3814:, or as Fowler translates, "from cause to effect or a priori". Thus, if a path or road is wet or river is swollen, states the text, then "it has rained" is a valid knowledge. The sutras assert that the "universal relationship" between the two is necessary for correct, reliable knowledge, that is "if in all cases of A, B is true, then one may correctly infer B whenever A is perceived". Further, there is a causal relation between the two, whether one knows or not of that cause, but inferred knowledge does not require one to know the cause for it to be valid knowledge, states Nyayasutra. The text states one must not confuse coexistence as a universal relation, and that while deduction and induction both are useful and valid means for gaining true knowledge, it lists rules when this method can lead to false knowledge.
4407:, Nagarjuna, takes up each of the sixteen categories of knowledge in Gautama's Nyaya-sutras at the foundation of Nyaya's discussion of "soul exists and the nature of soul in liberation process", and critiques them using the argument that these categories are relational and therefore unreal. The Nagarjuna's texts, along with Gautama's Nyaya-sutras states Sanjit Sadhukhan, influenced Vatsyayana's work who called Nagarjuna's doctrine of voidness as flawed, and presented his arguments refuting Nagarjuna's theory on "objects of knowledge are unreal, like a dream or a form of jugglery and a mirage", but by first presenting his demonstration that the theory of reason and knowledge in the Nyaya-sutras are valid.
4077:, Sanskrit: कारण), particularly Book 4. Causes, in Nyaya view states Fowler, are "antecedents of their effects invariably and unconditionally". A specific effect is produced by a specific cause (plurality in causes is accepted). A specific cause produces a specific effect and no other (plurality in effect, or contradictory effect is not accepted). There cannot be reciprocity to a cause; either we misunderstand the cause or misapprehend the effect. The text rejects remote or supernatural causes, and rejects that qualities are causes. Causes are immediately antecedent, causes exist before an effect in time, and to know something is to understand the effect and the specific cause(s).
40:
6880:
4012:
with probability when it faces incomplete or inconsistent information. It is a knowledge that is possibly partially valid and partially invalid, but doubt is a form of knowledge that has positive value. Doubt is an invitation to "proceed to further investigation", asserts the text. All four means of knowledge discovery (perception, inference, comparison and testimony) may be useful in this investigation, but doubt is both a psychological state and a means to knowledge, not in itself a valid knowledge, according to the sutras.
3623:
3892:, asserting that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly. He must rely on others, his parents, family, friends, teachers, ancestors and kindred members of society to rapidly acquire and share knowledge and thereby enrich each other's lives. This means of gaining correct knowledge is either spoken or written, but it is through
8186:
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3342:(Siddhartha Gautama) and Mahavira, to as late as the 2nd century CE. Some scholars favor the theory that the cryptic text Nyaya-sutras was expanded over time by multiple authors, with the earliest layer from about mid-first millennium BCE that was composed by Gautama. The earliest layer is likely to be Book 1 and 5 of the text, while Book 3 and 4 may have been added last, but this is not certain.
8175:
3747:
terms as the doctrine of convergence, and this doctrine includes direct or implied perception. Gautama defines perception as the knowledge that arises by the contact of one or more senses with an object or phenomenon. Gautama dedicates many sutras to discuss both the object and subject in the process of perception, and when senses may be unreliable. Erratic eyesight or other senses (
6626:
8206:
4376:(spirit, ultimate reality) and atman (selfhood, soul) exists, and Buddhism's premise that there is voidness and anatta (no-soul). In Nyaya-sutra, the Buddhist premises and arguments to refute those premise are found in many chapters, such as sutras of chapters 3.2, 4.1 and 4.2. The text has been influential in this debate, with the 2nd-century Buddhist scholar
3725:
in every field of knowledge, which can neither be proven nor needs proof, such as "I am conscious", "I think" and "soul exists". Furthermore, the text presents its thesis that knowledge is not self-revealing, one must make effort to gain knowledge and this is a systematic process that empowers one to learn correct knowledge, and abandon incorrect knowledge.
6618:
1122:
68:
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3372:, as well as Buddhism. Despite their differences, these scholars studied with each other and debated ideas, with Tibetan records suggesting that Buddhist scholars spent years residing with Hindu Nyaya scholars to master the art of reasoning and logic. This cooperation has enabled scholars to place the currently surviving version of the
1890:. The date when the text was composed, and the biography of its author is unknown, but variously estimated between 6th-century BCE and 2nd-century CE. The text may have been composed by more than one author, over a period of time. The text consists of five books, with two chapters in each book, with a cumulative total of 528
4021:
knowledge-seeker to "test the validity of his knowledge", both in assumptions or through practice (experience), but neither the object of knowledge nor the knowledge itself is responsible for errors; only the knowledge-seeker and his process of cognition is. The Nyaya theory shares ideas on the theory of errors with
4268:
The
Nyayasutras state that one must study the means of correct knowledge and hold discussions with the learned, sincere and unenvious fellow seekers of knowledge state sutras 4.2.47 and 4.2.48. One must, translates Phillips, take into account "consideration of personal character as well as the nature
3337:
is attributed to
Gautama, who was at least the principal author. According to Karl Potter, this name has been a very common Indian name, and the author is also reverentially referred to as Gotama, Dirghatapas and Aksapada Gautama. Little is known about Gautama, or which century he lived in. Scholarly
4414:
thesis that all things are negative in nature (inasmuch as a thing's nature is constituted by its differences from others), or the Hindu thesis counter-arguing the
Buddhist thesis, have been accepted, is still unclear because nothingness cannot be proved and existence of soul has been claimed solely
3801:
The epistemic rationale for inference as a reliable source of knowledge, and Nyaya's theory has been a major contribution to the diverse schools of Indian
Darshanaparampara, and other schools looked up to Nyaya scholars for insights on correct knowledge and incorrect knowledge through inference. The
3746:
The
Nyayasutras assert that perception is the primary proper means of gaining true knowledge. All other epistemic methods are directly or indirectly based on perception, according to the text, and anything that is claimed to be "true knowledge" must be confirmed or confirmable by perception. This it
3724:
The Nyaya-sutras assert the premise that "all knowledge is not intrinsically valid", that "most knowledge is not valid unless proven" and "truth exists whether we human beings know it or not". However, states Fowler, the text accepts the foundation that "some knowledge is self evident" and axiomatic
4011:
The theory of doubt, according to the
Nyayasutras, starts with the premise that doubt is part of the human learning process and occurs when conflicting possibilities exist with regard to a cognized object. Doubt is neither error nor absence of knowledge, but a form of uncertainty and human struggle
3585:
Presents correct knowledge is necessary and sufficient to destroy defects. Both whole and part must be known. Establishes external world exists, and phenomenon are as real as objects. Refutes the "everything is false" theory. Presents ways to produce and maintain correct knowledge, Need to seek and
4522:
Nyayasutras' 3.2.10–17 present its argument against
Buddhist "momentariness of everything", while sutras 4.1.37–40 challenge the "voidness of everything" premise of Buddhism, sutras 4.2.6–4.2.11 question its "whole is not separate from parts" premise, and sutras 4.2.26–37 present its refutation of
4512:
states, "Nyaya is the traditional school of Hindu logic. In the early centuries BCE the Nyaya logicians undertook the project of describing the world in a coherent rational fashion and without reliance on revelation or a commitment to any particular deity. Nyaya's primary text, the Nyaya Sutras of
4264:
and spiritualism of yoga in sutra 4.2.46. Meditation is a treasured and recommended practice in the text, and extensively discussed by Nyaya scholars that followed
Aksyapada Gautama. Vatsyayana wrote in his commentary on Nyayasutras, for example, that meditation is that which enables the mind to
4352:
Numerous other commentaries are referenced in other Indian historical texts, but these manuscripts are either lost or yet to be found. Starting around 11th- to 12th century CE, Udayana wrote a primary work, that built upon and expanded the theories on reason found in
Nyayasutras. Udayana's work
4122:
The text seeds the theory of negative entities, where both being and non-being, presence and absence of something is considered correct and useful knowledge. Absence of a book on a table or absence of particular color in a painting has a place in its epistemic process, in addition to positively
3520:
Presents its theory of Doubt. Discusses epistemology, when perception, inference and comparison is unreliable and reliable. Theory that the reliability of testimony depends on the reliability of the source. Theory that the testimony in the Vedas are a source of knowledge and inconsistencies are
3434:
is any short rule, like a theorem distilled into few words or syllables, around which "teachings of ritual, philosophy, grammar or any field of knowledge" can be woven. Sutras were compiled to be remembered, used as reference and to help teach and transmit ideas from one generation to the next.
3762:
or ordinary knowledge, where the five senses directly and clearly apprehend a reality, and this is true definite knowledge according to the text. It defines indefinite knowledge as one where there is doubt, and the text gives an example of seeing a distant stationary object in the evening and
3356:
It is likely, states
Jeaneane Fowler, that Nyaya and the science of reason stretch back into the Vedic era; it developed in the ancient Indian tradition that involved "dialectical tournaments, in the halls of kings and schools of Vedic philosophers", and Gautama was the one who distilled and
4199:, interpreted "it" in verse 4.1.21 of Nyaya Sutra above, as "human action" and "him" as "Ishvara", then he developed counter arguments to prove the existence of Ishvara, a reasoning that fueled the debate and disagreements on God in Neo-Nyaya and other Hindu traditions of 2nd millennium CE.
4020:
The Nyayasutra defines error as knowledge, an opinion or a conclusion about something that is different from what it really is. Gautama states in the text that the error is always in the process of cognition itself, or the "subjective self", and not in the object. It is the duty of the
3900:
as a means of true knowledge depends on an agreed convention on what words mean, the structure of sentences, establishing context and their import. The source must be reliable and comprehensible, and the receiver of knowledge must be able to understand the knowledge therefrom.
6344:, page 64; "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";
4269:
of beliefs held by the opponent", in deciding the nature of one's discussions, according to Nyayasutras. In some cases, asserts the text, it is better to avoid arguing with hostile opponents and use methods of knowledge like "a fence is used to safeguard the growth of seeds".
3852:(perception), states the text, in using a linguistic referent and the foundation of pre-existing knowledge within the individual and what he learnt from his teachers, friends, family and past knowledge inherited from the wise, through a process of social cooperation. The
3767:(mind) is considered an internal sense, in the text, and it can either lead to correct or incorrect knowledge depending on how it includes, excludes or integrates information. These ideas are compiled, in later chapters of the text, into its treatise on
1908:
or the objects of knowledge, and the text discusses the nature of knowledge in remaining books. It set the foundation for Nyaya tradition of the empirical theory of validity and truth, opposing uncritical appeals to intuition or scriptural authority.
1897:
The Nyāya Sūtras is a Hindu text, notable for focusing on knowledge and logic, and making no mention of Vedic rituals. The first book is structured as a general introduction and table of contents of sixteen categories of knowledge. Book two is about
3384:, explicitly states, "sutra 4.2.25 is addressed against the Madhyamika system" of Buddhism. Other ancient Buddhist texts confirm that Nyayasutras existed before them, and the text is considered the primary text of old Nyaya school of Hinduism.
3908:
of reliable sources. The schools of Indian Darshanaparampara have debated if, how and when reliability of source can be objectively established. Gautama, in the Nyayasutras, offers a description for a reliable source. Some schools, such as
4285:. Vatsyayana's commentary has been variously dated to be from the 5th century CE, or much earlier around 2nd century BCE. Another often studied surviving commentary on the text is credited to Vacaspati Mishra from about 9th century CE.
3868:
epistemic methods. Comparison is, in Nyayasutras, the process of permeating or infusing hypothesis, examples and tests, thus leading to objectivity and correct knowledge about something new and what one already presumes to know.
3505:
How to analyze opposing views, presents its theory of five-membered arguments, correct conclusions are those where contradictions do not exist, theory of reasoning methods that are flawed, what is a quibble and how to avoid it.
6296:, Encyclopædia Britannica (2013), Quote: "Anatta in Buddhism, the doctrine that there is in humans no permanent, underlying soul. The concept of anatta, or anatman, is a departure from the Hindu belief in atman ("the self")."
4000:(Sanskrit: संशय, doubt) in sutras 1.1.23, 2.1.1 to 2.1.7, 3.2.1, 4.2.4 among others. This discussion is similar to those found in other schools of Hindu philosophy, expands on the theory of doubt presented by Kanada in the
3837:(knowledge). It is a means of gaining knowledge based on "similarity, comparison, analogy", and considered reliable in Nyaya and many schools of Indian Darshanaparampara (but not in Vaisheshika and Charvaka, or Buddhism).
3809:
Nyayasutras defines inference as the knowledge that follows or derives from other knowledge. It always follows perception, states the text, and is a universal relation or essential principle. One form of inference is a
4532:
Like other schools of Hinduism, the Nyaya school holds the premise, "Soul exists, and Soul (or self, Atman) is a self evident truth". Buddhism, in contrast, holds the premise, "Atman does not exist, and An-atman (or
4353:
created the foundation for Navya-Nyaya (new Nyaya) school. The Hindu scholar Gangesa of 13th- or 14th-century, integrated the Gautama's Nyayasutras and Udayana's Navya-Nyaya work, to create the influential
3715:
declares the text's goal is to study and describe the attainment of liberation of soul from wrong knowledge, faults and sorrow, through the application of above sixteen categories of perfecting knowledge.
