Malocclusion - Knowledge (XXG)

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anterior open bite. Therefore, it is important to carry out a thorough initial assessment in order to obtain a diagnosis to tailor a suitable treatment plan. It is important to take into consideration any habitual risk factors, as this is crucial for a successful outcome without relapse. Treatment approach includes behavior changes, appliances and surgery. Treatment for adults include a combination of extractions, fixed appliances, intermaxillary elastics and orthognathic surgery. For children, orthodontics is usually used to compensate for continued growth. With children with mixed dentition, the malocclusion may resolve on its own as the permanent teeth erupt. Furthermore, should the malocclusion be caused by childhood habits such as digit, thumb or pacifier sucking, it may result in resolution as the habit is stopped. Habit deterrent appliances may be used to help in breaking digit and thumb sucking habits. Other treatment options for patients who are still growing include functional appliances and headgear appliances.

136:. If this molar relationship exists, then the teeth can align into normal occlusion. According to Angle, malocclusion is any deviation of the occlusion from the ideal. However, assessment for malocclusion should also take into account aesthetics and the impact on functionality. If these aspects are acceptable to the patient despite meeting the formal definition of malocclusion, then treatment may not be necessary. It is estimated that nearly 30% of the population have malocclusions that are categorised as severe and definitely benefit from orthodontic treatment. 50: 74: 537:, negative overjet, underbite)) In this case the upper molars are placed not in the mesiobuccal groove but posteriorly to it. The mesiobuccal cusp of the maxillary first molar lies posteriorly to the mesiobuccal groove of the mandibular first molar. Usually seen as when the lower front teeth are more prominent than the upper front teeth. In this case the patient very often has a large mandible or a short maxillary bone. 725:) in adults. Surgery may be required on rare occasions. This may include surgical reshaping to lengthen or shorten the jaw (orthognathic surgery). Wires, plates, or screws may be used to secure the jaw bone, in a manner similar to the surgical stabilization of jaw fractures. Very few people have "perfect" alignment of their teeth. However, most problems are very minor and do not require treatment. 842:

with adequate proportionality of tooth sizes. Bolton's formula concludes that if in the anterior portion the ratio is less than 77.2% the lower teeth are too narrow, the upper teeth are too wide or there is a combination of both. If the ratio is higher than 77.2% either the lower teeth are too wide, the upper teeth are too narrow or there is a combination of both.

460: 410: 857: 3460:, vol. 322, no. 4 (April 2020), pp. 44–49. "Our teeth evolved over hundreds of millions of years to be incredibly strong and to align precisely for efficient chewing. Our dental disorders largely stem from a shift in the oral environment caused by the introduction of softer, more sugary foods than the ones our ancestors typically ate." 475: 566:) of occlusion problems, and it disregards the proportions (or relationships in general) of teeth and face. Thus, many attempts have been made to modify the Angle system or to replace it completely with a more efficient one, but Angle's classification continues be popular mainly because of its simplicity and clarity. 800:

with pre and post surgical orthodontics to ensure correct tooth relationship. Although the most common surgery of the mandible, it comes with several complications including: bleeding from inferior alveolar artery, unfavorable splits, condylar resorption, avascular necrosis and worsening of temporomandibular joint.

515:, overjet, overbite)): In this situation, the mesiobuccal cusp of the upper first molar is not aligned with the mesiobuccal groove of the lower first molar. Instead it is anterior to it. Usually the mesiobuccal cusp rests in between the first mandibular molars and second premolars. There are two subtypes: 787:

The British Standard Institute (BSI) classify class III incisor relationship as the lower incisor edge lies anterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors, with reduced or reversed over jet. The skeletal facial deformity is characterized by mandibular prognathism, maxillary retrognathism or a

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While treatment is not crucial in class I malocclusions, in severe cases of crowding can be an indication for intervention. Studies indicate that tooth extraction can have benefits to correcting malocclusion in individuals. Further research is needed as reoccurring crowding has been examined in other

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Periodontal disease: irregular teeth would hinder the ability to clean teeth meaning poor plaque control. Additionally, if teeth are crowded, some may be more buccally or lingually placed, there will be reduced bone and periodontal support. Furthermore, in Class III malocclusions, mandibular anterior

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Maxillary and mandibular skeletal changes during prepubertal, pubertal and post pubertal stages show that class III malocclusion is established before the prepubertal stage. One treatment option is the use of growth modification appliances such as the Chin Cap which has greatly improved the skeletal

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Dental crowding is defined by the amount of space that would be required for the teeth to be in correct alignment. It is obtained in two ways: 1) by measuring the amount of space required and reducing this from calculating the space available via the width of the teeth, or 2) by measuring the degree

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Most malocclusion studies to date have focused on Class III malocclusions. Genetic studies for Class II and Class I malocclusion are more rare. An example of hereditary mandibular prognathism can be seen amongst the Hapsburg Royal family where one third of the affected individuals with severe class

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Orthodontic camouflage can also be used in patients with mild skeletal discrepancies. This is a less invasive approach that uses orthodontic brackets to correct malocclusion and try to hide the skeletal discrepancy. Due to limitations of orthodontics, this option is more viable for patients who are

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Lack of masticatory stress during development can cause tooth overcrowding. Children who chewed a hard resinous gum for two hours a day showed increased facial growth. Experiments in animals have shown similar results. In an experiment on two groups of rock hyraxes fed hardened or softened versions

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The upper or lower jaw can be overgrown (macrognathia) or undergrown (micrognathia). It has been reported that patients with micrognathia are also affected by retrognathia (abnormal posterior positioning of the mandible or maxilla relative to the facial structure). These patients are majorly

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Several methods have been used to determine ITSD. Of these methods the one most commonly used is the Bolton analysis. Bolton developed a method to calculate the ratio between the mesiodistal width of maxillary and mandibular teeth and stated that a correct and harmonious occlusion is possible only

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Another approach is to carry out orthognathic surgery, such as a bilateral sagittal split osteotomy (BSSO) which is indicated by horizontal mandibular excess. This involves surgically cutting through the mandible and moving the fragment forward or backwards for desired function and is supplemented

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During the transition to agriculture, the shape of the human mandible went through a series of changes. The mandible underwent a complex shape changes not matched by the teeth, leading to incongruity between the dental and mandibular form. These changes in human skulls may have been "driven by the

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of the mandibular first molar. The teeth should all fit on a line of occlusion which, in the upper arch, is a smooth curve through the central fossae of the posterior teeth and cingulum of the canines and incisors, and in the lower arch, is a smooth curve through the buccal cusps of the posterior

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Identifying inter-arch tooth size discrepancy (ITSD) before treatment begins allows the practitioner to develop the treatment plan in a way that will take ITSD into account. ITSD corrective treatment may entail demanding reduction (interproximal wear), increase (crowns and resins), or elimination

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Low- to moderate- quality evidence suggests that providing early orthodontic treatment for children with prominent upper front teeth (class II division 1) is more effective for reducing the incidence of incisal trauma than providing one course of orthodontic treatment in adolescence. There do not

