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34:
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filters out particles that enter the body, humidifies the air we breathe and warms it to body temperature. In contrast, however, mouth breathing "pulls all pollution and germs directly into the lungs; dry cold air in the lungs makes the secretions thick, slows the cleaning cilia, and slows down the
344:
over mouth breathing. He also observed that they had perfectly straight teeth. He repeatedly heard that this was because they believed that mouth breathing made an individual weak and caused disease, while nasal breathing made the body strong and prevented disease. He also observed that mothers
187:
states that "we are designed to breathe through our noses from birth – it's the way humans have evolved." Infants for example in the first six to twelve months of postnatal can only use their noses to breathe unless crying is involved. Thus, the impact of chronic mouth breathing on health is a
203:
There is a noted order of cause and effect leading to airway dysfunction related to mouth breathing. This first starts with an inflammatory reaction then leading to tissue growth in the area which leads to airway obstruction and mouth breathing and then finally an altered face structure.
293:(swollen) and shiny. This region receives the greatest exposure to airflow during mouth breathing, and it is thought that the inflammation and irritation is related to surface dehydration, but in animal experimentation, repeated air drying of the gums did not create such an appearance.
1863:
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are common in persons who chronically breathe through their mouths. The usual effect on the gums is sharply confined to the anterior maxillary region, especially the incisors (the upper teeth at the front). The appearance is
914:
372:
is the practice of keeping the lips shut while sleeping with a strip of surgical tape. This is intended to prevent mouth breathing during sleep. The health effects of mouth taping have been little researched.
296:
Breathing through the mouth decreases saliva flow. Saliva has minerals to help neutralize bacteria, clean off the teeth, and rehydrate the tissues. Without it, the risk of gum disease and cavities increases.
162:
In the early 20th century, "mouth-breather" was a technical term used by doctors to describe children who were breathing through their mouths due to an underlying medical condition. English lexicographer
2735:
2676:
340:) in 1862. It was based on his experiences traveling through the West, where he observed a consistent lifestyle habit among the Native American communities he encountered: a preference for
833:
Stupak, Howard D.; Park, Steven Y. (2018). "Gravitational forces, negative pressure and facial structure in the genesis of airway dysfunction during sleep: a review of the paradigm".
2728:
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304:. Conversely, it has been suggested that a long thin face type, with corresponding thin nasopharyngeal airway, predisposes to nasal obstruction and mouth breathing.
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Chronic mouth breathing in children may affect dental and facial growth. It may also lead to the development of a long, narrow face, sometimes termed
220:
passage of oxygen into the bloodstream". As a result, chronic mouth breathing may lead to illness. In about 85% of cases, it is an adaptation to
361:, rather than inhaling through the nose and exhaling through the mouth, using the phrase, "the nose is for breathing, the mouth is for eating."
1917:
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138:, the innate breathing organ in the human body. However, by the early 20th century, the term "mouth-breather" had developed a
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1278:"Increased oxygen load in the prefrontal cortex from mouth breathing: a vector-based near-infrared spectroscopy study"
1086:
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1910:
732:"The Essential Role of the Com in the Management of Sleep-Disordered Breathing: A Literature Review and Discussion"
320:
was a 19th-century
American painter, author, and traveler, who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the
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repeatedly closed the mouth of their infants while they were sleeping, to instill nasal breathing as a habit.
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Treatment of the underlying cause of nasal congestion if present, building a habit to breathe through the nose
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2016:
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Lambs are noted to only switch to mouth breathing when the nasal passages are completely obstructed, with
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228:; a short upper lip which prevents the lips from meeting at rest (lip incompetence); and pregnancy
1820:
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five times during the 1830s, he wrote about, and painted portraits that depicted, the life of the
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defines the term "mouth breather" as a pejorative noun that is used to mean "a stupid person."
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The breath of life, or mal-respiration, and its effects upon the enjoyments & life of man
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1398:"Influence of Mouth Breathing on the Dentofacial Growth of Children: A Cephalometric Study"
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Suzuki, Masaaki (2022). "Obstructive sleep apnea -consideration of its pathogenesis".
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Himalayan
Institute Core Faculty, Himalayan Institute Core Faculty (13 July 2017).
