Lake - Knowledge (XXG)

1781: 2365:, accelerate this closing process significantly because they partially decompose to form peat soils that fill the shallows. Conversely, peat soils in a marsh can naturally burn and reverse this process to recreate a shallow lake resulting in a dynamic equilibrium between marsh and lake. This is significant since wildfire has been largely suppressed in the developed world over the past century. This has artificially converted many shallow lakes into emergent marshes. Turbid lakes and lakes with many plant-eating fish tend to disappear more slowly. A "disappearing" lake (barely noticeable on a human timescale) typically has extensive plant mats at the water's edge. These become a new habitat for other plants, like 426: 2140: 63: 3175: 2309: 2492: 3231: 3189: 1248: 536:, which is regarded as a landmark discussion and classification of all major lake types, their origin, morphometric characteristics, and distribution. Hutchinson presented in his publication a comprehensive analysis of the origin of lakes and proposed what is a widely accepted classification of lakes according to their origin. This classification recognizes 11 major lake types that are divided into 76 subtypes. The 11 major lake types are: 1999: 1754: 44: 2274: 2235: 2622: 501:. Despite this uncertainty, a large number of studies agree that small ponds are much more abundant than large lakes. For example, one widely cited study estimated that Earth has 304 million lakes and ponds, and that 91% of these are 1 hectare (2.5 acres) or less in area. Despite the overwhelming abundance of ponds, almost all of Earth's lake water is found in fewer than 100 large lakes; this is because lake volume 2332: 1770: 1701: 1075: 1232: 3217: 2637: 650: 806: 736: 1938:. The amount of gas that can be dissolved in water is directly related to pressure. As deep water surfaces, the pressure drops and a vast amount of gas comes out of solution. Under these circumstances carbon dioxide is hazardous because it is heavier than air and displaces it, so it may flow down a river valley to human settlements and cause mass 761:

different types of glacial lakes and lakes influenced by other activities. The general types of glacial lakes that have been recognized are lakes in direct contact with ice, glacially carved rock basins and depressions, morainic and outwash lakes, and glacial drift basins. Glacial lakes are the most numerous lakes in the world. Most lakes in

1318:. This typical stratification sequence can vary widely, depending on the specific lake or the time of year, or a combination of both. The classification of lakes by thermal stratification presupposes lakes with sufficient depth to form a hypolimnion; accordingly, very shallow lakes are excluded from this classification system. 3203: 1900: 1968:

A paired (black and white) layer of the varved lake sediments correspond to a year. During winter, when organisms die, carbon is deposited down, resulting to a black layer. At the same year, during summer, only few organic materials are deposited, resulting to a white layer at the lake bed. These are

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Stofan, Ellen R.; Elachi, C.; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Lorenz, Ralph D.; Stiles, B.; Mitchell, K. L.; Ostro, S.; Soderblom, L.; Wood, C.; Zebker, Howard; Wall, S.; Janssen, M.; Kirk, R.; Lopes, R.; Paganelli, F.; Radebaugh, J.; Wye, L.; Anderson, Y.; Allison, M.; Boehmer, R.; Callahan, P.; Encrenaz, P.;

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The presence of ground permafrost is important to the persistence of some lakes. Thawing permafrost may explain the shrinking or disappearance of hundreds of large Arctic lakes across western Siberia. The idea here is that rising air and soil temperatures thaw permafrost, allowing the lakes to drain

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lakes are bodies of water that have been excessively enriched with nutrients. These lakes typically have poor clarity and are subject to devastating algal blooms. Lakes typically reach this condition due to human activities, such as heavy use of fertilizers in the lake catchment area. Such lakes are

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channels and aquifers, and artificial sources from outside the catchment area. Output sources are evaporation from the lake, surface and groundwater flows, and any extraction of lake water by humans. As climate conditions and human water requirements vary, these will create fluctuations in the lake

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Shoreline lakes are generally lakes created by blockage of estuaries or by the uneven accretion of beach ridges by longshore and other currents. They include maritime coastal lakes, ordinarily in drowned estuaries; lakes enclosed by two tombolos or spits connecting an island to the mainland; lakes

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Wennrich, Volker; Andreev, Andrei A.; Tarasov, Pavel E.; Fedorov, Grigory; Zhao, Wenwei; Gebhardt, Catalina A.; Meyer-Jacob, Carsten; Snyder, Jeffrey A.; Nowaczyk, Norbert R.; Schwamborn, Georg; Chapligin, Bernhard; Anderson, Patricia M.; Lozhkin, Anatoly V.; Minyuk, Pavel S.; Koeberl, Christian;

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One important method of lake classification is on the basis of thermal stratification, which has a major influence on the animal and plant life inhabiting a lake, and the fate and distribution of dissolved and suspended material in the lake. For example, the thermal stratification, as well as the

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due to the distinctive curved shape. They can form in river valleys as a result of meandering. The slow-moving river forms a sinuous shape as the outer side of bends are eroded away more rapidly than the inner side. Eventually a horseshoe bend is formed and the river cuts through the narrow neck.

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have defined lakes as water bodies that are simply a larger version of a pond, which can have wave action on the shoreline or where wind-induced turbulence plays a major role in mixing the water column. None of these definitions completely excludes ponds and all are difficult to measure. For this

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Organic lakes are lakes created by the actions of plants and animals. On the whole they are relatively rare in occurrence and quite small in size. In addition, they typically have ephemeral features relative to the other types of lakes. The basins in which organic lakes occur are associated with

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of the water mass, relative seasonal permanence, degree of outflow, and so on. The names used by the lay public and in the scientific community for different types of lakes are often informally derived from the morphology of the lakes' physical characteristics or other factors. Also, different

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Glacial lakes are lakes created by the direct action of glaciers and continental ice sheets. A wide variety of glacial processes create enclosed basins. As a result, there are a wide variety of different types of glacial lakes and it is often difficult to define clear-cut distinctions between

1887:, layers of drastically varying temperature relative to depth. Fresh water is most dense at about 4 degrees Celsius (39.2 °F) at sea level. When the temperature of the water at the surface of a lake reaches the same temperature as deeper water, as it does during the cooler months in 945:

Most landslide lakes disappear in the first few months after formation, but a landslide dam can burst suddenly at a later stage and threaten the population downstream when the lake water drains out. In 1911, an earthquake triggered a landslide that blocked a deep valley in the

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climates, the water in the lake can mix, bringing oxygen-starved water up from the depths and bringing oxygen down to decomposing sediments. Deep temperate lakes can maintain a reservoir of cold water year-round, which allows some cities to tap that reservoir for

2075:) and are responsible for the color of the water. Decaying plant matter, for instance, may account for a yellow or brown color, while algae may cause a greenish coloration. In very shallow water bodies, iron oxides make the water reddish brown. Bottom-dwelling 1363:

does not always result from a variation in density because of thermal gradients. Stratification can also result from a density variation caused by gradients in salinity. In this case, the hypolimnion and epilimnion are separated not by a thermocline but by a

1926:. Exceptional events, such as earthquakes or landslides, can cause mixing which rapidly brings the deep layers up to the surface and release a vast cloud of gas which lay trapped in solution in the colder water at the bottom of the lake. This is called a 1163:

contains an anthropogenic lake district consisting of more than 4,000 water bodies created by human activity. The diverse origins of these lakes include: reservoirs retained by dams, flooded mines, water bodies formed in subsidence basins and hollows,

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Changes in the level of a lake are controlled by the difference between the input and output compared to the total volume of the lake. Significant input sources are precipitation onto the lake, runoff carried by streams and channels from the lake's

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and calderas, which fill up with precipitation more rapidly than they empty via either evaporation, groundwater discharge, or a combination of both. Sometimes the latter are called caldera lakes, although often no distinction is made. An example is

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Desiage, Pierre-Arnaud; Lajeunesse, Patrick; St-Onge, Guillaume; Normandeau, Alexandre; Ledoux, Grégoire; Guyard, Hervé; Pienitz, Reinhard (2015). "Deglacial and postglacial evolution of the Pingualuit Crater Lake basin, northern Québec (Canada)".

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vanished in a matter of minutes. News sources reported that government officials theorized that this strange phenomenon may have been caused by a shift in the soil underneath the lake that allowed its water to drain through channels leading to the

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A solution lake is a lake occupying a basin formed by surface dissolution of bedrock. In areas underlain by soluble bedrock, its solution by precipitation and percolating water commonly produce cavities. These cavities frequently collapse to form

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Flamini, Enrico; Francescetti, G.; Gim, Y.; Hamilton, G.; Hensley, S.; Johnson, W. T. K.; Kelleher, K.; Muhleman, D.; Paillou, Philippe; Picardi, Giovanni; Posa, F.; Roth, L.; Seu, R.; Shaffer, S.; Vetrella, S.; West, R. (January 2007).

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This new passage then forms the main passage for the river and the ends of the bend become silted up, thus forming a bow-shaped lake. Their crescent shape gives oxbow lakes a higher perimeter to area ratio than other lake types.

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basin creation. During high floods they are flushed with river water. There are four types: 1. Confluent floodplain lake, 2. Contrafluent-confluent floodplain lake, 3. Contrafluent floodplain lake, 4. Profundal floodplain lake.

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Mastrogiuseppe, Marco; Poggiali, Valerio; Hayes, Alexander; Lorenz, Ralph; Lunine, Jonathan I.; Picardi, Giovanni; Seu, Roberto; Flamini, Enrico; Mitri, Giuseppe; Notarnicola, Claudia; Paillou, Philippe; Zebker, Howard (2014).

1965:, such as decaying plant or animal matter. The composition of the lake bed has a significant impact on the flora and fauna found within the lake's environs by contributing to the amounts and the types of nutrients available. 1658:

Paleolakes are of scientific and economic importance. For example, Quaternary paleolakes in semidesert basins are important for two reasons: they played an extremely significant, if transient, role in shaping the floors and

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Tectonic lakes are lakes formed by the deformation and resulting lateral and vertical movements of the Earth's crust. These movements include faulting, tilting, folding, and warping. Some of the largest lakes on Earth are

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lies near the grounds surface, a sinkhole will be filled water as a solution lake. If such a lake consists of a large area of standing water that occupies an extensive closed depression in limestone, it is also called a

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are, in quasi-technical fact, ponds. One textbook illustrates this point with the following: "In Newfoundland, for example, almost every lake is called a pond, whereas in Wisconsin, almost every pond is called a lake."

