan
168:Afghanistan
130:Predecessor
4657:971 births
4651:Categories
4611:Mas'ud III
4546:Sabuktigin
4378:8184751850
4301:. Meridian
3961:9 February
3904:9 February
3814:Nazim 1931
3802:Nazim 1931
3785:Nazim 1931
3536:9004102361
3521:Andre Wink
3482:Habib 1965
3377:Kumar 2008
3256:(2): 285.
3181:Barua 2005
3098:Blank 2001
2939:2 December
2864:Bloomsbury
2437:IEEE Reach
2292:Anjum 2007
2166:1 February
2139:References
1919:68°27′14″E
1916:33°34′55″N
1853:but-shikan
1813:sipahsalar
1529:Kafiristan
1449:territory.
1416:Anandapala
1397:Anandapala
1340:Lashkargah
981:Tosamaidan
977:Tohi river
938:Anandapala
853:See also:
835:Anandapala
766:, 1314 CE.
674:Sabuktigin
644:Malik Ayaz
573:Sabuktigin
565:Zabulistan
533:suzerainty
494:Persianate
326:998 – 1030
288:Sabuktigin
164:Zabulistan
4581:Mas'ud II
4489:998–1030
4482:Ghaznavid
4060:Frontline
3593:238121625
3286:154215656
3270:0021-9118
2903:Khan 2007
2647:cite book
2613:cite book
2238:Meri 2005
2042:Al-Biruni
2030:Shahnameh
2000:Rajasthan
1968:Samarkand
1950:Agra fort
1662:Kathiawar
1519:Samarkand
1493:Amir Suri
1418:flees to
1401:Wazirabad
1351:As sultan
1285:mausoleum
1171:Anhilwara
917:only the
825:from the
710:Ghaznavid
514:al-Biruni
496:state in
427:honorific
394:romanized
140:Successor
4616:Shir-Zad
4571:Muhammad
4566:Mas'ud I
4561:Muhammad
4389:1 August
4383:archived
4356:(2007).
4344:27 April
4338:Archived
4320:(2005).
4207:1 August
4201:Archived
4108:(1965).
4064:Archived
4030:(2006).
3955:Archived
3898:Archived
3739:Archived
3721:(2006).
3693:Archived
3616:Archived
3541:Archived
3523:(1991).
3499:Archived
3467:27 April
3461:Archived
3443:(2005).
3356:Archived
3317:Archived
3315:. CNRS.
3290:Archived
3223:Archived
3155:Archived
3137:(2004).
2933:Archived
2878:Archived
2795:30 March
2789:Archived
2756:30 March
2750:Archived
2717:30 March
2711:Archived
2688:5 August
2679:Archived
2540:Archived
2501:Archived
2441:Archived
2259:Archived
2205:30 March
2199:Archived
2160:Archived
2122:See also
2111:mushrifs
2019:Ferdowsi
1778:Abbasids
1691:(Friday
1626:attacks
1624:Kalinjar
1543:Khwarezm
1502:Thanesar
1376:Gandhara
1318:Nishapur
1249:Nishapur
1241:Khwarezm
1204:sources.
1129:Kalinjar
1117:Thanesar
1113:Nagarkot
1108:Buddhist
1092:Thanesar
1088:Nagarkot
1050:Akhbar (
1019:Chandela
1000:Firishta
961:Thanesar
946:Bathinda
934:Peshawar
930:Jayapala
915:annexing
715:Alptigin
640:Georgian
613:Mohammad
585:Khorasan
581:Samanids
575:, was a
518:Ferdowsi
490:Samanids
471:Khwarazm
294:Religion
227:Suleiman
89:al-Qadir
4606:Ibrahim
4596:Toghrul
4312:Alt URL
4290:Alt URL
3823:Sources
3745:9 March
3505:13 July
3278:2059648
3161:9 March
2884:26 June
2156:ArchNet
2057:Ghorids
2004:Gujarat
1992:Kashmir
1986:and of
1974:to the
1851:Mahmud
1820:Baihaki
1774:Samanid
1735:Hamadan
1731:Isfahan
1720:Somnath
1714:of the
1697:Gujarat
1681:Somnath
1674:citadel
1666:Somnath
1647:Gwalior
1628:Kannauj
1607:Mathura
1573:Reverse
1564:Obverse
1553:Silver
1536:Kashmir
1472:in the
1443:Kannauj
1439:Mathura
1435:Somnath
1424:Kashmir
1420:Kashmir
1304:As emir
1281:malaria