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An open bite malocclusion is when the upper teeth don't overlap the lower teeth. When this malocclusion occurs at the front teeth it is known as anterior open bite. An open bite is difficult to treat due to multifactorial causes, with relapse being a major concern. This is particularly so for an

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The frequent presentation of dental malocclusions in patients with craniofacial birth defects also supports a strong genetic aetiology. About 150 genes are associated with craniofacial conditions presenting with malocclusions. Micrognathia is a commonly recurring craniofacial birth defect

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To establish appropriate alignment and occlusion, the size of upper and lower front teeth, or upper and lower teeth in general, needs to be proportional. Inter-arch tooth size discrepancy (ITSD) is defined as a disproportion in the mesio-distal dimensions of teeth of opposing dental arches. The

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One of the main reasons for correcting Class III malocclusion is aesthetics and function. This can have a psychological impact on the person with malocclusion resulting in speech and mastication problems as well. In mild class III cases, the patient is quite accepting of the aesthetics and the

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Treatment can be undertaken using orthodontic treatments using dental braces. While treatment is carried out, there is no evidence from clinical trials to recommend or discourage any type of orthodontic treatment in children. A 2018 Cochrane systematic review anticipated that the evidence base

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Malocclusion is often treated with orthodontics, such as tooth extraction, clear aligners, or dental braces, followed by growth modification in children or jaw surgery (orthognathic surgery) in adults. Surgical intervention is used only in rare occasions. This may include surgical reshaping to

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Genetic (inheritance) factors, extra teeth, lost teeth, impacted teeth, or abnormally shaped teeth have been cited as causes of crowding. Ill-fitting dental fillings, crowns, appliances, retainers, or braces as well as misalignment of jaw fractures after a severe injury are also known to cause

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Functional appliance which maintains the mandible in a postured position to influence both the orofacial musculature and dentoalveolar development prior to fixed appliance therapy. This is ideally done through pubertal growth in pre-adolescent children and the fixed appliance during permanent

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The ultimate goal of orthodontic treatment is to achieve a stable, functional and aesthetic alignment of teeth which serves to better the patient's dental and total health. The symptoms which arise as a result of malocclusion derive from a deficiency in one or more of these categories.

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appear to be any other advantages of providing early treatment when compared to late treatment. Low-quality evidence suggests that, compared to no treatment, late treatment in adolescence with functional appliances is effective for reducing the prominence of upper front teeth.

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There is not one single cause of malocclusion, and when planning orthodontic treatment it is often helpful to consider the above factors and the impact they have played on malocclusion. These can also be influenced by oral habits and pressure resulting in malocclusion.

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lengthen or shorten the jaw. Wires, plates, or screws may be used to secure the jaw bone, in a manner like the surgical stabilization of jaw fractures. Very few people have "perfect" alignment of their teeth with most problems being minor that do not require treatment.

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Victora CG, Bahl R, Barros AJ, França GV, Horton S, Krasevec J, Murch S, Sankar MJ, Walker N, Rollins NC (January 2016). "Breastfeeding in the 21st century: epidemiology, mechanisms, and lifelong effect". Lancet. 387 (10017): 475–90. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01024-7.

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Malocclusions may be coupled with skeletal disharmony of the face, where the relations between the upper and lower jaws are not appropriate. Such skeletal disharmonies often distort sufferer's face shape, severely affect aesthetics of the face, and may be coupled with

871:, while decreased vertical facial growth causes a short facial profile and is commonly associated with a deep bite malocclusion. However, there are many other more common causes for open bites (such as tongue thrusting and thumb sucking) and likewise for deep bites. 368:

A deep bite (also known as a Type II Malocclusion) is a condition in which the upper teeth overlap the lower teeth, which can result in hard and soft tissue trauma, in addition to an effect on appearance. It has been found to occur in 15–20% of the US population.

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Orthognathic surgery – sagittal split osteotomy mandibular advancement carried out when growth is complete where skeletal discrepancy is severe in anterior-posterior relationship or in vertical direction. Fixed appliance is required before, during and after

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An open bite is a condition characterised by a complete lack of overlap and occlusion between the upper and lower incisors. In children, open bite can be caused by prolonged thumb sucking. Patients often present with impaired speech and mastication.

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Orthodontic management of the condition includes dental braces, lingual braces, clear aligners or palatal expanders. Other treatments include the removal of one or more teeth and the repair of injured teeth. In some cases, surgery may be necessary.

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An average overbite is when the upper anterior teeth cover a third of the lower teeth. Covering less than this is described as ‘reduced’ and more than this is an ‘increased’ overbite. No overlap or contact is considered an ‘anterior open bite’.

505:(Neutrocclusion): Here the molar relationship of the occlusion is normal but the incorrect line of occlusion or as described for the maxillary first molar, but the other teeth have problems like spacing, crowding, over or under eruption, etc. 3513: 3486: 329:

Speech impairment: a lisp is when the incisors cannot make contact, orthodontics can treat this. However, other forms of misaligned teeth will have little impact on speech and orthodontic treatment has little effect on fixing any problems.

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supporting treatment approaches is not likely to improve occlusion due to the low prevalence of the condition and the ethical difficulties in recruiting people to participate in a randomized controlled trials for treating this condition.

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The most common corrective treatments available are fixed or removal appliances (such as dental braces), which may or may not require surgical intervention. At this time there is no robust evidence that treatment will be successful.

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Dental factors – size of the teeth in relation to the jaw, early loss of teeth could result in spacing or mesial migration causing crowding, abnormal eruption path or timings, extra teeth (supernumeraries), or too few teeth

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Depending on the sagittal relations of teeth and jaws, malocclusions can be divided mainly into three types according to Angle's classification system published 1899. However, there are also other conditions, e.g.

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Harrington C, Gallagher JR, Borzabadi-Farahani A (July 2015). "A retrospective analysis of dentofacial deformities and orthognathic surgeries using the index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN)".

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in the terminal occlusion, but occlusion problems can be three-dimensional. It does not recognise deviations in other spatial axes, asymmetric deviations, functional faults and other therapy-related features.

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framework in the initial stages. However, majority of cases are shown to relapse into inherited class III malocclusion during the pubertal growth stage and when the appliance is removed after treatment.

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The aetiology of malocclusion is somewhat contentious, however, simply put it is multifactorial, with influences being both genetic and environmental. Malocclusion is already present in one of the

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dentition . Different types of removable appliances include Activator, Bionatar, Medium opening activator, Herbst, Frankel and twin block appliance with the twin block being the most widely used one.

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Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F, Shahmoradi M (June 2016). "Functional needs of subjects with dentofacial deformities: A study using the index of orthognathic functional treatment need (IOFTN)".

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This is a vertical measurement of the degree of overlap between the maxillary incisors and the mandibular incisors. There are three features that are analysed in the classification of an overbite:

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Quaglio CL, de Freitas KM, de Freitas MR, Janson G, Henriques JF (June 2011). "Stability and relapse of maxillary anterior crowding treatment in class I and class II Division 1 malocclusions".