4146:. Verses 19–21 postulate that Ishvara exists and is the cause, states a consequence of the postulate, then presents contrary evidence, and from contradiction concludes that the postulate must be invalid.
4537:, non-self) is self evident". Buddhists do not believe that at the core of all human beings and living creatures, there is any "eternal, essential and absolute something called a soul, self or atman".
3574:
Presents its theory of defects, then its theory that "everything has cause, and consequences", and its "some things are eternal, some non-eternal" theory. Defines and describes Fruits, Pain, Release.
3763:
wondering whether it is a post or a man standing in the distance. In some of these cases, states Nyayasutras, correct knowledge is formulated by the principle of cumulative evidence.
3546:
presents its theory of body, followed by theory of sensory organs and their role in correct and incorrect knowledge, states that the soul is not a sense organ nor an internal organ.
1851:
3494:
Subject matter and statement of purpose of the text. Four reliable instruments of correct knowledge. Definitions. Nature of argument and nature of the process of valid proof.
3458:, ancient texts that have survived into the modern era. There are several surviving manuscripts of the Nyayasutras, with a slight difference in number of sutras, of which the
4431:
were synonymous, states Hajime Nakamura, in the earliest Dharmasutras of 1st millennium BCE. Over time, Nyaya, Mimamsa and Vedanta became three distinct and related schools.
6313:, page 63, Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".
3557:
presents its theory of soul (self, atman), that the essence of a person and source of judgments is the soul, states its "judgment is non-eternal" theory, presents theory of
3532:
Instruments of knowledge are fourfold, Confusion caused by presumption and prejudice, Sound is noneternal theory, Theory of three meaning of words (vyakti, akrti and jati)
3320:
5565:
JL Shaw (2000), Conditions for Understanding the Meaning of a Sentence: The Nyāya and the Advaita Vedānta, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Volume 28, Issue 3, pages 273–293
4142:
In Nyayasutra's Book 4, Chapter 1 examines what causes production and destruction of entities (life, matter) in the universe. It considers many hypotheses, including
6002:
6284:
Sanjit Sadhukhan (1990), The conflict between the Buddhist and the Naiyayika Philosophers, Journal: Bulletin of Tibetology, Vol. BT1990, Issues 1–3, pages 39–54
3633:
The first sutra 1.1.1 of the text asserts its scope and the following sixteen categories of knowledge as a means to gain competence in any field of interest:
4265:
contact one's soul, which is accompanied by a conscious eagerness to get at the truth, and such meditation is an essential practice to gain true knowledge.
8242:
4044:), which leads to true knowledge. The five fallacies or errors, according to Nyayasutras, are to be avoided, in addition to watching for debating tricks (
1088:
3521:
either defects or choices in the text, the best way to understand the Vedas is to divide it into three: injunction, descriptions and reinculcations.
1844:
4291:
Liberation is impossible without knowledge of the real nature of the world. To achieve liberation and to know the soul, one must take shelter of
3438:
The Nyayasutra is divided into five books, each book subdivided into two chapters each. The structure of the text is, states Potter, a layout of
2356:
6010:
English translation: Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press,
3313:
9449:
6607:
5592:
4670:
4472:
4457:
4449:
3933:
The text, in sutras 1.1.32 and 1.1.39, presents its theory of proper arguments, stating that a proper argument must include five components:
1932:
4697:
Francis X Clooney (2001), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries between Religions, Oxford University Press,
7271:
4040:) in sutra 1.2.4, discussing each in the sutras that follow, stating that these lead to false knowledge, in contrast to proper reasoning (
1912:
The Nyaya sutras cover a wide range of topics, including Tarka-Vidyā, the science of debate or Vāda-Vidyā, the science of discussion. The
1606:
5498:
John A. Grimes (2006), A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,
1837:
5304:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Indian Darshanaparampara, Sussex Academic Press,
6492:
6472:
6452:
6435:
6418:
6401:
6384:
6341:
6329:
6310:
6263:
6246:
6229:
6203:
6186:
6164:
6124:
6107:
6090:
6032:
6015:
5968:
5930:
5904:
5880:
5854:
5837:
5811:
5790:
5773:
5753:
5736:
5716:
5692:
5672:
5655:
5629:
5612:
5553:
5527:
5503:
5492:
5457:
5436:
5402:
5358:
5337:
5309:
5292:
5275:
5241:
5224:
5204:
5187:
5161:
5140:
5068:
5025:
5002:
4980:
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4925:
4908:
4878:
4861:
4829:
4812:
4792:
4770:
4753:
4736:
4719:
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4649:
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39:
8103:
5575:
5470:
5415:
5382:
5102:
5051:
4423:
The Nyayasutras were influential to the Vedanta schools of Hindu philosophy, and provided the epistemological foundations. The terms
6537:
6523:
6506:
6053:
5089:
5038:
3306:
706:
8650:
8209:
3430:
is a Sanskrit word that means "string, thread", and represents a condensed manual of knowledge of a specific field or school. Each
3380:(completed before) date of about the 2nd century CE, because one of the most famous and established Buddhist scholars of that era,
5954:
KK Chakrabarti (1978), The Nyaya-Vaisesika theory of negative entities, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 6, No. 2, pages 129–144
5199:
John A. Grimes, A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English, State University of New York Press,
3346:
One may sum up the situation pretty safely by saying that we have not the vaguest idea who wrote the Nyayasutras or when he lived.
9470:
6159:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
6102:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
5849:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
5667:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
5607:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
5397:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
5372:
For history see: VS Sowani and VV Sowani (1920), Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 1, No. 2, pages 87–98
5219:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
5020:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
4903:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
4824:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
4807:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
4748:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
4731:
Karl Potter (2004), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
9485:
8235:
8091:
7622:
6070:
5963:
John Clayton (2010), Religions, Reasons and Gods: Essays in Cross-cultural Philosophy of Religion, Cambridge University Press,
2310:
4048:) used by those whose aim isn't true knowledge. The five forms of bogus reasoning identified by the text, states Ganeri, are:
8582:
7920:
4256:
in quiet places such as a forest, cave or sandy beach in sutra 4.2.42, that the knowledge seeker should purify one's soul by
1574:
1081:
5995:
5916:
Bimal Krishna Matilal (1975), Causality in the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika School, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 41–48
5866:
Bimal Krishna Matilal (1975), Causality in the Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika School, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 25, No. 1, pages 42–44
4309:
Other historical Indian commentaries and works inspired by Nyayasutras and which have survived into the modern era, include
6336:
Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press,
9284:
8049:
6215:
Stephen Phillips (1992), Review: Gadadhara's Theory of Objectivity, Philosophy East and West, Volume 42, Issue 4, page 669
6027:
Francis X. Clooney (2010), Hindu God, Christian God: How Reason Helps Break Down the Boundaries, Oxford University Press,
5999:
3751:) can be a source of doubt or false knowledge, as can prejudgmental or prejudicial state of mind, states the Nyayasutras.
3622:
2193:
2065:
6576:
6567:
6555:
9384:
8983:
8098:
3856:
method is secondary, it relies on perception, combined with linguistic referent and context. Comparison is not isolated
8863:
8848:
8113:
6181:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
6085:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
5899:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
5711:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
5548:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
5270:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
5135:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
4920:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
4873:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
4765:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
4714:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
4644:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
4628:
B. K. Matilal "Perception. An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge" (Oxford University Press, 1986), p. xiv.
4611:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
4573:
Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press,
2087:
2075:
1931:
system. Later commentaries expanded, expounded and discussed Nyaya sutras, the earlier surviving commentaries being by
8808:
7209:
5925:
John C. Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Patristic-Sutra period, Volume 3, Motilal Banarsidass,
4281:(review and commentary) on Nyaya Sutras is by Vatsyayana. This commentary itself inspired many secondary and tertiary
4168:
Prima facie objection sutra: This is not so since, as a matter of fact, no fruit is accomplished without human action.
2040:
1979:
1562:
438:
5942:
JL Shaw (2002), Causality: Sāmkhya, Bauddha and Nyāya, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 30, Issue 3, pages 213–270
4189:. The 5th century CE Nyaya school scholar Prastapada, for example, revisited the premise of God. He was followed by
9495:
8953:
8228:
8140:
7632:
6665:
6638:
6142:
5487:
Eliott Deutsche (2000), in Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4 (Editor: Roy Perrett), Routledge,
3637:
Perfection is attained by the correct knowledge about true nature of sixteen categories: means of right knowledge (
2003:
1800:
1601:
1016:
645:
289:
8752:
1720:
977:
9480:
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8813:
8715:
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8285:
8160:
7086:
6600:
6549:
3065:
2788:
2295:
2082:
2070:
1074:
5370:
Wilhelm Halbfass (1985), India and the Comparative Method, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 35, No. 1, pages 3–15;
5182:
Stephen Phillips (2014), Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School, Routledge,
8769:
8349:
7954:
7685:
7612:
7536:
7242:
7024:
6999:
4485:
1725:
1285:
1265:
982:
741:
8391:
6861:
6804:
6198:
Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press,
6119:
Stephen Phillips (2009), Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy, Columbia University Press,
4233:
A large part of the third book of the Nyayasutras is dedicated to the premise and the nature of a Self (soul,
2634:
2409:
2278:
138:
75:
9309:
9029:
9009:
8699:
7790:
7650:
7321:
6241:
J Ganeri (2012), The Self: Naturalism, Consciousness, and the First-Person Stance, Oxford University Press,
4380:
states that the Nyaya school and Buddhism differ on their conception of Self (Atman) and their views on the
3338:
estimates, based on textual analysis, vary from the 6th century BCE, making him a contemporary of
2925:
1823:
1705:
1656:
691:
8726:
6366:
Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?, Philosophy Now
4355:
9274:
8710:
8435:
8133:
8086:
7296:
7019:
4722:, page 129; Quote: "In focusing on knowledge and logic, Gautama's Sutras made no mention of Vedic ritual".
4509:
4372:
The Nyaya-sutras have been one of the foundations for the historic debate between Hinduism's premise that
1631:
1425:
1290:
4245:
The sutras 4.2.42 to 4.2.48 of Nyayasutras, states Stephen Phillips, state that "philosophy is a form of
8487:
8155:
8108:
8081:
8044:
7301:
6305:
John C. Plott et al (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
5587:
P. Billimoria (1988), Śabdapramāṇa: Word and Knowledge, Studies of Classical India Volume 10, Springer,
4228:, interpreted by Jeaneane Fowler, Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism
3844:
as the knowledge of a thing based on "its likeness to another thing which is familiar". It differs from
3200:
3009:
1636:
1537:
580:
560:
268:
261:
7617:
1944:
8354:
6828:
6447:
BNK Sharma (2008), A History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature, Motilal Banarsidass,
2459:
423:
117:
8873:
8128:
8123:
8118:
8039:
7516:
7009:
6994:
6646:
6593:
4787:
KK Chakrabarti (1999), Classical Indian Philosophy of Mind: The Nyaya Dualist Tradition, SUNY Press,
2627:
1710:
1275:
1232:
1105:
967:
905:
570:
6413:
David Burton (1999)< Emptiness Appraised: A Critical Study of Nagarjuna's Philosophy, Routledge,
3888:
has been an accepted and reliable method to knowledge by all orthodox schools of Hinduism including
9219:
9159:
9094:
8933:
8828:
8733:
8507:
8431:
8265:
8178:
8145:
8024:
7915:
7850:
7700:
7559:
7439:
7311:
7139:
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6774:
6688:
6376:
4338:
4234:
3158:
2944:
2830:
2731:
2726:
1646:
1616:
1332:
1246:
1142:
469:
413:
9074:
8195:
7204:
9124:
8544:
8374:
7980:
7939:
7231:
7044:
6989:
6739:
5980:
G Oberhammer (1965), Zum problem des Gottesbeweises in der Indischen Philosophie, Numen, 12: 1–34
4253:
4181:
Other scholars of Nyaya school reconsidered this question and offered arguments for what is God (
3454:
or topics, which later commentators such as Vatsyayana and Vacaspati Misra used to compose their
3377:
2610:
2346:
2055:
1996:
1987:
1342:
1309:
1227:
319:
7194:
5578:, The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 4–5, 37–39, 59–61
4391:
targets Nyaya-sutra, among other Hindu texts, for his critique and to establish his doctrine of
3170:
2736:
1685:
1001:
9089:
7660:
6710:
4941:
9104:
9059:
8928:
8705:
8674:
8251:
8189:
8069:
8059:
7925:
7860:
7253:
7049:
7039:
6585:
6533:
6519:
6502:
6488:
6468:
6448:
6431:
6414:
6397:
6396:
P Bilimoria and JN Mohanty (2003), Relativism, Suffering and Beyond, Oxford University Press,
6380:
6337:
6325:
6306:
6259:
6242:
6225:
6224:
P Bilimoria and JN Mohanty (2003), Relativism, Suffering and Beyond, Oxford University Press,
6199:
6182:
6160:
6120:
6103:
6086:
6066:
6049:
6028:
6011:
5964:
5926:
5900:
5876:
5850:
5833:
5807:
5786:
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5749:
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5651:
5625:
5608:
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5549:
5523:
5499:
5488:
5453:
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5398:
5354:
5333:
5305:
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5271:
5237:
5220:
5200:
5183:
5157:
5136:
5085:
5064:
5021:
4998:
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4959:
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4904:
4874:
4857:
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4715:
4698:
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4666:
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2568:
2402:
2351:
2060:
1651:
1589:
1430:
1314:
1304:
1062:
731:
96:
51:
7114:
4399:. In this text, and Vigrahavya-vartani, he presents his proof of voidness by challenging the
4384:, and the sutra 4.2.25 of Nyayasutra is addressed against the Madhyamika system of Buddhism.
