Mahdi - Knowledge (XXG)

1651: 1454:, another representative of the forces of dark, also features in the Sunni traditions. He will rise in Syria before the appearance of Mahdi. When the latter appears, the Sufyani, along with his army, will either be swallowed up en route to Mecca by the earth with God's command or defeated by the Mahdi. Jesus and the Mahdi will then conquer the world and establish caliphate. The Mahdi will die after 7 to 13 years, whereas Jesus after 40 years. Their deaths would be followed by reappearance of corruption before the final end of the world. 1815: 1007:

up ... in the desert between Mecca and Medina. When the people see this, the righteous men ... of Syria and ... Iraq will come to him and pledge allegiance to him. Thereafter a man of the Quraysh will arise whose maternal uncles are of Kalb. He will send an expedition against them, but they will defeat them ... He will then divide the wealth and act among them according to the Sunna of their Prophet. Islam will settle down firmly on the ground ... He will stay seven years and then die, and the Muslims will pray over him.

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quarrel among themselves, and the as yet unrecognized Mahdi would flee from Medina to Mecca to take refuge in the Ka'ba. He would be the Mahdi recognized as ruler by the people. The Dajjal would appear and will spread corruption in the world. With an army bearing black banners, which would come to his aid from the east, the Mahdi would fight the Dajjal, and will be able to defeat him. Dressed in saffron robes with his head anointed, Jesus would descend at the point of a white minaret of the

6368: 2010:, the concept of imamate is different from the Isma'ili and Twelver branches; a Zaydi Imam is any respectable person from the descendants of Ali and Fatima who lays claim to political leadership and struggles for its acquisition. As such, the Zaydi imamate doctrine lacks eschatological characteristics and there is no end-times redeemer in Zaydism. The title of mahdi has been applied to several Zaydi imams as an honorific over the centuries. 6380: 1122:) attributed to Muhammad. In Umayyad times, scholars and traditionists not only differed on which caliph or rebel leader should be designated as Mahdi but also on whether the Mahdi is a messianic figure and if signs and predictions of his time had been satisfied. In Medina, among the conservative religious circles, the belief in Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz being the Mahdi was widespread. 1484: 2165: 651: 1973:: by renaming himself as Abdallah Abu Muhammad, and his son as Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad rather than his original name, Abd al-Rahman, the latter would bear the name Abu'l-Qasim Muhammad ibn Abdallah. This was the name of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and it had been prophesied that the Mahdi would also bear it. The Fatimids eventually dropped the millenarian rhetoric. 1002:, who laid claim to the caliphate against the Umayyads and found temporary success during the civil war, presented himself in this role. Although the title Mahdi was not applied to him, his career as the anti-caliph significantly influenced the future development of the concept. A hadith was promulgated in which Muhammad prophesies the coming of a just ruler. 1630:) and does not age. Although his whereabouts and the exact date of his return are unknown, the Mahdi is nevertheless believed to contact some of his Shia if he wishes. The accounts of these encounters are numerous and widespread in the Twelver community. Shia scholars have argued that the longevity of the Mahdi is not unreasonable given the long lives of 774:. Thus, some Sunni theologians have questioned the orthodoxy of the Mahdi. The doctrine of the Mahdi seems to have gained traction during the confusion and unrest of the religious and political upheavals of the first and second centuries of Islam. Some of the first references to the Mahdi appear in the late 7th century, when the revolutionary 60: 1308:, while the rest would be fulfilled by his successors. Henceforth, their literature referred to the awaited eschatological imam only as Qa'im (instead of Mahdi). In Zaydi view, imams are not endowed with superhuman qualities, and expectations for their mahdiship are thus often marginal. One exception is the now-extinct Husaynites in 1044:) held power in Damascus and adjoining areas. The hadith hoped to enlist support against an expected Umayyad campaign from Syria. The Umayyads did indeed send another army to Mecca in 692, but contrary to the hadith's prediction was successful in removing Ibn al-Zubayr. The hadith lost relevance soon afterward, but resurfaced in the 2036:. However, the historical Jesus in their view, although escaped crucifixion, nevertheless died and will not be coming back. Instead, God made Mirza Ghulam Ahmad the exact alike of Jesus in character and qualities. Similarly, the Mahdi is not an apocalyptic figure to launch global jihad and conquer the world, but a peaceful 1701:), the world will plunge into chaos, where immorality and ignorance will be commonplace, the Qur'an will be forgotten, and religion will be abandoned. There will be plagues, earthquakes, floods, wars and death. The Sufyani will rise and lead people astray. The Mahdi will then reappear in Mecca, with the sword of Ali ( 1006:

There will arise a difference after the death of a caliph, and a man of the people of Medina will go forth fleeing to Mecca. Then some of the people of Mecca will come to him and will make him rise in revolt against his will ... An expedition will be sent against him from Syria but will be swallowed

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Messianic expectations associated with the Mahdi nevertheless did not materialize, contrary to the expectations of his propagandists and followers who expected him to do wonders. Al-Mahdi attempted to downplay messianism and asserted that the propaganda of Muhammad ibn Isma'il's return as the Mahdi

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Ibn Khaldun noted a pattern where embracing a Mahdi claimant enabled unity among tribes and/or a region, often enabled them to forcibly seize power, but the lifespan of such a force was usually limited, as their Mahdi had to conform to hadith prophesies—winning their battles and bringing peace and

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Even if only one day remains , God will lengthen this day until He calls forth a man from me, or from the family of my house, his name matching mine and his father's name matching that of my father. He will fill the Earth with equity and justice just as it had previously been filled with injustice

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as the imam instead. When he died, his followers too denied his death and believed that he was the last imam and the Mahdi. By the mid-9th century, Isma'ili groups of different persuasions had coalesced into a unified movement centered in Salamiyya in central Syria, and a network of activists was

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The Mahdi is also viewed as the restorer of true Islam, and the restorer of other monotheistic religions after their distortion and abandonment. He establishes the kingdom of God on earth and Islamizes the whole world. In their true form, it is believed, all monotheistic religions are essentially

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Before the arrival of the Mahdi, the earth would be filled with anarchy and chaos. Divisions and civil wars, moral degradation, and worldliness would be prevalent among the Muslims. Injustice and oppression would be rampant in the world. In the aftermath of the death of a king, the people would

1514:, the largest Shia branch, the belief in the messianic imam is not merely a part of creed, but the pivot. For the Twelver Shia, the Mahdi was born but disappeared, and would remain hidden from humanity until he reappears to bring justice to the world in the end of time, a doctrine known as the 1209:

Traditions that predicted the occultation and rise of a future imam were already in circulation for a century before the death of the eleventh Imam in 260 (874 CE), and possibly as early as the seventh-century CE. These traditions were appropriated by various Shia sects in different periods,

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In parallel, traditions predicting the occultation of a future imam also persisted in the writings of the mainstream Shia, who later formed the Twelvers. Based on this material, the Twelver doctrine of occultation crystallized in the first half of the fourth (tenth) century, in the works of

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had only been a ruse to avoid Abbasid persecution and protect the real imam predecessors of his. The Mahdi was actually a collective title of the true imams from the progeny of Ja'far al-Sadiq. In a bid to gain time, al-Mahdi also sought to shift the messianic expectations on his son,

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The Twelver authors also aim to establish that the description of Mahdi in Sunni sources applies to the twelfth Imam. Their efforts gained momentum in the seventh (thirteenth) century when some notable Sunni scholars endorsed the Shia view of the Mahdi, including the

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emphasizes the miraculous qualities of al-Mahdi, adding that his long life, while unlikely, is not impossible. He is viewed as the sole legitimate ruler of the Muslim world and the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran recognizes him as the head of the state.