2703:(23,600 cubic kilometres (5,700 cu mi), but much smaller than the Caspian Sea at 78,200 cubic kilometres (18,800 cu mi)), and the second longest (about 630 kilometres (390 mi) from tip to tip). 2160:: The zone that encompasses the small area above the normal water level (which is sometimes submerged when the lake's water level increases), reaching to the deepest part of the lake that still allows for submerged 1917:

lakes never reaches the temperature of maximum density, there is no process that makes the water mix. The deeper layer becomes oxygen starved and can become saturated with carbon dioxide, or other gases such as

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lake in Quebec, Canada. As in the cases of El'gygytgyn and Pingualuit, meteorite lakes can contain unique and scientifically valuable sedimentary deposits associated with long records of paleoclimatic changes.

471:, which maintain a lake's average level by allowing the drainage of excess water. Some lakes do not have a natural outflow and lose water solely by evaporation or underground seepage, or both. These are termed 1341:. In a holomictic lake, the uniformity of temperature and density allows the lake waters to completely mix. Based upon thermal stratification and frequency of turnover, holomictic lakes are divided into 1284:, also referred to as the "Father of limnology", was the first scientist to classify lakes according to their thermal stratification. His system of classification was later modified and improved upon by 2432:. This occurred in the spring of 2005, after unusually heavy rains. The lake did not last into the summer, and was quickly evaporated (see photos to right). A more commonly filled lake of this type is 5140:"Impact processes, permafrost dynamics, and climate and environmental variability in the terrestrial Arctic as inferred from the unique 3.6 Myr record of Lake El'gygytgyn, Far East Russia – A review" 4787: 456:, has an estimated 31,752 lakes larger than 3 square kilometres (1.2 sq mi) in surface area. The total number of lakes in Canada is unknown but is estimated to be at least 2 million. 609:

that form elongate basins alternating with mountain ranges. Not only does this promote the creation of lakes by the disruption of preexisting drainage networks, it also creates within arid regions

2964:, Finland, forms the much larger Saimaa basin, which have more shorelines per unit of area than anywhere else in the world, with the total length being nearly 15,000 kilometres (9,300 mi). 1608:

that might be contained in these sediments. The paleoshorelines and sedimentary deposits of paleolakes provide evidence for prehistoric hydrological changes during the times that they existed.

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at the base of the valley has remained in place for more than 100 years but the terrain below the lake is in danger of a catastrophic flood if the dam were to fail during a future earthquake.

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Playa lake is a typically shallow, intermittent lake that covers or occupies a playa either in wet seasons or in especially wet years but subsequently drying up in an arid or semiarid region.

1333:, with layers of water of different temperature and density that do not intermix. The deepest layer of water in a meromictic lake does not contain any dissolved oxygen so there are no living 2467:

is described as being "murdered" by the diversion for irrigation of the rivers feeding it. Between 1990 and 2020, more than half of the world's large lakes decreased in size, in part due to

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of living and nonliving elements that are relatively independent of their surrounding environments. Therefore, lake organisms can often be studied in isolation from the lake's surroundings.

2671:, which is hydrologically a single lake. Its surface area is 45,300 sq. mi./117,400 km. For those who consider Lake Michigan-Huron to be separate lakes, and Caspian Sea to be a 6024: 1173: 5099:

Maloof, A. C.; Stewart, S. T.; Weiss, B. P.; Soule, S. A.; Swanson-Hysell, N. L.; Louzada, K. L.; Garrick-Bethell, I.; Poussart, P. M. (2010). "Geology of Lonar Crater, India".

934:. Such lakes are most common in mountainous regions. Although landslide lakes may be large and quite deep, they are typically short-lived. An example of a landslide lake is 3029:, the northernmost settlement in the world. There are also several small lakes north of Upper Dumbell Lake, but they are all unnamed and only appear on very detailed maps. 460:

has 168,000 lakes of 500 square metres (5,400 sq ft) in area, or larger, of which 57,000 are large (10,000 square metres (110,000 sq ft) or larger).

1780: 1480:, is an inland body of water situated in an arid or semiarid region, with no outlet to the sea, containing a high concentration of dissolved neutral salts (principally 365:, which is a dry basin most of the time but may become filled under seasonal conditions of heavy rainfall. In common usage, many lakes bear names ending with the word 5362: 123:, which are also water-filled basins on land, although there are no official definitions or scientific criteria distinguishing the two. Lakes are also distinct from 5842: 5824: 1292:

of water varies with temperature, with a maximum at +4 degrees Celsius, thermal stratification is an important physical characteristic of a lake that controls the

6272: 1501:, is a shallow saline feature that can be found in low-lying areas of arid regions and in groundwater discharge zones. These features are typically classified as 6208: 1509:, because they are periodically flooded by rain or flood events and then dry up during drier intervals, leaving accumulations of brines and evaporitic minerals. 1300:, sedimentation, chemistry, and other aspects of individual lakes. First, the colder, denser water typically forms a layer near the bottom, which is called the 5626:

Currey, Donald R. (1990). "Quaternary palaeolakes in the evolution of semidesert basins, with special emphasis on Lake Bonneville and the Great Basin, U.S.A".

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Lakes may be informally classified and named according to the general chemistry of their water mass. Using this classification method, the lake types include:

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Moss, Brian; Johnes, Penny; Phillips, Geoffrey (1996). "The monitoring of ecological quality and the classification of standing waters in temperate regions".

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information concerning past environments. In addition, the organic-rich deposits of pre-Quaternary paleolakes are important either for the thick deposits of

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lakes are a form of organic lake. They form where a buildup of partly decomposed plant material in a wet environment leaves the vegetated surface below the

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Downing, J.A.; Prairie, Y. T.; Cole, J.J.; Duarte, C.M.; Tranvik, L.J.; Striegl, R.G.; McDowell, W.H.; Kortelainen, P.; Caraco, N.F.; Melack, J.M. (2006).

3865: 598:, and other lakes from the Pontocaspian occupy basins that have been separated from the sea by the tectonic uplift of the sea floor above the ocean level. 392:

It has essentially the same water level in all parts (except for relatively short-lived variations caused by wind, varying ice cover, large inflows, etc.);

3839: 3649:; Miller, Richard S. (1954). "The Ecological Survey of Animal Communities: With a Practical System of Classifying Habitats by Structural Characters". 1441:

of less than 6.5. A lake is considered to be highly acidic if its pH drops below 5.5, leading to biological consequences. Such lakes include: acidic

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Wang, Zhen-Ting; Tian-Yuan, Chen; Liu, Si-Wen; Lai, Zhong-Ping (March 2016). "Aeolian origin of interdune lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert, China".

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and North America have been either influenced or created by the latest, but not last, glaciation, to have covered the region. Glacial lakes include

4208: 2763:

The highest large (greater than 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi)) lake in the world is the 290 square kilometres (110 sq mi)

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It is also the third largest by volume, the second oldest, and the second deepest (1,470 metres (4,820 ft)) in the world, after Lake Baikal.

4160:"The regional abundance and size distribution of lakes and reservoirs in the United States and implications for estimates of global lake extent" 1019:

is a unique landscape of megadunes and elongated interdunal aeolian lakes, particularly concentrated in the southeastern margin of the desert.

3158:, which is also the highest navigable body of water on Earth at 3,812 metres (12,507 ft) above sea level. (The much larger – and older – 6055: 5610: 5584: 5350: 4980: 4830: 4726: 4701: 4643: 4583: 4447: 3730: 3703: 3508: 2860:

in the world: about 5,250 kilometres (3,260 mi), excluding the coastline of its many inner islands. Even if it is considered two lakes,

1337:. Consequently, the layers of sediment at the bottom of a meromictic lake remain relatively undisturbed, which allows for the development of 2569:

mission appear to show lakes of liquid sulfur in volcanic caldera, though these are more analogous to lakes of lava than of water on Earth.

2660:, which is despite its name considered as a lake from the point of view of geography. Its surface area is 143,000 sq. mi./371,000 km. 2448: 5899: 1386:

Lakes are informally classified and named according to the seasonal variation in their lake level and volume. Some of the names include:

3525: 6032: 6265: 3284: 2576:

has only one confirmed lake which is underground and near the south pole. Although the surface of Mars is too cold and has too little

2108:, a measure of transparency. The Secchi disk is commonly used to test for eutrophication. For a detailed look at these processes, see 5775: 5669: 4894: 1740: 406:

suspended in the water is captured by the basins (for this to happen they need to have a sufficiently small inflow-to-volume ratio);

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Håkanson, Lars (2012). "Lakes on Earth, Different Types". In Bengtsson, Lars; Herschy, Reginald W.; Fairbridge, Rhodes W. (eds.).

425: 344:, and neither term has an internationally accepted definition across scientific disciplines or political boundaries. For example, 1765:

has inspired romantic poets throughout the ages, and has been an important influence on garden designs in China, Japan and Korea.

516:. The shape of lakes on Titan is very similar to those on Earth. Lakes were formerly present on the surface of Mars, but are now 1518:

is a small shallow natural depression in which water accumulates and evaporates, leaving a salt deposit, or the shallow lake of

4917: 3907: 3289: 1642:

is a paleolake that still exists but has considerably decreased in size over geological time. An example of a shrunken lake is

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for a sustained period of time. They are often low in nutrients and mildly acidic, with bottom waters low in dissolved oxygen.

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Perennial lake is a lake that has water in its basin throughout the year and is not subject to extreme fluctuations in level.

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In addition to the mode of origin, lakes have been named and classified according to various other important factors such as

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Ephemeral lake is a short-lived lake or pond. If it fills with water and dries up (disappears) seasonally it is known as an

883:. Smaller solution lakes that consist of a body of standing water in a closed depression within a karst region are known as 5366: 4465:"Valley network-fed, open-basin lakes on Mars: Distribution and implications for Noachian surface and subsurface hydrology" 3357:. However, the Caspian's large size means that for some purposes it is better modeled as a sea. Geologically, the Caspian, 353:

range in minimum sizes for a body of water from 2 hectares (5 acres) to 8 hectares (20 acres). Pioneering animal ecologist

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in Alaska. Two oxbow lakes – a short one at the bottom of the picture and a longer, more curved one at the middle-right.

