170:. Mulji became well known amongst Bombay reformists, and he launched attacks against the Pushtimarg and the Bombay maharajas for believed sexual depravity. Sexual allegations against the maharajas had first became public in 1855, and the senior-most maharaja in Bombay, Jivanlal, launched rebuttals against the reformers. Jivanlal attempted to silence criticism from Pushtimarg devotees by making his supporters sign a document that would censor their criticism of him under threat of excommunication. Mulji decried Jivanlal's document as a "slavery bond", and in 1860 published a work claiming that Pushtimarg was a heretical sect which advocated sexual mistreatment of women. The Bombay maharajas then decided to bring in Jadunath Brijratan, a well-known maharaja from
150:, whose grand narrative of Indian history was that of a decline from an ancient golden age into a degenerate, superstitious modern society. The British established schools and colleges that would educate new generations of Anglicized Indians who would be supportive of social reforms. These institutions created a new class of urban English speaking professionals who claimed to be superior leaders of society due to their intricate knowledge of the British administrative machinery. These English-speaking professionals joined various religious reform movements who concurred with the Orientalist view of modern Indian religion, and especially opposed the seths for their role in so-claimed excessive religious patronage.
325:, viewed the maharajas as literal incarnations of Krishna. He stated senior members of the caste had "Ras Mandalis", which re-enacted the dances between Krishna and the gopis. He stated he once stumbled upon a maharaja having sexual intercourse with a female devotee. When Lowjee asked Jivanlal to stop the maharajas illicit behaviour, Jivanlal told him that he could not due to the powerful addiction of male sexual desire, as well as the fact that women's donations were a major source of financial income for the sect.
365:
sexual allegations against
Jadunath were true, they were a private matter and newspapers could not attack people on private matters without public interest. Nevertheless, Sausse suspected the reliability of Jadunath and his witnesses' testimonies and only awarded him five rupees on the libel charge. Sausse sided with the defendants on the pleas that the Pushtimarg was a heterodox sect and agreed that the defendant's publications were true, and awarded Mulji eleven thousand five hundred rupees.
233:. Jadunath stated that the maharajas were simply mortal spiritual guides and that only their ancestor Vallabha was an incarnation of Krishna. He stated the veneration the maharajas received was in accordance with Hindu scriptures and that only the maharajas could directly worship the Krishna images, so devotees would worship the maharajas. He denied all sexual allegations relating to him and any other maharajas, stating the adulterous love of Krishna and the gopis in
154:
246:
262:
57:
190:
had the right to defend his reputation in court, but that the case would give no value to
Jadunath's status as a religious leader nor to Pushtimarg theology, but rather Jadunath would be treated as an ordinary citizen of the British empire whose actions would be viewed through the British laws of universal morality.
194:
attention of the
British Supreme Court, which resulted in the Bhatia Conspiracy case in which the seths were convicted for mass witness tampering and forced to pay fines to the court. That case made public the divisions growing in the devotional community over the status of the maharajas and their loyalty to them.
346:
ruled in favour of Mulji. Arnould was particularly influenced by
Reverend Wilson's and Bhau Daji's testimonies. Arnould stated that Mulji's comments in Satyaprakash were not false and not specifically attacking Jadunath. Arnould agreed that the Pushtimarg was a degraded sect of Hinduism that promoted
253:
Karsandas Mulji himself took the stand, and stated the maharajas were oppressive leaders who encouraged sexual debauchery. He stated that
Jadunath should rather be sued for libel, given his public attacks against Mulji. Mulji restated his earlier claims that the Pushtimarg was not the "true" Hinduism
220:
Jadunath himself took the stand, and claimed knowledge of
Sanskrit, Braj Bhasha, and Gujarati, but then later stated he had never actually read any Braj Bhasha Pushtimarg text. When asked about certain texts that supported the veneration of maharajas, Jadunath stated he was personally unfamiliar with
211:
and were not fully versed in
Pushtimarg history. One notable witness, Gopaldas Madhavdas, stated he did not know of any sexual immoralities conducted by Jadunath or any other maharaj, and stated they were highly honoured religious leaders of the merchant communities. Gopaldas viewed and venerated the
381:
During and after the case, Pushtimarg devotees struggled to come to terms with the sexual allegations against the maharajas. Generally, devotees continued to have social contact with the maharajas as their religious leaders. In the next two decades however, some merchant devotees in Bombay built new
364:
sect and that