1619:), in which the communication between the Mahdi and the faithful was severed. The leadership vacuum in the Twelver community was gradually filled by jurists. During the Major Occultation, the Mahdi roams the earth and is sustained by God. He is the lord of the time ( 1063:, whom he proclaimed as the Mahdi in the messianic sense. The association of the name Muhammad with the Mahdi seems to have originated with Ibn al-Hanafiyya, who also shared the epithet Abu al-Qasim with Muhammad, the Islamic prophet. Among the Umayyads, the caliph 1542:

When his father died in 874, possibly poisoned by the Abbasids, the Mahdi went into occultation by the divine command and was hidden from public view for his life was in danger from the Abbasids. Only a few of the elite among the Shia, known as the deputies

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of the Quraysh to elect a new caliph. Those opposed to the Umayyads were paying him homage and asking for the public proclamation of his caliphate, forcing Yazid to send an army to dislodge him in 683. After defeating rebels in the nearby

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have contested Madelung's dating. It is nevertheless generally accepted that the hadith is patterned on Ibn al-Zubayr's career. David Cook further states that the latter part of the hadith is totally legendary and is unrelated to Ibn

1806:, that one should understand the claims that al-Mahdi will impose Islam on everyone. His rule will be paradise on earth, which will last for seventy years until his death, though other traditions state 7, 19, or 309 years. 1410:

The common opinion among the Sunnis is that the Mahdi is an expected ruler to be sent by God before the end times to re-establish righteousness. He is held to be from among the descendants of Muhammad through his daughter

1033:, the army besieged Mecca but was forced to withdraw as a result of Yazid's sudden death shortly afterward. Ibn al-Zubayr was recognized caliph in Arabia, Iraq, and parts of Syria, where Yazid's son and successor 1736:, and humans will flock to the Mahdi. This is often followed shortly by another supernatural cry from the earth that invites men to join the enemies of the Mahdi, and would appeal to disbelievers and hypocrites. 1427:

line. The Mahdi's name would be Muhammad and his father's name would be Abd Allah. Abu Dawud quotes Muhammad as saying: "The Mahdi will be from my family, from the descendants of Fatimah". Another hadith states:

1300:, as a major Isma'ili Sh'a dynasty, the terms Mahdi and Qa'im were used interchangeably for the messianic imam anticipated in Shia traditions. With the rise of the Fatimids in the tenth century CE, however, 1289:

writes, there is Sunni support from time to time for the Twelvers' view of Mahdi. There has also been some support for the mahdiship of the twelfth Imam in Sufi circles, for instance, by the Egyptian Sufi

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was employed from the beginning of Islam, but only as an honorific epithet ("the guide") and without any messianic significance. As an honorific, it was used in some instances to describe Muhammad (by

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and Mashiach ben David, respectively, in the sense that the Islamic Messiah and Masiach ben David take a central eschatological role, while the Mahdi and Mashiach ben Yosef take a peripheral role.

1763:). The episode of Jesus' return in the Twelver doctrine is similar to the Sunni belief, although in some Twelver traditions it is the Mahdi who would kill the Dajjal. Those who hold enmity towards 1902:, declared himself the Mahdi. This brought about schism in the unified Isma'ili community as not all adherents of the movement accepted his Mahdist claims. Those in Iraq and Arabia, known as 917:

beliefs. Accordingly, traditions were introduced to support certain political interests, especially anti-Abbasid sentiments. These traditions about the Mahdi appeared only at later times in

1743:, which will become his capital, and send troops to kill the Sufyani in Damascus. Husayn and his slain partisans are expected to resurrect to avenge their deaths, known as the doctrine of 1732:

was slain. He will be "a young man of medium stature with a handsome face," with black hair and beard. A divine cry will call the people of the world to his aid, after which the angels,

1650: 5820: 5159: 5116: 1277:), among others. This period also saw a transition in Twelver arguments from a traditionist to a rationalist approach in order to vindicate the occultation of the twelfth Imam. 5085: 1910:, still held that Muhammad ibn Isma'il was the awaited Mahdi and denounced the Salamiyya-based Mahdism. In the Qarmati doctrine, the Mahdi was to abrogate the Islamic law (the 4950: 796:), to be the Mahdi. Although the concept of a Mahdi is not an essential doctrine in Islam, it is popular among Muslims. Over centuries, there have been a vast number of 4241: 6213: 2028:

belief, the prophesied eschatological figures of Christianity and Islam, the Messiah and Mahdi, actually refer to the same person. These prophecies were fulfilled in

1583:, a trusted companion and confidant of the eleventh imam. Through him the Mahdi would answer the demands and questions of the Shia. He was later succeeded by his son 1133:) is said to identify Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz as the Mahdi long before his reign. The Basran, Abu Qilabah, supported the view that Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz was the Mahdi. 1176:), which can be translated as 'he who will rise,' signifying his rise against tyranny in the end of time. Distinctively Shia is the notion of temporary absence or 6111: 1874:. The propaganda of the Mahdi's return had a special appeal to peasants, Bedouins, and many of the later-to-be Twelver Shias, who were in a state of confusion ( 5164: 1588: 1870:

working to collect funds and amass weapons for the return of the Mahdi Muhammad ibn Isma'il, who would overthrow the Abbasids and establish his righteous

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would also appear wreaking havoc before their final defeat by the forces of Jesus. Although not as significant as the Dajjal and the Gog and Magog, the

1419:, and his physical characteristics including a broad forehead and curved nose. He will eradicate injustice and evil from the world. He will be from the 5030: 6270: 6208: 1592: 1329:, the Mahdi doctrine is not theologically important and remains as a popular belief instead. Of the six canonical Sunni hadith compilations, three— 4943: 434: 3881: 1959:

comments, the singular, semi-divine figure of the Mahdi was thus reduced to an adjective in a caliphal title, 'the Imam rightly guided by God' (

1022:), after Mu'awiya's death in 680, Ibn al-Zubayr had fled to the Meccan sanctuary. From there he launched anti-Umayyad propaganda, calling for a 4887:

Crisis and Consolidation in the Formative Period of Shi'ite Islam: Abū Ja'far Ibn Qiba Al-Rāzī and His Contribution to Imāmite Shī'ite Thought

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around 868, though his birth was kept hidden from the public. He lived under his father's care until 874 when the latter was killed by the

1965:): instead of the promised messiah, al-Mahdi presented himself merely as one in a long sequence of imams descending from Ali and Fatima. 4298:

Fishman, Jason Eric; Soage, Ana Belén (2013). "The Nation of Islam and the Muslim World: Theologically Divorced and Politically United".

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The extinct Zaydi sect of Husayniyya from western Yemen believed in the return of al-Husayn al-Mahdi li-din Allah (d. 1013) as the Mahdi.

1376:), and reportedly also Hasan al-Basri, an influential early theologian and exegete, deny the Mahdi being a separate figure, holding that 6444: 5842: 5282: 5181: 6242: 4936: 4919: 4898: 4854: 4798: 4748: 4727: 4704: 4655: 4553: 4498: 4404: 4378: 4288: 4177: 4129: 4062: 4038: 4017: 5262: 2413: 1678: 499: 1865:

to be the imam asserting that he was alive and will return as the Mahdi. Another group accepted his death and acknowledged his son

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hadith circles a generation later, this time removed from its original context and understood as referring to a future restorer.

99: 998:), the term acquired a new meaning of a ruler who would restore Islam to its perfect form and restore justice after oppression. 884:

can be read in active voice, where it means the one who guides, as well as passive voice, where it means the one who is guided.

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Hussain, Jassim M. (1989). "Messianism and the Mahdi". In Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dabashi, Hamid; Nasr, Seyyed Vali Reza (eds.).