1157:Gujarat
1133:Somnath
1125:Kannauj
1121:Mathura
1100:Gwalior
1096:Kannauj
1081:naphtha
1035:Bhima I
1031:Somnath
1027:Gwalior
1015:Kannauj
989:Mathura
965:Kashmir
952:in the
911:vassals
815:Ismaili
804:fertile
786:at the
782:of the
774:. On 28
737:as his
642:slave,
545:Somnath
541:Mathura
535:of the
510:Baghdad
484:Highly
465:in the
443:
421:of the
417:), was
396::
385:Persian
303:Shafi'i
273:Dynasty
257:Persian
109:of the
65:Persian
4576:Mawdud
4556:Mahmud
4551:Ismail
4485:Sultan
4416:Mahmud
4375:
4330:
4305:6 July
4283:6 July
4226:
4193:
4145:
4094:
4073:25 May
4007:
3731:
3685:
3591:
3581:
3533:
3453:
3423:
3348:
3284:
3276:
3268:
3215:
3147:
3081:
2925:
2870:
2781:
2742:
2601:
2546:20 May
2532:
2507:20 May
2367:
2265:17 May
2191:
2095:(1598)
2053:Seljuk
2038:
2011:Ghazni
2002:, and
1994:, the
1984:Punjab
1976:Yamuna
1860:Legacy
1847:Lahore
1808:Hindus
1786:Sultan
1782:caliph
1725:1027:
1693:Mosque
1685:Lingam
1679:1025:
1670:temple
1656:1024:
1651:Punjab
1632:Lahore
1622:1021:
1618:Lahore
1600:Yamuna
1596:Meerut
1586:avatar
1559:Lahore
1555:jitals
1541:1015:
1527:1014:
1456:
1374:1001:
1369:Sistan
1367:1000:
1311:
1289:Ghazni
1267:
1265:Mas'ud
1257:Ghazni
1227:, 1314
1106:, and
1098:, and
1073:Multan
1043:Rajput
1039:Kachch
1023:Lahore
942:Multan
928:ruler
861:, and
843:Lahore
819:Multan
792:Sistan
776:
758:Zaranj
739:vizier
706:Ismail
690:Buyids
686:
682:Nuh II
668:, 1314
617:Ma'sud
603:Family
577:Turkic
561:Ghazni
529:Sultan
525:Ismail
506:Ghazni
502:Lahore
498:Punjab
479:Makran
477:, and
463:Punjab
419:Sultan
284:Father
189:Burial
160:Ghazni
107:Sultan
4067:(PDF)
4056:(PDF)
3699:3 May
3589:S2CID
3282:S2CID
3274:JSTOR
2682:(PDF)
2671:(PDF)
2102:divan
2034:dinar
1988:Sindh
1831:Jizya
1793:jihad
1705:Ajmer
1658:Ajmer
1636:Ajmer
1482:Chach
1478:Hazro
1476:near
1390:Bhera
1358:Herat
1275:Death
1253:Balkh
1233:Oghuz
1047:Bhoja
1045:king
908:Hindu
897:, by
875:, by
727:Balkh
700:Reign
549:India
242:Names
230:Shuja
207:Issue
117:Reign
4391:2020
4373:ISBN
4346:2018
4328:ISBN
4307:2024
4285:2024
4224:ISBN
4209:2020
4191:ISBN
4143:ISBN
4092:ISBN
4075:2015
4005:ISBN
3977:link
3963:2019
3920:link
3906:2019
3838:(2).
3747:2022
3729:ISBN
3701:2022
3683:ISBN
3624:2022
3579:ISBN
3549:2022
3531:ISBN
3507:2020
3469:2018
3451:ISBN
3421:ISBN
3364:2021
3346:ISBN
3325:2021
3298:2021
3266:ISSN
3231:2021
3213:ISBN
3163:2022
3145:ISBN
3079:ISBN
3029:2014
2941:2023
2923:ISBN
2886:2020
2868:ISBN
2797:2021
2779:ISBN
2758:2021
2740:ISBN
2719:2021
2690:2021
2653:link
2619:link
2599:ISBN
2548:2022
2530:ISBN
2509:2022
2449:2021
2365:ISBN
2267:2020
2207:2021
2189:ISBN
2168:2022
2074:the
1996:Doab
1712:Jats
1672:and
1614:Ayaz
1441:and
1410:and
1408:Ghor
1362:Merv
1247:and
1245:Merv
1235:and
1217:The
1104:Jain
1069:Jats
913:and
890:Raja
823:da'i
719:Bust
692:and
678:Emir
615:and
587:and
543:and
516:and
459:Iran
440:lit.
175:Died
154:Born
4586:Ali
3752:him
3571:doi
3258:doi
1964:Ray
1780:as
1727:Rey
1579:):
1480:in
1445:in
1338:in
1322:Tus
473:in
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