40:
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its review, NPS obtained independent, confidential comments from professional historians. The NPS staff concluded that the Drake's Cove site is the "most probable" and "most likely" Drake landing site. The
National Park System Advisory Board Landmarks Committee sought public comments on the Port of Nova Albion Historic and Archaeological District Nomination and received more than two dozen letters of support and none in opposition. At the Committee's meeting of November 9, 2011, in Washington, DC, representatives of the government of Spain, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Congresswoman Lynn Wolsey all spoke in favor of the nomination: there was no opposition. Staff and the Drake Navigators Guild's president,
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did find Hawaii during their voyages, they would not have published their findings and the discovery would have remained unknown. From
Gaetano's account, the Hawaiian islands were not known to have any valuable resources, so the Spanish would not have made an effort to settle them. This happened in the case of the Marianas and the Carolines, which were not effectively settled until the second half of the 17th century. Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands in the latitude of Hawaii but with the longitude ten degrees east of the Islands (
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412:
1590:, gave the presentation. The Nomination was strongly endorsed by committee member Dr. James M. Allan, Archaeologist, and the Committee as a whole which approved the nomination unanimously. The National Park System Advisory Board sought further public comments on the Nomination, but no additional comments were received. At the Board's meeting on December 1, 2011, in Florida, the nomination was further reviewed: the Board approved the nomination unanimously. On October 16, 2012, Secretary of the Interior
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749:, processed silk cloth and other valuable commodities. Cargoes varied from one voyage to another but often included goods from all over Asia: jade, wax, gunpowder and silk from China; amber, cotton and rugs from India; spices from Indonesia and Malaysia; and a variety of goods from Japan, the Spanish part of the so-called
1058:
Sailors averaged age 28 or 29 while the oldest were between 40 and 50. Ships' pages were children who entered service mostly at age 8, many orphans or poor taken from the streets of
Seville, Mexico and Manila. Apprentices were older than the pages and if successful would be certified as sailor at age
641:
Monterey, California, was about two months and three weeks out from Manila in the 18th century, and the galleon tended to stop there 40 days before arriving in
Acapulco. Galleons stopped in Monterey prior to California's Spanish settlement in 1769; however, visits became regular between 1777 and 1794
270:
in exchange for New World silver. Silver prices in Asia were substantially higher than in
America, leading to an arbitrage opportunity for the Manila galleon. Most of the cargo value exchanged for silver consisted in luxurious goods from all Asia such as Indian ivory and precious stones, Chinese silk
1063:
of
Filipino and Southeast Asian origin made up the majority of the crew. Other crew were made up of deportees and criminals from Spain and the colonies. Many criminals were sentenced to serve as crew on royal ships. Less than a third of the crew was Spanish and they usually held key positions aboard
1039:
Due to the route's high profitability but long voyage time, it was essential to build the largest possible galleons, which were the largest class of
European ships known to have been built until then. In the 16th century, they averaged from 1,700 to 2,000 tons, were built of Philippine hardwoods and
963:
The Manila–Acapulco galleon trade ended in 1815, a few years before Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. After this, the
Spanish Crown took direct control of the Philippines, and governed directly from Madrid. Sea transport became easier in the mid-19th century after the invention of steam
904:
in masses held by the
Archbishop of Manila. If the expedition was successful the voyagers would go to La Ermita (the church) to pay homage, and offer gold and other precious gems or jewelries from Hispanic countries to the image of the virgin. So it came to be that the virgin was named the "Queen of
888:
and thence to Spain itself. Many of the so-called "Kastilas" or
Spaniards in the Philippines were actually of Mexican descent, and the Hispanic culture of the Philippines is influenced by Spanish and Mexican culture in particular. Soldiers and settlers recruited from Mexico and Peru also gathered in
1365:
In 2010, the Philippines foreign affairs secretary organized a diplomatic reception attended by at least 32 countries, for discussions about the historic galleon trade and the possible establishment of a galleon museum. Various Mexican and Filipino institutions and politicians also made discussions
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commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 with a Spanish sailor named Ivan Gaetan or Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot. Depending on the interpretation, Gaetano's reports seem to describe the discovery of either Hawaii or the Marshall Islands in 1555. If it was Hawaii, Gaetano would have
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based in Seville. This led to the passing of a decree in 1593 that set a limit of two ships sailing each year from either port, with one kept in reserve in Acapulco and one in Manila. An "armada", or armed escort of galleons, was also approved. Due to official attempts to control the galleon trade,
