185:
177:
164:
157:
148:
100:
138:
128:
119:
89:
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170:
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450:, who transliterate the name as "Bir-Dhol" (or "Vira-Chola"), the term may be a figure of speech invented by Khusrau to refer to the capital of Vira Pandya. It can be derived from the words "Bir" (Vira) and "Dhol" (drum), thus equivalent to "the drum (capital) of Vira Pandya". While describing Malik Kafur's entry into the city, Khsurau states "the Bir (Vira) had fled, and the Dhol (Drum) was empty".
506:
597:", leading to suggestions that Malik Kafur raided Rameshwaram. However, this identification is doubtful, as Firishta places this mosque in the "Carnatik" country at the port of "Dur Samandar" on the shore of the "Sea of Ummam", and states that it was built after Kafur subjugated the local ruler Bikal Dev. The "Sea of Ummam" (Sea of
670:
By late April 1311, the rains had obstructed the operations of the Delhi forces, and the generals received the news that the defenders had assembled a large army against them. Kafur, who had already collected a huge amount of wealth from
Hoysala and Pandya kingdoms, determined that it was futile to
385:
to communicate his intent to the Pandya troops, but the Pandya contingent suddenly attacked them and the interpreter was killed by an arrow. Abachi had to retreat and rejoin Malik Kafur. When Kafur came to know about Abachi's activities, he had Abachi imprisoned. Later, Alauddin had Abachi executed
472:
With help of the Muslim deserters, the Delhi army tried to pursue Vira Pandya, but had to retreat because of heavy rainfall. According to
Khusrau, the rural areas were so flooded that "it was impossible to distinguish a road from a well". A large part of the Delhi army encamped at Birdhul, while a
624:
do not contain any reference to
Rameshwaram, and Firishta's account may be the result of confusion. Had Malik Kafur really constructed a mosque in Rameshwaram, Alauddin's courtier Khusrau would not have failed to mention such an achievement. If a mosque existed at Rameshwaram during Firishta's
453:
Owing to the war between the two brothers, the Pandya forces were not in a position to offer much resistance. Vira Pandya originally planned to flee to an island, but was unable to do so for some reason. Instead, he first marched to Kabam, a city whose identity is uncertain. He collected some
375:
unit to explore the Pandya territory. This unit included leading generals such as Bahram Kara, Katla Nihang, Mahmud
Sartiha, and Abachi.. Every day, one of these generals would lead the reconnaissance party to visit an area of the Pandya territory, supported by a few people who knew the local
380:
commander, decided to join the Pandya service, and even thought of killing Kafur. He got in touch with some people who promised to take him to the Pandya king. While marching towards the Pandya king's residence, his contingent came into conflict with a body of Pandya troops. Abachi asked his
658:
treatise written by an unknown author, states that a general named
Vikrama Pandya defeated the Muslims. Based on this, some historians believe that Vikrama Pandya, an uncle of Vira and Sundara, defeated Malik Kafur's army. However, the identification of this Vikrama Pandya as the brother of
554:
From
Barmatpuri, the Delhi army marched back to its camp at Birdhul, where it arrived on 3 April 1311. There, the invaders destroyed the temple of Vira Pandya. The Delhi forces then arrived Kanum (identified with Kadambavanam) on 7 April 1311. 5 days later, they reached
628:
Although the identification of
Firishta's "Sit Band Ramisar" with Rameshwaram is dubious, it is not unlikely that Malik Kafur's forces marched to Rameshwarm from Madurai, in search of the much-sought elephants and Pandya wealth. According to Amir Khusrau's
322:, his sons Vira and Sundara Pandya were engaged in a war of succession. Some later chroniclers state that Sundara sought Malik Kafur's help, leading to the Delhi army's invasion of the Pandya territory. However, the writings of the contemporary writer
718:
After Kafur's departure, the Pandya brothers resumed their conflict. This conflict resulted in the defeat of
Sundara Pandya, who decided to seek Alauddin's assistance. With the help of Alauddin's forces, he was able to re-establish his rule in the
497:). They started marching towards Jal-Kota, but people coming from that place informed them that he was not there. Ultimately, the Delhi generals decided that finding Vira Pandya was a hopelessly difficult task, and decided to return to Kannanur.
530:
The Delhi army of Malik Kafur reached
Barmatpuri at midnight, and captured 250 elephants the next morning. The invaders then plundered the golden temple, whose ceiling and walls were studded with rubies and diamonds. They destroyed all the
485:
in heavy rains, but by this time, Vira had escaped to a forest with some of his followers. When the rains stopped, the invaders captured 108 elephants loaded with pearls and precious stones. They massacred the residents of
Kannanur.