1377:
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8963:
8908:
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7331:
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7266:
7152:
7109:
6796:
6656:
6350:
4975:
M Winternitz (2010 Reprint), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
4195:
4033:
schools of Indian philosophies, states Rao, and these schools likely influenced each other.
3904:
The reliability of the source is important, and legitimate knowledge can only come from the
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929:
625:
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305:
282:
205:
59:
9369:
8440:
9279:
9184:
9149:
9024:
8923:
8599:
8517:
8492:
8414:
8199:
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8017:
7999:
7949:
7883:
7865:
7808:
7758:
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7481:
7354:
7316:
7286:
7124:
7014:
6853:
6846:
6693:
6006:
4513:
Gautama, can be read as a neutral analysis neither favoring nor opposing the idea of God".
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4022:
3107:
2810:
2778:
2519:
1780:
1760:
1735:
1459:
1387:
1280:
595:
484:
453:
240:
215:
7970:
5785:
J Ganeri (2003), Philosophy in Classical India: An Introduction and Analysis, Routledge,
9339:
6703:
6561:
3638:
9490:
9354:
9304:
9294:
8943:
8838:
8720:
8663:
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8524:
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8034:
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7157:
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7004:
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3205:
3175:
3081:
3017:
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1960:
1940:
1770:
1550:
1270:
1251:
1035:
590:
509:
499:
408:
247:
28:
8381:
6375:
John Kelley (1997), in Bhartrhari: Philosopher and Grammarian (Editors: Saroja Bhate,
6145:, The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 137–139
5832:
SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass,
5650:
SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass,
5624:
SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass,
5287:
SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass,
5236:
SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass,
4681:
SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass,
799:
9464:
8803:
8776:
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8626:
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8512:
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7833:
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7081:
3210:
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2981:
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2109:
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1415:
1337:
1026:
962:
957:
924:
803:
736:
711:
696:
686:
540:
443:
363:
347:
254:
8399:
6258:
Ganganatha Jha (1999 Reprint), Nyaya-Sutras of Gautama, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
5768:
Roy Perrett (2001), Indian Philosophy: Logic and philosophy of language, Routledge,
5418:, The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 35–43
4237:) and its relation to knowledge, liberation from sorrow and inner freedom (moksha).
2642:
159:
9389:
9349:
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9234:
8968:
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8606:
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2500:
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2045:
2010:
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1611:
1508:
1503:
1484:
1469:
1006:
655:
520:
474:
312:
9299:
8369:
5875:
S Dasgupta (2004), A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
5473:, The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 4–5
5385:, The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages 3–4
5041:, The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, pages i–v
5748:
S Rao (1998), Perceptual Error: The Indian Theories, University of Hawaii Press,
5731:
S Rao (1998), Perceptual Error: The Indian Theories, University of Hawaii Press,
5687:
JN Mohanty (1970), Nyāya Theory of Doubt, Phenomenology and Ontology, Volume 37,
4940:
Monier Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Entry for
4853:
4295:
practices, because without this knowledge, knowledge of Reality is not obtained.
3711:
These sixteen categories cover many sections of the text. The verse 1.1.2 of the
9429:
9319:
9264:
9069:
8893:
8853:
8843:
8645:
8460:
8344:
7845:
7773:
7763:
7675:
7665:
7640:
7281:
7276:
7167:
6961:
6945:
6888:
6823:
6759:
4081:
4008:
school's theory of doubt and consequent "there is no empirical knowledge ever".
4001:
3259:
3149:
2873:
2618:
2536:
2531:
2451:
2158:
2134:
2129:
1928:
1917:
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1621:
1569:
1523:
1518:
1175:
1113:
934:
889:
842:
792:
721:
605:
530:
355:
333:
275:
223:
110:
17:
9359:
5522:
M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass,
5105:, The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, page 2
5054:, The Sacred Book of the Hindus, Volume VIII, Bhuvaneshvar Asrama Press, page 1
9379:
9269:
9224:
9199:
9139:
9134:
9084:
9004:
8978:
8913:
8744:
8739:
8692:
8669:
8497:
8445:
7910:
7878:
7823:
7680:
7389:
7226:
7199:
7179:
6981:
6779:
6754:
3848:(inference) in lacking a direct or immediate causal relation. It differs from
3732:
sutras asserts and then discusses four reliable means of obtaining knowledge (
3442:
or lessons served into daily portions, each portion consisting of a number of
3180:
2885:
2868:
2851:
2838:
2818:
2682:
2436:
2370:
2339:
2327:
2206:
1891:
1795:
1217:
1204:
1011:
910:
897:
525:
233:
4958:
Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press,
4036:
The text identifies and cautions against five kinds of fallacious reasoning (
9404:
9239:
9064:
9039:
8958:
8918:
8903:
8858:
8656:
8577:
8450:
8029:
7818:
7768:
7741:
7690:
7655:
7645:
7597:
7496:
7464:
7409:
7306:
7261:
6935:
5351:
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English
4854:
The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Indian metaphysics and epistemology
4377:
4064:
the untimely (overgeneralization across time, or sublated, Nyayasutra 1.2.9)
3803:
3381:
3242:
2856:
2577:
2541:
2495:
2446:
2201:
2163:
2022:
1765:
1695:
1596:
1170:
1021:
879:
783:
701:
635:
464:
326:
9179:
8404:
6625:
4556:
Klaus K Klostermaier (1998), A concise encyclopedia of Hinduism, Oneworld,
4444:, The sacred books of the Hindus, 1930; Motilal Banarsidass, 1990 reprint,
4106:
2915:
180:
6293:
5429:
Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School
4073:
The Nyayasutras dedicate many sections on causality and causal relations (
3940:– the proposition or hypothesis (that which needs to be proved or decided)
3600:
24 futile rejoinders, how to avoid errors and present relevant rejoinders
1918:
1876:
9409:
9399:
9289:
9229:
9174:
9019:
9014:
8973:
8938:
8888:
8823:
8818:
8572:
8409:
8074:
7893:
7888:
7778:
7715:
7695:
7526:
7362:
7189:
7162:
7129:
7071:
6971:
6966:
6940:
6903:
6865:
6749:
6621:
6467:
Hajime Nakamura (1989), A History of Early Vedānta Philosophy, Volume 2,
4411:
4166:
is the cause, since we see sometimes human action lacks fruits (results).
4026:
4005:
3958:– the application of the rule (validity test, or example to the instance)
3952:– the general rule (that which is independently confirmed or confirmable)
3910:
3729:
3627:
3447:
3185:
3137:
3044:
2930:
2863:
2823:
2700:
2687:
2647:
2524:
2181:
1871:
1557:
1392:
1199:
1194:
1165:
1131:
1121:
1057:
884:
852:
819:
673:
550:
494:
297:
166:
152:
9324:
5802:
K Ramasubramanian (2011), The Concept of Hetvābhāsa in Nyāya-śāstra, in
5063:
Nandalal Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass,
9419:
9414:
9394:
9334:
9314:
9254:
9204:
9194:
9144:
9119:
9109:
9099:
9044:
8878:
8758:
8529:
8482:
8359:
8334:
8270:
7975:
7828:
7746:
7736:
7511:
7501:
7474:
7469:
7459:
7414:
7399:
7394:
7174:
7119:
7104:
7096:
7063:
6930:
6833:
6808:
6784:
6769:
6683:
6673:
4373:
4330:
4190:
4182:
4136:
4030:
3734:
3234:
3132:
2995:
2920:
2798:
2793:
2753:
2718:
2551:
2485:
2476:
2468:
2426:
2322:
2249:
2234:
2027:
1952:
1900:
1730:
1674:
1405:
1382:
1367:
1360:
1189:
1160:
996:
989:
944:
874:
812:
760:
433:
382:
173:
124:
89:
5330:
Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Hinduism
4139:
as a creator God with the power to grant blessings, boons and fruits.
9424:
9374:
9364:
9259:
9244:
9164:
9154:
9114:
9054:
9049:
9034:
8999:
8948:
8868:
8534:
8364:
8305:
8012:
8007:
7985:
7798:
7751:
7710:
7592:
7582:
7521:
7429:
7372:
7367:
7221:
6908:
6744:
6730:
6715:
4396:
4392:
4346:
4278:
4261:
3964:– the conclusion (the hypothesis is either true or false or in doubt)
3455:
3227:
3223:
3125:
3120:
3115:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2783:
2758:
2713:
2669:
2560:
2507:
2363:
2283:
2266:
2213:
2186:
2141:
2114:
2104:
2050:
1805:
1136:
857:
767:
668:
8220:
6582:, GRETIL version of Sanskrit text, University of Goettingen, Germany
6573:, GRETIL version of Sanskrit text, University of Goettingen, Germany
6558:, GRETIL version of Sanskrit text, University of Goettingen, Germany
1894:
sutras, about rules of reason, logic, epistemology and metaphysics.
6430:
CR Prasad (2002), Advaita Epistemology and Metaphysics, Routledge,
3738:), viz., Perception, Inference, Comparison and Reliable Testimony.
9439:
9434:
9344:
9214:
9169:
9079:
8883:
8833:
8782:
8763:
8339:
8300:
7903:
7898:
7602:
7572:
7506:
7486:
7424:
7404:
7377:
7216:
6918:
6818:
6764:
6720:
6698:
4490:
4381:
4257:
4132:
3918:
3889:
3802:
sections in Nyayasutras on inference blossomed into a treatise on
3690:
3621:
3558:
3413:
3358:
3277:
3195:
3144:
3000:
2986:
2974:
2768:
2743:
2585:
2431:
2334:
2254:
2153:
1883:
1678:
1153:
1043:
948:
866:
393:
103:
6516:
Epistemology, Logic, and Grammar in Indian Philosophical Analysis
43:
The means to correct knowledge, according to ancient Nyayasutras.
9444:
9209:
9189:
8295:
7944:
7873:
7855:
7803:
7587:
7531:
7491:
7451:
7434:
7419:
7384:
6813:
6725:
4292:
4246:
3190:
2803:
2773:
2441:
2221:
776:
340:
8224:
6589:
5154:
Yoga Philosophy: In Relation to Other Systems of Indian Thought
4210:
The Soul is the perceiver of all that brings pain and pleasure,
3450:. The architecture of the text is also split and collated into
6617:
4440:
Nandalal Sinha, Mahamahopadhyaya Satisa Chandra Vidyabhusana,
2176:
4523:
Buddhism's "denial of objects and observed reality" premises.
3968:
The text defines and aphoristically discusses each of these.
3368:
The Nyaya school of Hinduism influenced all other schools of
6678:
6324:
KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge,
2388:
67:
6065:
VR Rao (1987), Selected Doctrines from Indian Philosophy,
4170:
Conclusion sutra: Not so, since it is influenced by him.
3884:, means relying on word, testimony of a reliable source.
4080:
The text identifies three types of causes – inherent or
5016:
5014:
4123:
verifiable characteristics of the table or a painting.
3925:. Other schools debate means to establish reliability.
3782:
Inference is knowledge which is preceded by perception,
3464:
6568:
Gautama's Nyayasutra with Vacaspatimisra's commentary
4936:
4934:
4216:
the ground of consciousness, knowledge and cognitions.
4157:पूर्वपक्षसूत्र : न, पुरुषकर्माभावे फ्लानिष्पत्तेः
3896:(words). In addition to words, state the Nyayasutras,
4783:
4781:
4779:
34:
Sanskrit text of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy
6487:
J Ganeri (2001), Indian Logic: A Reader, Routledge,
5950:
5948:
4214:
the knower of all pains, pleasures and their causes,
3351:
Karl Potter, The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies
8992:
8791:
8591:
8560:
8475:
8390:
8321:
8314:
8258:
7998:
7963:
7789:
7724:
7631:
7558:
7551:
7450:
7353:
7344:
7252:
7138:
7095:
7062:
6980:
6954:
6917:
6896:
6887:
6879:
6795:
6664:
6655:
6137:
6135:
6133:
4954:
4952:
3913:, state that this is never possible, and therefore
811:
791:
775:
759:
5683:
5681:
4185:) and various arguments to prove the existence of
6577:Gautama: Nyayasutra with Vatsyayana's commentary
6463:
6461:
5998:Anand Ashram Sanskrit Granthvali, pages 290–292;
5764:
5762:
5393:
5391:
5215:
5213:
5178:
5176:
5174:
5172:
5170:
5131:
4899:
4897:
4895:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4840:
4838:
4415:on the basis of personal feeling and experience.