275: 62: 1683:. Although of significantly less economic importance, strata deposited along the shore of paleolakes sometimes contain 1593:

lacustrine landforms, such as relict lake plains and coastal landforms that form recognizable relict shorelines called

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Rzętała, Mariusz; Jagus, Andrzej (May 2011). "New lake district in Europe: Origin and hydrochemical characteristics".

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Myers, W. Bradley; Hamilton, Warren (1964). "Deformation Accompanying the Hebgen Lake Earthquake of August 17, 1959".

2890:, with an area of 5,542 square kilometres (2,140 sq mi) and a maximum length of 123 kilometres (76 mi). 2221:: Algae present in the littoral zone, not in a state of suspension nor attached to a substratum (such as a macrophyte) 1404:

is a popular name for an ephemeral lake that contains water only intermediately at irregular and infrequent intervals.

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The number of lakes on Earth is undetermined because most lakes and ponds are very small and do not appear on maps or

6212: 4961:"Recent Cases and Geomorphic Evidence of Landslide-Dammed Lakes and Related Hazards in the Mountains of Central Asia" 3616: 1839:

on the basis of their richness in nutrients, which typically affect plant growth. Nutrient-poor lakes are said to be

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With the exception of criterion 3, the others have been accepted or elaborated upon by other hydrology publications.

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Tracking environmental change using lake sediments. Volume 1: basin analysis, coring, and chronological techniques.

3369:. Politically, the distinction between a sea and a lake may affect how the Caspian is treated by international law. 2320: 1534: 3524:

Williams, Penny; Whitfield, Mericia; Biggs, Jeremy; Bray, Simon; Fox, Gill; Nicolet, Pascale; Sear, David (2004).

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show liquid ethane on the surface, which is thought to be mixed with liquid methane. The largest lake on Titan is

1711: 996:. Aeolian lakes consist of lake basins dammed by wind-blown sand; interdunal lakes that lie between well-oriented 3899: 3526:"Comparative biodiversity of rivers, streams, ditches and ponds in an agricultural landscape in Southern England" 3245: 2971:, in the United States. However, it is sometimes considered part of Lake Michigan-Huron, making the record go to 1012:, United States, was originally a shallow natural lake and an example of a lake basin dammed by wind-blown sand. 4437: 3877: 6888: 3873: 3847: 3646: 3394: 2508: 2170:: Transition zone commonly aligned with stratified lakes' metalimnions – too deep for macrophytes but includes 1632: 354: 3133: 2872: 2853: 1550:

is a large volume of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression.

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of Mount Mazama around 4860 BCE. Other volcanic lakes are created when either rivers or streams are dammed by

3309: – Major subdivisions of lakes, for a description of the difference between exorheic and endorheic lakes 2019:

is the study of inland bodies of water and related ecosystems. Limnology divides lakes into three zones: the

2768: 1973: 1893: 1001: 743: 621:

lakes). They form where there is no natural outlet, a high evaporation rate and the drainage surface of the

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Schnurrenberger, Douglas (2003). "Classification of lacustrine sediments based on sedimentary components".

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ponds, and residual water bodies following river regulation. Same for the Lusatian Lake District, Germany.

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Patrick, R.; Binetti, V. P.; Halterman, S. G. (1981). "Acid lakes from natural and anthropogenic causes".

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Drago, Edmundo C. (21 November 2007). Iriondo, Martín H.; Paggi, Juan César; Parma, María Julieta (eds.).

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when conditions are right, and animals, many of which are very rare. Gradually, the lake closes and young

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is considered a lake, it is the largest in Eurasia, but is divided between the two geographic continents)

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and nowadays is a contiguous body of water with the sea, others consider that it has turned into a small

1312:. Finally, overlying the metalimnion is a surface layer of warmer water with a lower density, called the 349:

reason, simple size-based definitions are increasingly used to separate ponds and lakes. Definitions for

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Ancient Chinese cultural landscape, the West Lake of Hangzhou, inscribed on UNESCO's World Heritage List

3306: 3274: 3071: 2976: 2386: 1718: 1616: 614: 31: 4262: 3931:"On the Composition of Drainage Networks Containing Lakes: Statistical Distribution of Lake In-Degrees" 3438: 2774: 2006: 196:

or along the courses of mature rivers, where a river channel has widened over a basin formed by eroded

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Characterizing the Stability of Titan's Northern Lakes Using Image Analysis and Mass Transfer Modeling

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degree and frequency of mixing, has a strong control over the distribution of oxygen within the lake.

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to the west, at 418 metres (1,371 ft) below sea level. It is also one of the lakes with highest

2577: 1660: 1523: 1285: 1094: 683: 529: 409:

The area measured at the mean water level exceeds an arbitrarily chosen threshold (for instance, one

227: 208:. Some parts of the world have many lakes formed by the chaotic drainage patterns left over from the 193: 85: 70: 2529: 2504: 2491: 381:

book proposes to define the term "lake" as a body of water with the following five characteristics:

6586: 6419: 6060: 5664:. AAPG Studies in Geology 46 (No. 46). The American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, OK 2668: 2123:(4,186 J·kg·K). In the daytime a lake can cool the land beside it with local winds, resulting in a 1836: 1360: 1338: 1215: 1016: 778: 441: 213: 209: 6150: 5881: 5706: 5558: 5081: 5021: 4933: 4910:

Geological Survey Professional Paper 435 – The Hebgen Lake, Montana Earthquake of August 17, 1959

4322: 4286: 4254: 4072: 3821: 3674: 3598: 3474: 3318: 3194: 3014: 3010: 2937: 2843: 2564: 2154:: The zone that is entirely above the lake's normal water level and never submerged by lake water 2052: 1514: 1185: 1141: 1009: 321: 140: 5968: 5810: 3230: 5856:

Smith, L. C.; Sheng, Y.; MacDonald, G. M.; Hinzman, L. D. (2005). "Disappearing Arctic Lakes".

2926:, Canada. Before the current city boundaries came into effect in 2001, this status was held by 6781: 6737: 6687: 6596: 6561: 5873: 5836: 5771: 5665: 5606: 5580: 5459: 5346: 5306: 4976: 4890: 4826: 4820: 4722: 4697: 4639: 4579: 4492: 4443: 4418: 4369: 4314: 4246: 4189: 4140: 4122: 4064: 4012: 3960: 3813: 3754: 3746: 3726: 3720: 3699: 3504: 3466: 3362: 2868: 2864:

alone would still have the longest coastline in the world at 2,980 kilometres (1,850 mi).

2747:, with a length of about 660 kilometres (410 mi) (measured along the lake's center line). 2516: 2424:. Other intermittent lakes are only the result of above-average precipitation in a closed, or 2109: 1651: 1247: 1219: 1113: 981: 665: 601:

Often, the tectonic action of crustal extension has created an alternating series of parallel

498: 295: 3693: 3556: 1646:, which once covered much of central North America. Two notable remnants of Lake Agassiz are 6816: 6712: 6581: 6513: 6104: 5865: 5698: 5643: 5550: 5507: 5451: 5296: 5286: 5200: 5159: 5116: 5073: 5013: 4968: 4921: 4853: 4763: 4689: 4484: 4408: 4361: 4306: 4236: 4228: 4179: 4130: 4114: 4054: 4002: 3950: 3803: 3793: 3666: 3590: 3548: 3496: 3458: 3263: 3208: 3188: 2428:, usually filling dry lake beds. This can occur in some of the driest places on earth, like 1962: 1847: 1804: 1590: 1450: 1334: 1129: 1125: 1121: 989: 889: 871: 205: 5740: 2143:

Cross sectional diagram of limnological lake zones (left) and algal community types (right)

1998: 1753: 840:

These form where sediment from the main river blocks a tributary, usually in the form of a

6786: 6707: 6692: 6646: 6626: 6313: 6194: 5797: 4945: 2972: 2933: 2919: 2883: 2764: 2757: 2744: 2717: 2645: 2425: 2101: 2088: 2064: 1927: 1903: 1808: 1595: 1537:

which precipitates a bottom crust that is subsequently modified during subaerial exposure.

1481: 1354: 1346: 1329: 1323: 1160: 1069: 965: 947: 781:

lakes in which a layer of freshwater, derived from ice and snow melt, is dammed behind an

770: 766: 762: 687: 630: 610: 606: 312: 219: 181: 178: 43: 2047:, where little sunlight can reach. The depth to which light can penetrate depends on the 727:. Among all lake types, volcanic crater lakes most closely approximate a circular shape. 6100: 5694: 5639: 5546: 5503: 5447: 5282: 5196: 5155: 5112: 5009: 4759: 4480: 4404: 4357: 4302: 4224: 4175: 4110: 4050: 3998: 3946: 3789: 3662: 3544: 3454: 1327:, with a uniform temperature and density from top to bottom at a given time of year, or 1074: 216:, as they will slowly fill in with sediments or spill out of the basin containing them. 6883: 6631: 6328: 4135: 4094: 3955: 3930: 3594: 3159: 3026: 2915: 2894: 2725: 2699:

is also the greatest in the world (749 metres (2,457 ft)). It is also the world's

2621: 2499: 2486: 2468: 2417: 2335: 2316: 2171: 2037: 1989: 1919: 1863: 1824: 1796: 1773: 1553: 1519: 1484:). Examples include the Great Salt Lake in Utah, and the Dead Sea in southwestern Asia. 1149: 1117: 1105: 1086: 479: 286: 265: 247: 231: 163: 5301: 5266: 3552: 2273: 2234: 972:

is a landslide lake dating back to the last glaciation in Wales some 20000 years ago.

6877: 6717: 6551: 5926: 5647: 5562: 5511: 5085: 5077: 5025: 4960: 4742:

Veillette, Julie; Mueller, Derek R.; Antoniades, Dermot; Vincent, Warwick F. (2008).