426:
Next, Malik Kafur marched to Vira Pandya's headquarters, called "Birdhul" by Amir Khusrau. This is the same as "Birdaval", which is named as the capital of the Ma'bar country (the Pandya territory) in
465:
At Birdhul, the Delhi army found a contingent of around 20,000 Muslim soldiers in the Pandya service. These soldiers deserted the Pandyas, and joined the Delhi army. Instead of killing them for being
341:
Malik Kafur started his march towards the Pandya territory (called Ma'bar in Muslim chronicles) from Dwarasamudra on 10 March 1311, and reached the Pandya frontier five days later. The Delhi courtier
671:
pursue the Pandya king. Therefore, he decided to return to Delhi. According to Alauddin Khalji's courtier and chronicler Amir Khusrau, the Delhi army had captured 512 elephants, 5,000 horses and 500
590:, Malik Kafur built a mosque called Masjid-i-Alai ("Alauddin's mosque"), which could still be seen during Firishta's time, at a place named "Sit Band Ramisar". This place has been identified as "
1754:
236:, taking advantage of a war of succession between the Pandya brothers Vira and Sundara. During March–April 1311, he raided several places in the Pandya territory, including their capital
562:
By this time, Sundara Pandya had already fled the city with his queens. The Delhi army first visited the temple of "Jagnar", hoping to find elephants and treasures there. (
731:
raided the Pandya territories. The northern part of the Pandya kingdom was captured by the Muslims over the next two decades: it first came under the control of the
1739:
387:
515:
According to Khusrau, the next morning, the Delhi army learned that the town of Barmatpuri had a golden temple, with several royal elephants roaming around it.
677:
of gold and precious stones by the end of its southern campaign against the Hoysalas and the Pandyas. According to the exaggerated account of the later writer
1595:
1818:
240:. He was unable to make the Pandya king a tributary to the Delhi Sultanate, but obtained huge quantities of plunder, including elephants, horses, gold and
409:). Next, the invaders captured a fort, which Khusrau calls "Mardi". According to Banarsi Prasad Saksena, Khusrau uses "Mardi" as an antonym of "namardi" (
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to become a tributary of the Delhi Sultanate. He stayed at Dwarasamudra for 12 days, waiting for the rest of his army to arrive at Dwarasamudra.
578:.) Malik Kafur was disappointed to find that only 2-3 elephants were left at the temple. This made him so angry that he set fire to the temple.
473:
small party went out in search of Vira Pandya despite the heavy rains. At midnight, the unit brought the news that Vira Pandya was at Kannanur.
1607:
333:, who was a "pearl" among the Hindu kings. He states that Sundara, whose rule extended over land and sea, had a large army and several ships.
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to the Delhi Sultanate. They suspected that Vira Pandya had fled to his ancestral fort of Jal-Kota ("water fort", identified with
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appears to have defeated another Muslim army during 1365-70 as a prince; he ascended the Pandya throne much later, in 1401.
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1414:
1312:
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cast doubt on this claim: Khusrau's account suggests that Malik Kafur raided the territories controlled by both of them.
318:
kingdom, located to the south of the Hoysala territory, was in a state of political turmoil. After the death of the king
1384:
1234:
633:, during a campaign against a ruler called "Pandya Guru", the Khalji forces reached as far as "the shores of the sea of
509:
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had learned that the region to the south of the Yadava and Kakatiya kingdoms was also very wealthy. After returning to
1601:
1532:
1422:
288:, Kafur told Alauddin about this, and obtained permission to lead an expedition to the southernmost regions of India.
637:". The capital of this ruler was called "Fatan", and had a temple with an idol. "Fatan" may be a transcription of "
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for "impotence"), to characterize the fort's defenders. The Delhi army massacred the inhabitants of Mardi.
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on either side of the mountain. He names these passes as Tarmali and Tabar, which can be identified with
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of gold. Barani describes this seizure of wealth as the greatest one since the Muslim capture of Delhi.
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221:
405:. The Delhi army marched through these passes, and then encamped on the banks of a river (probably the
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mentions that, during this march, the Delhi army covered a difficult terrain, where sharp stones tore
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The army started its return journey on 25 April 1311. In Delhi, Alauddin held a public court (
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Khusrau states that the Pandya territory was protected by a high mountain, but there were two
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308:
1701:
1389:
1332:
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on 19 October 1311, to welcome Malik Kafur and other officers of the army. He gave 0.5 to 4
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The Delhi generals wanted to find Vira Pandya, so that they could force him into becoming a
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in Delhi, which prompted Mongol nobles to conspire against him, ultimately leading to the
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guided the Delhi army during the plunder of the Pandya territories. However, historian
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349:, and the soldiers had to sleep on ground "more uneven than a camel's back" at night.