6564:, A SARIT Initiative, German Research Foundation
6155:
6153:
6151:
5895:
5893:
5891:
5889:
5707:
5705:
5703:
5701:
5603:
5601:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5538:
5536:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5250:
5129:
5127:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5113:
5111:
4997:. Princeton University Press. pp. 194–195.
4607:
6421:, pages 1-5, 127-138, 151-153, 160-166, 181-195
6177:
6175:
6173:
6081:
6079:
4640:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4589:
4587:
4403:at the foundation of Nyaya-sutras. In his work
4367:
4288:
4207:
4148:
3779:
3635:
3392:
3344:
6552:, SC Vidyabhushana (1913), English translation
6280:
6278:
6276:
6274:
6272:
4803:
4801:
4467:(4 vols.), Motilal Banarsidass, 1999 reprint,
3357:systematized this pre-existing knowledge into
8236:
6601:
5828:
5826:
5824:
5822:
5820:
4368:On Hinduism's soul, Buddhism's no-soul debate
4135:school scholars considered the hypothesis of
3860:means, and sometimes works together with the
3314:
1845:
1082:
27:"Gotama" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
6499:Indian Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction
6232:, pages i–ix with Introduction and Chapter 3
5481:
5479:
6556:Gautama's Nyayasutra without any commentary
5641:Julian Baggini (2018), How the World Thinks
4359:text considered a masterpiece by scholars.
4212:the experiencer of all pains and pleasures,
4052:the wandering or erratic (Nyayasutra 1.2.5)
8318:
8243:
8229:
8221:
7555:
7350:
6923:
6893:
6661:
6608:
6594:
6586:
3946:– the reason (can be positive or negative)
3786:a priori, a posteriori and commonly seen.
3321:
3307:
2593:
1974:
1852:
1838:
1100:
1089:
1075:
389:
145:
82:
46:
5727:
5725:
5082:Indian Philosophy: A popular Introduction
5084:, New Delhi: People's Publishing House,
4995:The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: A Biography
4159:सिद्धान्तसूत्र : तत्कारितत्वादहेतुः
3981:Whenever there is smoke, there is a fire
38:
6332:, pages 246–249, from note 385 onwards;
5990:
5988:
5986:
5518:
5516:
5514:
4549:
4502:
3992:Theory of doubt as incomplete knowledge
1986:
1352:
1112:
750:
720:
664:
644:
624:
604:
579:
559:
539:
508:
483:
452:
422:
392:
137:
74:
58:
6046:A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy
5353:, State University of New York Press,
4452:; Munshiram Manoharlal reprint, 2003,
4061:the counterbalanced (Nyayasutra 1.2.7)
3987:Therefore, there is a fire on the hill
3921:or anyone else, can never be a proper
3873:Shabda: Testimony and reliable sources
3697:); and methods of losing an argument (
3403:irrespective of whether we know it is,
1935:(5th–6th Century CE), followed by the
756:
6141:SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator),
5574:SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator),
5469:SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator),
5414:SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator),
5381:SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator),
5101:SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator),
5050:SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator),
5037:SC Vidyabhushana (1913, Translator),
3971:An example of a proper argument is:
7:
5806:, Volume 352, Springer Netherlands,
4055:the contradictory (Nyayasutra 1.2.6)
3626:The first ten sutras of the text in
3586:converse with those with knowledge.
3361:, or aphoristic compilations called
1904:(epistemology), book three is about
8205:
4317:by 6th-century Bhavivikta, another
3996:The Nyayasutras define and discuss
1882:, and the foundational text of the
3978:Because there is smoke on the hill
3829:, states Fowler, is a compound of
3720:Means of attaining valid knowledge
2357:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction
25:
6532:(Rowman & Littlefield, 2000)
5452:, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
4856:, Volume 2, Motilal Banarsidass,
4665:(4 vols.), Motilal Banarsidass,
8204:
8194:
8185:
8184:
8173:
6878:
6624:
6616:
6518:(Oxford University Press, 2005)
6501:(Oxford University Press, 2001)
4277:The earliest surviving complete
4203:Soul, self exists, inner freedom
4100:). These, it states, arise from
3290:
1120:
66:
8174:
4661:Ganganatha Jha (1999 Reprint),
4058:the unproven (Nyayasutra 1.2.8)
4004:school, but disagrees with the
3821:Upamana: Comparison and analogy
8583:Progressive utilization theory
8099:Relations with other religions
6048:, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass,
5450:A History of Indian Philosophy
4218:The Soul (self) can be known.
4155:कारणम्, पुरुषकर्माफल्यदर्शनात्
3641:); object of right knowledge (
3611:22 ways of losing an argument
1916:are related to but extend the
1:
6110:, pages 31–37, 95–96, 228–233
5804:Proof, Computation and Agency
4325:by 9th-century Bhasarvajana,
4321:by 7th-century Aviddhakarna,
3669:); ascertainment or results (
2066:Unity of knowledge and action
4993:White, David Gordon (2014).
4313:by 6th-century Uddyotakara,
4176:Nyaya Sutra, 4.1.19 – 4.1.21
4016:Hetvabhasa, theory of errors
3661:); members of an inference (
3466:The structure of Nyayasutra
3405:or are aware of that truth.
6530:Classical Indian Philosophy
5658:, pages 10, 29–32, 105, 158
5080:Chattopadhyaya, D. (1986).
3975:There is a fire on the hill
3880:(Sanskrit: शब्द, Word), in
3677:); sophistic disputations (
3610:
3599:
3584:
3573:
3556:
3545:
3531:
3519:
3504:
3493:
3479:
2083:Theory of Evil Human Nature
2071:Theory of Good Human Nature
1919:
1877:
9512:
6550:The Nyâya Sutras of Gotama
6348:Edward Roer (Translator),
4442:The Nyaya Sutras of Gotama
4241:Philosophy: a form of Yoga
3607:
3604:
3596:
3593:
3581:
3578:
3570:
3567:
3553:
3550:
3542:
3539:
3528:
3525:
3516:
3513:
3501:
3498:
3490:
3487:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3462:edition is often studied.
2004:Hundred Schools of Thought
1114:Hindu scriptures and texts
1017:Naalayira Divya Prabandham
646:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
290:Akshar Purushottam Darshan
26:
8171:
6926:
6876:
6634:
6570:Nyayavarttikatatparyatika
6360:Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad
5427:Stephen Phillips (2014),
5332:, Sussex Academic Press,
3929:Theory of proper argument
3590:
3564:
3536:
3510:
3484:
2296:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
1063:Other Indian philosophies
8770:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
7243:Yoga Sutras of Patanjali
6438:, pages 101–110, 129–136
6379:), Motilal Banarsidass,
6093:, page 147, with 148–150
5405:, pages 222–227, 406–408
5328:Jeaneane Fowler (2002),
4773:, pages 98, 103–104, 128
4756:, pages 191–199, 207–208
4486:Debates in ancient India
4465:Nyaya- Sutras of Gautama
4333:scholar Jayanta Bhatta,
3401:and what is true is so,
1933:Pakṣilasvāmin Vātsyāyana
707:Kamalakanta Bhattacharya
9471:Epistemology literature
8700:Samkhyapravachana Sutra
7322:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
6351:Shankara's Introduction
6005:7 November 2016 at the
5349:John A. Grimes (2006),
5156:, Motilal Banarsidass,
4663:Nyaya-Sutras of Gautama
4341:scholar Trilocana, and
4088:), non-inherent cause (
3840:The Nyayasutras define
3422:The text is written in
1959:(10th Century CE), and
1824:Timeline of Hindu texts
1657:Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam
692:Nigamananda Paramahansa
9486:Metaphysics literature
8436:Early Buddhist schools
7297:Eighteen Greater Texts
6562:Nyāyasūtra: Devanagari
6127:, page 281 footnote 40
4301:— Akṣapada Gautama in
4298:
4221:
4179:
4151:सिद्धान्तसूत्र :
3789:
3784:and is of three kinds:
3742:Pratyaksha: Perception
3709:
3693:); futile rejoinders (
3657:); established tenet (
3653:); familiar instance (
3630:
3411:— Akṣapada Gautama in
3408:
3354:
1943:(6th–7th Century CE),
1632:Eighteen Greater Texts
334:Shakti Vishishtadvaita
44:
8050:Hindu gurus and sants
7302:Eighteen Lesser Texts
4419:On Vedanta traditions
3625:
3297:Philosophy portal
3010:Japanese Confucianism
2279:East Asian Mādhyamaka
2228:Military and Strategy
1971:Author and chronology
1870:is an ancient Indian
1637:Eighteen Lesser Texts
581:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
561:Achintya Bheda Abheda
269:Svabhavika Bhedabheda
262:Achintya Bheda Abheda
42:
8874:Brihadratha Ikshvaku
8711:Sarvadarsanasangraha
8488:Acintya bheda abheda
8040:Anti-Hindu sentiment
6035:, pages 18–19, 35–39
5756:, pages 22–23, 21–44
4852:Karl Potter (2004),
4581:, pages vii, 33, 129
4252:The text recommends
3771:(Theory on Errors).
906:Principal Upanishads
571:Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
8934:Dayananda Saraswati
8508:Nimbarka Sampradaya
8432:Buddhist philosophy
8146:Hinduism by country
7312:Iraiyanar Akapporul
7272:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
6404:, Chapters 3 and 20
6377:Johannes Bronkhorst
6044:Sharma, C. (1997).
5994:Original Sanskrit:
5448:S Dasgupta (2004),
5152:S Dasgupta (1996),
4162:Proposition sutra:
4118:Theory of negatives
4069:Theory of causality
3467:
3159:Korean Confucianism
2635:Nāstika (heterodox)
1967:(10th Century CE).
1647:Iraiyanar Akapporul
1607:Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai
1353:Related Hindu texts
414:Raghunatha Siromani
8545:Pashupata Shaivism
8375:Pashupata Shaivism
4349:scholar Sridhara.