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de Castilho LS, Abreu MH, Pires e Souza LG, Romualdo LT, Souza e Silva ME, Resende VL (January 2018). "Factors associated with anterior open bite in children with developmental disabilities".

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teeth and incisal edges of the anterior teeth. Any variations from this resulted in malocclusion types. It is also possible to have different classes of malocclusion on left and right sides.

1736:"Prevalence of malocclusion and orthodontic treatment need in children and adolescents in Bogota, Colombia. An epidemiological study related to different stages of dental development" 760:

Upper Removable Appliance – limited role in contemporary treatment of increased overjets. Mostly used for very mild Class II, overjet due to incisor proclination, favourable overbite.

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not as concerned about the aesthetics of their facial appearance and are happy to address the malocclusion only, as well as avoiding the risks which come with orthognathic surgery.

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Identifying the presence of tooth size discrepancies between the maxillary and mandibular arches is an important component of correct orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

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Sunil Kumar (Ed.): Orthodontics. New Delhi 2008, p. 123. A list of 18 approaches to modify or replace Angle's system is given here with further references at the end of the book.

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Malocclusion is a common finding, although it is not usually serious enough to require treatment. Those who have more severe malocclusions, which present as a part of

2697:"Incongruity between affinity patterns based on mandibular and lower dental dimensions following the transition to agriculture in the Near East, Anatolia and Europe" 153:

Skeletal factors – the size, shape and relative positions of the upper and lower jaws. Variations can be caused by environmental or behavioral factors such as

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Tooth decay (caries): misaligned teeth will make it more difficult to maintain oral hygiene. Children with poor oral hygiene and diet will be at an increased risk.

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Atsawasuwan P, Hohlt W, Evans CA (April 2015). "Nonsurgical approach to Class I open-bite malocclusion with extrusion mechanics: a 3-year retention case report".

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crowding. Tumors of the mouth and jaw, thumb sucking, tongue thrusting, pacifier use beyond age three, and prolonged use of a bottle have also been identified.

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Besides the molar relationship, the British Standards Institute Classification also classifies malocclusion into incisor relationship and canine relationship.

485:, who is considered the father of modern orthodontics, was the first to classify malocclusion. He based his classifications on the relative position of the 3901: 668:

of the same foods, the animals fed softer food had significantly narrower and shorter faces and thinner and shorter mandibles than animals fed hard food.

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Persson M, Persson EC, Skagius S (August 1989). "Long-term spontaneous changes following removal of all first premolars in Class I cases with crowding".

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Masticatory function: people with anterior open bites, large increased & reverse overjet and hypodontia will find it more difficult to chew food.

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Brunelle JA, Bhat M, Lipton JA (February 1996). "Prevalence and distribution of selected occlusal characteristics in the US population, 1988-1991".

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Class II Division 2: The molar relationships are Class II but the central are retroclined and the lateral teeth are seen overlapping the centrals.

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predisposed to a class II malocclusion. Mandibular macrognathia results in prognathism and predisposes patients to a class III malocclusion.

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disorders and other habits greatly influence the development of the face and dental arches. Pacifier sucking habits are also correlated with

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Many authors have tried to modify or replace Angle's classification. This has resulted in many subtypes and new systems (see section below:

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Other kinds of malocclusions can be due to or horizontal, vertical, or transverse skeletal discrepancies, including skeletal asymmetries.

577:(1912, 1933). Alternative systems have been suggested by, among others, Simon (1930, the first three-dimensional classification system), 3283: 1487:

Calisti LJ, Cohen MM, Fales MH (1960). "Correlation between malocclusion, oral habits, and socio-economic level of preschool children".

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Complete or incomplete: whether there is contact between the lower teeth and the opposing teeth/tissue (hard palate or gingivae) or not.

1710: 562:. Its much-discussed weaknesses include that it only considers static occlusion, it does not account for the development and causes ( 446: 333:

Tooth impaction: these can cause resorption of adjacent teeth and other pathologies for example a dentigerous cyst formation.

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Class III: The lower incisor edges lie anterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors. The overjet is reduced or reversed.

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are at an increased risk of trauma. A systematic review found that an overjet of greater than 3mm will double the risk of trauma.

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Sarig, Rachel; Slon, Viviane; Abbas, Janan; May, Hila; Shpack, Nir; Vardimon, Alexander Dan; Hershkovitz, Israel (2013-11-20).

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Muscle factors – the form and function of the muscles that surround the teeth. This could be impacted by habits such as

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Lieberman, D (May 2004). "Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face".

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Class I: The lower incisor edges occlude with or lie immediately below the cingulum plateau of the upper central incisors

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A 2016 review found that breastfeeding lowers the incidence of malocclusions developing later on in developing infants.

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Borzabadi-Farahani, A (2011). "An Overview of Selected Orthodontic Treatment Need Indices". In Naretto, Silvano (ed.).

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eaten once humans switched to growing different types of cereals, milking and herding animals about 10,000 years ago."

4352: 4289: 4253: 3454:, "The Trouble with Teeth: Our teeth are crowded, crooked and riddled with cavities. It hasn't always been this way", 196: 2421: 4299: 4093: 3721: 3560: 2879: 2568:"Global human mandibular variation reflects differences in agricultural and hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies" 607:

Division 1 – the upper central incisors are proclined or of average inclination and there is an increase in overjet

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Psychosocial wellbeing: malocclusions of teeth with poor aesthetics can have a significant effect on self-esteem.

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prevalence is clinically significant among orthodontic patients and has been reported to range from 17% to 30%.

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Aznar T, Galán AF, Marín I, Domínguez A (May 2006). "Dental arch diameters and relationships to oral habits".

2846:. Nanda, Ravindra,, Preceded by (work): Nanda, Ravindra. (Second ed.). St. Louis, Missouri. 2014-04-10. 2500:"Treatment of Angle Class I malocclusion with severe crowding by extraction of four premolars: a case report" 1168:"Malocclusion in Early Anatomically Modern Human: A Reflection on the Etiology of Modern Dental Misalignment" 4336: 3886: 3837: 3822: 3762: 3686: 956: 909: 904: 890:

may be carried out as a part of overall treatment, which can be seen in about 5% of the general population.

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Division 2 – The upper central incisors are retroclined. The overjet is usually minimal or may be increased.

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Class II Division 1: The molar relationships are like that of Class II and the anterior teeth are protruded.

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and other prehistoric human skulls. There are three generally accepted causative factors of malocclusion:

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teeth are pushed labially which contributes to gingival recession and weakens periodontal support.

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combination of the two. This effects 3-8% of UK population with a higher incidence seen in Asia.

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Subtelny JD, Subtelny JD (October 1973). "Oral habits--studies in form, function, and therapy".

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Grauer D, Heymann GC, Swift EJ (June 2012). "Clinical management of tooth size discrepancies".