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doubts this claim, as it does not appear in the contemporary writings of Khusrau.
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617:. Therefore, it is likely that "Sit Band Ramisar" does not refer to Rameshwaram.
605:, and therefore, the mosque must have been located at a port on this sea, in the
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739:. However, the southernmost part of the Pandya territory remained independent.
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soldiers and wealth from Kabam, and then escaped to Kandur (identified with
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identifies "Jagnar" as "Chokkanatha", an aspect of Madurai's patron deity
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is not supported by historical evidence. The Vikrama Pandya mentioned in
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A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206-1526)
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538:(called "Ling-i-Mahadeo" by Khusrau), and brought down an idol of
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era), the loot included 612 elephants; 20,000 horses; and 96,000
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707:
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542:(Vishnu). Khusrau mentions that the ground that once smelled of
1452:
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1000:
998:
559:(called "Mathura" by Khusrau), the capital of Sundara Pandya.
32:
Possible locations of the places visited by Malik Kafur's army
625:
lifetime, it must have been built after the Khalji period.
723:
region by 1314. Later, during the reign of Alauddin's son
948:
900:
863:
813:
778:
1180:
The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History
1111:
Politics and Society During the Early Medieval Period
232:(called Ma'bar in Muslim chronicles) in present-day
1717:
1670:
1629:
1570:
1541:
1490:
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1375:
1340:
1278:
469:, the Delhi generals decided to spare their lives.
307:with 10,000 soldiers, and forced the Hoysala king
1031:
1016:
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830:
755:
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23:
977:
586:According to the 16th-17th century chronicler
1464:
1235:
1004:
875:
371:Isami states that the Delhi army relied on a
220:to the southernmost kingdoms of India. After
24:Malik Kafur's invasion of the Pandyan kingdom
8:
1077:(1992) . "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In
989:
790:
735:, and later became part of the short-lived
1471:
1457:
1449:
1242:
1228:
1220:
20:
641:", the name of a place near Rameshwaram.
352:According to the 14th century chronicler
748:
519:identified Barmatpuri as "Brahmapuri" (
291:In early 1311, Malik Kafur reached the
272:region in southern India to become his
329:Khusrau describes Sundara Pandya as a
216:sent an army led by his slave-general
1091:. Vol. 5 (Second ed.). The
430:(1321), a book by the Kurdish writer
376:language. One day, Abachi, who was a
7:
295:with a large army. In February, he
1819:Wars involving the Delhi Sultanate
1760:Nabhi-nandana-jinoddhara-prabandha
1154:History of the Khaljis (1290-1320)
706:of gold to his various nobles and
14:
1814:Wars involving the Pandyan Empire
1783:
1782:
1331:
620:The writings of Amir Khusrau or
613:("Dur Samandar") in present-day
183:
175:
168:
162:
155:
146:
136:
126:
117:
98:
87:
681:(a writer who wrote during the
546:now emitted a stench of blood.
1204:. Princeton University Press.
1183:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
1095:/ People's Publishing House.
1114:. People's Publishing House.
1725:Rebellions against Alauddin
1423:Srivilliputhur Andal temple
1313:12th century civil conflict
949:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
901:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
864:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
814:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
779:Banarsi Prasad Saksena 1992
609:kingdom, whose capital was
337:March to the Pandya country
1835:
1121:"Venad: Its Early History"
481:The Delhi army marched to
228:, Malik Kafur invaded the
1778:
1329:
1303:Battle of Thirupurambiyam
1258:
1198:Richard H. Davis (1999).
1125:Journal of Kerala Studies
193:
109:
80:
39:
28:
1438:Kalugasalamoorthy temple
1350:Early Pandyan government
725:Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah
572:S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar
566:translated "Jagnar" as "
517:S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar
388:1311 massacre of Mongols
1428:Kasi Viswanathar temple
1108:Mohammad Habib (1981).
1093:Indian History Congress
661:Maravarman Kulashekhara
320:Maravarman Kulashekhara
280:against the Kakatiyas,
18:1310s campaign in India
1671:Conflicts with Mongols
1508:Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq
1323:Malik Kafur's invasion
1201:Lives of Indian Images
1075:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
1032:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
1017:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
961:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
916:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
852:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
831:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
756:Kishori Saran Lal 1950
527:had a golden ceiling.