4258: 3825: 3478: 3269: 3155: 3145: 3141: 3109: 3067: 2968: 2961: 2957: 2887: 2810: 2676: 2616: 2541: 2421: 2409: 2161: 2076: 2021: 1993: 1664: 1647: 1639: 1350: 1156: 1102: 1098: 1065: 915: 810: 793:

Fluvial (or riverine) lakes are lakes produced by running water. These lakes include

724: 654: 160: 156: 81: 66: 5885: 5710: 5164: 5139: 4158:

McDonald, Cory P.; Rover, Jennifer A.; Stets, Edward G.; Striegl, Robert G. (2012).

4076: 3602: 2331: 6702: 6399: 6170: 5204: 4326: 3366: 3257: 3236: 3222: 3180: 3033: 2947: 2876: 2708: 2641: 2581: 2520: 2495: 2475: 2429: 2043: 1939: 1858: 1643: 1565: 1446: 1417: 1342: 1252: 1199: 1109: 993: 919: 755: 739: 716: 700: 618: 517: 509: 491: 487: 51: 4693: 4035:"Does the Pareto distribution adequately describe the size-distribution of lakes?" 2728:

is considered by some to be the second-oldest lake on Earth, but since it lies at

1769: 1585:) is a lake that existed in the past when hydrological conditions were different. 1028:

cut off from larger lakes by a bar; or lakes divided by the meeting of two spits.

340:

There is considerable uncertainty about defining the difference between lakes and

5790: 5455: 4488: 4365: 2607:

for "lake") because they were thought by early astronomers to be lakes of water.

6481: 6476: 6439: 5327: 4972: 4857: 4688:. Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. Dordrecht: Springer. pp. 471–472. 3350: 3346: 3324: 3312: 3300: 3251: 3119: 3095: 3091: 3081: 2999: 2953: 2927: 2713: 2684: 2657: 2626: 2549: 2545: 2537: 2433: 2128: 2096: 2080: 2027: 1884: 1876: 1828: 1700: 1680: 1663:

of many basins; and their sediments contain enormous quantities of geologic and

1624: 1620: 1601: 1489: 1308: 1302: 1281: 1236: 1137: 1133: 1049: 875: 794: 774: 747: 692: 670:

Volcanic lakes are lakes that occupy either local depressions, e.g. craters and

622: 595: 591: 587: 437: 345: 256: 174: 5271:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3772:

Verpoorter, Charles; Kutser, Tiit; Seekell, David A.; Tranvik, Lars J. (2014).

2821:

at 3,812 m (12,507 ft). It is also the largest lake in South America.

1857:

lakes are enriched with nutrients, resulting in good plant growth and possible

1306:. Second, normally overlying the hypolimnion is a transition zone known as the 1231: 6682: 6601: 6429: 5702: 5017: 4847: 4184: 4159: 4059: 4034: 4007: 3983:"The global abundance and size distribution of lakes, ponds, and impoundments" 3982: 3808: 3408: 3170: 3137: 3123: 2950:, Ontario, Canada, claims to be the largest lake in the world with no islands. 2861: 2636: 2630: 2592: 2552:, is almost twice the size of Lake Superior, at an estimated 150,000 km. 2533: 2382: 2362: 2124: 2002: 1841: 1785: 1628: 1623:

lakes and those that have permanently dried up, often as the result of either

1586: 1454: 1372: 1314: 1211: 1005: 955: 951: 935: 880: 853: 819: 704: 483: 197: 128: 109: 101: 47: 6250: 4496: 4422: 4373: 4250: 4193: 4126: 4068: 4016: 3964: 3817: 3758: 3470: 3248: – Air cooling using a large body of naturally cold water as a heat sink 2789: 2776: 2580:

to permit permanent surface water, geologic evidence appears to confirm that

308: 17: 6836: 6727: 6677: 6636: 6546: 6503: 6366: 6345: 5869: 3358: 3354: 3216: 3105: 3057: 3046: 2991: 2941: 2900: 2729: 2556: 2453: 2342: 2324: 2312: 2048: 2016: 1985: 1950: 1931: 1888: 1869: 1853: 1758: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1547: 1462: 1366: 1203: 1061: 997: 927: 894:

Classic examples of solution lakes are abundant in the karst regions at the

782: 708: 679: 658: 649: 583: 502: 472: 429: 378: 362: 223: 185: 152: 105: 5877: 5463: 5310: 4908: 4318: 4144: 3695:

Principles of Water Resources: History, Development, Management, and Policy

2315:'Lake Badwater', a lake only noted after heavy winter and spring rainfall, 2079:

fish stir the mud in search of food and can be the cause of turbid waters.

805: 304: 6229: 5925:

Wasiak, F. C.; Hames, H.; Chevrier, V. F.; Blackburn, D. G. (March 2010).

4342:"Constraints on Titan's topography through fractal analysis of shorelines" 3624: 3390: 3025:

at a latitude of 82°28'N. It is 5.2 kilometres (3.2 mi) southwest of

2875:, with a surface area of 2,766 square kilometres (1,068 sq mi). 2540:

which, at an estimated 400,000 km, is roughly five times the size of

887:

Limestone caves often contain pools of standing water, which are known as

735: 357:

regarded lakes as waterbodies of 40 hectares (99 acres) or more. The term

234:, for ecological or recreational purposes, or for other human activities. 6796: 6760: 6750: 6641: 6521: 6323: 6285: 6109: 6084: 5554: 5291: 4768: 4743: 4413: 4388: 4232: 3798: 3773: 3462: 2893:

The largest lake in the world that drains naturally in two directions is

2831: 2721: 2464: 2463:

Some lakes disappear because of human development factors. The shrinking

2413: 2366: 2338: 2084: 2072: 1935: 1914: 1816: 1800: 1762: 1401: 1264: 1263:, oxygen saturation, seasonal variations in lake volume and water level, 1207: 1085:

Artificial lakes or anthropogenic lakes are large waterbodies created by

959: 895: 867: 817:

The most common type of fluvial lake is a crescent-shaped lake called an

703:. The caldera was created in a massive volcanic eruption that led to the 675: 638: 634: 445: 403: 396: 170: 113: 89: 55: 4744:"Arctic epishelf lakes as sentinel ecosystems: Past, present and future" 4310: 3774:"A global inventory of lakes based on high-resolution satellite imagery" 2519:

other than Earth is known to harbor large lakes: Saturn's largest moon,

2349:

The lake may be infilled with deposited sediment and gradually become a

1321:

Based upon their thermal stratification, lakes are classified as either

785:

that is attached to the coastline. They are mostly found in Antarctica.

104:

and account for almost all the world's surface freshwater, but some are

6722: 6662: 6616: 6606: 6541: 6451: 6335: 3678: 3108:

when filled; the largest permanent (and freshwater) lake in Oceania is

3018: 2923: 2908: 2904: 2818: 2692: 2378: 2350: 2116: 2051:

of the water, which is determined by the density and size of suspended

2010: 1923: 1907: 1880: 1789: 1725: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1631:

in California, United States. Former lakes are a common feature of the

1561: 1420:

for a shallow lake which varies considerably in level with the seasons.

1289: 1268:

cultures and regions of the world have their own popular nomenclature.

1093:

of rivers and streams, rerouting of water to inundate a previously dry

1090: 923: 903: 899: 457: 410: 201: 189: 132: 6245: 5490:

Witham, Fred; Llewellin, Edward W. (2006). "Stability of lava lakes".

5234:

Loffler, H. (1957). "Die klimatischen Typen des holomiktischen Sees".

4118: 2914:

The largest lake completely within the boundaries of a single city is

226:, and are usually constructed for industrial or agricultural use, for 6846: 6831: 6826: 6791: 6765: 6745: 6667: 6621: 6611: 6526: 6498: 6488: 6466: 6409: 6381: 6376: 6350: 5998: 5723: 5120: 4241: 3162:

is perceived by some to no longer be genuinely a lake, but a lagoon.)

3022: 2980: 2839: 2835: 2560: 1605: 1557: 1445:

occupying abandoned mines and excavations; naturally acidic lakes of

1240: 720: 696: 602: 513: 468: 449: 386: 144: 124: 97: 6025:"NASA Statement on Possible Subsurface Lake near Martian South Pole" 5575:

Goudie, A. (2008). "Arid Climates and Indicators". Gornitz, V. ed.,

3670: 3070:, also the third-largest freshwater lake on Earth. It is one of the 6083:

Matsubara, Yo; Howard, Alan D.; Drummond, Sarah A. (1 April 2011).

2879:, on Manitoulin Island, is the largest lake on an island in a lake. 2389:, trees can grow in, eventually turning the wetland into a forest. 2381:, the presence of peat is explained by the infilling of historical 1845:

and are generally clear, having a low concentration of plant life.

6821: 6811: 6801: 6672: 6591: 6571: 6536: 6531: 6493: 6471: 6456: 6446: 6424: 6404: 6371: 6340: 6308: 6281: 5900:"More Than Half of World's Large Lakes Are Drying Up, Study Finds" 4925: 4389:"Comparison of Titan's north polar lakes with terrestrial analogs" 2995: 2635: 2620: 2604: 2490: 2405: 2358: 2354: 2330: 2307: 2138: 2068: 2060: 1997: 1899: 1898: 1779: 1768: 1752: 1395: 1297: 1293: 1246: 1230: 1165: 1073: 969: 931: 841: 832:

These form where sediment from a tributary blocks the main river.

804: 734: 712: 648: 464: 424: 148: 136: 93: 61: 42: 4538:

A Treatise on Limnology. Vol.1, Geography, Physics, and Chemistry

3315: – End of a river where it flows into a larger body of water 2679:

would be the largest lake at 82,100 km (31,700 square miles)

385:

It partially or totally fills one or several basins connected by

6841: 6755: 6461: 6414: 6318: 3623:. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. 22 January 2009. Archived from 3294: 2847: 2814: 2588: 2573: 2437: 2370: 1958: 1954: 1526:, a method of extracting salt from brine using large open pans.) 1413: 1145: 1045: 985: 671: 626: 341: 259: 250: 120: 116:. Lakes vary significantly in surface area and volume of water. 6254: 6056:"Temporary Lakes Once Filled and Refilled Across Mars' Surface" 4959:

Schneider, Jean F.; Gruber, Fabian E.; Mergili, Martin (2013).