Jadunath engaged in salacious behaviour. However, Sausse ruled that Mulji took a private dispute within the Pushtimarg and published his grievances in a public newspaper which was a form of malice. Sausse stated Mulji attacked Jadunath publicly without provocation, and that even if the
328:
Lakhmidas Khimji confirmed Lowjee's testimony, stating he once observed
Jadunath grope the breasts of a fourteen year old girl and later stumbled upon Jadunath having sexual intercourse with her. Khimji stated on a few occasions he observed a widow companion of Jadunath procure married women for his
216:
rather than
Krishna, but stated that others in the community did view the maharajas as incarnations of Krishna. Another witness, Jamunadas Sevaklal, gave a similar testimony stating he had no knowledge of immoralities or sexual orgies of the maharajas, and stated the maharajas in his view were gurus
189:
The defense's lawyers sought to have the case thrown out on the argument that Mulji's comments did not attack Jadunath personally but rather as a religious leader, and that a secular court did not have jurisdiction over religious matters. These attempts failed, and the British judges stated Jadunath
161:
The Pushtimarg religious heads, the maharajas, began settling Bombay in the 19th century and by 1860 there were five maharajas in the city. The maharajas sought to exert control over their devotees and castes through seth intermediaries, and they were generally successful against anonymous reformers
320:
Other witnesses, such as Mathuradas Lowjee, supported the physician's testimonies. Lowjee was a member of the Pushtimarg, but ever since sexual allegations against the maharajas became public in 1855, he kept his distance from the maharajas and refused to venerate them all the while maintaining his
305:
to Krishna, which he stated was in opposition to the asceticism of "true" Hinduism. He stated the maharajas were uneducated spiritual leaders who were worshipped as incarnations of Krishna solely due to their genealogical descent from Vallabha, and that their religious scriptures sanctioned the
141:
who were heavily involved in the political and cultural milieu of Bombay. The seths, despite their general lack of education, ignorance of English language and British political traditions, were influential in Bombay society as leaders of business communities and maintainers of cultural honour.
103:
or Vallabha Sampradaya. The article was claimed to be libelous by the plaintiff. In particular were accusations that Jadunathjee had sexual liaisons with women followers and that men were expected to show their devotion by offering their female family members for sex with the religious leaders.
193:
Jadunath continued to use his traditional means of authority to defeat Mulji, and ordered seths to ensure the loyalty of devotees. In one instance Bhatia seths (including Gokuldas Lilahadhar) convened a meeting of two hundred people of their caste to further this aim. This meeting came to the
145:
By the mid-nineteenth century the British had established political control over the Indian subcontinent and sought to create an administrative-legal framework to manage their colonial interests. British officials sought to compile Indian legal doctrines and apply them to British common law,
202:
Thirty-five witnesses were called by Jadunath's side to serve as character witnesses, all from mercantile castes and including several seths. The devotee witnesses did their best to defend Jadunath with the limited theological knowledge they possessed, but none knew
373:
The libel case stirred unprecedented interest in the public. Karsandas Mulji's efforts and the court decision received praise from the liberals and the press. For his part, Mulji was cited by the local English press as 'Indian Luther', after the Christian reformer
359:
was the senior of the two judges in the case, and overruled Arnould's judgement to find Mulji guilty of libel. Sausse was also greatly impressed by the defense's witnesses, which in his view affirmed the defendant's claim that the Pushtimarg was a
217:
who were the representations of Krishna although others worshipped them as gods. When Gopaldas and Jamunadas were directly questioned on whether the maharajas were gods or humans, they were confused and could not provide definite answers.
47:
Sect. This case highlighted conflicts between traditional yet controversial social practices such as charan seva and emerging reformist ideas in colonial India, garnering significant public attention and praise for Mulji's efforts.
511:
1039:
136:
castes. Many of these mercantile groups migrated to Bombay under British rule as the city was the political and financial capital of western India. The merchant groups were headed by merchant-princes or
166:
newspaper. Mulji came from an orthodox Pushtimarg merchant family who were highly respected in Bombay society; however Karsandas was disowned for his reformist views and had to drop out of
317:, which they stated was due to sexual relations with female devotees. Dalpatram even stated that Jadunath had himself admitted to him that he had caught the disease from a female devotee.
121:. Theologically Vallabha and his descendants are accorded partial divinity as mediating figures for Krishna's grace who are able to render Krishna's presence immediately to the devotee.