4568: 681: 4762: 2131:. Both are prophesied saviors sharing a messianic-like quality, and both are predicted to hold a position of world rulership. 897:

Some historians suggest that the term itself was probably introduced into Islam by southern Arabian tribes who had settled in

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as the awaited Mahdi. The Mahdi went on to denounce Moses, Jesus, and Muhammad as liars, abolished Islam, and instituted the

626: 4788: 1222:. This likely originated with two groups of his supporters, namely, southern Arabian settlers and local recent converts in 5622: 5528: 4980: 2091: 1584: 1446:(believed to be the Minaret of Jesus) and join the Mahdi. Jesus would pray behind the Mahdi and then kill the Dajjal. The 370: 6434: 6275: 5672: 5572: 1970: 1580: 811: 402: 3657: 2058:

Throughout history, various individuals have claimed to be or were proclaimed to be the Mahdi. Claimants have included

6406: 6155: 5354: 5304: 4003: 449: 276: 4601: 1566:) of the twelfth imam, were able to communicate with him; hence the occultation in this period is referred to as the 2236:

The leaders of the movement at this stage laid no claim to the imamate as the Mahdi was thought to be the last imam.

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Meanwhile, in Syria, Sa'id ibn al-Husayn's partisans took control of the central Syria in 903, and for a time the

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The prophesied savior duo of the Mahdi and the Messiah in Islam can be likened to the prophesied pair of the two

1934: 1919: 1899: 1891: 1643: 1144:) opposed the concept of a Muslim Messiah but believed that if there was the Mahdi, it was Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz. 1114:

Early discussions about the identity of the Mahdi by religious scholars can be traced back to the time after the

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in the mid-7th century. They believed that the Mahdi would lead them back to their homeland and re-establish the

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is thus considered a title for Jesus when he returns. Others, like the historian and the Qur'an commentator

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of the Mahdi, whose life has been prolonged by divine will. An intimately related Shia notion is that of

5805: 5617: 5079: 5040: 3776: 2099: 1052: 914: 909:. It has also been suggested that the concept of the Mahdi may have been derived from earlier messianic 560: 385: 169: 124: 4868: 3941: 3794:

Hardacre, Helen; Van Voss, M. Heerma; Werblowsky, R. J. Z. (1984). "Chronicle and Calendar of Events".

1980: 1977: 1218:, who denied the death of Ibn al-Hanafiyya, and held that he was in hiding in the Razwa mountains near 1880:) in the aftermath of the death of their 11th imam Hasan al-Askari, and resulted in many conversions. 30:

This article is about the concept of an eschatological messianic savior in Islam. For other uses, see

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Klemm, Verena (1984). "Die vier sufarā' des Zwölften Imām: Zur formativen Periode der Zwölferšīʽa".

6439: 6311: 6091: 5962: 5884: 5482: 5428: 5376: 5339: 5329: 5035: 4818: 4665: 4446:. Translated by Watson, Janet; Hill, Marian (2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 1842: 1789: 1515: 1474: 1177: 940: 837: 730: 720: 674: 570: 204: 104: 3831:"The concept of Messiah in abrahamic religions: A focused study of the eschatology of Sunni islam" 6014: 6009: 5987: 5972: 5864: 5652: 5632: 5582: 5545: 5535: 5386: 5223: 4881: 4808: 4681: 4585: 4517: 4204: 4103: 3811: 2365: 2150: 2140: 2029: 2019: 1400: 1361: 1148: 1051:

Around the time when Ibn al-Zubayr was trying to expand his dominion, the pro-Alid revolutionary

910: 775: 594: 551: 521: 504: 479: 424: 380: 92: 6367: 4074:"Ḥadīth, Authority and the End of the World: Traditions in Modern Muslim Apocalyptic Literature" 1858: 1511: 815: 4466:

Kalifen und Assassinen: Ägypten und der vordere Orient zur Zeit der ersten Kreuzzüge, 1074–1171

846:) by divine will. This is rejected by Sunnis, who assert that the Mahdi has not been born yet. 6247: 6148: 5943: 5751: 5716: 5677: 5627: 5518: 5502: 5245: 5208: 5186: 5171: 5154: 5072: 4915: 4894: 4864: 4850: 4822: 4812: 4794: 4744: 4723: 4700: 4651: 4632: 4549: 4494: 4473: 4447: 4426: 4400: 4374: 4350: 4329: 4319: 4284: 4253: 4237: 4223: 4173: 4149: 4125: 4058: 4034: 4013: 3988: 3862: 3665: 2409: 2401: 2189: 2059: 2032:(1835–1908), the founder of the movement; he is held to be the Mahdi and the manifestation of 1992: 1942: 1831: 1666: 1604: 1567: 1531: 1519: 1468: 1359:—considered the most authoritative by the Sunnis and the earliest of the six—do not, nor does 1343: 1297: 1282: 968: 960: 933: 902: 822: 738: 635: 599: 546: 459: 419: 281: 4278: 1941:

by the Abbasids. This forced Sa'id to flee from Syria to North Africa, where he founded the

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Nanji, Azim; Daftary, Farhad (2006). "What is Shiite Islam?". In Cornell, Vincent J. (ed.).

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Caliphs and Assassins: Egypt and the Near East at the Time of the First Crusades, 1074–1171

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was read in the name of the "Successor, the rightly-guided Heir, the Lord of the Age, the

1768: 1682: 1654: 1595:, abolished the office on the orders of the imam just a few days before his death in 941. 1523: 1503: 1337: 1331: 925: 826: 699: 579: 395: 355: 344: 326: 229: 174: 87: 4775: 1118:. These discussions developed in different directions and were influenced by traditions ( 3984:

Messianic Hopes and Mystical Visions: The Nūrbakhshīya Between Medieval and Modern Islam

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D. S. Atema first dated this hadith to between Yazid's death and Ibn al-Zubayr's death.

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in 750, Mahdi was already a known concept. Evidence shows that the first Abbasid caliph

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Prophecy Continuous: Aspects of Ahmadi Religious Thought and its Medieval Background

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argued that some of these predictions had materialized by the first Fatimid caliph,

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branch of Muhammad's descendants, as opposed to the Shia belief that he is of the

1312:, who denied the death of al-Husayn ibn al-Qasim al-Iyani and awaited his return. 17: 4738: 4694: 4543: 4488: 4368: 4344: 4323: 4217: 4167: 4143: 4119: 4052: 4028: 4007: 3982: 3780: 3748:

Kamada, S. (2012). "Mahdi and Maitreya (Miroku): Saviors in Islam and Buddhism".

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In Shia Islam, the eschatological Mahdi was commonly given the epithet al-Qa'im (

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Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism: A Sourcebook

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Jawad, A. (2008). "Maitreya of Gandhāra – An Anticipated Sanguine of Buddhism".

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representing the Mahdi or al-Qa'im at various times. When the sixth Shia imam

1385: 1215: 1086: 1074:) encouraged the belief that he was the Mahdi, and other Umayyad rulers, like 804: 412: 4257: 4118:(2016). "Eschatology and the Dating of Traditions". In Motzki, Harald (ed.). 3669: 1802:

identical to Islam as "submission to God." It is in this sense, according to

868:), commonly used to mean "divine guidance". Although the root appears in the 6043: 5832: 5761: 5706: 5701: 5567: 5408: 5314: 5057: 4928: 4648:

An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: the history and doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism

4200: 3807: 2025: 1871: 1483: 1424: 1152: 783: 311: 3866: 2094:, also claimed to be a 'representative' of the Mahdi. The adherents of the 2071: 1202:), which often means the return to life of (some) Shia Imams, particularly 869: 4283:. Translated by DeBevoise, M. B. Berkely: University of California Press. 1587:, who held the office for some fifty years and died in 917. His successor 6336: 6321: 5852: 5837: 5739: 5577: 5025: 2512: 2265: 2128: 2124: 2063: 2039: 1946: 1744: 1725: 1710: 1702: 1443: 1420: 737:

to rid the world of evil and injustice. He is said to be a descendant of

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Oslo: Congress of the International Committee of the Historical Sciences

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Kohlberg, Etan (24 December 2009). "From Imamiyya to Ithna-ashariyya".