1795:

Lakes have numerous features in addition to lake type, such as

1004:

formed by wind action under previously arid paleoenvironments.

6806: 6576: 4963:. In Margottini, Claudio; Canuti, Paolo; Sassa, Kyoji (eds.). 2733: 2672: 2374: 2268: 2229: 1694: 463:

Most lakes have at least one natural outflow in the form of a

5944:"Astronomers estimate Titan's largest sea is 1,000 feet deep" 4885:

Neuendorf, K.K.E., Mehl Jr., J.P., and Jackson, J.A. (2005).

2548:

of North America combined. The second largest Titanean lake,

6195:

Largest island in a lake on an island in a lake on an island

4721:. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. pp. 96–97. 3439:"The Fractal Scaling Relationship for River Inlets to Lakes" 2756:

lake, if size is not a criterion, may be the crater lake of

2443:

Sometimes a lake will disappear quickly. On 3 June 2005, in

2100:, a 20-cm (8 in) disk with alternating white and black 1112:, or a combination of both. Artificial lakes may be used as 586:

occupying rift valleys, e.g. Central African Rift lakes and

329:('slow flowing stream'). Also related are the English words 80:

is an often naturally occurring, relatively large and fixed

6169:. Ramsar Wetlands International. p. 77. Archived from 4849:

The Middle Paraná River: Limnology of a Subtropical Wetland

2563:

deposits on the surface. Some photographs taken during the

1812: 1438: 6240: 4436:

Cabrol, Nathalie A.; Grin, Edmond A. (15 September 2010).

2115:

A lake moderates the surrounding region's temperature and

2104:. The depth at which the disk is no longer visible is the 1522:

that occupies a salt pan. (The term "salt pan" comes from

5577:

Encyclopedia of paleoclimatology and ancient environments

4576:

Paleolimnology: The History and Evolution of Lake Systems

3437:

Seekell, D.; Cael, B.; Lindmark, E.; Byström, P. (2021).

2087:) fish, thus increasing the amount of algae (see aquatic 1619:

is a paleolake that no longer exists. Such lakes include

279: 92:. Lakes lie completely on land and are separate from the 5332:. Washington, DC, United States Army Corps of Engineers. 3866:"The Atlas of Canada: Physical Components of Watersheds" 3501:

Hydrological and Limnological Aspects of Lake Monitoring

3136:, which is hydrologically a single lake. However, lakes 1568:. They were detected by the Cassini–Huygens space probe. 1461:

of active and dormant volcanoes; and lakes acidified by

1037:

beaver dams, coral lakes, or dams formed by vegetation.

139:

regions of oceans or large lakes. Most lakes are fed by

5422:

Acidic Pit Lakes, Environmental Science and Engineering

5409:

Compendium of South African history and geography, 3rd.

5257: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5249: 4889:

5th revised and enlarged ed. Berlin: Springer. Approx.

4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 2559:

is volcanically active, leading to the accumulation of

2284: 2245: 298: 5823:

5603:

Water Quality Modeling: Rivers, Streams, and Estuaries

5132: 5130: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4207:

Cael, B. B.; Heathcote, A. J.; Seekell, D. A. (2017).

2392:

Some lakes can disappear seasonally. These are called

2063:

acting upon it. These particles can be sedimentary or

1627:

or human intervention. An example of a former lake is

637:. Another type of tectonic lake caused by faulting is 5660:

Gierlowski-Kordesch, E. and Kelts, K.R. eds. (2000).

5177: 5175: 4463:

Fassett, Caleb I.; Head, James W. (1 November 2008).

3976: 3974: 3751:

International Journal of Ecohydrology et Hydrobiology

3349:

is generally regarded by geographers, biologists and

3144:

are usually considered separate lakes, in which case

2940:

is the only saltwater lake in the world inhabited by

2695:, with a bottom at 1,637 metres (5,371 ft). Its 2629:

is either the world's largest lake or a full-fledged

2083:

fish contribute to turbidity by eating plant-eating (

1851:

have good clarity and an average level of nutrients.

1174:

List of notable artificial lakes in the United States

1081:, Germany, Europe's largest artificial lake district. 84:

on or near the Earth's surface. It is localized in a

5579:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 45–51. 3490: 3488: 3297: – Scottish Gaelic word for a lake or sea inlet 2094:

The light depth or transparency is measured using a

1969:

commonly used to track past paleontological events.

1799:(also known as catchment area), inflow and outflow, 1757:

Lakes can have significant cultural importance. The

1600:

Paleolakes can also be recognized by characteristic

268: 6774: 6736: 6655: 6560: 6512: 6390: 6359: 6301: 4528: 4526: 1589:paleolakes can often be identified on the basis of 1202:with the Earth by extraterrestrial objects (either 96:, although they may be connected with the ocean by 5390: 5388: 5386: 5384: 4524: 4522: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4508: 4506: 2544:(~80,000 km) and nearly the size of all five 478:Many lakes are artificial and are constructed for 5628:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 5596: 5594: 5592: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4340:Sharma, Priyanka; Byrne, Shane (1 October 2010). 3327: – Mountain lake or pool in a glacial cirque 2663:The second largest lake by surface area, and the 2035:, where sunlight is abundant; and the deep-water 5322: 5320: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 3266: – River estuary lagoon in Black Sea region 2988:largest lake on an island in a lake on an island 2802:, 5,018 metres (16,463 ft) above sea level. 2059:if its weight is less than the random turbidity 1875:Due to the unusual relationship between water's 1382:By seasonal variations in water level and volume 852:Lakes formed by other processes responsible for 777:, and epishelf lakes. Epishelf lakes are highly 5229: 5227: 4825:. University of California Press. p. 485. 4822:A Natural History of California: Second Edition 4748:Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 324: 5751:Bulletin of the Peoria Scientific Association. 5492:Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 5219:Handbuch der Seenkunde. Allgemeine Limnologie. 4881: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4867: 4569: 4567: 988:environments, although some aeolian lakes are 629:content. Examples of these salt lakes include 303:('water pooled in a riverbed, puddle') as in: 274:('pond, ditch, slow moving stream'), from the 6266: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4547: 4088: 4086: 2907:is in what is probably the largest resurgent 2408:. A prime example of an intermittent lake is 2377:. In lowland river valleys where a river can 8: 5825:"Lake's disappearing act stuns Russian town" 5236:Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft 4209:"The volume and mean depth of Earth's lakes" 4033:Seekell, David A.; Pace, Michael L. (2011). 3617:"Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS)" 315: 30:"Lakes" redirects here. For other uses, see 5841:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 4093:Cael, B. B.; Seekell, D. A. (8 July 2016). 2983:, the largest lake within one jurisdiction. 2180:: Sedimentary zone containing no vegetation 369:, and a lesser number of names ending with 361:is also used to describe a feature such as 289: 119:Lakes are typically larger and deeper than 27:Large inland body of relatively still water 6273: 6259: 6251: 5411:Institution Press, Lovedale, South Africa. 5341:Poehls, D.J. and Smith, G.J. eds. (2009). 1604:deposits that accumulated in them and any 1564:that occupy depressions on the surface of 6108: 5999:"The Nine Planets Solar System Tour – Io" 5931:. Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 5300: 5290: 5163: 4767: 4412: 4240: 4183: 4134: 4058: 4006: 3954: 3807: 3797: 1945:The material at the bottom of a lake, or 1741:Learn how and when to remove this message 1675:contained in them, or as source rocks of 1180:Meteorite (extraterrestrial impact) lakes 1097:, or the deliberate filling of abandoned 571:meteorite (extraterrestrial impact) lakes 508:Extraterrestrial lakes exist on the moon 5791:Ponds and Lakes. Lessons from Biologists 5478:Volcanic Lakes, Advances in Volcanology, 5343:Encyclopedic dictionary of hydrogeology. 4095:"The size-distribution of Earth's lakes" 3495:Kuusisto, Esko; Hyvärinen, Veli (2000). 3260: – Lake-dwelling entity in folklore 2644:, 2,864 feet (873 m) above sea level in 1868:of little use to humans and have a poor 1089:. They can be formed by the intentional 723:was created when a lava flow dammed the 5942:Friedlander, Blaine (20 January 2021). 4634:Håkanson, Lars; Jansson, Matts (1983). 4387:Sharma, Priyanka; Byrne, Shane (2011). 3722:Hydrology and Water Resources of Africa 3503:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 4–5. 3382: 3338: 3254: – Group of lakes in North America 2665:largest freshwater lake by surface area 1949:, may be composed of a wide variety of 238:Etymology, meaning, and usage of "lake" 88:or interconnected basins surrounded by 6085:"Hydrology of early Mars: Lake basins" 5834: 5811:Wet Winter Brings Life to Death Valley 5398:Springer Science & Business Media. 5101:Geological Society of America Bulletin 4941: 4931: 4788:"Geomorphology and Hydrology of Lakes" 3747:"Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology 2004" 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3303: – Shallow lake, pond, or wetland 2587:There are dark basaltic plains on the 1370:, which is sometimes referred to as a 482:power generation, aesthetic purposes, 395:It does not have regular intrusion of 6126:"Is The Caspian Sea a Sea Or A Lake?" 5267:"The Thermal Classification of Lakes" 5221:J. von Engelhorn, Stuttgart, Germany. 4781: 4779: 4578:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4028: 4026: 3698:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 83. 2203:: Algae that grow on (or within) sand 2127:; in the night it can warm it with a 797:, fluviatile dams and meander lakes. 285:('to leak, drain'). Cognates include 169:Natural lakes are generally found in 7: 5768:Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems 5605:. New Delhi: New India Pub. Agency. 4686:Encyclopedia of Lakes and Reservoirs 4638:(1st ed.). New York: Springer. 3900:"Suomi, 57 000 – 168 000 järven maa" 3045:The largest lakes (surface area) by 2990:is Crater Lake on Vulcano Island in 2760:, at 6,390 metres (20,965 ft). 1723:adding citations to reliable sources 1437:contains water with a below-neutral 1243:were formed by a retreating glacier. 432:'s shape and depth as a gradient map 166:and do not have any inflow streams. 5424:, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2967:The largest lake in one country is 2215:: Algae that grow on living animals 2025:, a sloped area close to land; the 1872:due to decreased dissolved oxygen. 1635:area of southwestern North America. 1210:). Examples of meteorite lakes are 1195: 914:A landslide lake is created by the 590:. Other well-known tectonic lakes, 436:The majority of lakes on Earth are 230:generation, for supplying domestic 6207:Hämäläinen, Arto (November 2001). 5662:Lake Basins Through Space and Time 5394:Last, W.M. and Smol, J.P. (2001). 3956:10.1111/j.1538-4632.1983.tb00772.x 3595:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1996.tb00750.x 3285:List of lakes of the United States 1611:There are two types of paleolake: 984:. These lakes are found mainly in 938:, which formed as a result of the 204:. Some lakes are found in caverns 25: 6211:. Virtual Finland. Archived from 6209:"Saimaa – Finland's largest lake" 6054:Gohd, Chelsea (5 November 2018). 5480:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 5476:Rouwet, D. et al. (eds.) (2015). 5420:Geller, W. et al. (eds.) (2013). 5329:Glossary of Biolimnological Terms 3365:seas are remnants of the ancient 2882:The largest lake on an island is 2701:largest freshwater lake by volume 2361:. Large water plants, typically 5809:Chadwick, Alex (3 March 2005), " 5512:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.07.004 5078:10.1111/j.1747-6593.2011.00269.x 4717:Johnson, Daniel M., ed. (1985). 4636:Principles of Lake Sedimentology 3850:. 12 August 2009. Archived from 3229: 3215: 3201: 3187: 3173: 3036:- those over a million years old 2867:The largest island in a lake is 2272: 2233: 2209:: Algae that grow on macrophytes 1913:Since the surface water of deep 1699: 6089:Journal of Geophysical Research 6023:Greicius, Tony (25 July 2018). 5528:"The bathymetry of a Titan sea" 5165:10.1016/j.quascirev.2016.03.019 4918:United States Geological Survey 3908:National Land Survey of Finland 3753:. Index Copernicus: 381. 2004. 3290:List of largest lakes of Europe 2809:commercially navigable lake is 1710:needs additional citations for 1198:), are created by catastrophic 1190:Meteorite lakes, also known as 255:('lake, pond, waterway'), from 212:. All lakes are temporary over 5747:. Western Kentucky University. 5205:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.07.023 4998:Arabian Journal of Geosciences 4965:Landslide Science and Practice 3876:. 4 March 2009. Archived from 3126:, both in northwestern Russia. 2691:lake in the world, located in 2640:Round Tangle Lake, one of the 2595:but smaller, which are called 2191:: Algae that grow on sediments 2119:because water has a very high 1218:in northeast Siberia, and the 980:Aeolian lakes are produced by 505:superlinearly with lake area. 402:A considerable portion of the 143:, and both fed and drained by 127:, which are generally shallow 1: 5770:. San Diego: Academic Press. 5066:Water and Environment Journal 4852:. Springer. pp. 83–122. 4819:Schoenherr, Allan A. (2017). 4694:10.1007/978-1-4020-4410-6_202 3553:10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00153-8 2005:are the glacial lakes of the 992:landforms indicative of arid 532:published a monograph titled 264:('pond, pool, stream'), from 220:Artificially controlled lakes 6246:LakeNet Global Lake Database 5648:10.1016/0031-0182(90)90113-L 5535:Geophysical Research Letters 5456:10.1126/science.211.4481.446 4967:. Springer. pp. 57–64. 4489:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.06.016 4393:Geophysical Research Letters 4366:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.04.023 4213:Geophysical Research Letters 3840:"The Atlas of Canada: Lakes" 3778:Geophysical Research Letters 3499:. In Pertti Heinonen (ed.). 3443:Geophysical Research Letters 2654:largest lake by surface area 2584:once formed on the surface. 1922:if there is even a trace of 1227:Other classification methods 870:that form part of the local 192:. Other lakes are found in 4973:10.1007/978-3-642-31319-6_9 4858:10.1007/978-3-540-70624-3_4 2502:, as seen in a false-color 1883:, lakes form layers called 1140:, or to provide an aquatic 940:1959 Hebgen Lake earthquake 155:without any outflow, while 6910: 6859: 5365:. vlada.si. Archived from 5144:Quaternary Science Reviews 4860:– via Springer Link. 4164:Limnology and Oceanography 4039:Limnology and Oceanography 3987:Limnology and Oceanography 2614: 2484: 2473: 2321:Death Valley National Park 2197:: Algae that grow on rocks 1983: 1535:ephemeral acid saline lake 1183: 1059: 902:and within large parts of 753: 663: 512:, which orbits the planet 486:purposes, industrial use, 29: 6855: 6292: 5741:"The Lake as a Microcosm" 5683:Journal of Paleolimnology 5018:10.1007/s12517-015-2062-6 4185:10.4319/lo.2012.57.2.0597 4060:10.4319/lo.2011.56.1.0350 4008:10.4319/lo.2006.51.5.2388 3725:. Springer. p. 427. 3647:Elton, Charles Sutherland 3246:Deep water source cooling 2385:. In the final stages of 1932:the disaster at Lake Nyos 1542:Composed of other liquids 1357:, and oligomictic lakes. 1353:, warm monomictic lakes, 1272:By thermal stratification 1194:(not to be confused with 742:is a glacial lake in the 715:. The basin which is now 674:, or larger basins, e.g. 625:has a higher-than-normal 112:even higher than that of 6241:ILEC World Lake Database 5363:"Lakes – Aquatic Havens" 5345:Academic Press. p. 517. 5326:Gangstad, E.O., (1979). 5044:Waikato Regional Council 3874:Natural Resources Canada 3848:Natural Resources Canada 3395:Encyclopaedia Britannica 2767:(Pumuoyong Tso), in the 2509:synthetic aperture radar 2498:north polar hydrocarbon 2447:, Russia, a lake called 2055:. A particle will be in 1972:Natural lakes provide a 454:deranged drainage system 69:during a storm near the 6235:Encyclopædia Britannica 5870:10.1126/science.1108142 5766:Wetzel, Robert (2001). 5726:. UNESCO (24 June 2011) 5703:10.1023/A:1023270324800 5138:Melles, Martin (2016). 3929:Mark, David M. (1983). 3692:Thomas V. Cech (2009). 3533:Biological Conservation 3321: – Type of wetland 3007:northernmost named lake 2769:Tibet Autonomous Region 2184:Algal community types: 1894:deep lake water cooling 1533:is another name for an 534:A Treatise on Limnology 299: 294:('lake, pond, ditch'), 281: 270: 260: 251: 188:and areas with ongoing 159:are filled directly by 5601:Manivanan, R. (2008). 5265:; Löffler, H. (1956). 3651:The Journal of Ecology 3280:List of lakes by depth 2858:longest lake coastline 2648: 2633: 2611:Notable lakes on Earth 2525:spectroscopic analysis 2512: 2481:Extraterrestrial lakes 2460:away into the ground. 2445:Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 2346: 2328: 2281:This section is empty. 2242:This section is empty. 2144: 2121:specific heat capacity 2013: 1910: 1792: 1777: 1766: 1261:thermal stratification 1256: 1244: 1082: 1079:Lusatian Lake District 814: 751: 661: 440:, and most lie in the 433: 325: 320:('pool, puddle'), and 316: 290: 73: 59: 36:Lakes (disambiguation) 6151:Ojos del Salado 6893m 5977:European Space Agency 4719:Atlas of Oregon Lakes 4574:Cohen, A. S. (2003). 