4193:, who in his text
4127:God in Nyayasutras
3775:Anumana: Inference
3631:
3465:
3395:Reality is truth (
3378:terminus ante quem
2611:Gangesha Upadhyaya
2347:Four Tenets system
1988:Eastern philosophy
1957:Tātparyapariśuddhi
1951:(9th Century CE),
45:
9496:Sutras (Hinduism)
9458:
9457:
9310:Pratītyasamutpāda
8471:
8470:
8252:Indian philosophy
8218:
8217:
7994:
7993:
7547:
7546:
7340:
7339:
7254:Sangam literature
7210:Yājñavalkya Smṛti
7058:
7057:
6874:
6873:
6000:Alternate Archive
5593:978-94-010-7810-8
4671:978-81-208-1264-2
4473:978-81-208-1264-2
4458:978-81-215-1096-7
4450:978-81-208-0748-8
4389:Madhyamika-karika
3984:The hill is smoky
3833:(similarity) and
3754:The text asserts
3706:Nyayasutra, 1.1.1
3615:
3614:
3477:Number of sutras
3331:
3330:
2957:Japanese Buddhism
2926:Pratītyasamutpāda
2410:Āstika (orthodox)
2352:Rangtong-Shentong
1874:text composed by
1862:
1861:
1652:Abhirami Anthadhi
1590:Sangam literature
1443:Vaishnava puranas
1099:
1098:
831:
830:
827:
826:
189:
188:
133:
132:
16:(Redirected from
9503:
9481:Logic literature
9476:History of logic
8964:Satyakama Jabala
8899:Akshapada Gotama
8849:Gārgī Vāchaknavī
8829:Vāchaspati Misra
8687:Nyayakusumanjali
8621:Bhagavata Purana
8578:Radical Humanism
8550:Shaiva Siddhanta
8319:
8291:Vedic philosophy
8245:
8238:
8231:
8222:
8208:
8207:
8198:
8188:
8187:
8177:
8176:
8087:Pilgrimage sites
7841:Ganesh Chaturthi
7556:
7351:
7332:Vedarthasamgraha
7327:Vinayagar Agaval
7292:Five Great Epics
7267:Divya Prabandham
7180:Minor Upanishads
6924:
6894:
6882:
6881:
6662:
6628:
6620:
6610:
6603:
6596:
6587:
6476:
6465:
6456:
6445:
6439:
6428:
6422:
6411:
6405:
6394:
6388:
6373:
6367:
6320:
6314:
6303:
6297:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6267:
6256:
6250:
6239:
6233:
6222:
6216:
6213:
6207:
6196:
6190:
6179:
6168:
6157:
6146:
6143:The Nyâya Sutras
6139:
6128:
6117:
6111:
6100:
6094:
6083:
6074:
6063:
6057:
6042:
6036:
6025:
6019:
5992:
5981:
5978:
5972:
5961:
5955:
5952:
5943:
5940:
5934:
5923:
5917:
5914:
5908:
5897:
5884:
5873:
5867:
5864:
5858:
5847:
5841:
5830:
5815:
5800:
5794:
5783:
5777:
5766:
5757:
5746:
5740:
5729:
5720:
5709:
5696:
5685:
5676:
5665:
5659:
5648:
5642:
5639:
5633:
5622:
5616:
5605:
5596:
5585:
5579:
5576:The Nyâya Sutras
5572:
5566:
5563:
5557:
5546:
5531:
5520:
5509:
5495:, pages 245–248;
5483:
5474:
5471:The Nyâya Sutras
5467:
5461:
5446:
5440:
5425:
5419:
5416:The Nyâya Sutras
5412:
5406:
5395:
5386:
5383:The Nyâya Sutras
5379:
5373:
5368:
5362:
5347:
5341:
5326:
5313:
5302:
5296:
5285:
5279:
5268:
5245:
5234:
5228:
5217:
5208:
5197:
5191:
5180:
5165:
5150:
5144:
5133:
5106:
5103:The Nyâya Sutras
5099:
5093:
5078:
5072:
5061:
5055:
5052:The Nyâya Sutras
5048:
5042:
5039:The Nyâya Sutras
5035:
5029:
5018:
5009:
5008:
4990:
4984:
4973:
4967:
4956:
4947:
4938:
4929:
4918:
4912:
4901:
4882:
4871:
4865:
4850:
4833:
4822:
4816:
4805:
4796:
4785:
4774:
4763:
4757:
4746:
4740:
4729:
4723:
4712:
4706:
4695:
4689:
4679:
4673:
4659:
4653:
4642:
4629:
4626:
4620:
4609:
4582:
4571:
4565:
4554:
4538:
4530:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4507:
4463:Ganganatha Jha,
4405:Pramana-vihetana
4345:by 10th-century
4337:by 10th-century
4335:Nyaya-prakirnaka
4319:Nyaya-bhasyatika
4315:Nyaya-bhasyatika
4305:
4254:yogic meditation
4229:
4196:Nyayakusumanjali
4177:
4090:Asamavayi-karana
3797:
3707:
3468:
3418:
3370:Hindu philosophy
3352:
3323:
3316:
3309:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3273:Minjung theology
3053:Motoori Norinaga
2732:Ātman (Buddhism)
2727:Ātman (Hinduism)
2653:Kashmir Shaivism
2418:Vedic philosophy
2303:Tibetan Buddhism
2122:New Confucianism
2097:Neo Confucianism
2091:
2079:
1975:
1922:
1888:Hindu philosophy
1880:
1878:Akṣapāda Gautama
1854:
1847:
1840:
1791:Gheranda Samhita
1741:Sushruta Samhita
1662:Vinayagar Agaval
1627:Five Great Epics
1602:Divya Prabandham
1533:
1499:
1445:
1327:Other scriptures
1300:
1261:
1242:
1185:
1124:
1101:
1091:
1084:
1077:
930:Agama (Hinduism)
918:Other scriptures
911:Minor Upanishads
757:
626:Ekasarana Dharma
470:Vāchaspati Misra
390:
306:Shaiva Siddhanta
283:Ekasarana Dharma
146:
83:
70:
60:Hindu philosophy
47:
21:
18:Maharishi Gautam
9511:
9510:
9506:
9505:
9504:
9502:
9501:
9500:
9461:
9460:
9459:
9454:
9280:Parameshashakti
8988:
8924:Ramana Maharshi
8809:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
8787:
8753:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
8727:Tattvacintāmaṇi
8600:Abhinavabharati
8587:
8556:
8530:Sikh Philosophy
8518:Vishishtadvaita
8467:
8386:
8310:
8254:
8249:
8219:
8214:
8181:
8167:
7990:
7959:
7950:Vasant Panchami
7884:Pahela Baishakh
7866:Makar Sankranti
7785:
7720:
7627:
7543:
7446:
7336:
7317:Abhirami Antati
7287:Kamba Ramayanam
7248:
7134:
7091:
7054:
6976:
6950:
6913:
6883:
6870:
6854:Vishishtadvaita
6791:
6651:
6630:
6614:
6546:
6484:
6482:Further reading
6479:
6475:, pages 313–321
6466:
6459:
6455:, pages 306–311
6446:
6442:
6429:
6425:
6412:
6408:
6395:
6391:
6387:, pages 179–188
6374:
6370:
6363:
6345:
6333:
6321:
6317:
6304:
6300:
6292:
6288:
6283:
6270:
6266:, pages 198–199
6257:
6253:
6249:, pages 162–169
6240:
6236:
6223:
6219:
6214:
6210:
6197:
6193:
6180:
6171:
6158:
6149:
6140:
6131:
6118:
6114:
6101:
6097:
6084:
6077:
6064:
6060:
6043:
6039:
6026:
6022:
6009:
6007:Wayback Machine
5993:
5984:
5979:
5975:
5962:
5958:
5953:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5911:
5907:, pages 150–152
5898:
5887:
5883:, pages 319–326
5874:
5870:
5865:
5861:
5857:, pages 198–199
5848:
5844:
5831:
5818:
5814:, pages 355–371
5801:
5797:
5784:
5780:
5767:
5760:
5747:
5743:
5730:
5723:
5710:
5699:
5695:, pages 198–219
5686:
5679:
5675:, pages 170–172
5666:
5662:
5649:
5645:
5640:
5636:
5623:
5619:
5606:
5599:
5586:
5582:
5573:
5569:
5564:
5560:
5556:, pages 145–146
5547:
5534:
5521:
5512:
5484:
5477:
5468:
5464:
5460:, pages 354–360
5447:
5443:
5426:
5422:
5413:
5409:
5396:
5389:
5380:
5376:
5371:
5369:
5365:
5348:
5344:
5340:, pages 144–145
5327:
5316:
5312:, pages 142–144
5303:
5299:
5286:
5282:
5269:
5248:
5235:
5231:
5227:, pages 223–224
5218:
5211:
5198:
5194:
5181:
5168:
5164:, pages 142–148
5151:
5147:
5134:
5109:
5100:
5096:
5079:
5075:
5062:
5058:
5049:
5045:
5036:
5032:
5028:, pages 222–238
5019:
5012:
5005:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4974:
4970:
4957:
4950:
4939:
4932:
4919:
4915:
4911:, pages 221–223
4902:
4885:
4881:, pages 128–129
4872:
4868:
4864:, pages 220–221
4851:
4836:
4823:
4819:
4806:
4799:
4786:
4777:
4764:
4760:
4747:
4743:
4739:, pages 3, 1–12
4730:
4726:
4713:
4709:
4696:
4692:
4680:
4676:
4660:
4656:
4652:, pages 127–136
4643:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4610:
4585:
4572:
4568:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4531:
4527:
4521:
4517:
4510:Francis Clooney
4508:
4504:
4499:
4482:
4437:
4421:
4370:
4365:
4356:Tattvacintāmaṇi
4329:by 9th-century
4307:
4300:
4297:
4275:
4243:
4231:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4178:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4129:
4120:
4094:efficient cause
4086:Samavayi-karana
4071:
4023:Advaita Vedanta
4018:
3994:
3931:
3875:
3823:
3817:
3799:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3777:
3744:
3722:
3708:
3705:
3673:); discussion (
3620:
3420:
3410:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3390:
3353:
3350:
3327:
3291:
3289:
3284:
3283:
3282:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3238:
3219:
3166:
3162:
3111:
3108:Korean Buddhism
3104:
3098:
3088:
3087:
3086:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3048:
3013:
2960:
2953:
2947:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2896:
2847:
2834:
2814:
2737:Ātman (Jainism)
2709:
2696:
2678:
2638:
2623:
2606:
2573:
2556:
2520:Sri Vaishnavism
2481:
2464:
2422:
2413:
2405:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2306:
2245:
2230:
2217:
2197:
2172:
2149:
2145:
2125:
2100:
2085:
2073:
2036:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1999:
1973:
1945:Vācaspati Miśra
1925:epistemological
1858:
1829:
1828:
1819:
1811:
1810:
1761:Divya Prabandha
1736:Charaka Samhita
1721:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
1681:
1667:
1666:
1622:Kamba Ramayanam
1597:Saiva Tirumurai
1592:
1582:
1581:
1553:
1543:
1542:
1529:
1495:
1441:
1408:
1398:
1397:
1363:
1348:
1347:
1328:
1320:
1319:
1296:
1257:
1238:
1220:
1210:
1209:
1181:
1156:
1139:
1095:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1031:
978:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
939:
862:
847:
846:
833:
832:
746:
716:
678:
660:
640:
620:
600:
596:Srinivasacharya
575:
555:
535:
504:
485:Vishishtadvaita
479:
448:
439:Kumārila Bhaṭṭa
418:
404:Akṣapāda Gotama
387:
386:
370:
369:
341:Shiva Bhedabeda
241:Vishishtadvaita
201:
200:
35:
32:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9509:
9507:
9499:
9498:
9493:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9473:
9463:
9462:
9456:
9455:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9382:
9377:
9372:
9367:
9362:
9357:
9355:Shabda Brahman
9352:
9347:
9342:
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9317:
9312:
9307:
9305:Pratibimbavada
9302:
9297:
9292:
9287:
9282:
9277:
9272:
9267:
9262:
9257:
9252:
9247:
9242:
9237:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8996:
8994:
8990:
8989:
8987:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8944:Vedanta Desika
8941:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8896:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8839:Gautama Buddha
8836:
8834:Uddalaka Aruni
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8795:
8793:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8785:
8780:
8773:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8749:
8748:
8747:
8737:
8730:
8723:
8721:Tarka-Sangraha
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8696:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8678:
8677:
8672:
8664:Mimamsa Sutras
8660:
8653:
8648:
8643:
8636:
8634:Buddhist texts
8631:
8624:
8617:
8610:
8603:
8595:
8593:
8589:
8588:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8570:
8564:
8562:
8558:
8557:
8555:
8554:
8553:
8552:
8547:
8542:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8521:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8495:
8490:
8479:
8477:
8473:
8472:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8465:
8464:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8429:
8428:
8427:
8422:
8412:
8407:
8402:
8396:
8394:
8388:
8387:
8385:
8384:
8379:
8378:
8377:
8372:
8362:
8357:
8352:
8347:
8342:
8337:
8327:
8325:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8262:
8260:
8256:
8255:
8250:
8248:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8225:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8202:
8192:
8172:
8169:
8168:
8166:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8158:
8148:
8143:
8138:
8137:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8084:
8079:
8078:
8077:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8021:
8020:
8015:
8004:
8002:
7996:
7995:
7992:
7991:
7989:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7967:
7965:
7961:
7960:
7958:
7957:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7936:
7935:
7934:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7908:
7907:
7906:
7901:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7843:
7838:
7837:
7836:
7831:
7826:
7816:
7814:Raksha Bandhan
7811:
7806:
7801:
7795:
7793:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7782:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7756:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7744:
7739:
7728:
7726:
7722:
7721:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7688:
7683:
7678:
7673:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7637:
7635:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7564:
7562:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7479:
7478:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7456:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7444:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7417:
7412:
7407:
7402:
7397:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7359:
7357:
7348:
7342:
7341:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7258:
7256:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7246:
7239:
7234:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7214:
7213:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7192:
7187:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7155:
7150:
7144:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7101:
7099:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7068:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7056:
7055:
7053:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7025:Shvetashvatara
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
7000:Brihadaranyaka
6997:
6992:
6986:
6984:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6958:
6956:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6911:
6906:
6900:
6898:
6897:Classification
6891:
6885:
6884:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6869:
6868:
6859:
6858:
6857:
6850:
6843:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6801:
6799:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6707:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6659:
6653:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6641:
6635:
6632:
6631:
6615:
6613:
6612:
6605:
6598:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6574:
6565:
6559:
6553:
6545:
6544:External links
6542:
6541:
6540:
6528:J.N. Mohanty,
6526:
6509:
6497:Sue Hamilton,
6495:
6493:978-0700713066
6483:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6473:978-8120806511
6457:
6453:978-8120815759
6440:
6436:978-0700716043
6423:
6419:978-0700710669
6406:
6402:978-0195662078
6389:
6385:978-8120811980
6368:
6342:978-0791422175
6330:978-8120806191
6315:
6311:978-8120801585
6298:
6286:
6268:
6264:978-8120812642
6251:
6247:978-0199652365
6234:
6230:978-0195662078
6217:
6208:
6204:978-0231144841
6191:
6187:978-1898723943
6169:
6165:978-8120803091
6147:
6129:
6125:978-0231144841
6112:
6108:978-8120803091
6095:
6091:978-1898723943
6075:
6058:
6037:
6033:978-0199738724
6020:
6016:978-0199738724
5982:
5973:
5969:978-0521126274
5956:
5944:
5935:
5931:978-8120805507
5918:
5909:
5905:978-1898723943
5885:
5881:978-8120804128
5868:
5859:
5855:978-8120803091
5842:
5838:978-8120807488
5816:
5812:978-9400700796
5795:
5791:978-0415240352
5778:
5774:978-0815336105
5758:
5754:978-0824819583
5741:
5737:978-0824819583
5721:
5719:, page 132-134
5717:978-1898723943
5697:
5693:978-9401032544
5677:
5673:978-8120803091
5660:
5656:978-8120807488
5643:
5634:
5630:978-8120807488
5617:
5613:978-8120803091
5597:
5580:
5567:
5558:
5554:978-1898723943
5532:
5528:978-8120813304
5510:
5508:
5507:
5504:978-0791430675
5496:
5493:978-0815336112
5475:
5462:
5458:978-8120804128
5441:
5437:978-1138008816
5420:
5407:
5403:978-8120803091
5387:
5374:
5363:
5359:978-0791430675
5342:
5338:978-1898723943
5314:
5310:978-1898723943
5297:
5293:978-8120807488
5280:
5278:, page 139-140
5276:978-1898723943
5246:
5242:978-8120807488
5229:
5225:978-8120803091
5209:
5205:978-0791430675
5192:
5188:978-1138008816
5166:
5162:978-8120809093
5145:
5143:, page 134-138
5141:978-1898723943
5107:
5094:
5073:
5069:978-8120807488
5056:
5043:
5030:
5026:978-8120803091
5010:
5004:978-0691143774