497:
871:
Maharaj Libel Case Including Bhattia Conspiracy Case, No. 12047 o f 1861, Supreme Court Plea Side: Jadunathjee Birzrattanjee Maharaj Vs Karsondass Mooljee and Nanabhai Rustamji
665:
469:
389:
came to Bombay and attacked the Pushtimarg on similar lines as Mulji, calling it a heterodox sect with false religious leaders who contradicted "true" Hinduism.
146:
effectively stripping native groups of civil and criminal self-governance in favour of a unified legal system. This desire to produce legal codes spawned the
1078:
1211:
1055:"Junaid Khan-starrer 'Maharaj' went through 30 writing drafts, 100-plus narrations » Yes Punjab - Latest News from Punjab, India & World"
181:, a Gujarati weekly newspaper, and its publisher Nanabhai Rustomji Ranina, for defaming the plaintiff in an article published on 21 October 1860.
67:
The case arose when the plaintiff, Jadunathjee Brajratanjee Maharaj, a religious leader, filed a case of libel against a reformer and journalist
582:
599:
Barz, Richard (2018). "Vallabha Sampradāya/Puṣṭimārga". In Jacobsen, Knut A.; Basu, Helene; Malinar, Angelika; Narayanan, Vasudha (eds.).
1054:
1023:
996:
895:
571:
Patel, Dhawal; Goswami, Maitri; Sharma, Utkarsha; Shirodariya, Umang; Bhatt, Ami; Mehrishi, Pratyush; Goswami, Sharad (2021-04-21).
270:
885:
124:
Pushtimarg's followers in Gujarat, Kathiyawad, Kutch, and central India were rich merchants, bankers, and farmers, including the
1259:
347:
debauchery and loose morals. He stated Mulji did nothing wrong in exposing the "evil and barbarous" practices of the maharajas.
177:
Eventually Jadunathjee Maharaj filed a libel case in the Bombay Supreme Court on 14 May 1861 against Karsandas Mulji, editor of
1279:
448:
stayed the release of the film, based on a Hindu group's plea that claimed the film could incite violence against followers of
107:
Jadunathjee was a religious leader of the Vaishnavite Pushtimarg sect of Hinduism. The sect was founded in the 16th century by
574:
Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimarga: A True representation of the views of Sri Vallabhacharya: In the context of Maharaj Libel Case
1254:
115:
as the supreme being. The leadership of the sect remained with Vallabha's direct male descendants who possess the titles of
329:
sexual pleasure. Kalabhai Lalubhai also claimed Jadunath had sexual relations with women and girls as young as fourteen.
258:, but rather a heretic sect that encouraged devotees to hand over their wives and daughters for the maharajas' pleasure.
1289:
313:
and Dhiraj Dalpatram, who were physicians to Jadunath. They said that they had treated Jadunath and other maharajas for
912:
293:, and was thus sent by the defense as an authority on Hinduism. Wilson however was not intimately familiar with the
162:
and caste solidarity. One such reformer was Karsandas Mulji, an English-educated reformer who was the editor of the
1274:
1249:
147:
237:
was merely a metaphor for the relationship between devotees and Krishna, not an endorsement of infidelity.
1284:
449:
356:
294:
100:
44:
174:, to defend their stances. Jadunath had several public and press debates with Mulji and other reformers.
425:
1040:"Court stays release of 'Maharaj', here's everything you need to know about Maharaj Libel Case of 1862"
399:
Doctrines of Pushtibhaktimarga: Allegations, Conspiracies and Facts (In context of Maharaj Libel Case)
1098:
Creating a Community of Grace: A History of the Puṣṭi Mārga in Northern and Western India (1493-1905)
321:
theological commitment to the sect. He stated that Pushtimarg devotees, including members of his own
1294:
736:
420:
386:
167:
512:"As 'Maharaj' is stayed, issue of freedom of expression raised in 1862 libel case returns to life"
1198:
1161:
1122:
940:
924:
550:
445:
1245:
Lukhmidass, D. (1911) Maharaj libel case, including Bhattia conspiracy case, No. 12047 of 1861.
35:. The case was filed by Jadunathjee Brajratanjee Maharaj, against Nanabhai Rustomji Ranina and
1223:
1190:
1019:
992:
932:
891:
578:
572:
542:
222:
28:
24:
1250:
Report of the Maharaj Libel Case and of the Bhattia Conspiracy case connected with it. (1862)
483:
1182:
1151:
1143:
1114:
534:
415:
153:
1134:
Scott, J. Barton (2015). "How to Defame a God: Public Selfhood in the Maharaj Libel Case".