2007: 1527: 1492: 1451: 1412: 1012: 454: 131: 4098: 3919:. Jewish Virtual Library and Encyclopaedia Judaica 2008 The Gale Group 2408:. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira (Rowman & Littlefield). p. 280. 2106:, a Turkish cult leader, is considered by his followers as the Mahdi. 1642:, as well as secular reports about long-lived men. Along these lines, 6326: 6252: 4668:(1978). "A Treatise on the Occultation of the Twelfth Imāmite Imam". 4425:. Translated by Brown, Allison. Princeton: Markus Wiener Publishers. 4030:

Early Mahdism: Politics and Religion in the Formative Period of Islam

2146: 1930: 1911: 1721: 1639: 1219: 1119: 1030: 814:, though they differ extensively on his attributes and status. Among 474: 464: 253: 221: 213: 198: 192: 76: 4677: 4487:

Halverson, Jeffry R.; Goodall, H. L. Jr.; Corman, Steven R. (2011).

4073: 2110:

justice to the world before Judgement Day—which (so far) none have.

4581: 1226:, who seem to have spread the notions now known as occultation and 5756: 4548:(2nd ed.). London: Continuum International Publishing Group. 2083: 2033: 1882: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1795: 1649: 1631: 1482: 1309: 1045: 753: 616: 494: 185: 143: 136: 59: 51: 3710: 1926:. Abu Tahir had to depose him as imposter and had him executed. 1914:) and bring forth a new message. In 931, the then Qarmati leader 1665:, where Hassan ibn Muthlih Jamkarani is reported to have met the 6341: 3750:

Journal of the Interdisciplinary Study of Monotheistic Religions

2102:, the founder of the movement, to be the Messiah and the Mahdi. 1923: 1854: 1853:

a distinct concept of the Mahdi developed, with select Isma'ili

1740: 1733: 1662: 1496: 1223: 1214:. For instance, these traditions were cited by the now-extinct 1056: 245: 153: 4932: 3233: 3231: 2688: 2686: 1764: 1658: 1416: 786: 2976: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 4763:"Islam in Iran vii. The Concept of Mahdi in Twelver Shiʿism" 4328:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. 3703:"Sex, Flies and Videotapes: the secret lives of Harun Yahya" 3591: 3589: 3275: 3273: 3248: 3246: 3089: 3087: 2987: 2985: 2429: 2427: 2425: 1591:

was in the office until his death in 938. The next deputy,

4740:

Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History, Belief, Practice

4148:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3050: 3048: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2703: 2701: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2592: 2471: 2469: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2218:

narrowed this down to 684, just after the death of Yazid.

3432: 3430: 1240:, the seventh Imam, had not died but was in occultation. 4790:

Occultation of the Twelfth Imam: A Historical Background

4696:

Islamic Messianism: The Idea of Mahdi in Twelver Shi'ism

3965:. Vol. 14, Fasc. 2. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation 2933: 2931: 2567: 2565: 4836:

Kohlberg, E. (2022). "Rad̲j̲ʿa". In Bearman, P. (ed.).

4346:

Holiest Wars: Islamic Mahdis, Jihad and Osama Bin Laden

2673: 2671: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2456: 2454: 1798:(poll tax) or killed if they do not accept Shia Islam. 1365:. Some Sunnis, including the philosopher and historian 1285:

traditionist Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Gandji. Since then,

1232:. Later on, these traditions were also employed by the 4002:

Bentlage, Björn; Eggert, Marion; Krämer, Hans-Martin;

3417: 3415: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3150: 3027: 3003: 2960: 2958: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2350:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

1861:

died, some of his followers held his already dead son

1399:

which includes prophecies about the Mahdi, Jesus, and

1347:—contain traditions on the Mahdi; the compilations of 905:. They also believed that he would eventually conquer 5160:

Self-indication assumption doomsday argument rebuttal

4222:(4th ed.). Syracuse: Syracuse University Press. 872:

at multiple places and in various contexts, the word

5086:

Safety of high-energy particle collision experiments

2037: 1960: 1950: 1875: 1782: 1703: 1696: 1625: 1614: 1571: 1561: 1550: 1227: 1181: 1023: 978: 931: 923: 841: 767: 758: 713: 6294: 6263: 6196: 6054: 5725: 5600: 5511: 5468: 5461: 5427: 5231: 5222: 5137: 4991: 1603:With the death of the fourth agent, thus began the 1526:. According to the Twelvers, the Mahdi was born in 756:and the two most-revered Sunni hadith collections, 4715: 4418: 4847:Expectation of the Millennium: Shi'ism in History 4566:(1981). "ʿAbd Allāh b. al-Zubayr and the Mahdi". 4397:The Empire of the Mahdi: The Rise of the Fatimids 1720:By some accounts, he will reappear on the day of 1210:including the now-extinct sects of Nawusites and 876:never occurs in the book. The associated verb is 6214:List of apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 3987:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. 2123:The Mahdi figure in Islam can be likened to the 2086:in the late 19th century. The Iranian dissident 1518:. This imam in occultation is the twelfth imam, 1162:) assumed the title of "the Mahdi" for himself. 4876:. Translated by Shah-Kazemi, Reza. I.B. Tauris. 4393:Das Reich des Mahdi: Der Aufstieg der Fatimiden 1579:The first of the deputies is held to have been 1380:will fulfill this role and judge over mankind; 1004: 6112:List of dates predicted for apocalyptic events 4699:. Albany: State University of New York Press. 2266:"Mahdi | Definition, Islam, & Eschatology" 1206:, to exact their revenge on their oppressors. 5117:Existential risk from artificial intelligence 4944: 675: 8: 4145:The Ismāʿı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines 3689: 2814: 1620: 1608: 1556: 1544: 1171: 972: 863: 5165:Self-referencing doomsday argument rebuttal 4914:. Vol. 1. Greenwood Publishing Group. 4631:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1230–1238. 3829:Alma'Itah, Qais Salem; Haq, Zia ul (2022). 2790: 2614: 1937:, the Mahdi". Eventually, the uprising was 1748: 1187: 1055:took control of the Iraqi garrison town of 5465: 5268:Climate change and civilizational collapse 5228: 4951: 4937: 4929: 4623:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4187:Doi, A. R. I. (1971). "The Yoruba Mahdī". 2949: 2898: 2874: 2692: 825:, twelfth Imam, son of the eleventh Imam, 682: 668: 38: 4531:"Islam in Iran ix. The Deputies of Mahdi" 4097: 3856: 3846: 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3315: 3291: 3264: 3252: 3237: 3186: 3174: 3117: 3054: 3015: 2922: 2767: 2731: 2626: 1949:in 909. There he assumed the regnal name 1709:) in his hand, between the corner of the 939:, but are absent from the early works of 6271:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 6209:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction 4421:Shi'a Islam: From Religion to Revolution 4370:Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law 3279: 2826: 2755: 2707: 2677: 2571: 2536: 2499: 2487: 2475: 2433: 2387: 2323: 2296: 4840:(2nd ed.). Brill Reference Online. 4743:. New York: Columbia University Press. 4490:Master Narratives of Islamist Extremism 4399:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck. 3532: 3508: 3472: 3460: 3387: 3363: 3351: 3339: 3327: 3129: 2991: 2937: 2886: 2862: 2802: 2743: 2719: 2638: 2583: 2257: 2207: 50: 27:Messianic figure in Islamic eschatology 4849:. State University of New York Press. 4821:. State University of New York Press. 4472:] (in German). Munich: C.H. Beck. 3568: 1085:), have been addressed as such in the 1011:Refusing to recognize the new caliph, 4782:. Vol. VIII/6. pp. 575–581. 3959:"The Concept of Mahdi in Sunni Islam" 3436: 3406: 3375: 3222: 3162: 3105: 3093: 3078: 3066: 3039: 2964: 2910: 2662: 2650: 2460: 2335: 1794:'haters') will be subject to 1499:, stands where the house of the 11th 7: 5288:Tipping points in the climate system 4769:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 136–143. 4537:. Vol. XIV/2. pp. 143–146. 3580: 3556: 3544: 3520: 3496: 3484: 3448: 3421: 3303: 3210: 3198: 3151:Halverson, Goodall & Corman 2011 3028:Halverson, Goodall & Corman 2011 3004:Halverson, Goodall & Corman 2011 2445: 1898:In 899, the leader of the movement, 5283:Extinction risk from climate change 5182:New World Order (conspiracy theory) 4246:Current Trends in Islamist Ideology 2850: 2838: 1772: 1686: 1621: 1609: 1557: 1545: 1172: 973: 864: 703: 6243:List of fictional doomsday devices 4774:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1998). 4124:. London and New York: Routledge. 1918:declared a Persian prisoner named 748:The Mahdi is mentioned in several 25: 5263:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis 4809:Tabatabai, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn 4242:"The Return of Political Mahdism" 1983:Isma'ili Shia believe that their 880:, which means to guide. However, 741:, who will appear shortly before 733:who is believed to appear at the 6379: 6378: 6366: 5524:Decline in amphibian populations 4776:"Eschatology iii. Imami Shiʿism" 4693:Sachedina, Abdulaziz A. (1981). 4493:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 4121:Ḥadīth: Origins and Developments 3656:Merat, Arron (9 November 2018). 2185:Signs of the appearance of Mahdi 2163: 858:is derived from the Arabic root 750:canonical compilations of hadith 649: 58: 5875:Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse 5372:Land surface effects on climate 5345:Human impact on the environment 4976:Future of an expanding universe 4569:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 4545:Images of Jesus Christ in Islam 4057:. Princeton: The Darwin Press. 3731: 1157: 1080: 1069: 1039: 1017: 993: 791: 4793:. Routledge Kegan & Paul. 4737:Valentine, Simon Ross (2008). 4373:. Princeton University Press. 3888:. moshiach.com. Archived from 3709:. October 2009. Archived from 1506:and the Mahdi once used to be. 987:(680–692), after the death of 818:, the Mahdi is believed to be 1: 5821:Interpretations of Revelation 5623:Cosmological phase transition 5529:Decline in insect populations 4981:Ultimate fate of the universe 4189:Journal of Religion in Africa 4054:Studies in Muslim Apocalyptic 4027:Blichfeldt, Jan-Olaf (1985). 3913:"Messiah in Rabbinic Thought" 3848:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09080 2406:The new encyclopedia of Islam 1890:of the first Fatimid caliph, 1837:, was born. Pictured are the 6276:Future of Humanity Institute 5673:Potentially hazardous object 5573:Interplanetary contamination 4343:Furnish, Timothy R. (2005). 3957:Arjomand, Saïd Amir (2007). 1589:Husayn ibn Rawh al-Nawbakhti 1522:, son of the eleventh imam, 1403:(the antichrist) during the 1390: 1371: 1272: 1261: 1250: 1139: 1128: 1106: 1095: 831: 6156:Nemesis (hypothetical star) 5305:Global terrestrial stilling 4787:Hussain, Jassim M. (1986). 4277:Filiu, Jean-Pierre (2011). 2400:Glassé, Cyril, ed. (2001). 2038: 1961: 1951: 1876: 1783: 1704: 1697: 1626: 1615: 1585:Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Amri 1572: 1562: 1551: 1228: 1182: 1024: 979: 932: 924: 842: 803:The Mahdi features in both 768: 759: 714: 233:("Stories of the Prophets") 6466: 6445:Religious leadership roles 5668:Asteroid impact prediction 5643:Heat death of the universe 5053:Mutual assured destruction 4542:Leirvik, Oddbjørn (2010). 4216:Esposito, John L. (1998). 3880:Schochet, Jacob Immanuel. 2138: 2051: 2017: 1739:The Mahdi will then go to 1728:), the day the third Imam 1593:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Simari 1472: 1466: 29: 6360: 6286:Nuclear Threat Initiative 6219:List of apocalyptic films 6062:2011 end times prediction 5794:Prophecy of Seventy Weeks 5789:Abomination of desolation 5663:Asteroid impact avoidance 5493:List of extinction events 5335:Environmental degradation 5122:Technological singularity 4966: 4960:Global catastrophic risks 4759:Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali 4650:. Yale University Press. 4349:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 4090:10.1163/22138617-08201004 2362:10.1017/S0041977X00050989 1935:Commander of the Faithful 1892:Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah 1306:Abd Allah al-Mahdi Billah 1065:Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik 1061:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya 1059:in the name of Ali's son 967:, al-Husayn, and various 780:Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya 752:, but is absent from the 6281:Future of Life Institute 6183:Resurrection of the dead 6176:Post-tribulation rapture 5558:Colony collapse disorder 4870:Doctrines of Shi'i Islam 4722:. Blackwell Publishing. 4718:A Brief History of Islam 4169:A History of Shi'i Islam 3690:Fishman & Soage 2013 2815:Nanji & Daftary 2006 2270:Encyclopaedia Britannica 1962:al-imam al-mahdi bi'llah 1804:Mohammad Ali Amir Moezzi 1581:Uthman ibn Sa'id al-Amri 836:), who is said to be in 322:Medieval Islamic science 5107:Artificial intelligence 4666:Sachedina, Abdulaziz A. 4201:10.1163/157006671x00070 4172:. London: I.B. Tauris. 3808:10.1163/156852784X00167 2513:"Mahdī Islamic concept" 2180:List of Mahdi claimants 2054:List of Mahdi claimants 1296:Before the rise of the 1000:Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr 985:Second Muslim Civil War 729:: مهدی) is a figure in 6236:List of disaster films 6077:Apocalyptic literature 5177:Malthusian catastrophe 5103:Synthetic intelligence 4838:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4714:Sonn, Tamarra (2004). 