5003:
4985:
4981:978-8120802643
4968:
4964:978-0521438780
4948:
4930:
4926:978-1898723943
4913:
4909:978-8120803091
4883:
4879:978-1898723943
4866:
4862:978-8120803091
4834:
4830:978-8120803091
4817:
4813:978-8120803091
4797:
4793:978-0791441718
4775:
4771:978-1898723943
4758:
4754:978-8120803091
4741:
4737:978-8120803091
4724:
4720:978-1898723943
4707:
4703:978-0199738724
4690:
4687:978-8120807488
4674:
4654:
4650:978-1898723943
4630:
4621:
4617:978-1898723943
4583:
4579:978-1898723943
4566:
4562:978-1851681754
4548:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4539:
4525:
4515:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4481:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4461:
4436:
4433:
4420:
4417:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4311:Nyaya-varttika
4289:
4287:
4274:
4271:
4242:
4239:
4208:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4173:
4149:
4128:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4110:(quality) and
4098:Nimitta-karana
4082:material cause
4070:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4017:
4014:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3976:
3966:
3965:
3959:
3953:
3947:
3941:
3930:
3927:
3874:
3871:
3822:
3819:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3743:
3740:
3721:
3718:
3703:
3685:); fallacies (
3665:); reasoning (
3619:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3548:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3472:
3393:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3348:
3340:Gautama Buddha
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3263:
3262:
3249:Modern Thought
3246:
3245:
3231:
3230:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3206:Jeong Yak-yong
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:Seo Gyeongdeok
3173:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3118:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3084:
3082:Kitaro Nishida
3059:Modern Thought
3056:
3055:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Fujiwara Seika
3006:
3005:
3004:
3003:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2942:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2878:
2877:
2876:
2871:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2842:
2841:
2827:
2826:
2821:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2721:
2716:
2707:General topics
2704:
2703:
2691:
2690:
2685:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2645:
2631:
2630:
2614:
2613:
2597:
2596:
2581:
2580:
2564:
2563:
2547:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2472:
2471:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2377:General topics
2374:
2373:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2275:
2274:
2272:Guifeng Zongmi
2269:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2238:
2237:
2225:
2224:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2093:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1972:
1969:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1812:
1809:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1771:Ramcharitmanas
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:Pramana Sutras
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:Mimamsa Sutras
1708:
1706:Samkhya Sutras
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1686:Dharma Shastra
1682:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1538:Devi Bhagavata
1531:Shakta puranas
1527:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1497:Shaiva puranas
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1426:Brahmavaivarta
1423:
1418:
1411:Brahma puranas
1409:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1286:Shvetashvatara
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1266:Brihadaranyaka
1255:
1254:
1249:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1126:
1125:
1117:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1036:Secular ethics
1030:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
992:
990:Pramana Sutras
986:
985:
980:
975:
970:
968:Mimamsa Sutras
965:
963:Samkhya Sutras
960:
954:
953:
938:
937:
932:
927:
921:
920:
914:
913:
908:
902:
901:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
871:
870:
861:
860:
855:
849:
848:
840:
839:
838:
835:
834:
829:
828:
825:
824:
823:
822:
815:
809:
808:
807:
806:
795:
789:
788:
787:
786:
779:
773:
772:
771:
770:
763:
753:
752:
748:
747:
745:
744:
739:
734:
728:
725:
724:
718:
717:
715:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
683:
680:
679:
677:
676:
671:
665:
662:
661:
659:
658:
652:
649:
648:
642:
641:
639:
638:
632:
629:
628:
622:
621:
619:
618:
612:
609:
608:
602:
601:
599:
598:
593:
587:
584:
583:
577:
576:
574:
573:
567:
564:
563:
557:
556:
554:
553:
547:
544:
543:
537:
536:
534:
533:
528:
523:
517:
514:
513:
506:
505:
503:
502:
500:Vedanta Desika
497:
491:
488:
487:
481:
480:
478:
477:
472:
467:
461:
458:
457:
450:
449:
447:
446:
441:
436:
430:
427:
426:
420:
419:
417:
416:
411:
409:Jayanta Bhatta
406:
400:
397:
396:
388:
377:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
359:
358:
352:
351:
344:
337:
330:
323:
316:
309:
301:
300:
294:
293:
286:
279:
272:
265:
258:
251:
244:
237:
229:
228:
226:
220:
219:
211:
210:
208:
202:
196:
195:
194:
191:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
177:
170:
163:
156:
142:
141:
135:
134:
131:
130:
129:
128:
121:
114:
107:
100:
93:
79:
78:
72:
71:
63:
62:
56:
55:
33:
29:Gautama Buddha
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9508:
9497:
9494:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:
9472:
9469:
9468:
9466:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9381:
9378:
9376:
9373:
9371:
9368:
9366:
9363:
9361:
9358:
9356:
9353:
9351:
9348:
9346:
9343:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9285:Parinama-vada
9283:
9281:
9278:
9276:
9273:
9271:
9268:
9266:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9256:
9253:
9251:
9248:
9246:
9243:
9241:
9238:
9236:
9233:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9201:
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
9146:
9143:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9123:
9121:
9118:
9116:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8997:
8995:
8991:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8909:Padmasambhāva
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8895:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8814:Maṇḍana Miśra
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8804:Abhinavagupta
8802:
8800:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8790:
8784:
8781:
8779:
8778:
8777:Yoga Vasistha
8774:
8772:
8771:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8743:
8742:
8741:
8738:
8736:
8735:
8731:
8729:
8728:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8697:
8695:
8694:
8690:
8688:
8685:
8683:
8680:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8670:All 108 texts
8668:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8661:
8659:
8658:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8641:
8640:Dharmashastra
8637:
8635:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8625:
8623:
8622:
8618:
8616:
8615:
8614:Bhagavad Gita
8611:
8609:
8608:
8604:
8602:
8601:
8597:
8596:
8594:
8590:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8574:
8571:
8569:
8568:Integral yoga
8566:
8565:
8563:
8559:
8551:
8548:
8546:
8543:
8541:
8538:
8537:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8528:
8526:
8523:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8513:Shuddhadvaita
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8494:
8491:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8484:
8481:
8480:
8478:
8474:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8437:
8433:
8430:
8426:
8423:
8421:
8418:
8417:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8406:
8403:
8401:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8393:
8389:
8383:
8380:
8376:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8367:
8366:
8363:
8361:
8358:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8348:
8346:
8343:
8341:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8324:
8320:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8289:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8246:
8241:
8239:
8234:
8232:
8227:
8226:
8223:
8211:
8203:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8191:
8183:
8182:
8180:
8170:
8162:
8159:
8157:
8154:
8153:
8152:
8151:Hindu temples
8149:
8147:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8100:
8097:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8072:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8055:Hindu studies
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8025:Denominations
8023:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8010:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8003:
8001:
7997:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7962:
7956:
7953:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7937:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7917:
7914:
7913:
7912:
7909:
7905:
7902:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7877:
7875:
7872:
7871:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7839:
7835:
7834:Vijayadashami
7832:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7822:
7821:
7820:
7817:
7815:
7812:
7810:
7807:
7805:
7802:
7800:
7797:
7796:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7760:
7757:
7753:
7750:
7748:
7745:
7743:
7740:
7738:
7735:
7734:
7733:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7723:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7692:
7689:
7687:
7684:
7682:
7679:
7677:
7674:
7672:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7651:Simantonayana
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7638:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7554:
7550:
7540:
7539:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7455:
7453:
7449:
7443:
7442:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7421:
7418:
7416:
7413:
7411:
7408:
7406:
7403:
7401:
7398:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7360:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7343:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7255:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7240:
7238:
7237:Yoga Vasistha
7235:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7225:
7223:
7220:
7218:
7215:
7211:
7208:
7206:
7203:
7201:
7198:
7197:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7186:
7183:
7181:
7178:
7176:
7173:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7160:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7148:Bhagavad Gita
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7094:
7088:
7087:Sthapatyaveda
7085:
7083:
7080:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7065:
7061:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6916:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6886:
6867:
6863:
6860:
6856:
6855:
6851:
6849:
6848:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6837:
6836:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6798:
6794:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6742:
6741:
6738:
6737:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6633:
6627:
6623:
6619:
6611:
6606:
6604:
6599:
6597:
6592:
6591:
6588:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6572:
6571:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6557:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6539:
6538:0-8476-8933-6
6535:
6531:
6527:
6525:
6524:0-19-566658-5
6521:
6517:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6507:0-19-285374-0
6504:
6500:
6496:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6485:
6481:
6474:
6470:
6464:
6462:
6458:
6454:
6450:
6444:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6399:
6393:
6390:
6386:
6382:
6378:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6352:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6319:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6290:
6287:
6281:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6255:
6252:
6248:
6244:
6238:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6221:
6218:
6212:
6209:
6206:, pages 65–66
6205:
6201:
6195:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6156:
6154:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6138:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6116:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6073:, pages 11–12
6072:
6068:
6062:
6059:
6055:
6054:81-208-0365-5
6051:
6047:
6041:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6024:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5957:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5939:
5936:
5933:, pages 66–67
5932:
5928:
5922:
5919:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5896:
5894:
5892:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5872:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5846:
5843:
5840:, pages 21–23
5839:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5823:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5793:, pages 33–40
5792:
5788:
5782:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5765:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5745:
5742:
5739:, pages 59–72
5738:
5734:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5690:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5638:
5635:
5632:, pages 13–16
5631:
5627:
5621:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5545:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5463:
5459:
5455:
5451:
5445:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5431:, Routledge,
5430:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5378:
5375:
5367:
5364:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5298:
5295:, pages 55–70
5294:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5210:
5206:
5202:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5179:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5149:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5128:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5091:
5090:81-7007-023-6
5087:
5083:
5077:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5060:
5057:
5053:
5047:
5044:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5017:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5000:
4996:
4989:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4972:
4969:
4966:, pages 54–55
4965:
4961:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4914:
4910:
4906:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4892:
4890:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4876:
4870:
4867:
4863:
4859:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4843:
4841:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4804:
4802:
4798:
4795:, pages 14–15
4794:
4790:
4784:
4782:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4768:
4762:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4606:
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4602:
4600:
4598:
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4588:
4584:
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4576:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4559:
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4519:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4503:
4496:
4492:
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4483:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4451:
4447:
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4439:
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4434:
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4430:
4426:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4408:
4406:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4343:Nyaya-kandali
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4327:Nyaya-manjari
4324:
4323:Nyaya-bhusana
4320:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4304:
4296:
4294:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4248:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4230:
4227:
4219:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4171:
4165:
4154:
4147:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4126:
4124:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4108:
4104:(substance),
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4068:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4015:
4013:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3991:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3886:Sabda-pramana
3883:
3879:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3805:
3798:
3795:
3787:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3757:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3702:
3700:
3699:nigrahasthāna
3696:
3692:
3689:); quibbles (
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3617:
3603:
3589:
3577:
3563:
3560:
3549:
3535:
3524:
3509:
3497:
3483:
3469:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
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3441:
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3429:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3406:
3398:
3387:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3375:
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3366:
3364:
3360:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3324:
3319:
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3312:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3288:
3287:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3211:Kim Jeong-hui
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
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3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3151:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3046:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3023:Hayashi Razan
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2994:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2982:Rinzai school
2980:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2958:
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2800:
2797:
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2699:
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2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:Abhinavagupta
2656:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2637:
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2629:
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2605:
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2595:
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2574:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2522:
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2518:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
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2484:
2483:
2482:
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2453:
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2341:
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2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2316:Sakya Pandita
2314:
2313:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2262:Huayan school
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2236:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2220:
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2215:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2110:Wang Yangming
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1937:Nyāyavārttika
1934:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1915:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1895:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1868:
1855:
1850:
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1841:
1836:
1835:
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1821:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1786:Shiva Samhita
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1776:Yoga Vasistha
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1751:Vastu Shastra
1749:
1747:
1746:Natya Shastra
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:Brahma Sutras
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Artha Shastra
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
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1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
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1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1591:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1480:Varaha Purana
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
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712:Anandamayi Ma
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364:Integral yoga
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348:Shiva Advaita
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9385:Iccha-mrityu
9350:Satkaryavada
9250:Nididhyasana
9235:Matsya Nyaya
8969:Madhvacharya
8799:Adi Shankara
8792:Philosophers
8775:
8768:
8751:
8732:
8725:
8716:Shiva Sutras
8706:Sangam texts
8698:
8691:
8682:Nyāya Sūtras
8681:
8662:
8655:
8638:
8628:Brahma Sutra
8627:
8619:
8612:
8607:Arthashastra
8605:
8598:
8540:Pratyabhijna
8420:Anekantavada
8161:Architecture
7764:Brahmacharya
7706:Samavartanam
7671:Annaprashana
7537:
7440:
7241:
7195:Dharmaśāstra
7185:Arthashastra
7020:Maitrayaniya
6852:
6845:
6838:
6760:Brahmacharya
6578:
6569:
6529:
6515:
6512:B.K. Matilal
6498:
6443:
6426:
6409:
6392:
6371:
6364:
6362:, pages 2–4;
6359:
6356:Google Books
6349:
6346:
6334:
6322:
6318:
6301:
6289:
6254:
6237:
6220:
6211:
6194:
6115:
6098:
6061:
6056:, pp. 209–10
6045:
6040:
6023:
5976:
5959:
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5912:
5871:
5862:
5845:
5803:
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5646:
5637:
5620:
5595:, pages 1–30
5583:
5570:
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5465:
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5366:
5350:
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5046:
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4994:
4988:
4971:
4942:
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4869:
4820:
4815:, pages 8–10
4761:
4744:
4727:
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4677:
4662:
4657:
4624:
4569:
4552:
4534:
4528:
4518:
4505:
4464:
4441:
4435:Translations
4428:
4424:
4422:
4409:
4404:
4400:
4388:
4387:Nagarjuna's
4386:
4371:
4354:
4351:
4342:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
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4308:
4302:
4299:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4273:Commentaries
4267:
4251:
4244:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4209:
4194:
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4180:
4163:
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4150:
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3650:
3649:); purpose (
3646:
3642:
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3431:
3427:
3423:
3421:
3412:
3409:
3396:
3394:
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3367:
3362:
3355:
3345:
3335:Nyaya-sutras
3334:
3332:
3265:
3264:
3252:
3248:
3247:
3233:
3232:
3216:
3215:
3171:Chŏng To-jŏn
3163:
3157:
3156:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3074:Kyoto School
3072:
3071:
3064:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3043:
3042:
3008:
3007:
2965:Japanese Zen
2955:
2954:
2950:
2893:
2892:
2881:Indian logic
2844:
2843:
2829:
2828:
2809:
2808:
2764:Indian logic
2749:Anekantavada
2706:
2705:
2693:
2692:
2675:
2674:
2665:Pratyabhijna
2633:
2632:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2584:
2583:
2582:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2513:Madhvacharya
2501:Adi Shankara
2475:
2474:
2473:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2376:
2375:
2362:
2361:
2301:
2300:
2291:Chinese Chan
2242:Han Buddhism
2240:
2239:
2227:
2226:
2212:
2211:
2192:
2191:
2169:
2168:
2146:
2140:
2139:
2120:
2119:
2095:
2094:
2046:Filial piety
2033:
2032:
2015:
2011:Confucianism
2009:
2008:
2002:
1965:Nyāyamañjarī
1964:
1956:
1949:Tātparyatīkā
1948:
1936:
1929:metaphysical
1914:Nyāya Sutras
1913:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1875:
1867:Nyāya Sūtras
1866:
1865:
1863:
1756:Panchatantra
1716:Nyāya Sūtras
1715:
1612:Thiruppugazh
1530:
1528:
1496:
1494:
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1440:
1410:
1297:
1295:
1258:
1256:
1239:
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1222:
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1034:
1007:Arthashastra
1002:Dharmaśāstra
973:Nyāya Sūtras
972:
943:
942:
917:
896:
865:
841:
656:Swaminarayan
521:Madhvacharya
512:(Tattvavada)
475:Adi Shankara
403:
378:
362:
346:
339:
332:
325:
318:
313:Pratyabhijna
311:
304:
288:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
239:
232:
214:
197:
179:
172:
165:
158:
151:
123:
116:
109:
102:
95:
88:
36:
9430:Vivartavada
9320:Rājamaṇḍala
9275:Paramananda
9075:Apauruṣheyā
9070:Anupalabdhi
8929:Vivekananda
8894:Dharmakirti
8854:Buddhaghosa
8844:Yājñavalkya
8651:Jain Agamas
8646:Hindu texts
8525:Navya-Nyāya
8461:Svatantrika
8456:Sautrāntika
8345:Vaisheshika
8210:WikiProject
8082:Persecution
8070:Nationalism
8060:Iconography
7940:Ratha Yatra
7851:Janmashtami
7846:Rama Navami
7774:Vanaprastha
7725:Varnashrama
7701:Ritushuddhi
7686:Vidyarambha
7676:Chudakarana
7666:Nishkramana
7641:Garbhadhana
7282:Thirukkural
7277:Thiruppugal
7205:Nāradasmṛti
7168:Mahabharata
6946:Atharvaveda
6824:Vaisheshika
6711:Puruṣārthas
6579:Nyayabhasya
6354:, p. 2, at
6071:81-70990009
5439:, Chapter 5
5190:, Chapter 1
4983:, pages 249
4946:, page 1241
4832:, pages 239
4226:Nyayasutras
4002:Vaisheshika
3882:Nyayasutras
3806:over time.
3794:Nyayasutras
3749:Avyabhicara
3713:Nyāya Sūtra
3374:Nyayasutras
3363:nyayasutras
3260:Jaegwon Kim
2970:Sōtō school
2874:Dharmakirti
2619:Vaisheshika
2602:Navya-Nyāya
2537:Vivekananda
2532:Neo-Vedanta
2452:Yajnavalkya
2135:Mou Zongsan
2130:Xiong Shili
2086: [
2074: [
1941:Uddyotakāra
1801:Vedantasara
1726:Yoga Sutras
1642:Aathichoodi
1575:Historicity
1570:Mahabharata
1563:Historicity
1259:Yajur vedic
1176:Atharvaveda
983:Yoga Sutras
935:Vachanamrut
890:Atharvaveda
843:Major texts
793:Vaisheshika
732:Vivekananda
722:Neo-Vedanta
616:Chakradhara
606:Mahanubhava
531:Vyasatirtha
356:Neo-Vedanta
327:Pramanavada
320:Panchartika
276:Mahanubhava
224:Vaishnavite
198:Sub-schools
111:Vaisheshika
9465:Categories
9380:Svātantrya
9270:Paramatman
9225:Kshetrajna
9200:Ishvaratva
9140:Cittabhumi
9135:Chidabhasa
9085:Asiddhatva
9005:Abhasavada
8979:Guru Nanak
8914:Vasubandhu
8740:Upanishads
8734:Tirukkuṟaḷ
8693:Panchadasi
8498:Bhedabheda
8446:Madhyamaka
8286:Monotheism
7911:Kumbh Mela
7879:Gudi Padwa
7824:Durga Puja
7809:Shivaratri
7681:Karnavedha
7661:Namakarana
7623:Tirthatana
7390:Dattatreya
7227:Subhashita
7200:Manusmriti
7077:Dhanurveda
7010:Taittiriya
6995:Kaushitaki
6982:Upanishads
6755:Aparigraha
6657:Philosophy
6189:, page 157
6167:, page 237
5996:Nyayasutra
5971:, page 150
5776:, page xiv
5615:, page 224
5506:, page 238
5361:, page 238
5207:, page 238
4928:, page 130
4619:, page 129
4564:, page 129
4545:References
4303:Nyayasutra
4114:(action).
4038:hetvabhasa
3850:Pratyaksha
3687:hetvābhāsa
3681:); cavil (
3645:); doubt (
3460:Chowkhamba
3452:prakaranas
3181:Yi Eonjeok
3102:Traditions
3038:Ogyū Sorai
3033:Itō Jinsai
3028:Nakae Tōju
2951:Traditions
2869:Vasubandhu
2852:Madhyamika
2845:Traditions
2839:The Buddha
2819:Haribhadra
2789:Nondualism
2491:Badarayana
2437:Ashtavakra
2340:Tsongkhapa
2328:Longchenpa
2207:Shang Yang
1892:aphoristic
1886:school of
1796:Panchadasi
1781:Swara yoga
1617:Tirukkuṟaḷ
1431:Markandeya
1276:Taittiriya
1240:Sama vedic
1233:Kaushitaki
1218:Upanishads
1205:Upanishads
1012:Kama Sutra
898:Upanishads
526:Jayatirtha
456:(Mayavada)
444:Prabhākara
234:Bhedabheda
9240:Mithyatva
9130:Chaitanya
9125:Catuṣkoṭi
9090:Asatkalpa
9065:Anavastha
9040:Aishvarya
8959:Sakayanya
8954:Sadananda
8919:Gaudapada
8904:Nagarjuna
8859:Patañjali
8675:Principal
8657:Kamasutra
8451:Yogachara
8370:Raseśvara
8134:Theosophy
8065:Mythology
8045:Criticism
8013:Etymology
7971:Svādhyāya
7870:New Year
7819:Navaratri
7791:Festivals
7769:Grihastha
7742:Kshatriya
7716:Antyeshti
7691:Upanayana
7656:Jatakarma
7646:Pumsavana
7633:Sanskaras
7598:Naivedhya
7552:Practices
7497:Mahavidya
7465:Saraswati
7452:Goddesses
7410:Kartikeya
7307:Athichudi
7262:Tirumurai
7115:Vyākaraṇa
7082:Natyaveda
7030:Chandogya
6955:Divisions
6936:Yajurveda
6018:, page 37
5530:, page 43
4705:, page 18
4378:Nagarjuna
4363:Influence
3950:udaharana
3825:The word
3804:syllogism
3758:leads to
3756:Pratyaksa
3659:siddhānta
3651:prayojana
3448:aphorisms
3426:genre. A
3388:Structure
3382:Nagarjuna
3243:Choe Je-u
3201:Bak Jiwon
2931:Emptiness
2857:Nagarjuna
2578:Patanjali
2542:Aurobindo
2496:Gaudapada
2447:Vashistha
2202:Han Feizi
2164:Lie Yukou
2023:Confucius
1920:Vaiśeṣika
1766:Tirumurai
1696:Kamasutra
1455:Bhagavata
1436:Bhavishya
1421:Brahmānda
1378:Vyakarana
1247:Chandogya
1223:Rig vedic
1183:Divisions
1171:Yajurveda
1022:Tirumurai
880:Yajurveda
784:Patanjali
737:Aurobindo
702:Bamakhepa
636:Sankardev
465:Gaudapada
139:Heterodox
9405:Tanmatra
9400:Tajjalan
9390:Syādvāda
9290:Pradhana
9265:Padārtha
9230:Lakshana
9175:Ekagrata
9020:Adrishta
9015:Adarsana
8993:Concepts
8974:Mahavira
8939:Ramanuja
8889:Chanakya
8824:Avatsara
8819:Valluvar
8759:Vedangas
8573:Gandhism
8476:Medieval
8425:Syādvāda
8410:Charvaka
8382:Pāṇiniya
8276:Idealism
8190:Category
8141:Glossary
8109:Buddhism
8075:Hindutva
8035:Calendar
7916:Haridwar
7894:Vaisakhi
7889:Puthandu
7779:Sannyasa
7696:Keshanta
7527:Shashthi
7363:Trimurti
7190:Nitisara
7163:Ramayana
7158:Itihasas
7130:Jyotisha
7072:Ayurveda
7064:Upavedas
7045:Mandukya
6990:Aitareya
6972:Aranyaka
6967:Brahmana
6941:Samaveda
6866:Charvaka
6666:Concepts
6647:Timeline
6639:Glossary
6622:Hinduism
6003:Archived
5244:, page 4
5071:, page 1
4480:See also
4412:Buddhist
4401:Pramanas
4397:voidness
4174:—
4027:Buddhism
4006:Charvaka
3962:nigamana
3938:pratijna
3911:Charvaka
3812:Purvavat
3704:—
3655:dṛṣṭānta
3628:Sanskrit
3474:Chapter
3349:—
3186:Yi Hwang
3138:Cheontae
3045:Kokugaku
2864:Yogacara
2831:Buddhism
2824:Umaswati
2701:Chanakya
2688:Valluvar
2683:Valluvam
2648:Charvaka
2525:Ramanuja
2194:Legalism
2182:Yin yang
2159:Zhuangzi
1980:a series
1978:Part of
1872:Sanskrit
1818:Timeline
1675:Shastras
1558:Ramayana
1460:Naradiya
1393:Jyotisha
1361:Vedangas
1310:Mandukya
1228:Aitareya
1200:Aranyaka
1195:Brahmana
1166:Samaveda
1106:a series
1104:Part of
1058:Hinduism
945:Shastras
885:Samaveda
820:Valluvar
591:Nimbarka
551:Vallabha
495:Ramanuja
383:Acharyas
379:Teachers
298:Shaivite
206:Smartist
167:Buddhism
153:Charvaka
76:Orthodox
52:a series
50:Part of
9450:More...