3935:Geographical Analysis 3307:Open and closed lakes 3275:List of lakes by area 3148:would be the largest. 3072:Great Lakes of Africa 2977:Northwest Territories 2639: 2624: 2555:Jupiter's large moon 2494: 2485:Further information: 2334: 2311: 2142: 2135:Biological properties 2067:in origin (including 2001: 1902: 1783: 1772: 1756: 1556:are bodies of liquid 1457:in northern regions; 1250: 1234: 1196:volcanic crater lakes 1077: 808: 738: 652: 428: 151:, but some lakes are 135:or other material at 65: 46: 32:Lake (disambiguation) 6894:Lacustrine landforms 6862:Geographical feature 6698:Volcanic crater lake 6215:on 14 February 2008. 6124:Sen Nag, Oishimaya. 6110:10.1029/2010JE003739 5829:The Montana Standard 5555:10.1002/2013GL058618 5292:10.1073/pnas.42.2.84 4887:Glossary of Geology, 4769:10.1029/2008JG000730 4414:10.1029/2011GL049577 4287:"The lakes of Titan" 4233:10.1002/2016GL071378 3904:maanmittauslaitos.fi 3799:10.1002/2014GL060641 3562:on 12 September 2011 3497:"Hydrology of Lakes" 3463:10.1029/2021GL093366 3449:(9): e2021GL093366. 3041:Largest by continent 2578:atmospheric pressure 2404:and can be found in 2373:may form, forming a 2341:, 15 February 2007. 1784:Five Flower Lake in 1719:improve this article 1524:open-pan salt making 1288:and Löffler. As the 699:, in the caldera of 530:G. Evelyn Hutchinson 214:long periods of time 71:Ludington Lighthouse 6101:2011JGRE..116.4001M 5796:14 May 2008 at the 5695:2003JPall..29..141S 5640:1990PPP....76..189C 5547:2014GeoRL..41.1432M 5504:2006JVGR..158..321W 5448:1981Sci...211..446P 5407:Theal, G.M., 1877. 5283:1956PNAS...42...84H 5217:Forel, F.A., 1901. 5197:2015Geomo.248..327D 5156:2016QSRv..147..221W 5113:2010GSAB..122..109M 5010:2016ArJG....9..190W 4760:2008JGRG..113.4014V 4481:2008Icar..198...37F 4405:2011GeoRL..3824203S 4358:2010Icar..209..723S 4311:10.1038/nature05438 4303:2007Natur.445...61S 4225:2017GeoRL..44..209C 4176:2012LimOc..57..597M 4111:2016NatSR...629633C 4051:2011LimOc..56..350S 3999:2006LimOc..51.2388D 3947:1983GeoAn..15...97M 3790:2014GeoRL..41.6396V 3719:Shahin, M. (2002). 3663:1954JEcol..42..460E 3545:2004BCons.115..329W 3455:2021GeoRL..4893366S 3134:Lake Michigan–Huron 2873:Lake Michigan-Huron 2854:Lake Michigan–Huron 2786: / 2669:Lake Michigan-Huron 2323:, 9 February 2005. 1493:, also known as an 1361:Lake stratification 1339:lacustrine deposits 1017:Badain Jaran Desert 653:The crater lake of 568:anthropogenic lakes 442:Northern Hemisphere 276:Proto-Indo-European 228:hydroelectric power 194:depressed landforms 6095:(E04001): E04001. 5749:(First printed in 5737:Forbes, Stephen A. 5369:on 26 October 2017 4540:. New York: Wiley. 4099:Scientific Reports 3809:20.500.12210/62355 3583:Biological Reviews 3319:Slough (hydrology) 3195:Environment portal 3032:There are only 20 3015:Qikiqtaaluk Region 3011:Upper Dumbell Lake 2938:Dominican Republic 2930:, also in Sudbury. 2649: 2634: 2523:. Photographs and 2513: 2394:intermittent lakes 2347: 2329: 2174:algae and bacteria 2145: 2014: 1911: 1835:Lakes can be also 1793: 1778: 1767: 1472:, also known as a 1425:By water chemistry 1416:is a name used in 1257: 1245: 1186:Impact crater lake 1114:storage reservoirs 1083: 815: 752: 662: 434: 74: 60: 6871: 6870: 6782:Artificial island 6688:Submarine volcano 6597:Continental shelf 6564:coastal landforms 6360:Continental plain 6295:List of landforms 6061:Discover magazine 5948:Cornell Chronicle 5800:. aquahabitat.com 5612:978-81-89422-93-6 5585:978-1-4020-4411-3 5351:978-0-12-558690-0 5263:Hutchinson, G. E. 4982:978-3-642-31318-9 4832:978-0-520-96455-6 4728:978-0-87071-343-9 4703:978-1-4020-5617-8 4645:978-3-540-12645-4 4585:978-0-19-513353-0 4534:Hutchinson, G. E. 4449:978-0-08-093162-3 4265:on 24 August 2021 4119:10.1038/srep29633 3870:atlas.nrcan.gc.ca 3854:on 15 April 2012. 3844:atlas.nrcan.gc.ca 3784:(18): 6396–6402. 3732:978-1-4020-0866-5 3705:978-0-470-13631-7 3510:978-0-470-51113-8 3353:as a huge inland 2994:on the island of 2903:on the island of 2869:Manitoulin Island 2790:28.567°N 90.400°E 2517:astronomical body 2301: 2300: 2262: 2261: 2110:lentic ecosystems 1924:volcanic activity 1848:Mesotrophic lakes 1751: 1750: 1743: 1652:Lake Winnipegosis 1554:Hydrocarbon lakes 1392:intermittent lake 1335:aerobic organisms 1220:Pingualuit crater 890:underground lakes 795:plunge pool lakes 666:Volcanogenic lake 499:satellite imagery 490:use, or domestic 296:Middle Low German 100:. Most lakes are 16:(Redirected from 6901: 6817:Land reclamation 6713:Volcanic plateau 6275: 6268: 6261: 6252: 6217: 6216: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6175: 6168: 6164:"China wetlands" 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6069: 6064:. Kalmbach Media 6051: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6040: 6031:. Archived from 6020: 6014: 6013: 6011: 6009: 5995: 5989: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5956: 5954: 5939: 5933: 5932: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5913: 5911: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5840: 5832: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5801: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5763: 5757: 5748: 5733: 5727: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5678: 5672: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5634:(3–4): 189–214. 5623: 5617: 5616: 5598: 5587: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5541:(5): 1432–1437. 5532: 5522: 5516: 5515: 5498:(3–4): 321–332. 5487: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5467: 5431: 5425: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5399: 5392: 5379: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5359: 5353: 5339: 5333: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5304: 5294: 5259: 5244: 5243: 5231: 5222: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5179: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5121:10.1130/B26474.1 5107:(1–2): 109–126. 5096: 5090: 5089: 5061: 5055: 5054: 5052: 5050: 5036: 5030: 5029: 4993: 4987: 4986: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4939: 4937: 4929: 4915: 4904: 4898: 4883: 4862: 4861: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4807: 4805: 4800:on 12 April 2017 4799: 4793:. Archived from 4792: 4783: 4774: 4773: 4771: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4681: 4650: 4649: 4631: 4590: 4589: 4571: 4542: 4541: 4530: 4501: 4500: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4433: 4427: 4426: 4416: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4337: 4331: 4330: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4261:. Archived from 4244: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4187: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4138: 4090: 4081: 4080: 4062: 4030: 4021: 4020: 4010: 3993:(5): 2388–2397. 3978: 3969: 3968: 3958: 3926: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3862: 3856: 3855: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3811: 3801: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3743: 3737: 3736: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3561: 3555:. Archived from 3530: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3492: 3483: 3482: 3434: 3421: 3420: 3418: 3416: 3411:. Dictionary.com 3405: 3399: 3398: 3387: 3370: 3343: 3239: 3234: 3233: 3225: 3220: 3219: 3211: 3209:Geography portal 3206: 3205: 3204: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3183: 3178: 3177: 3176: 2838:to the east and 2801: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2796: 2791: 2787: 2784: 2783: 2782: 2779: 2436:of west-central 2296: 2293: 2283:You can help by 2276: 2269: 2257: 2254: 2244:You can help by 2237: 2230: 2168:Littoriprofundal 1963:organic material 1930:. An example is 1805:dissolved oxygen 1746: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1703: 1695: 1394:They often fill 1355:polymictic lakes 1347:monomictic lakes 1216:Lake El'gygytgyn 1132:, for supplying 1130:flood management 1126:hydroelectricity 1056:Artificial lakes 1002:deflation basins 872:karst topography 848:Floodplain lakes 771:subglacial lakes 767:proglacial lakes 688:volcanic craters 611:endorheic basins 328: 319: 302: 293: 284: 273: 263: 254: 182:volcanic craters 21: 6909: 6908: 6904: 6903: 6902: 6900: 6899: 6898: 6889:Bodies of water 6874: 6873: 6872: 6867: 6864: 6851: 6787:Artificial reef 6770: 6732: 6708:Volcanic island 6693:Volcanic crater 6651: 6647:Volcanic island 6627:Mid-ocean ridge 6563: 6556: 6508: 6386: 6355: 6297: 6288: 6279: 6226: 6221: 6220: 6206: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6179: 6177: 6176:on 17 June 2013 6173: 6166: 6162: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6135: 6133: 6123: 6122: 6118: 6082: 6081: 6077: 6067: 6065: 6053: 6052: 6048: 6038: 6036: 6035:on 26 June 2023 6022: 6021: 6017: 6007: 6005: 6003:nineplanets.org 5997: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5980: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5952: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5909: 5907: 5898: 5897: 5893: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5833: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5808: 5804: 5798:Wayback Machine 5789: 5785: 5778: 5765: 5764: 5760: 5756:(1887): 77–87.) 5735: 5734: 5730: 5722: 5718: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5659: 5655: 5625: 5624: 5620: 5613: 5600: 5599: 5590: 5574: 5570: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5489: 5488: 5484: 5475: 5471: 5442:(4481): 446–8. 5433: 5432: 5428: 5419: 5415: 5406: 5402: 5393: 5382: 5372: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5325: 5318: 5261: 5260: 5247: 5233: 5232: 5225: 5216: 5212: 5181: 5180: 5173: 5136: 5135: 5128: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5063: 5062: 5058: 5048: 5046: 5038: 5037: 5033: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4983: 4958: 4957: 4953: 4940: 4930: 4913: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4884: 4865: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4784: 4777: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4716: 4715: 4711: 4704: 4683: 4682: 4653: 4646: 4633: 4632: 4593: 4586: 4573: 4572: 4545: 4532: 4531: 4504: 4462: 4461: 4457: 4450: 4435: 4434: 4430: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4339: 4338: 4334: 4297:(7123): 61–64. 4283: 4282: 4278: 4268: 4266: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4092: 4091: 4084: 4032: 4031: 4024: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3928: 3927: 3923: 3913: 3911: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3881: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3733: 3718: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3671:10.2307/2256872 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3627:on 4 March 2009 3615: 3614: 3610: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3528: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3494: 3493: 3486: 3436: 3435: 3424: 3414: 3412: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3373: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3214: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3193: 3186: 3179: 3174: 3172: 3169: 3043: 2973:Great Bear Lake 2934:Lake Enriquillo 2918:in the city of 2884:Nettilling Lake 2794: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2772: 2758:Ojos del Salado 2748: 2745:Lake Tanganyika 2718:Lake Tanganyika 2646:interior Alaska 2619: 2613: 2530:Cassini–Huygens 2489: 2483: 2478: 2426:endorheic basin 2406:karstic terrain 2398:ephemeral lakes 2345:satellite photo 2327:satellite photo 2306: 2297: 2291: 2288: 2267: 2265:Flora and fauna 2258: 2252: 2249: 2228: 2137: 2089:trophic cascade 2085:planktonivorous 2033:open-water zone 1996: 1984:Main articles: 1982: 1928:limnic eruption 1904:Lake Teletskoye 1747: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1716: 1704: 1693: 1691:Characteristics 1633:Basin and Range 1596:paleoshorelines 1575: 1544: 1482:sodium chloride 1427: 1384: 1274: 1251:Ice melting on 1229: 1188: 1182: 1161:southern Poland 1150:nature reserves 1099:excavation pits 1072: 1070:retention basin 1058: 1043: 1034: 1025: 1023:Shoreline lakes 978: 966:Tal-y-llyn Lake 948:Pamir Mountains 912: 910:Landslide lakes 896:Dalmatian coast 863: 850: 838: 830: 828:Fluviatile dams 803: 791: 763:northern Europe 758: 733: 668: 647: 631:Great Salt Lake 579: 574: 562:shoreline lakes 556:landslide lakes 526: 423: 240: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6907: 6905: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6876: 6875: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6784: 6778: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6659: 6657: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6632:Oceanic trench 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6558: 6557: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6518: 6516: 6510: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6443: 6442: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6332: 6331: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6280: 6278: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6225: 6224:External links 6222: 6219: 6218: 6199: 6187: 6155: 6153:. andes.org.uk 6143: 6130:worldatlas.com 6116: 6075: 6046: 6015: 5990: 5979:. 