4646:Momen, Moojan (1985). 4529:Klemm, Verena (2007). 4033:. Leiden: E.J. Brill. 2078:, who established the 1996:Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 1920:Abu'l-Fadl al-Isfahani 1895: 1846: 1835:Al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah 1669: 1507: 1435: 1395:), elaborated a whole 1009: 888:Historical development 725:'the Guided', 332:Succession to Muhammad 32:Mahdi (disambiguation) 5618:Coronal mass ejection 5080:Electromagnetic pulse 5041:Kinetic energy weapon 4780:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4767:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4535:Encyclopaedia Iranica 4072:Cook, David (2002b). 3963:Encyclopaedia Iranica 3911:Blidstein, Gerald J. 3882:"Moshiach ben Yossef" 2502:, pp. 1231–1232. 2100:Wallace Fard Muhammad 2062:, the founder of the 2018:Further information: 1989:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 1886: 1828:Abu'l-Qasim al-Tayyib 1817: 1653: 1486: 1473:Further information: 1430: 1053:al-Mukhtar al-Thaqafi 6020:War of Gog and Magog 5697:Near-Earth supernova 5447:Human overpopulation 5251:Mass mortality event 5145:Anthropogenic hazard 4510:Die Welt des Orients 4440:Halm, Heinz (2004). 3734:Apocalypse in Islam 3713:on 12 September 2009 3547:, pp. 184, 185. 3069:, pp. 162, 163. 2977:Bentlage et al. 2016 2114:Comparative religion 2090:, the leader of the 2068:Ali Muhammad Shirazi 1916:Abu Tahir al-Jannabi 1867:Muhammad ibn Isma'il 1397:apocalyptic scenario 1124:Said ibn al-Musayyib 1076:Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 945:Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj 371:Association football 6435:Islamic terminology 6092:Blood moon prophecy 5885:Number of the Beast 5483:Holocene extinction 5429:Earth Overshoot Day 5377:Ocean acidification 5340:Habitat destruction 5330:Ecological collapse 5036:Kinetic bombardment 4971:Future of the Earth 4882:Modarressi, Hossein 4819:Sayyid Hossein Nasr 4280:Apocalypse in Islam 3942:Arjomand, Saïd Amir 3892:on 20 December 2002 3634:, pp. 114–117. 3559:, p. 206 n. 7. 3487:, pp. 138–139. 3463:, pp. 122–123. 3366:, pp. 109–110. 3318:, pp. 176–178. 3267:, pp. 171–172. 3240:, pp. 161–166. 3096:, pp. 130–135. 3081:, pp. 127–128. 2586:, pp. 144–145. 2448:, pp. 230–232. 2338:, pp. 138–139. 2326:, pp. 134–136. 1955:; as the historian 1906:after their leader 1900:Sa'id ibn al-Husayn 1809: 1475:Occultation (Islam) 1316:In Islamic doctrine 1147:By the time of the 941:Muhammad al-Bukhari 731:Islamic eschatology 132:Profession of Faith 105:Day of Resurrection 6407:Doomsday scenarios 5973:Beast of the Earth 5865:Book of Revelation 5653:Virtual black hole 5633:False vacuum decay 5583:Pollinator decline 5546:Biological warfare 5536:Biotechnology risk 5387:Resource depletion 4320:Friedmann, Yohanan 4312:10.1111/rec3.12032 4238:Filiu, Jean-Pierre 4219:Islam and Politics 2770:, pp. 79, 80. 2695:, pp. 87, 88. 2151:Mashiach ben Yosef 2141:Messiah in Judaism 2030:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 2020:Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 1896: 1863:Isma'il ibn Ja'far 1847: 1715:station of Abraham 1670: 1508: 1149:Abbasid Revolution 776:Mukhtar al-Thaqafi 18:Mahdist (follower) 6417: 6416: 6248:Zombie apocalypse 6149:Postmillennialism 5944:Great Tribulation 5717:Stellar collision 5678:Near-Earth object 5628:Geomagnetic storm 5596: 5595: 5519:Biodiversity loss 5503:Genetic pollution 5457: 5456: 5246:Biodiversity loss 5209:Societal collapse 5187:Nuclear holocaust 5172:Economic collapse 5155:Doomsday argument 5073:Antimatter weapon 4638:978-90-04-07819-2 4598:Madelung, Wilferd 4564:Madelung, Wilferd 4479:978-3-406-66163-1 4155:978-0-521-61636-2 4004:Reichmuth, Stefan 3451:, pp. 68–83. 3439:, pp. 50–51. 2994:, pp. 18–21. 2722:, pp. 12–13. 2436:, pp. 292ff. 2070:, the founder of 2060:Muhammad Jaunpuri 1943:Fatimid Caliphate 1843:Al-Rifa'i Mosques 1793: 1781: 1695: 1605:Major Occultation 1599:Major Occultation 1568:Minor Occultation 1538:Minor Occultation 1479:Qa'im Al Muhammad 1469:Muhammad al-Mahdi 1302:al-Qadi al-Nu'man 1298:Fatimid Caliphate 1257:Ya'qub al-Kulayni 961:Hassan ibn Thabit 934:Sunan al-Tirmidhi 903:Himyarite Kingdom 893:Pre-Islamic ideas 823:Muhammad al-Mahdi 812:branches of Islam 724: 712: 692: 691: 16:(Redirected from 6457: 6382: 6381: 6373:World portal 6371: 6370: 6332:Financial crisis 6161:Nibiru cataclysm 6139:Premillennialism 5983:Dhul-Suwayqatayn 5951:Son of perdition 5939:Olivet Discourse 5915:Whore of Babylon 5541:Biological agent 5488:Human extinction 5478:Extinction event 5466: 5437:Overexploitation 5367:Land consumption 5362:Land degradation 5229: 5091:Micro black hole 4999:Chemical warfare 4953: 4946: 4939: 4930: 4925: 4904: 4893:. Darwin Press. 4892: 4877: 4875: 4860: 4841: 4832: 4817:. Translated by 4804: 4783: 4770: 4754: 4733: 4721: 4710: 4689: 4661: 4642: 4593: 4559: 4538: 4525: 4504: 4483: 4457: 4436: 4424: 4410: 4384: 4365:Goldziher, Ignaz 4360: 4339: 4315: 4300:Religion Compass 4294: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4260:. Archived from 4233: 4212: 4183: 4159: 4135: 4111: 4101: 4068: 4044: 4023: 3998: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3953: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3899: 3897: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3860: 3850: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3769:Ancient Pakistan 3764: 3758: 3757: 3745: 3739: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3410: 3404: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3268: 3262: 3256: 3250: 3241: 3235: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3208: 3202: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3007: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2980: 2974: 2968: 2962: 2953: 2947: 2941: 2935: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2791:Amir-Moezzi 2007 2788: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2690: 2681: 2675: 2666: 2660: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2615:Amir-Moezzi 1998 2612: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2473: 2464: 2458: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2420: 2419: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2374: 2373: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2300: 2294: 2281: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2262: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2216:Wilferd Madelung 2212: 2173: 2168: 2167: 2166: 2149:savior figures, 2043: 2014:Ahmadiyya belief 1964: 1954: 1879: 1822:capital city of 1788: 1786: 1776: 1774: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1707: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1629: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1612: 1611: 1575: 1573:ghayba al-sughra 1565: 1560: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1489:Al-Askari Shrine 1415:and her husband 1394: 1392: 1375: 1373: 1276: 1274: 1265: 1263: 1254: 1252: 1246:Ibrahim al-Qummi 1231: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1185: 1175: 1174: 1161: 1159: 1143: 1141: 1132: 1130: 1110: 1108: 1099: 1097: 1084: 1082: 1073: 1071: 1043: 1041: 1027: 1021: 1019: 997: 995: 982: 976: 975: 937: 929: 867: 866: 845: 835: 833: 795: 793: 773: 764: 761:Sahih al-Bukhari 719: 717: 707: 705: 684: 677: 670: 656:Islam portal 654: 653: 652: 62: 39: 21: 6465: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6455: 6454: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6413: 6392:Future problems 6365: 6356: 6290: 6259: 6226:Climate fiction 6192: 6067:2012 phenomenon 6050: 5956:Sheep and Goats 5843:2 Thessalonians 5721: 5638:Gamma-ray burst 5592: 5507: 5498:Genetic erosion 5453: 5423: 5414:Water pollution 5382:Ozone depletion 5278:Desertification 5218: 5133: 5068:Doomsday device 5048:Nuclear warfare 4987: 4962: 4957: 4922: 4911:Voices of Islam 4907: 4901: 4890: 4880: 4873: 4865:Sobhani, Ja'far 4863: 4857: 4844: 4835: 4829: 4807: 4801: 4786: 4773: 4757: 4751: 4736: 4730: 4713: 4707: 4692: 4678:10.2307/1595355 4672:(48): 109–124. 4670:Studia Islamica 4664: 4658: 4645: 4639: 4606:Bosworth, C. E. 4596: 4562: 4556: 4541: 4528: 4507: 4501: 4486: 4480: 4460: 4454: 4439: 4433: 4413: 4407: 4387: 4381: 4363: 4357: 4342: 4336: 4318: 4297: 4291: 4276: 4267: 4265: 4236: 4230: 4215: 4186: 4180: 4164:Daftary, Farhad 4162: 4156: 4140:Daftary, Farhad 4138: 4132: 4114: 4078:Oriente Moderno 4071: 4065: 4047: 4041: 4026: 4020: 4001: 3995: 3979:Bashir, Shahzad 3977: 3968: 3966: 3956: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3922: 3920: 3910: 3909: 3905: 3895: 3893: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3828: 3827: 3823: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3587: 3579: 3575: 3567: 3563: 3555: 3551: 3543: 3539: 3535:, pp. 261. 3531: 3527: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3495: 3491: 3483: 3479: 3471: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3447: 3443: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3413: 3405: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3374: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3282:, p. 1236. 