666:"The untold story of Karsandas Mulji, the journalist who won the fight against the Maharaj"
441:
68:
60:
36:
245:
1079:"Ira Khan, Kiran Rao Form Junaid's Cheer Squad After Release Of His Debut Film Maharaj"
433:
408:
based on the case which was awarded the Nandshankar award by the Narmad Sahitya Sabha.
343:
1244:
1173:
Haberman, David L. (1993-08-01). "On Trial: The Love of the Sixteen Thousand Gopees".
1268:
1202:
1165:
1126:
429:
375:
133:
32:
554:
39:. The case was filed because of an editorial article published by them accusing the
1212:"Puppets on the Periphery-Women and Social Reform in 19th Century Gujarati Society"
322:
298:
255:
163:
125:
73:
1147:
94:
The True/Original Religion of the Hindus and the Present Hypocritical/phoney Sects
1013:
986:
208:
1118:
538:
261:
437:
361:
56:
1227:
1194:
936:
928:
498:"Maharaj movie review: Junaid Khan and his debut are both strictly passable"
310:
278:
234:
230:
546:
301:
works on the sect. He criticized the maharajas for the practice of lavish
525:
Shodhan, A. (1997). "Women in the Maharaj libel case: a re-examination".
314:
274:
226:
204:
117:
108:
40:
944:
411:
302:
290:
286:
112:
99:). In this article he questioned the values of a Hindu sect called the
1156:
129:
452:. It was finally released on 21 June 2024 for streaming on Netflix.
1186:
444:, is based on the Maharaj Libel Case and Saurabh Shah's novel. The
404:
Saurabh Shah, Gujarati author and journalist, wrote a novel titled
282:
260:
244:
171:
152:
138:
55:
213:
397:
Maitri Goswami, Dhawal Patel et al. have written a book titled
382:
temples and theological journals independent of the maharajas.
470:"More controversy brews after stay order on movie 'Maharaj'"
702:
700:
698:
873:. Bombay: D. Lukhmidass & Co. 1911. pp. 399, 419.
648:
646:
1105:
Lütt, Jürgen (1987). "Max Weber and the Vallabhacharis".
577:(in Hindi). Shree Vallabhacharya Trust, Mandvi - Kutch.
1059:
Yes Punjab - Latest News from Punjab, India & World
221:
those texts and at one point in the trial claimed the
78:
309:
Two expert witnesses were also brought to the stand,
306:offering of devotees' wives and daughters to them.
273:, also took the stand. Wilson claimed knowledge of
80:Hinduo No Asli Dharam Ane Atyar Na Pakhandi Mato
157:Goswami Jivanlal of Mumbai playing the sitar.
8:
1255:Historical Cases - Maharaj Libel Case, 1862
733:Gujarati Vishwakosh (Gujarati Encyclopedia)
84:
1136:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
1155:
913:"The Long History of Priestly Debauchery"
71:for writing an article in the newspaper,
706:
625:
601:Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online
461:
440:’s son Junaid Khan (in his debut) and
7:
972:
960:
857:
845:
833:
821:
809:
797:
785:
773:
761:
749:
718:
689:
652:
637:
613:
566:
564:
14:
1210:Thakkar, Usha (4 January 1997).
527:Indian Journal of Gender Studies
484:"'Maharaj' review: A royal slog"
1100:(Thesis). University of Ottawa.
991:. R R Sheth & Co Pvt. Ltd.
911:Kumar, Anu (9 September 2017).
1018:. R R Sheth & Co Pvt Ltd.
890:. Penguin UK. pp. 93–94.
148:Orientalist school of Indology
1:
1216:Economic and Political Weekly
1148:10.1080/00856401.2015.1050161
917:Economic and Political Weekly
884:Yagnik, Achyut (2005-08-24).
1012:Shah, Saurabh (2014-01-18).
985:Shah, Saurabh (2014-01-18).
297:, and referred to Professor
735:. Vol. 15. Ahmedabad:
79:
1311:
1119:10.1177/026858098700200305
539:10.1177/097152159700400201
16:1862 trial in Bombay Court
887:Shaping Of Modern Gujarat
737:Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust
23:was an 1862 trial in the
1015:Maharaj - Gujarati eBook
988:Maharaj - Gujarati eBook
731:Mehta, Makarand (2002).
249:Engraving of John Wilson
1260:Blog series on the case
1233:(subscription required)
1107:International Sociology
950:(subscription required)
269:A missionary, Reverend
1280:Legal history of India
1222:(1–2). Mumbai: 46–52.
1096:Saha, Shandip (2004).