1610:
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1379:"Mouth Breather vs Nose Breather: Understanding the Differences and Why it Matters"
369:
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415: – physiological necessity to breathe through the nose rather than the mouth
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connotation within
English slang, defined as a "stupid person". Currently, the
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158:. Barry describes this child as having "the typical face of a mouth-breather".
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Possible presence of speculative claims based on sources that do not follow
1423:
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1035:(3rd ed.). New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Pub. pp. 169, 170.
1010:
862:
757:
685:
528:
471:
1637:"Yogic Breathing: Tips for Breathing through Your Nose (Most of the Time)"
1330:"Guidelines proposal for clinical recognition of mouth breathing children"
709:
200:. It is classified into three types: obstructive, habitual, and anatomic.
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2006:
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advocated both inhaling and exhaling through the nose in the practice of
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2011:
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224:, and frequently occurs during sleep. More specialized causes include:
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973:
Martel, Jan; Ko, Yun-Fei; Young, John D.; Ojcius, David (6 May 2020).
3860:
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3111:
3091:
3066:
2779:
1852:
1523:
975:"Could nasal nitric oxide help to mitigate the severity of COVID-19?"
1087:"THE ROLE OF MOUTH BREATHING ON DENTITION DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION"
3756:
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3237:
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2871:
1824:
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within the body, while mouth breathing does not. In addition, the
149:
98:
Snoring, dry mouth, hoarse voice, bad breath, fatigue, sleep apnea
773:"How The 'Lost Art' Of Breathing Can Impact Sleep And Resilience"
424: – Surgical procedure to enhance or reconstruct a human nose
358:
261:
216:
167:
notes that by 1915, the phrase "mouth-breather" had developed a
3210:
2717:
1899:
1895:
1229:"It Is Just Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder…or Is It?"
3840:
3736:
1152:
Newman MG, Takei HH, Klokkevold PR, Carranza FA, eds. (2012).
776:
27:
2677:
American
Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
134:
through the mouth. It often is caused by an obstruction to
232:
which tends to occur in the third trimester of pregnancy.
1204:
Cawson's essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine
609:"Nose breathing has more benefits than mouth breathing"
154:
Image 23 from the 1903 book by
William F. Barry, M.D.,
1179:
Oral pathology : clinical pathologic correlations
403: – Partial or complete blockage of nasal passages
915:"Could nasal breathing improve athletic performance?"
547:"Should You Breathe Through Your Mouth or Your Nose?"
332:. He was also the author of several books, including
1830:
1156:(11th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders.
417:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3729:
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1999:
1933:
1834:
1328:Pacheco, Maria Christina Thome (July–August 2015).
1181:(6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders.
240:Conditions associated with mouth breathing include
113:
102:
92:
84:
79:
21:"Mouth breather" redirects here. For the song, see
1667:Himalayan Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy
1233:Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics
1206:(8th ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
1440:. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Archived from
889:"'Mouth-breathing' gross, harmful to your health"
1058:"What's wrong with breathing through the mouth?"
495:"The nose, snoring and obstructive sleep apnoea"
1118:(3rd ed.). New York: Informa healthcare.
812:. New Delhi: Jaypee Bros. Medical Publishers.
801:
799:
797:
736:The International Journal of Orofacial Myology
3222:
2729:
1911:
1147:
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1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1109:
1107:
8:
1542:
1540:
968:
966:
939:
937:
809:Orthodontics : principles and practice
632:"How '80s Is the Slang in Stranger Things?"
3544:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
3346:
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3215:
3207:
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2722:
2714:
1918:
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1831:
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1024:
1022:
1020:
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76:
43:needs attention from an expert in Medicine
2660:Society for Orthodontic Dental Technology
2655:Italian Academy of Orthodontic Technology
2143:List of orthodontic functional appliances
1607:"Q&A: Is Mouth Breathing OK in Yoga?"
1413:
1353:
1301:
1252:
1177:Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RK (2011).
1000:
990:
747:
510:
142:slang meaning connoting a stupid person.