3278: 3271: 3263: 3259: 3251: 3244: 3236: 3229: 3221: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3197: 3193: 3185: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3157: 3149: 3136: 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2983: 2975: 2971: 2963: 2956: 2950:Blichfeldt 1985 2948: 2944: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2899:Blichfeldt 1985 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2875:Blichfeldt 1985 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2789: 2774: 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2742: 2738: 2730: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2699: 2693:Modarressi 1993 2691: 2684: 2676: 2669: 2661: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2543: 2539:, p. 1233. 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2490:, p. 1232. 2486: 2482: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2440: 2432: 2423: 2416: 2399: 2398: 2394: 2386: 2377: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2334: 2330: 2322: 2303: 2299:, p. 1231. 2295: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2264: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2143: 2137: 2121: 2116: 2096:Nation of Islam 2056: 2050: 2048:Mahdi claimants 2022: 2016: 2004: 1952:al-Mahdi Billah 1859:Ja'far al-Sadiq 1826:in 2014, where 1812: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1675: 1655:Jamkaran Mosque 1616:ghayba al-kubra 1601: 1540: 1524:Hasan al-Askari 1512:Twelver Shi'ism 1504:Hasan al-Askari 1481: 1471: 1465: 1460: 1433:and oppression. 1389: 1370: 1323: 1318: 1271: 1260: 1249: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1168: 1156: 1138: 1127: 1105: 1094: 1079: 1068: 1038: 1016: 992: 980:hudat mahdiyyun 969:Umayyad caliphs 953: 926:Sunan Abi Dawud 895: 890: 852: 830: 827:Hasan al-Askari 798:Mahdi claimants 790: 688: 650: 648: 641: 640: 585:Other religions 580:Arabic language 542: 532: 531: 460:Moral teachings 351: 337: 336: 327:Spread of Islam 272: 262: 261: 249:(jurisprudence) 231:Qisas al-Anbiya 180: 179: 159: 158: 127: 117: 116: 72: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6463: 6461: 6453: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6422: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6387:Apocalypticism 6376: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6298: 6296: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6267: 6265: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6245: 6240: 6239: 6238: 6231:Disaster films 6228: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6216: 6206: 6204:Alien invasion 6200: 6198: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6152: 6151: 6146: 6144:Amillennialism 6141: 6131: 6129:Millenarianism 6126: 6125: 6124: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6082:Apocalypticism 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6058: 6056: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6036: 6031: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6007: 6006: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5978:Dhu al-Qarnayn 5975: 5970: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5946: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5924:Great Apostasy 5921: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5862: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5813: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5781: 5771: 5769:Last Judgement 5766: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5749: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5731: 5729: 5727:Eschatological 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5670: 5665: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5515: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5474: 5472: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5442:Overpopulation 5439: 5433: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5419:Water scarcity 5416: 5411: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5394: 5392:Sea level rise 5389: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5358: 5357: 5355:on marine life 5352: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5310:Global warming 5307: 5302: 5300:Global dimming 5297: 5292: 5291: 5290: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5258:Cascade effect 5255: 5254: 5253: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5233:Climate change 5226: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5162: 5152: 5147: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5100: 5099: 5098: 5093: 5083: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5063:Doomsday Clock 5060: 5055: 5045: 5044: 5043: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5014:Cyberterrorism 5011: 5001: 4995: 4993: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4984: 4983: 4973: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4921:978-0275987329 4920: 4905: 4900:978-0878500956 4899: 4878: 4861: 4856:978-0887068447 4855: 4842: 4833: 4827: 4805: 4800:978-0710301581 4799: 4784: 4771: 4755: 4750:978-0231700948 4749: 4734: 4729:978-1405121743 4728: 4711: 4706:978-0873954426 4705: 4690: 4662: 4657:978-0300034998 4656: 4643: 4637: 4610:van Donzel, E. 4594: 4582:10.1086/372899 4576:(4): 291–305. 4560: 4555:978-1441177391 4554: 4539: 4526: 4505: 4500:978-0230108967 4499: 4484: 4478: 4458: 4452: 4437: 4431: 4411: 4406:978-3406354977 4405: 4385: 4380:978-1400843510 4379: 4361: 4355: 4340: 4334: 4316: 4295: 4290:978-0520264311 4289: 4274: 4264:on 20 May 2022 4234: 4228: 4213: 4195:(2): 119–136. 4184: 4179:978-1780768410 4178: 4160: 4154: 4136: 4131:978-1138247796 4130: 4112: 4069: 4064:978-0878501427 4063: 4045: 4040:978-9004076433 4039: 4024: 4019:978-9004329003 4018: 3999: 3993: 3975: 3954: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3930: 3903: 3872: 3821: 3802:(1): 155–158. 3786: 3759: 3740: 3724: 3694: 3682: 3648: 3644:Valentine 2008 3636: 3632:Friedmann 1989 3624: 3620:Valentine 2008 3612: 3608:Friedmann 1989 3600: 3598:, p. 199. 3596:Valentine 2008 3585: 3583:, p. 203. 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3523:, p. 144. 3513: 3511:, p. 112. 3501: 3499:, p. 145. 3489: 3477: 3475:, p. 128. 3465: 3453: 3441: 3426: 3424:, p. 169. 3411: 3392: 3390:, p. 110. 3380: 3368: 3356: 3354:, p. 109. 3344: 3342:, p. 108. 3332: 3330:, p. 106. 3320: 3316:Sachedina 1981 3308: 3296: 3294:, p. 174. 3292:Sachedina 1981 3284: 3269: 3265:Sachedina 1981 3257: 3255:, p. 163. 3253:Sachedina 1981 3242: 3238:Sachedina 1981 3227: 3225:, p. 169. 3215: 3203: 3191: 3189:, p. 194. 3187:Tabatabai 1975 3179: 3177:, p. 181. 3175:Sachedina 1981 3167: 3155: 3153:, p. 104. 3134: 3132:, p. 147. 3122: 3120:, p. 100. 3118:Sachedina 1981 3110: 3098: 3083: 3071: 3059: 3055:Sachedina 1981 3044: 3042:, p. 161. 3032: 3030:, p. 103. 3020: 3018:, p. 109. 3016:Sachedina 1978 3008: 3006:, p. 102. 2996: 2981: 2979:, p. 428. 2969: 2954: 2942: 2927: 2925:, p. 200. 2923:Goldziher 2021 2915: 2913:, p. 140. 2903: 2891: 2879: 2867: 2855: 2853:, p. 119. 2843: 2841:, p. 120. 2831: 2819: 2817:, p. 240. 2807: 2795: 2772: 2768:Sachedina 1981 2760: 2748: 2736: 2734:, p. 151. 2732:Sachedina 1981 2724: 2712: 2710:, p. 531. 2697: 2682: 2667: 2665:, p. 166. 2655: 2653:, p. 165. 2643: 2641:, p. 118. 2631: 2627:Sachedina 1981 2619: 2588: 2576: 2541: 2529: 2504: 2492: 2480: 2478:, p. 291. 2465: 2463:, p. 155. 2450: 2438: 2421: 2414: 2392: 2375: 2356:(3): 521–534. 2340: 2328: 2301: 2282: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2174: 2158: 2155: 2139:Main article: 2136: 2133: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2088:Massoud Rajavi 2076:Muhammad Ahmad 2052:Main article: 2049: 2046: 2015: 2012: 2003: 2000: 1993:Fatimid Caliph 1832:Fatimid Caliph 1811: 1808: 1730:Husayn ibn Ali 1724:(the tenth of 1674: 1671: 1627:sahib az-zamān 1600: 1597: 1539: 1536: 1467:Main article: 1464: 1461: 1459: 1456: 1440:Umayyad Mosque 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1236:to argue that 1204:Husayn ibn Ali 1167: 1164: 1160: 750–754 1135:Hasan al-Basri 1109: 728–730 1083: 717–720 1072: 715–717 1042: 683–684 1020: 680–683 996: 661–680 983:). During the 952: 949: 907:Constantinople 894: 891: 889: 886: 851: 848: 794: 656–661 690: 689: 687: 686: 679: 672: 664: 661: 660: 659: 658: 643: 642: 639: 638: 632: 631: 630: 629: 624: 614: 609: 608: 607: 602: 592: 587: 582: 576: 575: 574: 573: 568: 563: 555: 554: 549: 543: 540:Related topics 538: 537: 534: 533: 530: 529: 524: 522:Social welfare 519: 514: 513: 512: 502: 497: 492: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 416: 415: 410: 400: 399: 398: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 352: 343: 342: 339: 338: 335: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 308: 307: 300: 293: 285: 284: 279: 273: 268: 267: 264: 263: 260: 259: 251: 242: 241: 235: 227: 219: 210: 209: 189: 181: 178: 177: 172: 166: 165: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 151: 146: 140: 139: 134: 128: 123: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 112:Predestination 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 93:Revealed Books 90: 84: 83: 73: 68: 67: 64: 63: 55: 54: 48: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6462: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6427: 6425: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6402:Risk analysis 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6384: 6377: 