2895:"Treatment decision in adult patients with class III malocclusion: surgery versus orthodontics" 2063:"Nonsurgical treatment and stability of an adult with a severe anterior open-bite malocclusion" 4475: 4238: 4173: 4158: 4153: 4128: 4083: 4008: 3993: 3937: 3906: 3767: 3430: 3385: 3321: 3279: 3235: 3194: 3142: 3104: 3066: 3015: 2964: 2926: 2857: 2847: 2792: 2736: 2658: 2607: 2548: 2400: 2366: 2341: 2319: 2274: 2215: 2172: 2094: 2040: 1983: 1940: 1909: 1798: 1757: 1716: 1706: 1683: 1642: 1607: 1566: 1539: 1504: 1427: 1321: 1262: 1254: 1215: 1197: 1148: 1086: 995: 604:

Class II: The lower incisor edges lie posterior to the cingulum plateau of the upper incisors

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A major disadvantage of Angle's system of classifying malocclusions is that it only considers

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or speech problems. Most skeletal malocclusions can only be treated by orthognathic surgery.

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The malocclusion classification is based on the relationship of the mesiobuccal cusp of the

107:(1855–1930), the "father of modern orthodontics", popularised it. The word derives from 1625:

Wellington M, Hall CB (February 2002). "Pacifier as a risk factor for acute otitis media".

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Corruccini RS, Potter RH (August 1980). "Genetic analysis of occlusal variation in twins".

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CLASSIFICATION OF SKELETAL AND DENTAL MALOCCLUSION: REVISITED; Mageet, Adil Osman (2016).

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Uner O, Yüksel S, Uçüncü N (April 1995). "Long-term evaluation after chincap treatment".

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Gurkeerat Singh: Textbook of Orthodontics, p. 163-170, with further references on p. 174.

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Rovers MM, Numans ME, Langenbach E, Grobbee DE, Verheij TJ, Schilder AG (August 2008).

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Posnick JC (September 2013). "Definition and Prevalence of Dentofacial Deformities".

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Eslami S, Faber J, Fateh A, Sheikholaemmeh F, Grassia V, Jamilian A (August 2018).

2778: 1895: 1880:"Orthodontic treatment for deep bite and retroclined upper front teeth in children" 706: 570: 482: 468: 220: 104: 84: 2446: 1878:

Millett DT, Cunningham SJ, O'Brien KD, Benson PE, de Oliveira CM (February 2018).

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Class III: Mesial slope of upper canine is behind to distal slope of lower canine

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Class I: Mesial slope of upper canine coincides with distal slope of lower canine

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Increased vertical growth causes a long facial profile and commonly leads to an

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Class II: Mesial slope of upper canine is ahead of distal slope of lower canine

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Graber TM. (1963). "The "Three m's": Muscles, Malformation and Malocclusion".

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Cançado RH, Gonçalves Júnior W, Valarelli FP, Freitas KM, Crêspo JA (2015).

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Moimaz SA, Garbin AJ, Lima AM, Lolli LF, Saliba O, Garbin CA (August 2014).

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Homo: Internationale Zeitschrift für die Vergleichende Forschung am Menschen

1234: 899: 563: 67: 3434: 3389: 3325: 3239: 3198: 3146: 3108: 3070: 3019: 2960: 2930: 2796: 2740: 2662: 2611: 2404: 2370: 2278: 2176: 2098: 2044: 1987: 1913: 1802: 1761: 1752: 1735: 1687: 1646: 1638: 1611: 1570: 1508: 1325: 1266: 1219: 999: 558:

Angle's classification system also lacks a theoretical basis; it is purely

3051: 2968: 2552: 2323: 2139:

Hamdan AM, Lewis SM, Kelleher KE, Elhady SN, Lindauer SJ (November 2019).

2125: 2079: 1944: 1543: 1431: 1152: 4524: 4462: 3656: 3267: 2315: 2157: 2026: 2009:

Feres MF, Abreu LG, Insabralde NM, Almeida MR, Flores-Mir C (June 2016).

1793: 1776: 1775:

Borzabadi-Farahani A, Borzabadi-Farahani A, Eslamipour F (October 2009).

1388: 1339:

Klein ET (1952). "Pressure Habits, Etiological Factors in Malocclusion".

193: 3478: 3371: 1049: 459: 4458: 3947: 3942: 3661: 2761:

Batista KB, Thiruvenkatachari B, Harrison JE, O'Brien KD (March 2018).

2627:"Two-phase treatment of class II malocclusion in young growing patient" 1846:

Oliver RG (December 2001). "An Introduction to Orthodontics, 2nd edn".

320: 3416: 1979: 1734:

Thilander B, Pena L, Infante C, Parada SS, de Mayorga C (April 2001).

792:

situation is monitored to observe the progression of skeletal growth.

581:(1950, with a classification system based on skeletal structures) and 3490: 474: 109: 3033:

Zere E, Chaudhari PK, Sharan J, Dhingra K, Tiwari N (2018-06-22).

2061:

Cambiano AO, Janson G, Lorenzoni DC, Garib DG, Dávalos DT (2018).

1082: 886:

For patients with severe malocclusions, corrective jaw surgery or

855: 473: 458: 92: 753:

Orthodontic camouflage so that jaw discrepancy no longer apparent

750:

Growth modification through headgear to redirect maxillary growth

30:"Deep bite" and "Buck teeth" redirect here. For the village, see 3173:"Association between Bolton discrepancy and Angle malocclusions" 1413:"Prediction of the age of maximum puberal growth in body height" 1233:

Pajević, Tina; Juloski, Jovana; Glišić, Branislav (2019-08-29).

569:

Well-known modifications to Angle's classification date back to

4367: 3549: 3545: 2812:"Classification of Skeletal and Dental Malocclusion: Revisited" 4398: 3035:"Developing Class III malocclusions: challenges and solutions" 838:(extractions) of dental mass prior to treatment finalization. 721:, followed by growth modification in children or jaw surgery ( 403: 100: 3405:"Genetics of the dentofacial variation in human malocclusion" 4327:

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

3089:

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

2385:

American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics

742:

A few treatment options for class II malocclusions include:

385:

Degree of overlap: edge to edge, reduced, average, increased

27:

Misalignment between upper and lower teeth as the jaws close

542:

Review of Angle's system of classes and alternative systems

247:

Malocclusion can occur in primary and secondary dentition.

3306:

Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery

879:

III malocclusion had one parent with a similar phenotype

2471:"Can Buck Teeth Be Fixed? Causes & Treatment Options" 2447:"Malocclusion of teeth: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia" 2214:

Sunil Kumar (Ed.): Orthodontics. New Delhi 2008, 624 p.,

541: 2695:

Pinhasi R, Eshed V, von Cramon-Taubadel N (2015-02-04).