512:
448:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
438:identified Birdhul as
366:Banarsi Prasad Saksena
278:1310 Siege of Warangal
208:During 1310–1311, the
110:Commanders and leaders
1491:Generals and officers
1298:Early Pandyan society
1293:Early Pandyan kingdom
928:Richard H. Davis 1999
508:
194:Casualties and losses
1755:Chanderi inscription
1651:(1302-1303 and 1310)
1385:Art and architecture
1161:: The Indian Press.
1133:University of Kerala
1119:K.K.R. Nair (1987).
1083:Nizami, Khaliq Ahmad
1049:B. R. Modak (1995).
727:, the Delhi general
458:on the banks of the
1740:Massacre of Mongols
1503:Ayn al-Mulk Multani
1377:Society and culture
978:Mohammad Habib 1981
963:, pp. 209–212.
1630:Southern campaigns
1571:Northern campaigns
1433:Nellaiappar Temple
1005:Peter Jackson 2003
876:Peter Jackson 2003
513:
434:. British scholar
314:At this time, the
1796:
1795:
1513:Kamal al-Din Gurg
1446:
1445:
1342:Pandya government
1308:Battle of Tellaru
1190:978-0-521-54329-3
1149:Kishori Saran Lal
1066:978-81-7201-940-2
737:Madurai Sultanate
654:, a 14th-century
570:", but historian
206:
205:
76:
75:
1826:
1786:
1785:
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1450:
1335:
1318:Battle of Nettur
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990:K.K.R. Nair 1987
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791:B. R. Modak 1995
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428:Taqwīm al-buldān
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1730:Revenue reforms
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1592:(1299 and 1304)
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1555:Prataparudra II
1537:
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1484:Delhi Sultanate
1480:Alauddin Khalji
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1360:Tenkasi Pandyas
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733:Tughluq dynasty
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679:Ziauddin Barani
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645:Return to Delhi
622:Ziauddin Barani
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525:Nataraja Temple
510:Nataraja Temple
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479:
442:. According to
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419:
356:, the defeated
339:
260:had forced the
258:Delhi Sultanate
254:Alauddin Khalji
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242:precious stones
214:Alauddin Khalji
210:Delhi Sultanate
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188:Mahmud Sartiha
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1708:Ravi riverbank
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1400:Pandya coinage
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1367:Flag of Pandya
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1079:Mohammad Habib
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1065:
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1034:, p. 213.
1021:
1019:, p. 212.
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994:
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980:, p. 416.
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951:, p. 417.
932:
930:, p. 113.
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903:, p. 416.
880:
878:, p. 174.
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856:
854:, p. 208.
835:
833:, p. 207.
818:
816:, p. 415.
795:
783:
781:, p. 414.
760:
758:, p. 201.
747:
746:
744:
741:
715:
712:
646:
643:
639:Periyapattinam
583:
580:
551:
548:
502:
499:
478:
475:
460:Kollidam River
444:Mohammad Habib
423:
420:
418:
415:
373:reconnaissance
338:
335:
249:
246:
230:Pandya kingdom
204:
203:
200:
196:
195:
191:
190:
143:
142:Vikrama Pandya
112:
111:
107:
106:
96:
94:Pandya dynasty
83:
82:
78:
77:
74:
73:
65:
61:
60:
57:Southern India
55:
53:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
31:
30:
29:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1831:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1771:
1770:Thakkar Pheru
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:Miscellaneous
1716:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
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1489:
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1481:
1474:
1469:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1382:
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1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1222:
1213:
1211:0-691-00520-6
1207:
1203:
1202:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1176:
1175:Peter Jackson
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1001:
999:
995:
992:, p. 27.
991:
986:
983:
979:
974:
972:
970:
966:
962:
957:
954:
950:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
933:
929:
924:
921:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
881:
877:
872:
869:
865:
860:
857:
853:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
796:
792:
787:
784:
780:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
761:
757:
752:
749:
742:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
713:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
696:
690:
688:
684:
680:
676:
675:
668:
666:
662:
657:
653:
652:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
626:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
593:
589:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
511:
507:
500:
498:
496:
492:
487:
484:
476:
474:
470:
468:
463:
461:
457:
451:
449:
445:
441:
440:Virudhachalam
437:
433:
429:
421:
416:
414:
412:
408:
404:
400:
399:Tharamangalam
396:
391:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
336:
334:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
276:. During the
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
247:
245:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
201:
198:
197:
192:
186:
182:
180:Katla Nihang
178:
171:
165:
158:
153:
149:
144:
133:
114:
113:
108:
105:
101:
97:
95:
85:
84:
79:
72:
70:
66:
63:
62:
58:
54:
51:
50:
46:
43:
42:
38:
27:
22:
16:
1765:Amir Khusrow
1750:Alai Darwaza
1745:Rani Padmini
1678:Jaran-Manjur
1660:
1655:Dwarasamudra
1355:Pandya kings
1322:
1260:
1200:
1179:
1153:
1128:
1124:
1110:
1087:
1051:
1042:Bibliography
1012:
985:
956:
923:
871:
859:
793:, p. 3.