308:Additional approaches to mouth breathing
1323:
1321:
1116:Surgical pathology of the head and neck
1080:
1078:
945:"Your Nose, the Guardian of Your Lungs"
434:
3941:Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system
1377:Graves, Elizabeth (4 September 2022).
1032:Principles and Practice of Pedodontics
679:
677:
602:
600:
598:
179:Cause of inability for nasal breathing
57:may be able to help recruit an expert.
2645:Canadian Association of Orthodontists
2630:American Association of Orthodontists
1796:Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art
1757:"Can a Piece of Tape Help You Sleep?"
1601:
1599:
1580:Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art
1552:Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art
1496:Breath: The New Science of a Lost Art
657:"Macmillan Dictionary: Mouthbreather"
569:
567:
7:
1402:Journal of International Oral Health
1334:Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics
1239:(2). J Dev Behav Pediatr.: 169–172.
540:
538:
1085:Valcheva, Zornitsa (January 2018).
385:having developed also as a result.
1520:"George Catlin on Mouth Breathing"
1346:10.1590/2176-9451.20.4.039-044.oar
1154:Carranza's clinical periodontology
1056:Nall, Rachel (22 September 2017).
742:. Int J Orofacial Myology: 42–55.
338:Shut Your Mouth and Save Your Life
14:
1396:Basheer, Bahija (November 2014).
887:Dahl, Melissa (11 January 2011).
545:Turowski, Jason (29 April 2016).
3384:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
3379:Central hypoventilation syndrome
1663:"Yogic Breathing: A Study Guide"
730:Frey, Lorraine (November 2014).
32:
3539:Periodic limb movement disorder
3506:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
1755:Blum, Dani (17 November 2022).
1582:. Riverhead Books. p. 50.
1554:. Riverhead Books. p. 49.
1498:. Riverhead Books. p. 48.
1276:Sano, Masahiro (October 2013).
913:Berman, Joe (29 January 2019).
574:Wollan, Malia (23 April 2019).
2635:American Board of Orthodontics
1693:. New Harbinger Publications.
686:"Nasal obstruction in infancy"
630:Kelly, John (23 August 2016).
607:Glazier, Eve (November 2019).
505:(3). Stichting Nase: 259–263.
1:
3811:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
3619:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
3481:Advanced sleep phase disorder
2389:Harold Chapman (Orthodontist)
2072:Temperomandibular dysfunction
1641:Yoga For Dummies, 3rd Edition
690:Australian Paediatric Journal
493:Kotecha, B. (1 August 2011).
156:The Hygiene of the Schoolroom
3491:Delayed sleep phase disorder
3419:Excessive daytime sleepiness
1981:Standard anatomical position
1961:Failure of eruption of teeth
1294:10.1097/WNR.0000000000000008
1245:10.1097/DBP.0000000000000386
1202:Cawson RA, Odell EW (2008).
992:10.1016/j.micinf.2020.05.002
771:Gross, Terry (27 May 2020).
409: – Disorder of the nose
3624:Nocturnal penile tumescence
3496:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
2703:Angle School of Orthodontia
2640:British Orthodontic Society
1966:Little's Irregularity Index
1438:"Catlin Virtual Exhibition"
1227:Won, Dana (February 2017).
847:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.06.016
777:National Public Radio (NPR)
576:"How to Be a Nose Breather"
450:(3). Elsevier BV: 313–321.
45:. The specific problem is:
3957:
3486:Cyclic alternating pattern
2650:Indian Orthodontic Society
2444:John Hooper (Orthodontist)
1821:Effects of Mouth Breathing
280:, and increased levels of
192:(and the related field of
183:Jason Turowski, MD of the
136:breathing through the nose
20:
16:Breathing method in humans
3702:Behavioral sleep medicine
3511:Shift work sleep disorder
3459:Sleep state misperception
3040:Precordial catch syndrome
2940:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
2148:List of palatal expanders
749:10.52010/ijom.2014.40.1.4
456:10.1016/j.anl.2021.10.007
397: – Breathing control
207:Nasal breathing produces
3259:Rapid eye movement (REM)
2559:Frederick Lester Stanton
2242:Intrusion (orthodontics)
2224:Anchorage (orthodontics)
841:. Elsevier BV: 125–132.