9420:Upekkhā
9415:Uparati
9395:Taijasa
9370:Śūnyatā
9340:Saṃsāra
9335:Samadhi
9300:Prakṛti
9255:Nirvāṇa
9205:Jivatva
9195:Ikshana
9150:Devatas
9120:Bhumika
9110:Brahman
9100:Avyakta
9045:Akrodha
9025:Advaita
8984:More...
8879:Jaimini
8783:More...
8493:Advaita
8483:Vedanta
8441:Śūnyatā
8400:Ājīvika
8392:Nāstika
8360:Vedanta
8355:Mīmāṃsā
8335:Samkhya
8315:Ancient
8271:Atomism
8266:Atheism
8179:Outline
8129:Sikhism
8124:Judaism
8119:Jainism
8000:Related
7976:Namaste
7829:Ramlila
7759:Ashrama
7747:Vaishya
7737:Brahmin
7560:Worship
7512:Rukmini
7502:Matrika
7475:Parvati
7470:Lakshmi
7460:Tridevi
7415:Krishna
7400:Hanuman
7395:Ganesha
7346:Deities
7232:Tantras
7222:Stotras
7175:Puranas
7120:Nirukta
7110:Chandas
7105:Shiksha
7097:Vedanga
7050:Prashna
7040:Mundaka
6962:Samhita
6931:Rigveda
6862:Nāstika
6847:Advaita
6834:Vedanta
6829:Mīmāṃsā
6809:Samkhya
6797:Schools
6785:Akrodha
6704:Saṃsāra
6684:Ishvara
6674:Brahman
5092:, p.163
4429:Mimamsa
4393:no self
4339:Karnata
4331:Kashmir
4262:Niyamas
4191:Udayana
4187:Ishvara
4183:Ishvara
4164:Ishvara
4144:Ishvara
4137:Ishvara
4092:), and
4031:Mimamsa
3998:Samsaya
3956:upanaya
3923:pramana
3917:in the
3862:Anumana
3858:pramana
3854:Upamana
3846:Anumana
3842:upamana
3827:upamana
3760:Laukika
3735:pramāṇa
3683:vitaṇḍa
3671:nirṇaya
3663:avayava
3647:samsaya
3643:prameya
3639:pramāṇa
3618:Content
3480:Topics
3440:ahnikas
3376:, to a
3253:Persons
3235:Donghak
3164:Persons
3133:Uicheon
3066:Statism
2996:Shingon
2921:Nirvana
2886:Dignāga
2811:Jainism
2799:Pramana
2794:Samadhi
2754:Brahman
2719:Atomism
2643:Ājīvika
2552:Samkhya
2486:Advaita
2477:Vedanta
2469:Jaimini
2460:Mimamsa
2427:Agastya
2323:Nyingma
2250:Tientai
2235:Sun Tzu
2147:Persons
2028:Mencius
2016:Persons
1961:Jayanta
1953:Udayana
1906:prameya
1901:pramana
1551:Itihasa
1406:Puranas
1383:Nirukta
1373:Chandas
1368:Shiksha
1343:Tantras
1315:Prashna
1305:Mundaka
1190:Samhita
1161:Rigveda
997:Puranas
875:Rigveda
813:Secular
761:Samkhya
454:Advaita
434:Jaimini
424:Mīmāṃsā
216:Advaita
174:Jainism
160:Ājīvika
125:Vedanta
118:Mīmāṃsā
90:Samkhya
9425:Utsaha
9375:Sutram
9365:Sthiti
9360:Sphoṭa
9330:Sakshi
9315:Puruṣa
9295:Prajna
9260:Niyama
9220:Kasaya
9165:Dravya
9155:Dharma
9115:Bhuman
9105:Bhrama
9060:Ananta
9055:Anatta
9050:Aksara
9035:Ahimsa
9010:Abheda
9000:Abhava
8949:Raikva
8869:Kapila
8864:Kanada
8561:Modern
8535:Shaiva
8503:Dvaita
8405:Ajñana
8365:Shaiva
8323:Āstika
8306:Moksha
8259:Topics
8200:Portal
8104:Baháʼí
8008:Hindus
7986:Tilaka
7955:Others
7931:Ujjain
7926:Prayag
7921:Nashik
7861:Pongal
7799:Diwali
7752:Shudra
7711:Vivaha
7618:Dhyāna
7593:Bhajan
7583:Bhakti
7568:Temple
7522:Shakti
7430:Varuna
7373:Vishnu
7368:Brahma
7217:Sutras
7153:Agamas
6909:Smriti
6840:Dvaita
6805:Āstika
6750:Asteya
6745:Ahimsa
6731:Moksha
6716:Dharma
6629:topics
6536:
6522:
6505:
6491:
6471:
6451:
6434:
6417:
6400:
6383:
6340:
6328:
6309:
6294:Anatta
6262:
6245:
6228:
6202:
6185:
6163:
6123:
6106:
6089:
6069:
6052:
6031:
6014:
5967:
5929:
5903:
5879:
5853:
5836:
5810:
5789:
5772:
5752:
5735:
5715:
5691:
5671:
5654:
5628:
5611:
5591:
5552:
5526:
5502:
5491:
5456:
5435:
5401:
5357:
5336:
5308:
5291:
5274:
5240:
5223:
5203:
5186:
5160:
5139:
5088:
5067:
5024:
5001:
4979:
4962:
4924:
4907:
4877:
4860:
4828:
4811:
4791:
4769:
4752:
4735:
4718:
4701:
4685:
4669:
4648:
4615:
4577:
4560:
4535:Anatta
4471:
4456:
4448:
4374:purusa
4347:Bengal
4283:bhasya
4279:bhasya
4153:ईश्वरः
4131:Early
4102:Dravya
4075:Karana
3898:Shabda
3769:Aprama
3456:bhasya
3444:sutras
3359:sutras
3266:Topics
3228:Seohak
3224:Silhak
3217:Topics
3126:Hwaeom
3121:Uisang
3116:Wonhyo
2916:Maitrī
2911:Anicca
2906:Anatta
2901:Dukkha
2894:Topics
2784:Moksha
2759:Dharma
2723:Atman
2714:Ahimsa
2670:Tantra
2628:Kanada
2594:Gotama
2561:Kapila
2508:Dvaita
2364:Maoism
2284:Jizang
2267:Fazang
2214:Mohism
2187:Wu wei
2170:Topics
2142:Daoism
2115:Zhu Xi
2105:Han Yu
2088:simple
2076:simple
2051:Guanxi
2034:Topics
1806:Stotra
1679:sutras
1514:Skanda
1490:Matsya
1475:Vamana
1465:Garuda
1450:Vishnu
1416:Brahma
1333:Agamas
1291:Maitri
1137:Smriti
1132:Shruti
949:Sutras
858:Smriti
800:Kaṇāda
768:Kapila
751:Others
674:Shakta
669:Tantra
510:Dvaita
248:Dvaita
181:Ajñana
9491:Nyaya
9440:Yamas
9435:Viraj
9410:Tyāga
9345:Satya
9245:Mokṣa
9215:Karma
9170:Dhrti
9095:Ātman
9080:Artha
8884:Vyasa
8764:Vedas
8745:Minor
8592:Texts
8340:Nyaya
8331:Hindu
8301:Artha
8281:Logic
8114:Islam
8092:India
7981:Bindi
7964:Other
7904:Ugadi
7899:Vishu
7732:Varna
7613:Tapas
7603:Yajna
7573:Murti
7507:Radha
7487:Durga
7482:Bhumi
7425:Surya
7405:Indra
7378:Shiva
7140:Other
7125:Kalpa
7015:Katha
6919:Vedas
6904:Śruti
6889:Texts
6819:Nyaya
6775:Damah
6765:Satya
6721:Artha
6699:Karma
6689:Atman
6643:Index
4943:Sutra
4497:Notes
4491:Nyaya
4425:Nyaya
4382:Vedas
4258:Yamas
4235:atman
4133:Nyaya
4112:Karma
4046:chala
3919:Vedas
3915:Sabda
3906:Sabda
3894:Sabda
3890:Nyaya
3878:Śabda
3866:Sabda
3796:1.1.5
3765:Manas
3730:Nyāya
3691:chala
3679:jalpa
3667:tarka
3559:Karma
3471:Book
3432:sutra
3428:sutra
3424:sutra
3416:Sutra
3414:Nyaya
3397:prāma
3278:Juche
3196:Yi Ik
3145:Jinul
3096:Korea
3001:Kukai
2987:Eisai
2975:Dogen
2945:Japan
2769:Karma
2744:Artha
2694:Other
2676:Tamil
2586:Nyaya
2432:Aruni
2403:India
2335:Gelug
2311:Sakya
2255:Zhiyi
2154:Laozi
2090:]
2078:]
1997:China
1884:Nyaya
1509:Linga
1504:Shiva
1485:Kurma
1470:Padma
1388:Kalpa
1281:Katha
1154:Vedas
1044:Kural
867:Vedas
853:Śruti
394:Nyaya
104:Nyaya
9445:Yoga
9210:Kama
9190:Idam
9185:Hitā
9180:Guṇa
9145:Dāna
9030:Aham
8434:and
8415:Jain
8350:Yoga
8296:Kama
8156:List
8018:List
7945:Teej
7874:Bihu
7856:Onam
7804:Holi
7608:Homa
7588:Japa
7578:Puja
7538:more
7532:Sita
7517:Sati
7492:Kali
7441:more
7435:Vayu
7420:Rama
7385:Agni
7355:Gods
7035:Kena
7005:Isha
6814:Yoga
6780:Dayā
6770:Dāna
6740:Niti
6726:Kama
6694:Maya
6534:ISBN
6520:ISBN
6503:ISBN
6489:ISBN
6469:ISBN
6449:ISBN
6432:ISBN
6415:ISBN
6398:ISBN
6381:ISBN
6338:ISBN
6326:ISBN
6307:ISBN
6260:ISBN
6243:ISBN
6226:ISBN
6200:ISBN
6183:ISBN
6161:ISBN
6121:ISBN
6104:ISBN
6087:ISBN
6067:ISBN
6050:ISBN
6029:ISBN
6012:ISBN
5965:ISBN
5927:ISBN
5901:ISBN
5877:ISBN
5851:ISBN
5834:ISBN
5808:ISBN
5787:ISBN
5770:ISBN
5750:ISBN
5733:ISBN
5713:ISBN
5689:ISBN
5669:ISBN
5652:ISBN
5626:ISBN
5609:ISBN
5589:ISBN
5550:ISBN
5524:ISBN
5500:ISBN
5489:ISBN
5454:ISBN
5433:ISBN
5399:ISBN
5355:ISBN
5334:ISBN
5306:ISBN
5289:ISBN
5272:ISBN
5238:ISBN
5221:ISBN
5201:ISBN
5184:ISBN
5158:ISBN
5137:ISBN
5086:ISBN
5065:ISBN
5022:ISBN
4999:ISBN
4977:ISBN
4960:ISBN
4922:ISBN
4905:ISBN
4875:ISBN
4858:ISBN
4826:ISBN
4809:ISBN
4789:ISBN
4767:ISBN
4750:ISBN
4733:ISBN
4716:ISBN
4699:ISBN
4683:ISBN
4667:ISBN
4646:ISBN
4613:ISBN
4575:ISBN
4558:ISBN
4469:ISBN
4454:ISBN
4446:ISBN
4427:and
4410:The
4395:and
4293:yoga
4247:yoga
4107:Guna
4042:hetu
4029:and
3944:hetu
3864:and
3835:mana
3728:The
3695:jāti
3675:vāda
3333:The
3191:Yi I
3150:Seon
2804:Yoga
2779:Maya
2774:Kama
2569:Yoga
2442:Atri
2222:Mozi
2041:Face
1927:and
1864:The
1677:and
1524:Agni
1519:Vayu
1271:Isha
1252:Kena
1143:List
947:and
777:Yoga
97:Yoga
9325:Ṛta
9160:Dhi
8030:Law
6358:to
4249:".
3831:upa
3701:).
3608:24
3597:43
3582:50
3571:68
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2371:Mao
2177:Tao
2056:Ren
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4260:,
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4025:,
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