786:
751:
717:
703:
693:
691:
686:
672:
669:
664:
649:
648:
630:
627:
619:
611:Dwarasamudra
585:
564:H. M. Elliot
561:
553:
529:
514:
488:
480:
471:
464:
452:
427:
425:
392:
370:
351:
343:Amir Khusrau
340:
328:
324:Amir Khusrau
313:
305:Dwarasamudra
290:
251:
207:
167:Abachi
160:Bahram Kara
145:
115:
81:Belligerents
67:
15:
1596:Ranthambore
1561:Ballala III
1549:Ramachandra
1542:Tributaries
1523:Nusrat Khan
1518:Malik Kafur
729:Khusro Khan
721:South Arcot
665:Lilatilakam
651:Lilatilakam
603:Arabian Sea
595:Rameshwaram
582:Rameshwaram
521:Chidambaram
383:interpreter
347:horse hoofs
282:Malik Kafur
274:tributaries
222:subjugating
218:Malik Kafur
173:(defector)
152:Malik Kafur
1803:Categories
1557:(Kakatiya)
1533:Zafar Khan
1528:Ulugh Khan
1390:Literature
743:References
592:Setubandha
568:Jagannatha
501:Barmatpuri
495:Tivukottai
436:A. Burnell
432:Abu'l-Fida
268:rulers of
248:Background
234:Tamil Nadu
1563:(Hoysala)
1261:Capitals:
1167:685167335
1159:Allahabad
1141:0377-0443
714:Aftermath
615:Karnataka
523:), whose
491:tributary
467:apostates
252:By 1310,
47:1310-1311
1788:Category
1684:Sivistan
1649:Warangal
1643:Devagiri
1637:Devagiri
1551:(Yadava)
1498:Alp Khan
1405:Religion
1177:(2003).
1151:(1950).
1135:: 1–34.
1101:31870180
1085:(eds.).
656:Sanskrit
588:Firishta
540:Narayana
483:Kannanur
477:Kannanur
456:Kannanur
303:capital
297:besieged
266:Kakatiya
226:Hoysalas
123:Sundara
52:Location
1602:Chittor
1590:Gujarat
1415:Temples
1395:Economy
1288:Origins
1280:History
1272:Tenkasi
1264:Madurai
683:Tughluq
607:Hoysala
557:Madurai
550:Madurai
536:lingams
422:Birdhul
411:Persian
403:Thoppur
362:Ballala
358:Hoysala
331:Brahman
309:Ballala
301:Hoysala
256:of the
238:Madurai
202:Unknown
199:Unknown
71:Victory
1710:(1306)
1704:(1305)
1702:Amroha
1698:(1303)
1692:(1299)
1686:(1298)
1680:(1298)
1663:(1311)
1657:(1311)
1645:(1308)
1639:(1296)
1622:(1311)
1620:Jalore
1616:(1308)
1614:Siwana
1610:(1305)
1604:(1303)
1598:(1301)
1586:(1296)
1584:Multan
1580:(1293)
1578:Bhilsa
1268:Korkai
1253:topics
1208:
1187:
1165:
1139:
1099:
1063:
1052:Sayana
695:darbar
631:Ashika
407:Kaveri
395:passes
378:Mongol
316:Pandya
293:Deccan
270:Deccan
262:Yadava
212:ruler
64:Result
1696:Delhi
1608:Malwa
1131:(1).
708:Amirs
704:manns
698:) at
687:manns
674:manns
635:Lanka
576:Shiva
533:Shiva
417:Raids
360:King
354:Isami
286:Delhi
132:Vira
1690:Kili
1270:and
1206:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1163:OCLC
1137:ISSN
1097:OCLC
1061:ISBN
700:Siri
599:Oman
544:musk
446:and
401:and
299:the
264:and
224:the
44:Date
1482:of
462:).
1805::
1266:,
1157:.
1129:14
1127:.
1123:.
1081:;
1059:.
1055:.
1024:^
997:^
968:^
935:^
908:^
883:^
838:^
821:^
798:^
763:^
710:.
390:.
244:.
1472:e
1465:t
1458:v
1243:e
1236:t
1229:v
1214:.
1193:.
1169:.
1143:.
1103:.
1069:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