806:Phulari BS, ed. (2011).
661:The Macmillan Dictionary
611:. The Times and Democrat
413:Obligate nasal breathing
128:chronic oral ventilation
88:Chronic oral ventilation
3921:Breathing abnormalities
3580:Exploding head syndrome
3389:Obstructive sleep apnea
3123:Charcot–Leyden crystals
2687:Journal of Orthodontics
2237:Interproximal reduction
2173:Palatal lift prosthesis
1687:Krucoff, Carol (2013).
3895:Sleeping while on duty
3444:Idiopathic hypersomnia
2840:Whispered pectoriloquy
2682:The Angle Orthodontist
2163:Orthodontic technology
2037:Bimaxillary Protrusion
1946:Cephalometric analysis
1793:Nestor, James (2020).
1114:Barnes L, ed. (2009).
979:Microbes and Infection
407:Nasal septum deviation
395:Control of ventilation
159:
3717:Neuroscience of sleep
3449:Night eating syndrome
3434:Kleine–Levin syndrome
2514:Frederick Bogue Noyes
1721:Jurek, Scott (2012).
949:Boston Medical Center
242:cheilitis glandularis
213:Boston Medical Center
194:myofunctional therapy
188:research area within
153:
126:, medically known as
3871:Sleep and creativity
3118:Curschmann's spirals
2966:Respiratory distress
2805:Pleural friction rub
2564:Earl Emanuel Shepard
2317:Notable contributors
2228:Cantilever mechanics
2208:Twin Block Appliance
2198:Self-ligating braces
2057:Condylar hyperplasia
2052:Maxillary hypoplasia
1727:. Houghton Mifflin.
1444:on 25 September 2014
377:In non-human animals
324:. Travelling to the
278:gingival enlargement
173:Macmillan Dictionary
55:WikiProject Medicine
3866:Sleep and breathing
3322:Sensorimotor rhythm
2414:John Nutting Farrar
2374:Charles J. Burstone
2364:Holly Broadbent Sr.
2247:Molar distalization
2098:Activator appliance
1799:. Riverhead Books.
1029:Rao A, ed. (2012).
684:R, Harding (1986).
512:10.4193/rhino10.165
336:(later retitled as
226:antrochoanal polyps
3876:Sleep and learning
3629:Nocturnal emission
3529:Nightmare disorder
3394:Periodic breathing
3159:pulmonary embolism
3131:chronic bronchitis
2971:Respiratory arrest
2950:Ataxic respiration
2945:Kussmaul breathing
2935:Biot's respiration
2930:Agonal respiration
2826:Elicited findings
2770:Respiratory sounds
2749:respiratory system
2745:Signs and symptoms
2599:Robert M. Ricketts
2539:Alfred Paul Rogers
2534:Robert M. Ricketts
2168:Orthodontic spacer
1956:Dentition analysis
1761:The New York Times
1062:Medical News Today
696:(Suppl 1): 59–61.
444:Auris Nasus Larynx
334:The Breath of Life
302:long face syndrome
160:
3908:
3907:
3886:Sleep deprivation
3725:
3724:
3204:
3203:
3018:
3017:
2711:
2710:
2589:Edmund H. Wuerpel
2524:Herbert A. Pullen
2509:Dean Harold Noyes
2504:George Northcroft
2479:James A. McNamara
2434:Charles A. Hawley
2359:Charles B. Bolton
2344:Hans Peter Bimler
2257:Serial extraction
2118:Frankel appliance
1893:
1892:
1213:978-0-7020-4001-6
1188:978-1-4557-0262-6
1163:978-1-4377-0416-7
1125:978-1-4200-9163-2
1092:. Journal of IMAB
499:Rhinology Journal
236:Potential effects
121:
120:
74:Medical condition
72:
71:
3948:
3881:Sleep and memory
3821:Circadian rhythm
3568:Benign phenomena
3470:Circadian rhythm
3347:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3208:
2889:Hyperventilation
2862:
2747:relating to the
2738:
2731:
2724:
2715:
2579:Charles H. Tweed
2569:Cecil C. Steiner
2429:Thomas M. Graber
2409:William B. Downs
2404:Terry Dischinger
2334:Clifford Ballard
2329:Spencer Atkinson
2203:Splint activator
2178:Palatal expander
2138:Herbst Appliance
1920:
1913:
1906:
1897:
1832:
1810:
1780:
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1509:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1393:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1325:
1316:
1315:
1305:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1149:
1130:
1129:
1111:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1026:
1015:
1014:
1004:
994:
985:(4–5): 168–171.