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By the 18th century, it was understood that a less northerly track was sufficient when nearing the North American coast, and galleon navigators steered well clear of the rocky and often fogbound northern and central California coast. According to historian William Lytle Schurz, "They generally made
1585:
The Drakes Cove site began its review by the National Park Service (NPS) in 1994, thus starting an 18-year study of the suggested Drake sites. The first formal nomination to mark the Nova Albion site at Drake's Cove as a National Historic Landmark was provided to NPS on January 1, 1996. As part of
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The westward route from Mexico passed south of Hawaii, making a short stopover in Guam before heading for Manila. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers, and to avoid Dutch and English pirates. Due to this policy of discretion, if the Spanish
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At port, goods were unloaded by dockworkers, and food was often supplied locally. In Acapulco, the arrival of the galleons provided seasonal work, as for dockworkers who were typically free black men highly paid for their back breaking labor, and for farmers and haciendas across Mexico who helped
1219:
maintains that the Spanish did not have the ability to properly explore the Pacific Ocean and were not capable of finding the islands which lay at a latitude 20° north of the westbound galleon route and its currents. However, Spanish exploration in the Pacific was paramount until the late 18th
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and as a fundamental source of income for Spanish colonists in the Philippine Islands. Galleons used for the trade between East and West were crafted by Filipino artisans. Until 1593, two or more ships would set sail annually from each port. The Manila trade became so lucrative that
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20. Mortality rates were high with ships arriving in Manila with a majority of their crew often dead from starvation, disease and scurvy, especially in the early years, so Spanish officials in Manila found it difficult to find men to crew their ships to return to Acapulco. Many
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Some scholars, particularly American, have dismissed these claims as lacking credibility. Debate continues as to whether the Hawaiian Islands were actually visited by the Spanish in the 16th century with researchers like Richard W. Rogers looking for evidence of Spanish
858:, seeds, sweet potato, corn, tomato, tobacco, chickpeas, chocolate and cocoa, watermelon seeds, vines, and fig trees. The remaining 20% were goods transshipped from Europe and North Africa such as wine and olive oil, and metal goods such as weapons, knobs and spurs.
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In 2015, the Unesco National Commission of the Philippines (Unacom) and the Department of Foreign Affairs organized an expert's meeting to discuss the trade route's nomination. Some of the topics presented include the Spanish colonial shipyards in
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in the Pacific. These ships traveled solo, outside the convoy system of the galleons. While these solo voyages would not immediately replace the galleon system, they were more efficient and better able to avoid being captured by the
497:, off the east coast of Japan, before catching the westerlies that would take them back across the Pacific. He commanded a vessel which completed the eastward voyage in 129 days; this marked the opening of the Manila galleon trade.
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and porcelain, cloves from the Moluccas islands, cinnamon from Ceylon and ginger, lacquers, tibores, tapestries and perfumes from all Asia. In addition, Filipino slaves were also traded to Mexico from 1505 to the mid 1600s (
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The first motivation for land exploration of present-day California was to scout out possible way stations for the seaworn Manila galleons on the last leg of their journey. Early proposals came to little, but in 1769, the
869:. It also avoided stopping over at ports controlled by competing powers such as Portugal and the Netherlands. From the early days of exploration, the Spanish knew that the American continent was much narrower across the
839:
The trade of goods and exchanges of people were not limited to Mexico and the Philippines, since Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru also served as supplementary streams to the main one between Mexico and Philippines.
819:
The cargoes arrived in Acapulco and were transported by land across Mexico. Mule trains would carry the goods along the China Road from Acapulco first to the administrative center of Mexico City, then on to the port of
772:
of various origins, including East Africa, Portuguese India, the Muslim sultanates of Southeast Asia, and the Spanish Philippines, were transported from Manila and sold in New Spain. African slaves were categorized as
1343:
in a painted boat with an awning or canopy over the stern. They were dressed in clothing of white and yellow, and one wore a sword at his side and a feather in his hat. On landing, they kneeled down in prayer. The
1331:, a writer and missionary who lived in early 19th century Hawaii, and recorded several folk stories about foreigners who had visited Hawaii prior to first contact with Cook. According to Hawaiian writer
1072:, and had goods transported by muleteers, which provided opportunities for indigenous people in Mexico. By providing for the galleons, Spanish colonial America was tied into the broader global economy.