450:Pushtimarga Sampradaya
357:Matthew Richard Sausse
266:
250:
158:
64:
923:(36). Mumbai: 79–80.
426:Siddharth P. Malhotra
264:
248:
156:
59:
1175:History of Religions
351:Chief Justice Sausse
240:
197:
1290:Journalism in India
1053:dkbj (2024-06-06).
401:based on the case.
387:Dayananda Saraswati
168:Elphinstone College
860:, p. 304-306.
824:, p. 301-303.
812:, p. 300-301.
800:, p. 299-300.
788:, p. 298-299.
776:, p. 296-298.
764:, p. 293-296.
752:, p. 291-293.
721:, p. 290-291.
692:, p. 281-289.
670:The Indian Express
655:, p. 258-279.
446:Gujarat High Court
393:In popular culture
267:
265:Image of Bhau Daji
251:
185:Case and judgement
159:
65:
21:Maharaj Libel Case
1275:Bombay High Court
584:978-93-82786-37-5
434:YRF Entertainment
223:Shrinathji Temple
29:Bombay Presidency
25:Bombay High Court
1302:
1234:
1231:
1206:
1169:
1159:
1130:
1101:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1009:
1003:
1002:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
951:
948:
908:
902:
901:
881:
875:
874:
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
801:
795:
789:
783:
777:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
740:
728:
722:
716:
710:
709:, p. 46–52.
704:
693:
687:
681:
680:
678:
677:
662:
656:
650:
641:
635:
629:
623:
617:
611:
605:
604:
595:
589:
588:
568:
559:
558:
522:
516:
515:
508:
502:
501:
494:
488:
487:
480:
474:
473:
466:
428:and produced by
198:Plaintiff's Case
98:
95:
92:
89:
86:
82:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1265:
1264:
1241:
1232:
1209:
1172:
1133:
1104:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1011:
1010:
1006:
999:
984:
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
949:
910:
909:
905:
898:
883:
882:
878:
869:
868:
864:
856:
852:
844:
840:
832:
828:
820:
816:
808:
804:
796:
792:
784:
780:
772:
768:
760:
756:
748:
744:
730:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
696:
688:
684:
675:
673:
664:
663:
659:
651:
644:
636:
632:
624:
620:
612:
608:
598:
596:
592:
585:
570:
569:
562:
524:
523:
519:
510:
509:
505:
496:
495:
491:
482:
481:
477:
468:
467:
463:
458:
442:Jaideep Ahlawat
395:
371:
353:
340:
338:Justice Arnould
335:
281:as well as the
243:
200:
187:
96:
93:
90:
87:
69:Karsandas Mulji
61:Karsandas Mulji
54:
37:Karsandas Mulji
17:
12:
11:
5:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1240:
1239:External links
1237:
1236:
1235:
1207:
1187:10.1086/463355
1170:
1142:(3): 387–402.
1131:
1113:(3): 277–287.
1102:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1070:
1045:
1031:
1024:
1004:
997:
977:
975:, p. 209.
965:
963:, p. 307.
953:
903:
896:
876:
862:
850:
848:, p. 304.
838:
836:, p. 303.
826:
814:
802:
790:
778:
766:
754:
742:
739:. p. 451.
723:
711:
694:
682:
657:
642:
640:, p. 269.
630:
618:
616:, p. 255.
606:
590:
583:
560:
517:
503:
489:
475:
460:
459:
457:
454:
424:, directed by
394:
391:
370:
367:
355:Chief Justice
352:
349:
344:Joseph Arnould
339:
336:
334:
331:
299:H. H. Wilson's
242:
241:Defense's Case
239:
199:
196:
186:
183:
53:
50:
41:Vallabhacharya
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1307:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:1862 in India
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1025:9789351221708
1021:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1000:
998:9789351221708
994:
990:
989:
981:
978:
974:
969:
966:
962:
957:
954:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
907:
904:
899:
897:9788184751857
893:
889:
888:
880:
877:
872:
866:
863:
859:
854:
851:
847:
842:
839:
835:
830:
827:
823:
818:
815:
811:
806:
803:
799:
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
770:
767:
763:
758:
755:
751:
746:
743:
738:
734:
727:
724:
720:
715:
712:
708:
703:
701:
699:
695:
691:
686:
683:
671:
667:
661:
658:
654:
649:
647:
643:
639:
634:
631:
628:, p. 48.
627:
622:
619:
615:
610:
607:
602:
594:
591:
586:
580:
576:
575:
567:
565:
561:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
533:(2): 123–39.