6375: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6359: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6347:Social crisis 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6264:Organizations 6262: 6254: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6189: 6188:World to come 6186: 6184: 6181: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6167: 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6134:Millennialism 6132: 6130: 6127: 6123: 6122:Messianic Age 6120: 6119: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6107:Gog and Magog 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6097:Earth Changes 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6011: 6008: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5965: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5934:New Jerusalem 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5910:War in Heaven 5908: 5906: 5905:Two witnesses 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5822: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5776: 5775: 5774:Second Coming 5772: 5770: 5767: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5736: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5724: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5434: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5403: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5326: 5323: 5321: 5318: 5316: 5313: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5285: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5273:Deforestation 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5252: 5249: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5214:World War III 5212: 5210: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5129:Transhumanism 5127: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5104: 5101: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5049: 5046: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5006: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4994: 4992:Technological 4990: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4923: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4889: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4872: 4871: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4848: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4814:Shi'ite Islam 4810: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4712: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4551: 4547: 4546: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4445: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4428: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4327: 4326: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4275: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4122: 4117: 4116:Cook, Michael 4113: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4036: 4032: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3990: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3918: 3914: 3907: 3904: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3841:(3): e09080. 3840: 3836: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3760: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3737: 3735: 3728: 3725: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3695: 3692:, p. 63. 3691: 3686: 3683: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3652: 3649: 3646:, p. 46. 3645: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3622:, p. 45. 3621: 3616: 3613: 3610:, p. 49. 3609: 3604: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3546: 3541: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3517: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3502: 3498: 3493: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3466: 3462: 3457: 3454: 3450: 3445: 3442: 3438: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3409:, p. 51. 3408: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3381: 3378:, p. 50. 3377: 3372: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3321: 3317: 3312: 3309: 3306:, p. 37. 3305: 3300: 3297: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3280:Madelung 1986 3276: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3216: 3213:, p. 37. 3212: 3207: 3204: 3201:, p. 35. 3200: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3165:, p. 65. 3164: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3123: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3075: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3057:, p. 28. 3056: 3051: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3033: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3009: 3005: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2973: 2970: 2967:, p. 27. 2966: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2943: 2940:, p. 14. 2939: 2934: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2916: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2895: 2892: 2889:, p. 41. 2888: 2883: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2868: 2865:, p. 11. 2864: 2859: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2829:, p. 35. 2828: 2827:Esposito 1998 2823: 2820: 2816: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2799: 2796: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2756:Kohlberg 2009 2752: 2749: 2746:, p. 67. 2745: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2708:Kohlberg 2009 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2678:Kohlberg 2022 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2659: 2656: 2652: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2635: 2632: 2629:, p. 60. 2628: 2623: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572:Madelung 1986 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2537:Madelung 1986 2533: 2530: 2518: 2514: 2508: 2505: 2501: 2500:Madelung 1986 2496: 2493: 2489: 2488:Madelung 1986 2484: 2481: 2477: 2476:Madelung 1981 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2442: 2439: 2435: 2434:Madelung 1981 2430: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415:0-7591-0190-6 2411: 2407: 2403: 2396: 2393: 2389: 2388:Arjomand 2000 2384: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2324:Arjomand 2007 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2297:Madelung 1986 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2271: 2267: 2261: 2258: 2252: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2201: 2196: 2195:Du'a al-Faraj 2193: 2191: 2188: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2161: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2148: 2142: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2080:Mahdist State 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2047: 2045: 2042: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1991:, son of the 1990: 1987:and Mahdi is 1986: 1985:Occulted Imam 1982: 1979: 1974: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1931:Friday sermon 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1908:Hamdan Qarmat 1905: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1816: 1807: 1805: 1799: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1779: 1770: 1766: 1746: 1742: 1737: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1699: 1693: 1684: 1680: 1672: 1668: 1667:Twelver Mahdi 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1617: 1610:الغيبة الكبرى 1606: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1553: 1537: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1448:Gog and Magog 1445: 1441: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1368: 1364: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1294: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1278: 1269: 1258: 1247: 1241: 1239: 1238:Musa al-Kazim 1235: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1207: 1205: 1184: 1179: 1165: 1163: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1136: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1103: 1092: 1088: 1077: 1066: 1062: 1058: 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393: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 353: 350: 346: 341: 340: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 306: 305: 301: 299: 298: 294: 292: 291: 287: 286: 283: 280: 278: 275: 274: 271: 266: 265: 258: 256: 252: 250: 248: 244: 243: 239: 236: 234: 232: 228: 226: 224: 220: 218: 216: 212: 211: 207: 206: 201: 200: 195: 194: 190: 188: 187: 183: 182: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 163: 162: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 141: 138: 135: 133: 130: 129: 126: 121: 120: 113: 110: 109: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 94: 91: 89: 86: 85: 82: 78: 75: 74: 71: 66: 65: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 45: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6364: 6307:Cyberwarfare 6025:Third Temple 5997: 5880:Lake of fire 5690:Rogue planet 5658:Impact event 5648:Proton decay 5601:Astronomical 5551:Bioterrorism 5397:Supervolcano 5295:Flood basalt 5241:Anoxic event 5150:Collapsology 5138:Sociological 5009:Cyberwarfare 4910: 4886: 4869: 4846: 4837: 4813: 4789: 4779: 4766: 4739: 4717: 4695: 4669: 4647: 4628: 4621: 4573: 4567: 4544: 4534: 4513: 4509: 4489: 4469: 4465: 4442: 4420: 4396: 4392: 4369: 4345: 4324: 4306:(2): 59–68. 4303: 4299: 4279: 4266:. 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