970:
961:
960:
958:
956:
941:
932:
931:
929:
927:
910:
904:
903:
901:
899:
884:
875:
874:
830:
824:
823:
803:
792:
791:
789:
787:
768:
762:
761:
751:
727:
721:
720:
718:
716:
681:
672:
671:
669:
667:
653:
647:
646:
644:
642:
627:
621:
620:
618:
616:
604:
593:
592:
590:
588:
571:
562:
561:
559:
557:
551:Cleveland Clinic
542:
533:
532:
514:
490:
484:
483:
439:
418:
401:Nasal congestion
355:B. K. S. Iyengar
254:tongue thrusting
222:nasal congestion
185:Cleveland Clinic
108:nasal congestion
77:
67:
64:
58:
36:
35:
28:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3799:Procrastination
3752:Four-poster bed
3721:
3685:
3679:Polysomnography
3657:Sleep induction
3633:
3604:Sleep paralysis
3563:
3515:
3474:
3471:
3463:
3405:
3364:Mouth breathing
3342:Sleep disorders
3336:
3273:
3264:Quiescent sleep
3244:
3242:sleep disorders
3235:
3205:
3200:
3178:pulmonary edema
3170:Westermark sign
3087:Post-nasal drip
3082:Silhouette sign
3014:
3005:Mouth breathing
2954:
2918:
2894:Hypoventilation
2851:
2751:
2742:
2712:
2707:
2691:
2665:
2618:
2614:C. Philip Adams
2574:David L. Turpin
2549:Everett Shapiro
2529:Earl W. Renfroe
2519:Albin Oppenheim
2369:Allan G. Brodie
2312:
2308:Dental elastics
2283:Stainless steel
2278:Nickel titanium
2261:
2212:
2076:
2067:Mouth breathing
2027:Dental crowding
1995:
1986:Tooth ankylosis
1941:Bolton analysis
1929:
1924:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1843:
1817:
1807:
1792:
1789:
1787:Further reading
1784:
1783:
1773:
1771:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1671:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1613:. 12 April 2017
1605:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1546:
1545:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1462:
1461:
1457:
1447:
1445:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1395:
1394:
1390:
1383:Take Home Smile
1376:
1375:
1371:
1327:
1326:
1319:
1288:(17): 935–940.
1275:
1274:
1270:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1151:
1150:
1133:
1126:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1083:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1043:
1028:
1027:
1018:
972:
971:
964:
954:
952:
951:. 7 August 2017
943:
942:
935:
925:
923:
920:Washington Post
912:
911:
907:
897:
895:
886:
885:
878:
832:
831:
827:
820:
805:
804:
795:
785:
783:
770:
769:
765:
729:
728:
724:
714:
712:
683:
682:
675:
665:
663:
655:
654:
650:
640:
638:
629:
628:
624:
614:
612:
606:
605:
596:
586:
584:
573:
572:
565:
555:
553:
544:
543:
536:
492:
491:
487:
441:
440:
436:
431:
416:
391:
379:
367:
351:
315:
310:
272:. In addition,
238:
215:notes that the
181:
148:
130:, is long-term
124:Mouth breathing
80:Mouth breathing
75:
68:
62:
59:
53:
37:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3954:
3952:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3826:Comfort object
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3806:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3733:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3697:Sleep medicine
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3641:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3353:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3283:
3281:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3253:
3246:
3245:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3219:
3211:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3174:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
3000:Breath holding
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2499:Ravindra Nanda
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2459:Albert Ketcham
2456:
2454:Harold Kesling
2451:
2449:Joseph Jarabak
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2394:David Di Biase
2391:
2386:
2381:
2379:Peter Buschang
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2153:Lingual braces
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2088:ACCO appliance
2084:
2082:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2032:Dental spacing
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1875:
1860:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:Classification
1829:
1828:
1816:
1815:External links
1813:
1812:
1811:
1806:978-0735213616
1805:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1747:
1734:978-0547569659
1733:
1713:
1699:
1679:
1653:
1635:Payne, Larry.