532:
528:
521:
518:
513:
507:
504:
499:
493:
490:
485:
479:
476:
471:
465:
462:
455:
453:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:Aditya Chopra
427:
423:
422:
417:
413:
409:
407:
402:
400:
392:
390:
388:
383:
379:
377:
376:Martin Luther
368:
366:
363:
358:
350:
348:
345:
337:
332:
330:
326:
324:
318:
316:
312:
307:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
263:
259:
257:
247:
238:
236:
232:
228:
224:
218:
215:
212:maharajas as
210:
206:
195:
191:
184:
182:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
155:
151:
149:
143:
140:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
119:
114:
111:and worships
110:
105:
102:
81:
76:
75:
70:
62:
58:
51:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:British India
30:
26:
22:
1219:
1215:
1181:(1): 44–70.
1178:
1174:
1139:
1135:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1073:
1062:. Retrieved
1058:
1048:
1034:
1014:
1007:
987:
980:
968:
956:
920:
916:
906:
886:
879:
870:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
793:
781:
769:
757:
745:
732:
726:
714:
707:Thakkar 1997
685:
674:. Retrieved
672:. 2024-07-01
669:
660:
633:
626:Thakkar 1997
621:
609:
600:
593:
573:
530:
526:
520:
506:
492:
478:
464:
419:
416:period drama
410:
405:
403:
398:
396:
384:
380:
372:
354:
341:
327:
323:Bhatia caste
319:
308:
268:
252:
229:rather than
219:
201:
192:
188:
179:Satyaprakash
178:
176:
164:Satyaprakash
160:
144:
123:
116:
106:
74:Satyaprakash
72:
66:
20:
18:
295:Pushtimarga
271:John Wilson
209:Braj Bhasha
63:(1832–1871)
1295:Defamation
1269:Categories
1157:1807/95441
1064:2024-06-14
676:2024-07-07
456:References
438:Aamir Khan
101:Pushtimarg
52:Background
45:Pushtimarg
1228:0012-9976
1203:162268682
1195:0018-2710
1166:143251675
1127:143677162
973:Saha 2004
961:Saha 2004
937:0012-9976
929:2349-8846
858:Saha 2004
846:Saha 2004
834:Saha 2004
822:Saha 2004
810:Saha 2004
798:Saha 2004
786:Saha 2004
774:Saha 2004
762:Saha 2004
750:Saha 2004
719:Saha 2004
690:Saha 2004
653:Saha 2004
638:Saha 2004
614:Saha 2004
436:starring
385:In 1875,
362:heterodox
333:Judgement
311:Bhau Daji
279:Old Hindi
256:Vedic age
235:Vrindavan
231:Nathdwara
77:, titled
945:26697565
603:. Brill.
555:25866333
547:12321343
414:'s 2024
369:Reaction
342:Justice
315:syphilis
291:Shastras
275:Sanskrit
227:Kankroli
205:Sanskrit
118:maharaja
109:Vallabha
1090:Sources
421:Maharaj
412:Netflix
406:Maharaj
287:Puranas
254:of the
225:was in
113:Krishna
88:
27:in the
1226:
1201:
1193:
1164:
1125:
1022:
995:
943:
935:
927:
894:
581:
553:
545:
432:under
289:, and
134:Baniya
132:, and
130:Lohana
126:Bhatia
1199:S2CID
1162:S2CID
1123:S2CID
941:JSTOR
925:eISSN
551:S2CID
418:film
283:Vedas
214:gurus
172:Surat
139:seths
1224:ISSN
1191:ISSN
1020:ISBN
993:ISBN
933:ISSN
892:ISBN
579:ISBN
543:PMID
303:seva
277:and
85:lit.
43:and
19:The
1183:doi
1152:hdl
1144:doi
1115:doi
535:doi
207:or
1271::
1220:32
1218:.
1214:.
1197:.
1189:.
1179:33
1177:.
1160:.
1150:.
1140:38
1138:.
1121:.
1109:.
1057:.
939:.
931:.
921:52
919:.
915:.
697:^
668:.
645:^
597:*
563:^
549:.
541:.
529:.
378:.
285:,
128:,
31:,
1230:.
1205:.
1185::
1168:.
1154::
1146::
1129:.
1117::
1111:2
1081:.
1067:.
1042:.
1028:.
1001:.
947:.
900:.
679:.
587:.
557:.
537::
531:4
514:.
500:.
486:.
472:.
97:'
91:'
83:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.