424: 3220:

International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology

3468: 91:

is a misalignment or incorrect relation between the

4494: 4457: 4436: 4405: 4345: 4319: 4272: 3966: 3915: 3866: 3730: 3649: 3583: 3472: 1013:Gruenbaum T (2010). "Famous Figures in Dentistry". 419:

may be too technical for most readers to understand

61: 42: 944: 319:Trauma to anterior teeth: Those with an increased 270:In secondary dentition malocclusion is caused by: 103:close. The English-language term dates from 1864; 3354:Joshi N, Hamdan AM, Fakhouri WD (December 2014). 2141:"Does overbite reduction affect smile esthetics?" 1705:. Parkins, B. J. (2nd ed.). London: Wright. 860:Open bite treatment after eight months of braces. 358:, not directly fitting into this classification. 121: 'the manner in which opposing teeth meet'. 3039:Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry 2112:Houston, W. J. B. (1992-02-01). "Book Reviews". 250:In primary dentition malocclusion is caused by: 2422:"Dental Crowding: Causes and Treatment Options" 1873: 1871: 1869: 1586:"Malocclusion associated with abnormal posture" 493:of the upper first molar should align with the 280:Premature and congenital loss of missing teeth. 215:, pen biting, pencil biting, abnormal posture, 2982:Ravi MS, Shetty NK, Prasad RB (January 2012). 4379: 3561: 3127:Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 2625:Nayak KU, Goyal V, Malviya N (October 2011). 8: 3263:Orthognatic Surgery: Principles and Practice 978:Bell B (September 1965). "Paul G. Spencer". 675:decreasing bite forces required to chew the 254:Underdevelopment of the dentoalvelor tissue. 2767:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 1884:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 257:Over development of bones around the mouth. 4386: 4372: 4364: 3568: 3554: 3546: 3469: 2874:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2844:Esthetics and biomechanics in orthodontics 1817:"5 reasons you should see an orthodontist" 391:Whether contact is traumatic or atraumatic 72: 48: 39: 4310:Society for Orthodontic Dental Technology 4305:Italian Academy of Orthodontic Technology 3793:List of orthodontic functional appliances 3424: 3403:Moreno Uribe LM, Miller SF (April 2015). 3379: 3188: 3060: 3050: 3009: 2999: 2920: 2910: 2827: 2786: 2730: 2720: 2652: 2642: 2601: 2591: 2515: 2295:Ingervall B, Bitsanis E (February 1987). 2166: 2156: 2088: 2078: 2034: 1903: 1792: 1751: 1677: 1601: 1387: 1315: 1305: 1209: 1191: 1057: 447:Learn how and when to remove this message 431:, without removing the technical details. 266:Abnormal development and growth of teeth. 3409:Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 3341:Essentials of Oral Pathology 4th Edition 2191:"Angle's Classification of Malocclusion" 1077:. IntechOpen Limited. pp. 215–236. 2566:von Cramon-Taubadel N (December 2011). 1075:Principles in Contemporary Orthodontics 936: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3255: 3253: 3251: 3249: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3166: 3164: 3120: 3118: 2942: 2940: 2867: 2416: 2414: 2335: 2333: 1038:Dermatology Practical & Conceptual 705:Crowding of the teeth is treated with 4295:Canadian Association of Orthodontists 4280:American Association of Orthodontists 3360:Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 3082: 3080: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2677:"Treatment of class ii malocclusions" 2504:Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 2493: 2491: 2290: 2288: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2056: 2054: 1841: 1839: 1837: 429:make it understandable to non-experts 399: 99:when they approach each other as the 32:Deep Bight, Newfoundland and Labrador 7: 3190:10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2015.vol29.0116 2114:The European Journal of Orthodontics 1590:The Bulletin of Tokyo Dental College 1107:"How genetics can affect your teeth" 965:participating institution membership 883:appearing among multiple syndromes. 1584:Yamaguchi H, Sueishi K (May 2003). 363:Review of Angle's system of classes 3276:10.1016/B978-1-4557-2698-1.00003-4 2545:10.1093/oxfordjournals.ejo.a035995 297:and sometimes surgical treatment ( 25: 644:The following criterion is used: 463:Class I with severe crowding and 4532:Temporomandibular joint disorder 3139:10.1111/j.1708-8240.2012.00520.x 2949:European Journal of Orthodontics 2533:European Journal of Orthodontics 2304:European Journal of Orthodontics 2015:European Journal of Orthodontics 1931:. 75 Spec No (2 Suppl): 706–13. 1781:European Journal of Orthodontics 1740:European Journal of Orthodontics 1133:American Journal of Orthodontics 980:American Journal of Orthodontics 408: 235:can alter the correct permanent 147:Skhul and Qafzeh hominin fossils 57:Malocclusion in 10-year-old girl 2988:Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 2631:Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 620:Canine relationship by Ricketts 243:Primary vs. secondary dentition 4285:American Board of Orthodontics 2779:10.1002/14651858.cd003452.pub4 2067:Journal of Orthodontic Science 1896:10.1002/14651858.cd005972.pub4 1633:(2): 351–2, author reply 353. 1411:Björk A, Helm S (April 1967). 113: 'incorrect' and 1: 4039:Harold Chapman (Orthodontist) 3722:Temperomandibular dysfunction 2271:10.1016/s0047-2484(04)00051-x 400:Angle's classification method 308:The symptoms are as follows: 188:Behavioral and dental factors 3631:Standard anatomical position 3611:Failure of eruption of teeth 3232:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.04.027 2722:10.1371/journal.pone.0117301 1603:10.2209/tdcpublication.44.43 1501:10.1177/00220345600390030501 1466:10.1177/00220345430220041201 1380:10.1016/0002-9416(63)90167-2 1353:10.1016/0002-9416(52)90025-0 1193:10.1371/journal.pone.0080771 1145:10.1016/0002-9416(80)90056-1 992:10.1016/0002-9416(65)90262-9 550:along a spatial axis in the 172:, nail biting, pacifier and 4353:Angle School of Orthodontia 4290:British Orthodontic Society 3616:Little's Irregularity Index 3101:10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.04.024 2397:10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.10.044 478:Class II molar relationship 4574: 4300:Indian Orthodontic Society 4094:John Hooper (Orthodontist) 3318:10.1016/j.bjps.2016.03.008 2340:Rosenberg J (2010-02-22). 2259:Journal of Human Evolution 1937:10.1177/002203459607502S10 1929:Journal of Dental Research 1489:Journal of Dental Research 849: 489:. According to Angle, the 301:) to correct the problem. 163:cleft lip and cleft palate 29: 3798:List of palatal expanders 3411:. 18 Suppl 1 (S1): 91–9. 2912:10.1186/s40510-018-0218-0 2498:Alam, MK (October 2018). 1968:Special Care in Dentistry 952:Oxford English Dictionary 654:>8mm = Severe crowding 651:4-8mm = Moderate crowding 641:of overlap of the teeth. 