1624:
1595:
1589:978-0735213616
1588:
1567:
1561:978-0735213616
1560:
1536:
1511:
1505:978-0735213616
1504:
1483:
1455:
1429:
1388:
1369:
1317:
1268:
1219:
1212:
1194:
1187:
1169:
1162:
1131:
1124:
1103:
1074:
1048:
1041:
1016:
962:
933:
905:
876:
835:Sleep Medicine
825:
818:
793:
763:
722:
673:
648:
622:
594:
581:New York Times
563:
534:
485:
433:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
419:
410:
404:
398:
390:
387:
378:
375:
366:
363:
353:Yogis such as
350:
347:
342:nose breathing
330:Plains Indians
314:
311:
309:
306:
258:cerebral palsy
237:
234:
180:
177:
165:Jonathon Green
147:
144:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
104:
100:
99:
96:
90:
89:
86:
82:
81:
73:
70:
69:
40:
38:
31:
23:Mouth Breather
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3953:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Sleep hygiene
3650:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:Sleep inertia
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3560:
3559:Sleep-talking
3557:
3555:
3554:Sleep driving
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3466:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3327:Sleep spindle
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3276:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3220:
3218:
3213:
3212:
3209:
3197:
3196:Golden S sign
3194:
3192:
3191:Hamman's sign
3189:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3104:Hoover's sign
3102:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3052:Nail clubbing
3050:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2719:
2716:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:Organizations
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2609:Häns Pancherz
2607:
2605:
2604:Kevin O'Brien
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2584:Katherine Vig
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2554:L. F. Andrews
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2489:Robert Moyers
2487:
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2477:
2475:
2474:Benno Lischer
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2439:Reed Holdaway
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2424:Sheldon Friel
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2273:Beta-titanium
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2047:Retrognathism
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2028:
2025:
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2020:
2018:
2015:
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1991:Tongue thrust
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1576:Nestor, James
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348:
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335:
331:
327:
326:American West
323:
319:
318:George Catlin
313:George Catlin
312:
307:
305:
303:
298:
294:
292:
288:
283:
282:dental plaque
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:Down syndrome
243:
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66:
56:
52:
50:
44:
41:This article
39:
30:
29:
24:
19:
3936:Orthodontics
3772:Sleeping bag
3549:Sleepwalking
3534:Night terror
3363:
3251:sleep cycles
3184:Kerley lines
3176:
3165:Hampton hump
3157:
3143:
3129:
3110:
3096:
3004:
2835:Pectoriloquy
2820:Death rattle
2815:Bronchophony
2757:Auscultation
2594:Won-Sik Yang
2484:Birte Melsen
2419:Rolf Frankel
2399:Jean Delaire
2339:Raymond Begg
2324:Edward Angle
2128:Lingual arch
2108:Damon system
2066:
2062:Overeruption
1976:Scissor bite
1971:Malocclusion
1951:Cephalometry
1927:Orthodontics
1877:
1862:
1847:
1827:(video clip)
1794:
1774:29 September
1772:. Retrieved
1760:
1750:
1738:. Retrieved
1723:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1689:
1682:
1670:. Retrieved
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1615:. Retrieved
1611:Yoga Journal
1579:
1570:
1551:
1527:. Retrieved
1514:
1495:
1486:
1474:. Retrieved
1464:
1458:
1446:. Retrieved
1442:the original
1432:
1408:(6): 50–55.
1405:
1401:
1391:
1382:
1372:
1340:(4): 39–44.