17 June 2013 5960: 5934: 5917: 5891: 5864:(5727): 1429. 5848: 5815: 5802: 5783: 5776: 5758: 5745:people.wku.edu 5728: 5716: 5689:(2): 141–154. 5673: 5653: 5618: 5611: 5588: 5568: 5517: 5482: 5469: 5426: 5413: 5400: 5380: 5354: 5334: 5316: 5245: 5223: 5210: 5171: 5126: 5091: 5072:(1): 108–117. 5056: 5031: 4988: 4981: 4951: 4942:|website= 4920:. p. 55. 4899: 4863: 4838: 4831: 4811: 4786:Mosley, Paul. 4775: 4754:(G4): G04014. 4734: 4727: 4709: 4702: 4651: 4644: 4591: 4584: 4543: 4502: 4455: 4448: 4428: 4379: 4352:(2): 723–737. 4332: 4276: 4219:(1): 209–218. 4199: 4170:(2): 597–606. 4150: 4082: 4045:(1): 350–356. 4022: 3970: 3921: 3910:. 12 June 2019 3891: 3880:on 29 May 2010 3857: 3831: 3764: 3738: 3731: 3711: 3704: 3684: 3657:(2): 460–496. 3638: 3608: 3589:(2): 301–339. 3573: 3539:(2): 329–341. 3516: 3509: 3484: 3422: 3400: 3397:. 18 May 2023. 3381: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3329: 3328: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3226: 3212: 3198: 3184: 3168: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3160:Lake Maracaibo 3149: 3127: 3122:, followed by 3113: 3099: 3085: 3075: 3061: 3042: 3039: 3038: 3037: 3030: 3003: 2984: 2965: 2951: 2945: 2931: 2916:Lake Wanapitei 2912: 2898: 2895:Wollaston Lake 2891: 2880: 2865: 2851: 2850:concentration. 2834:, bordered by 2824: 2823: 2822: 2803: 2795:28.567; 90.400 2750: 2737: 2726:Lake Maracaibo 2716:, followed by 2704: 2682: 2681: 2680: 2612: 2609: 2500:seas and lakes 2487:Lakes of Titan 2482: 2479: 2469:climate change 2418:Lag Prau Pulte 2402:seasonal lakes 2336:Badwater Basin 2317:Badwater Basin 2305: 2302: 2299: 2298: 2279: 2277: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2240: 2238: 2227: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2182: 2181: 2175: 2172:photosynthetic 2165: 2155: 2136: 2133: 2007:Lurë Mountains 1990:Lake ecosystem 1981: 1978: 1920:sulfur dioxide 1797:drainage basin 1774:Lake Mapourika 1749: 1748: 1707: 1705: 1698: 1692: 1689: 1656: 1655: 1636: 1574: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1551: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1527: 1520:brackish water 1510: 1485: 1466: 1426: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1399: 1383: 1380: 1351:dimictic lakes 1273: 1270: 1228: 1225: 1184:Main article: 1181: 1178: 1157:Upper Silesian 1124:, to generate 1118:drinking water 1087:human activity 1057: 1054: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1030: 1024: 1021: 977: 974: 954:, forming the 911: 908: 862: 861:Solution lakes 859: 849: 846: 837: 834: 829: 826: 802: 799: 790: 787: 754:Main article: 732: 729: 686:are formed in 664:Main article: 646: 645:Volcanic lakes 643: 578: 577:Tectonic lakes 575: 573: 572: 569: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 553:solution lakes 551: 548: 545: 544:volcanic lakes 542: 541:tectonic lakes 538: 525: 522: 422: 419: 415: 414: 407: 400: 393: 390: 266:Proto-Germanic 248:Middle English 239: 236: 232:drinking water 157:volcanic lakes 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6906: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6863: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6741: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6718:Volcanic plug 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6559: 6553: 6552:Tunnel valley 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6393: 6389: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6330: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6276: 6271: 6269: 6264: 6262: 6257: 6256: 6253: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6236: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6223: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6191: 6188: 6172: 6165: 6159: 6156: 6152: 6147: 6144: 6131: 6127: 6120: 6117: 6111: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6079: 6076: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6047: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6019: 6016: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5991: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5969:"Ligeia Mare" 5964: 5961: 5949: 5945: 5938: 5935: 5930: 5929: 5921: 5918: 5906:. 18 May 2023 5905: 5901: 5895: 5892: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5852: 5849: 5844: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5787: 5784: 5779: 5777:9780127447605 5773: 5769: 5762: 5759: 5755: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5720: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5670:0-89181-052-8 5667: 5663: 5657: 5654: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5521: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5486: 5483: 5479: 5473: 5470: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5391: 5389: 5387: 5385: 5381: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5338: 5335: 5331: 5330: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5237: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5214: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5185:Geomorphology 5178: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5060: 5057: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4989: 4984: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4952: 4947: 4935: 4927: 4926:10.3133/pp435 4923: 4919: 4912: 4911: 4903: 4900: 4896: 4895:3-540-27951-2 4892: 4888: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4850: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4815: 4812: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4780: 4776: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4710: 4705: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4647: 4641: 4637: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4570: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4544: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4459: 4456: 4451: 4445: 4441: 4440: 4439:Lakes on Mars 4432: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4333: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4280: 4277: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4154: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3941:(2): 97–106. 3940: 3936: 3932: 3925: 3922: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3895: 3892: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3861: 3858: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3832: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3768: 3765: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3742: 3739: 3734: 3728: 3724: 3723: 3715: 3712: 3707: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3574: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3520: 3517: 3512: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3404: 3401: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3383: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3363:Mediterranean 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3342: 3339: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3270:List of lakes 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3253: 3250: 3247: 3244: 3243: 3238: 3232: 3227: 3224: 3218: 3213: 3210: 3199: 3196: 3190: 3185: 3182: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3156:Lake Titicaca 3153: 3152:South America 3150: 3147: 3146:Lake Superior 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130:North America 3128: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3100: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3069: 3068:Lake Victoria 3065: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3050: 3048: 3040: 3035: 3034:ancient lakes 3031: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2969:Lake Michigan 2966: 2963: 2962:South Karelia 2959: 2958:South Savonia 2955: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2899: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2888:Baffin Island 2885: 2881: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2811:Lake Titicaca 2808: 2804: 2799: 2771:of China, at 2770: 2766: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2678: 2677:Lake Superior 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2650: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2617:List of lakes 2610: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2591:, similar to 2590: 2585: 2583: 2582:ancient lakes 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2567: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2542:Lake Superior 2539: 2535: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2480: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2461: 2457: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2410:Lake Cerknica 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2304:Disappearance 2303: 2295: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2275: 2271: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2236: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2220: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2077:detritivorous 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2050: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2024: 2023: 2022:littoral zone 2018: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1994:Lake aeration 1991: 1987: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1943: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1895: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1833: 1830: 1826: 1820: 1818: 1817:sedimentation 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1776:, New Zealand 1775: 1771: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1745: 1742: 1734: 1724: 1720: 1714: 1713: 1708:This section 1706: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1665:paleontologic 1662: 1653: 1649: 1648:Lake Winnipeg 1645: 1641: 1640:shrunken lake 1637: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1597: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1572: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1545: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1431: 1430: 1424: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1343:amictic lakes 1340: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1326: 1325: 1319: 1317: 1316: 1311: 1310: 1305: 1304: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1278: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1254: 1249: 1242: 1238: 1233: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1187: 1179: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1167: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1116:that provide 1115: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1103:precipitation 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1080: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1066:water storage 1063: 1055: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1040: 1038: 1032:Organic lakes 1031: 1029: 1022: 1020: 1018: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994:paleoclimates 991: 987: 983: 976:Aeolian lakes 975: 973: 971: 967: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 943: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 909: 907: 905: 901: 897: 893: 891: 886: 882: 877: 873: 869: 860: 858: 855: 847: 845: 843: 836:Lateral lakes 835: 833: 827: 825: 822: 821: 812: 811:Nowitna River 807: 800: 798: 796: 789:Fluvial lakes 788: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 757: 749: 745: 741: 737: 731:Glacial lakes 730: 728: 726: 725:Malheur River 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 689: 685: 681: 678:, created by 677: 673: 667: 660: 656: 655:Mount Rinjani 651: 644: 642: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 617:(also called 616: 613:that contain 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 576: 570: 567: 565:organic lakes 564: 561: 559:aeolian lakes 558: 555: 552: 550:fluvial lakes 549: 547:glacial lakes 546: 543: 540: 539: 537: 535: 531: 523: 521: 519: 518:dry lake beds 515: 511: 506: 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 480:hydroelectric 476: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 431: 427: 420: 418: 412: 408: 405: 401: 398: 394: 391: 388: 384: 383: 382: 380: 375: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 355:Charles Elton 352: 347: 343: 338: 336: 332: 327: 323: 318: 314: 310: 309:de:Butterlake 306: 301: 297: 292: 288: 283: 277: 272: 267: 262: 258: 253: 249: 245: 237: 235: 233: 229: 225: 222:are known as 221: 217: 215: 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 180: 176: 172: 167: 165: 162: 161:precipitation 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 117: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 82:body of water 79: 72: 68: 67:Lake Michigan 64: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 18:Man-made lake 6703:Volcanic dam 6434: 6400:Alluvial fan 6233: 6213:the original 6202: 6197:. elbruz.org 6190: 6178:. 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