56: 47: 4501:Jaw and base of cranium 4209:Frederick Lester Stanton 3892:Intrusion (orthodontics) 3874:Anchorage (orthodontics) 2899:Progress in Orthodontics 2517:10.3329/bjms.v17i4.38339 4337:Journal of Orthodontics 3887:Interproximal reduction 3823:Palatal lift prosthesis 3177:Brazilian Oral Research 3001:10.4103/0976-237X.94552 2816:Stomatology Edu Journal 2644:10.4103/0976-237X.91808 2593:10.1073/pnas.1113050108 2342:"Malocclusion of teeth" 1848:Journal of Orthodontics 1307:10.1186/1472-6831-14-96 957:Oxford University Press 910:Facemask (orthodontics) 229:periapical inflammation 95:of the upper and lower 4332:The Angle Orthodontist 3813:Orthodontic technology 3687:Bimaxillary Protrusion 3596:Cephalometric analysis 2475:Orthodontics Australia 2426:Orthodontics Australia 2145:The Angle Orthodontist 1860:10.1093/ortho/28.4.320 1821:Orthodontics Australia 1639:10.1542/peds.109.2.351 1559:The Angle Orthodontist 1532:The Angle Orthodontist 1420:The Angle Orthodontist 1251:10.1127/homo/2019/1009 1111:Orthodontics Australia 915:Maximum intercuspation 869:open bite malocclusion 861: 852:Open bite malocclusion 826:Tooth size discrepancy 593:Incisor classification 479: 471: 291:craniofacial anomalies 277:Overeruption of teeth. 263:Overcrowding of teeth. 231:and tooth loss in the 155:muscles of mastication 134:mandibular first molar 4164:Frederick Bogue Noyes 3052:10.2147/ccide.s134303 2878:) CS1 maint: others ( 2829:10.25241/2016.3(2).11 2080:10.4103/jos.JOS_69_17 1679:10.1093/fampra/cmn030 925:Occlusion (dentistry) 859: 850:Further information: 648:0-4mm = Mild crowding 487:maxillary first molar 477: 462: 260:Cleft lip and palate. 126:maxillary first molar 4449:Maxillary hypoplasia 4214:Earl Emanuel Shepard 3967:Notable contributors 3878:Cantilever mechanics 3858:Twin Block Appliance 3848:Self-ligating braces 3707:Condylar hyperplasia 3702:Maxillary hypoplasia 2961:10.1093/ejo/17.2.135 2158:10.2319/030819-177.1 1753:10.1093/ejo/23.2.153 888:orthognathic surgery 723:orthognathic surgery 299:orthognathic surgery 274:Periodontal disease. 207:, pacifier sucking, 4064:John Nutting Farrar 4024:Charles J. Burstone 4014:Holly Broadbent Sr. 3897:Molar distalization 3748:Activator appliance 3457:Scientific American 3372:10.14740/jocmr1905w 3339:Purkait, S (2011). 2713:2015PLoSO..1017301P 2584:2011PNAS..10819546V 2126:10.1093/ejo/14.1.69 1184:2013PLoSO...880771S 1050:10.5826/dpc.0201a15 955:(Online ed.). 774:Class II Division 2 765:Class II Division 1 4481:Torus mandibularis 4249:Robert M. Ricketts 4189:Alfred Paul Rogers 4184:Robert M. Ricketts 3818:Orthodontic spacer 3606:Dentition analysis 3270:. pp. 61–68. 2316:10.1093/ejo/9.1.15 2027:10.1093/ejo/cjv048 1794:10.1093/ejo/cjp031 1445:Brucker M (1943). 862: 587:William R. Proffit 535:anterior crossbite 529:: (Mesiocclusion ( 480: 472: 285:Signs and symptoms 203:, finger sucking, 4540: 4539: 4476:Congenital epulis 4361: 4360: 4239:Edmund H. Wuerpel 4174:Herbert A. Pullen 4159:Dean Harold Noyes 4154:George Northcroft 4129:James A. McNamara 4084:Charles A. Hawley 4009:Charles B. Bolton 3994:Hans Peter Bimler 3907:Serial extraction 3768:Frankel appliance 3543: 3542: 3417:10.1111/ocr.12083 2853:978-0-323-22659-2 2220:978-81-312-1054-3 1980:10.1111/scd.12262 1701:Hamish T (1990). 1092:978-953-307-687-4 963:(Subscription or 734:clinical trials. 636:Crowding of teeth 583:James L. Ackerman 579:Jacob A. Salzmann 457: 456: 449: 356:crowding of teeth 81: 80: 37:Medical condition 16:(Redirected from 4565: 4388: 4381: 4374: 4365: 4229:Charles H. Tweed 4219:Cecil C. Steiner 4079:Thomas M. Graber 4059:William B. Downs 4054:Terry Dischinger 3984:Clifford Ballard 3979:Spencer Atkinson 3853:Splint activator 3828:Palatal expander 3788:Herbst Appliance 3570: 3563: 3556: 3547: 3470: 3439: 3438: 3428: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3301: 3290: 3289: 3257: 3244: 3243: 3214: 3203: 3202: 3192: 3168: 3159: 3158: 3122: 3113: 3112: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3064: 3054: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3013: 3003: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2944: 2935: 2934: 2924: 2914: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2873: 2865: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2807: 2801: 2800: 2790: 2758: 2745: 2744: 2734: 2724: 2692: 2681: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2666: 2656: 2646: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2605: 2595: 2578:(49): 19546–51. 2563: 2557: 2556: 2528: 2522: 2521: 2519: 2495: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2434: 2433: 2418: 2409: 2408: 2380: 2374: 2362: 2356: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2337: 2328: 2327: 2301: 2292: 2283: 2282: 2254: 2241: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2212: 2206: 2205: 2203: 2202: 2193:. Archived from 2187: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2160: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2109: 2103: 2102: 2092: 2082: 2058: 2049: 2048: 2038: 2006: 2000: 1999: 1963: 1957: 1956: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1907: 1875: 1864: 1863: 1843: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1813: 1807: 1806: 1796: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1755: 1731: 1725: 1724: 1698: 1692: 1691: 1681: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1605: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1554: 1548: 1547: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1484: 1478: 1477: 1451: 1442: 1436: 1435: 1417: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1391: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1319: 1309: 1285: 1279: 1278: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1213: 1195: 1163: 1157: 1156: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1118: 1103: 1097: 1096: 1070: 1064: 1063: 1061: 1032:Hurt MA (2012). 1029: 1023: 1022: 1010: 1004: 1003: 975: 969: 968: 960: 948: 941: 846:Other conditions 711:tooth extraction 511:(Distocclusion ( 491:mesiobuccal cusp 452: 445: 441: 438: 432: 412: 411: 404: 174:tongue thrusting 77: 76: 52: 40: 21: 4573: 4572: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4543: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4490: 4486:Torus palatinus 4453: 4432: 4413:Jaw abnormality 4401: 4392: 4362: 4357: 4341: 4315: 4268: 4264:C. Philip Adams 4224:David L. Turpin 4199:Everett Shapiro 4179:Earl W. Renfroe 4169:Albin Oppenheim 4019:Allan G. Brodie 3962: 3958:Dental elastics 3933:Stainless steel 3928:Nickel titanium 3911: 3862: 3726: 3717:Mouth breathing 3677:Dental crowding 3645: 3636:Tooth ankylosis 3591:Bolton analysis 3579: 3574: 3544: 3539: 3538: 3481: 3467: 3448: 3446:Further reading 3443: 3442: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3303: 3302: 3293: 3286: 3285:978-145572698-1 3259: 3258: 3247: 3216: 3215: 3206: 3170: 3169: 3162: 3124: 3123: 3116: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3032: 3031: 3027: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2946: 2945: 2938: 2892: 2891: 2887: 2866: 2854: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2773:(3): CD003452. 2760: 2759: 2748: 2707:(2): e0117301. 