1337:
1333:
1285:
1281:
1271:
1236:
1232:
1222:
1203:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1153:
1115:
1094:. Retrieved
1065:. Retrieved
1051:
1031:
982:
978:
953:. Retrieved
924:. Retrieved
918:
908:
896:. Retrieved
892:
838:
834:
828:
808:
784:. Retrieved
766:
739:
735:
725:
713:. Retrieved
693:
689:
664:. Retrieved
651:
639:. Retrieved
625:
613:. Retrieved
585:. Retrieved
579:
554:. Retrieved
502:
498:
488:
447:
443:
437:
380:
370:Mouth taping
368:
365:Mouth taping
352:
337:
333:
316:
299:
295:
287:erythematous
239:
209:nitric oxide
206:
202:
198:anthropology
190:orthodontics
182:
161:
155:
127:
123:
122:
63:January 2021
60:
46:
42:
18:
3856:Second wind
3831:Dream diary
3707:Sleep study
3647:Sleep diary
3599:Hypnopompia
3594:Sleep onset
3585:Hypnic jerk
3424:Hypersomnia
3374:Catathrenia
3369:Sleep apnea
3279:Brain waves
3249:Stages of
3145:sarcoidosis
3035:In children
2877:Prematurity
2765:Stethoscope
2696:Institution
2544:Ronald Roth
2494:Hayes Nance
2469:Craven Kurz
2384:Calvin Case
2042:Prognathism
1724:Eat and Run
1690:Yoga Sparks
1282:NeuroReport
422:Rhinoplasty
266:sleep apnea
248:, anterior
85:Other names
3915:Categories
3890:Sleep debt
3836:Microsleep
3816:Chronotype
3730:Daily life
3614:Somnolence
3590:Hypnagogia
3521:Parasomnia
3439:Narcolepsy
3351:Anatomical
3332:Theta wave
3302:Gamma wave
3297:Delta wave
3287:Alpha wave
3151:Kveim test
3137:Reid index
3072:Hemoptysis
3030:Chest pain
2990:Aerophagia
2830:Percussion
2464:Juri Kurol
2354:Arne Björk
2232:Fiberotomy
2217:Procedures
2183:Quad helix
2133:Lip bumper
2123:Invisalign
2081:Appliances
2000:Conditions
1470:HathiTrust
1448:28 October
715:19 January
429:References
383:hypoxaemia
274:gingivitis
169:pejorative
140:pejorative
3926:Dentistry
3900:Sleepover
3851:Power nap
3846:Nightwear
3712:Melatonin
3674:Somnology
3639:Treatment
3472:disorders
3411:Dyssomnia
3317:PGO waves
3312:Mu rhythm
3307:K-complex
3292:Beta wave
3269:Slow-wave
3077:Epistaxis
2985:Trepopnea
2980:Platypnea
2976:Orthopnea
2914:Bradypnea
2904:Tachypnea
2899:Hyperpnea
2857:Breathing
2662:(Germany)
2303:Composite
2266:Materials
2193:SureSmile
2022:Crossbite
2017:Open bite
1934:Diagnosis
1769:0362-4331
855:1389-9457
781:Fresh Air
702:0004-993X
521:0300-0729
480:243976270
464:0385-8146
291:edematous
250:open bite
146:Etymology
132:breathing
114:Treatment
3767:Mattress
3742:Bunk bed
3662:Hypnosis
3454:Nocturia
3429:Insomnia
3057:Cyanosis
3045:Pleurisy
2995:Asphyxia
2909:Hypopnea
2845:Egophony
2810:Fremitus
2785:Crackles
2670:Journals
2288:TiMolium
2188:Retainer
2158:Headgear
2113:Elastics
2093:Archwire
2007:Overbite
1578:(2020).
1550:(2020).
1494:(2020).
1424:25628484
1364:26352843
1312:24169579
1263:28079611
1011:32387333
893:NBC News
871:52134548
863:30165336
758:27295847
529:21858254
472:34763987
389:See also
322:Old West
230:rhinitis
106:Chronic
94:Symptoms
49:WP:MEDRS
3794:Bedtime
3789:Bedroom
3784:Bedding
3779:Bed bug
3762:Hammock
3667:Lullaby
3501:Jet lag
3401:Snoring
3359:Bruxism
3010:Snoring
2923:Pattern
2884:Dyspnea
2795:Stertor
2790:Rhonchi
2775:Stridor
2298:Ceramic
2293:Elgiloy
2012:Overjet
1884:D009058
1672:26 June
1646:26 June
1617:26 June
1476:28 June
1415:4295456
1355:4593528
1303:4047298
1254:5401711
1002:7200356
955:29 June
898:28 June
786:23 June
710:3539080
556:28 June
289:(red),
270:snoring
256:habit,
3861:Siesta
3747:Daybed
3575:Dreams
3112:asthma
3092:Hiccup
3067:Sputum
2800:Squawk
2780:Wheeze
2103:Braces
1803:
1767:
1740:31 May
1731:
1706:31 May
1697:
1586:
1558:
1529:2 July
1524:PubMed
1502:
1472:. 1862
1422:
1412:
1362:
1352:
1310:
1300:
1261:
1251:
1210:
1185:
1160:
1122:
1096:31 May
1067:31 May
1039:
1009:
999:
926:31 May
869:
861:
853:
816:
756:
708:
700:
666:31 May
641:2 July
615:9 July
587:31 May
527:
519:
478:
470:
462:
268:, and
196:) and
103:Causes
3931:Mouth
3804:Story
3757:Futon
3690:Other
3238:Sleep
3062:Cough
3023:Other
2959:Other
2872:Apnea
2252:SARPE
1873:784.9
1858:R06.5
1825:WebMD
1090:(PDF)
867:S2CID
636:Slate
476:S2CID
3240:and
3098:COPD
2865:Rate
1879:MeSH
1868:9-CM
1801:ISBN
1776:2023
1765:ISSN
1742:2020
1729:ISBN
1708:2020
1695:ISBN
1674:2020
1648:2020
1619:2020
1584:ISBN
1556:ISBN
1531:2020
1500:ISBN
1478:2020
1450:2014
1420:PMID
1360:PMID
1308:PMID
1259:PMID
1208:ISBN
1183:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1098:2020
1069:2020
1037:ISBN
1007:PMID
957:2020
928:2020
900:2020
859:PMID
851:ISSN
814:ISBN
788:2020
754:PMID
717:2023
706:PMID
698:ISSN
668:2020
643:2020
617:2020
589:2020
558:2020
525:PMID
517:ISSN
468:PMID
460:ISSN
359:yoga
349:Yoga
262:ADHD
217:nose
3841:Nap
3737:Bed
1864:ICD
1849:ICD
1410:PMC
1350:PMC
1342:doi
1298:PMC
1290:doi
1249:PMC
1241:doi
997:PMC
987:doi
843:doi
744:doi
507:doi
452:doi
3917::
3888:/
3592:/
1882::
1871::
1856::
1853:10
1823:-
1763:.
1759:.
1665:.
1639:.
1627:^
1609:.
1598:^
1539:^
1522:.
1468:.
1418:.
1404:.
1400:.
1381:.
1358:.
1348:.
1338:20
1336:.
1332:.
1320:^
1306:.
1296:.
1286:24
1284:.
1280:.
1257:.
1247:.
1237:38
1235:.
1231:.
1134:^
1106:^
1077:^
1060:.
1019:^
1005:.
995:.
983:22
981:.
977:.
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917:.
891:.
879:^
865:.
857:.
849:.
839:51
837:.
796:^
775:.
752:.
740:40
738:.
734:.
704:.
694:22
692:.
688:.
676:^
659:.
634:.
597:^
578:.
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549:.
537:^
523:.
515:.
503:49
501:.
497:.
474:.
466:.
458:.
448:49
446:.
276:,
264:,
260:,
252:,
244:,
3230:e
3223:t
3216:v
2978:/
2737:e
2730:t
2723:v
1919:e
1912:t
1905:v
1866:-
1851:-
1841:D
1809:.
1778:.
1744:.
1710:.
1676:.
1650:.
1621:.
1592:.
1564:.
1533:.
1508:.
1480:.
1452:.
1426:.
1406:6
1385:.
1366:.
1344::
1314:.
1292::
1265:.
1243::
1216:.
1191:.
1166:.
1128:.
1100:.
1071:.
1045:.
1013:.
989::
959:.
930:.
902:.
873:.
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790:.
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760:.
746::
719:.
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560:.
531:.
509::
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65:)
61:(
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25:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