2694: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2565: 2564: 2560: 2530: 2529: 2525: 2497: 2496: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2469: 2468: 2464: 2455: 2453: 2451:medlineplus.gov 2445: 2444: 2440: 2431: 2429: 2420: 2419: 2412: 2382: 2381: 2377: 2363: 2359: 2350: 2348: 2339: 2338: 2331: 2299: 2294: 2293: 2286: 2256: 2255: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2213: 2209: 2200: 2198: 2189: 2188: 2184: 2138: 2137: 2133: 2111: 2110: 2106: 2060: 2059: 2052: 2008: 2007: 2003: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1890:(3): CD005972. 1877: 1876: 1867: 1845: 1844: 1835: 1826: 1824: 1815: 1814: 1810: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1713: 1700: 1699: 1695: 1666:Family Practice 1659: 1658: 1654: 1624: 1623: 1619: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1556: 1555: 1551: 1529: 1528: 1524: 1486: 1485: 1481: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1415: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1365: 1364: 1360: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1294:BMC Oral Health 1287: 1286: 1282: 1232: 1231: 1227: 1165: 1164: 1160: 1130: 1129: 1125: 1116: 1114: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1072: 1071: 1067: 1031: 1030: 1026: 1012: 1011: 1007: 977: 976: 972: 962: 943: 942: 938: 933: 920:Mouth breathing 896: 854: 848: 828: 819: 810: 785: 776: 767: 740: 731: 703: 694: 685: 677:processed foods 661: 638: 622: 595: 544: 453: 442: 436: 433: 425:help improve it 422: 413: 409: 402: 379: 351: 287: 245: 237:teeth eruptions 233:deciduous teeth 211:(nail biting), 190: 159:mouth breathing 142: 71: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4571: 4569: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4545: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4397:involving the 4395:Dental disease 4393: 4391: 4390: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4359: 4358: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4161: 4156: 4151: 4149:Ravindra Nanda 4146: 4141: 4136: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4109:Albert Ketcham 4106: 4104:Harold Kesling 4101: 4099:Joseph Jarabak 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4044:David Di Biase 4041: 4036: 4031: 4029:Peter Buschang 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3919: 3917: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3870: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3861: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3803:Lingual braces 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3738:ACCO appliance 3734: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3682:Dental spacing 3679: 3674: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3525: 3510: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473:Classification 3466: 3465:External links 3463: 3462: 3461: 3452:Peter S. Ungar 3447: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3395: 3366:(6): 399–408. 3346: 3331: 3312:(6): 796–801. 3291: 3284: 3245: 3204: 3160: 3114: 3095:(4): 499–508. 3076: 3025: 2974: 2936: 2885: 2852: 2835: 2822:(2): 205–211. 2802: 2746: 2682: 2668: 2617: 2558: 2523: 2510:(4): 683–687. 2487: 2462: 2438: 2410: 2375: 2357: 2329: 2284: 2242: 2233: 2224: 2207: 2182: 2151:(6): 847–854. 2131: 2104: 2050: 2001: 1958: 1919: 1865: 1833: 1808: 1767: 1726: 1712:978-0723620754 1711: 1693: 1652: 1617: 1576: 1549: 1522: 1479: 1460:(4): 315–321. 1437: 1403: 1374:(6): 418–450. 1358: 1347:(8): 569–587. 1331: 1280: 1225: 1178:(11): e80771. 1158: 1123: 1098: 1091: 1065: 1024: 1005: 986:(9): 693–694. 970: 946:"malocclusion" 935: 934: 932: 929: 928: 927: 922: 917: 912: 907: 902: 895: 892: 847: 844: 827: 824: 818: 815: 809: 806: 784: 781: 775: 772: 766: 763: 762: 761: 758: 754: 751: 748: 739: 736: 730: 727: 715:clear aligners 702: 699: 693: 690: 684: 681: 660: 657: 656: 655: 652: 649: 637: 634: 633: 632: 629: 626: 621: 618: 617: 616: 613: 612: 611: 608: 602: 594: 591: 552:sagittal plane 548:two dimensions 543: 540: 539: 538: 524: 523: 522: 519: 506: 455: 454: 437:September 2023 416: 414: 407: 401: 398: 393: 392: 389: 386: 378: 375: 350: 349:Classification 347: 338: 337: 334: 331: 327: 324: 317: 313: 293:, may require 286: 283: 282: 281: 278: 275: 268: 267: 264: 261: 258: 255: 244: 241: 201:mouthbreathing 192:In the active 189: 186: 181: 180: 176: 170:finger sucking 166: 141: 138: 132:groove of the 79: 78: 65: 59: 58: 54: 53: 45: 44: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4570: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4553:Jaw disorders 4551: 4550: 4548: 4533: 4530: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4511: 4510:Retrognathism 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4444:Micrognathism 4442: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4384: 4382: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4354: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4344: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4273:Organizations 4271: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4259:Häns Pancherz 4257: 4255: 4254:Kevin O'Brien 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4234:Katherine Vig 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4204:L. F. Andrews 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4157: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4139:Robert Moyers 4137: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4124:Benno Lischer 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4089:Reed Holdaway 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4074:Sheldon Friel 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3999:Samir Bishara 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924: 3923:Beta-titanium 3921: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3697:Retrognathism 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3641:Tongue thrust 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3464: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3266:. Amsterdam: 3265: 3264: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3226:(7): 1063–6. 3225: 3221: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3165: 3161: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3058: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3029: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955:(2): 135–41. 2954: 2950: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2889: 2886: 2881: 2877: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2845: 2839: 2836: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2806: 2803: 2798: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679:. 2013-11-14. 2678: 2672: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2637:(4): 376–80. 2636: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2562: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2539:(3): 271–82. 2538: 2534: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2476: 2472: 2466: 2463: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2439: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2391:(6): 768–74. 2390: 2386: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2358: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2298: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2265:(6): 655–77. 2264: 2260: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2208: 2197:on 2008-02-13 2196: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2021:(3): 237–50. 2020: 2016: 2012: 2005: 2002: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1822: 1818: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1787:(5): 477–84. 1786: 1782: 1778: 1771: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1746:(2): 153–67. 1745: 1741: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1708: 1704: 1697: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1656: 1653: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1580: 1577: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1541: 1538:(4): 349–83. 1537: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1490: 1483: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1438: 1433: 1429: 1426:(2): 134–43. 1425: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1389:2027.42/32220 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368:Am. J. Orthod 1362: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341:Am. J. Orthod 1335: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1229: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1212: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1162: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139:(2): 140–54. 1138: 1134: 1127: 1124: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1099: 1094: 1088: 1084: 1083:10.5772/19735 1080: 1076: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1015:Mouth – JASDA 1009: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 974: 971: 966: 958: 954: 953: 947: 940: 937: 930: 926: 923: 921: 918: 916: 913: 911: 908: 906: 903: 901: 898: 897: 893: 891: 889: 884: 880: 876: 872: 870: 865: 858: 853: 845: 843: 839: 835: 831: 825: 823: 816: 814: 807: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 782: 780: 773: 771: 764: 759: 755: 752: 749: 745: 744: 743: 737: 735: 728: 726: 724: 720: 719:dental braces 716: 712: 709:, often with 708: 700: 698: 691: 689: 682: 680: 678: 672: 669: 665: 658: 653: 650: 647: 646: 645: 642: 635: 630: 627: 624: 623: 619: 614: 609: 606: 605: 603: 600: 599: 598: 592: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 575:Benno Lischer 572: 567: 565: 561: 556: 553: 549: 536: 532: 528: 525: 520: 517: 516: 514: 513:retrognathism 510: 507: 504: 501: 500: 499: 496: 495:buccal groove 492: 488: 484: 476: 470: 466: 461: 451: 448: 440: 430: 426: 420: 417:This section 415: 406: 405: 397: 390: 387: 384: 383: 382: 376: 374: 370: 366: 364: 359: 357: 348: 346: 344: 335: 332: 328: 325: 322: 318: 314: 311: 310: 309: 306: 302: 300: 296: 292: 284: 279: 276: 273: 272: 271: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 252: 251: 248: 242: 240: 238: 234: 230: 226: 225:Dental caries 222: 218: 214: 213:dermatophagia 210: 206: 205:thumb sucking 202: 198: 195: 187: 185: 177: 175: 171: 167: 164: 160: 156: 152: 151: 150: 148: 139: 137: 135: 131: 127: 122: 120: 119: 118: 112: 111: 106: 102: 98: 97:dental arches 94: 90: 86: 75: 69: 66: 64: 60: 55: 51: 46: 41: 33: 19: 18:Malocclusions 4516:Dental arch 4423:Orthodontics 4418:malocclusion 4417: 4244:Won-Sik Yang 4134:Birte Melsen 4069:Rolf Frankel 4049:Jean Delaire 3989:Raymond Begg 3974:Edward Angle 3778:Lingual arch 3758:Damon system 3712:Overeruption 3626:Scissor bite 3621:Malocclusion 3620: 3601:Cephalometry 3577:Orthodontics 3527: 3512: 3485: 3455: 3408: 3398: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3340: 3334: 3309: 3305: 3262: 3223: 3219: 3180: 3176: 3133:(3): 155–9. 3130: 3126: 3092: 3088: 3042: 3038: 3028: 2994:(1): 78–82. 2991: 2987: 2977: 2952: 2948: 2902: 2898: 2888: 2843: 2838: 2819: 2815: 2805: 2770: 2766: 2704: 2700: 2671: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2536: 2532: 2526: 2507: 2503: 2479:. Retrieved 2477:. 2021-07-01 2474: 2465: 2454:. Retrieved 2450: 2441: 2430:. Retrieved 2428:. 2020-06-29 2425: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2360: 2349:. Retrieved 2346:Medline Plus 2345: 2310:(1): 15–23. 2307: 2303: 2262: 2258: 2236: 2227: 2210: 2199:. Retrieved 2195:the original 2185: 2148: 2144: 2134: 2117: 2113: 2107: 2070: 2066: 2018: 2014: 2004: 1974:(1): 46–50. 1971: 1967: 1961: 1928: 1922: 1887: 1883: 1851: 1847: 1825:. Retrieved 1823:. 2017-09-27 1820: 1811: 1784: 1780: 1770: 1743: 1739: 1729: 1702: 1696: 1672:(4): 233–6. 1669: 1665: 1655: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1596:(2): 43–54. 1593: 1589: 1579: 1565:(3): 441–5. 1562: 1558: 1552: 1535: 1531: 1525: 1495:(3): 450–4. 1492: 1488: 1482: 1457: 1453: 1440: 1423: 1419: 1406: 1371: 1367: 1361: 1344: 1340: 1334: 1297: 1293: 1283: 1245:(1): 31–43. 1242: 1238: 1228: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1115:. Retrieved 1113:. 2018-11-25 1110: 1101: 1074: 1068: 1044:(1): 79–82. 1041: 1037: 1027: 1018: 1014: 1008: 983: 979: 973: 950: 939: 885: 881: 877: 873: 866: 863: 840: 836: 832: 829: 820: 811: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 777: 768: 741: 732: 707:orthodontics 704: 695: 686: 673: 670: 666: 662: 643: 639: 596: 571:Martin Dewey 568: 557: 545: 526: 508: 502: 483:Edward Angle 481: 443: 434: 418: 394: 380: 371: 367: 362: 360: 355: 352: 339: 307: 303: 288: 269: 249: 246: 221:otitis media 209:onychophagia 191: 182: 179:(hypodontia) 157:, nocturnal 143: 123: 116: 114: 108: 105:Edward Angle 89:malocclusion 88: 85:orthodontics 82: 43:Malocclusion 4505:Prognathism 4346:Institution 4194:Ronald Roth 4144:Hayes Nance 4119:Craven Kurz 4034:Calvin Case 3692:Prognathism 573:(1915) and 560:descriptive 531:prognathism 343:mastication 295:orthodontic 217:deglutition 4547:Categories 4114:Juri Kurol 4004:Arne Björk 3882:Fiberotomy 3867:Procedures 3833:Quad helix 3783:Lip bumper 3773:Invisalign 3731:Appliances 3650:Conditions 3045:: 99–116. 2481:2021-10-11 2456:2021-04-07 2432:2020-11-19 2351:2012-02-06 2201:2007-10-31 1854:(4): 320. 1827:2020-08-18 1627:Pediatrics 1454:J Dent Res 1117:2020-11-16 967:required.) 931:References 4520:Crossbite 4471:Cherubism 4428:Gnathitis 4312:(Germany) 3953:Composite 3916:Materials 3843:SureSmile 3672:Crossbite 3667:Open bite 3584:Diagnosis 2905:(1): 28. 2870:cite book 2862:880707123 2120:(1): 69. 1703:Occlusion 1300:(1): 96. 1275:201203069 1259:1618-1301 1202:1932-6203 900:Crossbite 817:Open bite 808:Deep bite 783:Class III 692:Treatment 683:Treatment 564:aetiology 527:Class III 377:Overbites 117:occlusion 68:Dentistry 63:Specialty 4525:Overbite 4463:Mandible 4320:Journals 3938:TiMolium 3838:Retainer 3808:Headgear 3763:Elastics 3743:Archwire 3657:Overbite 3435:25865537 3390:25247012 3326:27068664 3268:Elsevier 3240:25957779 3199:26486769 3155:11482185 3147:22691075 3109:25836010 3071:29950903 3020:22557903 2931:30069814 2797:29534303 2741:25651540 2701:PLOS 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