1380:. Spain has also backed the nomination and suggested that the archives related to the route under the possession of the Philippines, Mexico, and Spain be nominated as part of another UNESCO list, the
520:, arriving on October 8, 1565. Most of his crew died on the long initial voyage, for which they had not sufficiently provisioned. Arellano, who had taken a more southerly route, had already arrived.
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Oropeza Keresey, Deborah (2007). "Los 'indios chinos' en la Nueva España: la inmigración de la Nao de China, 1565–1700." PhD dissertation, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Históricos.
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bound for Spain. The transport of goods overland by porters, the housing of travelers and sailors at inns by innkeepers, and the stocking of long voyages with food and supplies provided by
1348:, most helpful to those who were most helpless, received them kindly. The strangers ultimately married into the families of chiefs, but their names could not be included in genealogies".
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of the Philippines. Even after the galleon era, and at the time when Mexico finally gained its independence, the two nations still continued to trade, except for a brief lull during the
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Over 250 years, there were hundreds of Manila galleon crossings of the Pacific Ocean between present-day Mexico and the Philippines, with their route taking them just south of the
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It took at least four months to sail across the Pacific Ocean from Manila to Acapulco, and the galleons were the main link between the Philippines and the viceregal capital at
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and six galleys were constructed in Philippine shipyards. The average cost was 78,000 pesos per galleon and at least 2,000 trees. The galleons constructed included the
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39:
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Valdez-Bubnov, Ivan (2019). "Crown, trade, church and indigenous societies: The functioning of the Spanish shipbuilding industry in the Philippines, 1571–1816".
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555: ... After all, these were preeminently merchant ships, and the business of exploration lay outside their field, though chance discoveries were welcomed".
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signed the nomination and on October 17, 2012, The Drakes Bay Historic and Archaeological District was formally announced as a new National Historic Landmark.
3727:
531:, Drake turned north, hoping to meet another Spanish treasure ship coming south on its return from Manila to Acapulco. He failed in that regard, but staked
1392:, underwater archaeology in the Philippines, the route's influences on Filipino textile, the galleon's eastward trip from the Philippines to Mexico called
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1984:
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3018:"Perhaps the leading authority on Hawaiian shipwrecks today", writes Peter von Buol, referring to Richard W. Rogers in the Fall 2006, Vol. 38, No. 3
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785:. The lack of detailed records makes it difficult to estimate the total number of slaves transported or the proportions of slaves from each region.
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somewhere on the northern California coast. Although the ship's log and other records were lost, the officially accepted location is now called
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This navigational activity poses the question as to whether Spanish explorers did arrive in the Hawaiian Islands two centuries before Captain
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Between 1565 and 1815, 108 ships operated as Manila galleons, of which 26 were captured or sunk by the enemy during wartime, including the
707:
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6009:
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769:
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McCarthy, William J. (1993). "Between Policy and Prerogative: Malfeasance in the Inspection of the Manila Galleons at Acapulco, 1637."
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The term "Manila galleon" can also refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco and Manila that was operational from 1565 to 1815.
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with backing from Spain, which has also suggested the tri-national nomination of the archives on the Manila–Acapulco Galleons in the
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Bjork, Katharine (1998). "The Link that Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571–1815."
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3800:
2925:"Hawaii Nature Notes the Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park and the Hawaii Natural History Association"
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The Atlantic World and the Manila Galleon: Circulation, Market, and Consumption of Asian Goods in the Spanish Empires, 1565-1650
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was 51.5 m (169 ft 0 in) long. Most of the ships were built in the Philippines; only eight were built in Mexico.
1044:, wrecked in 1638, was 43 to 49 m (141 ft 1 in to 160 ft 9 in) long and displaced some 2,000 tons. The
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The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: the Treasure Ships of the Pacific: With an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565-1815
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than across Mexico. They tried to establish a regular land crossing there, but the thick jungle and tropical diseases such as
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Mexipino: A History of Multiethnic Identity and the Formation of the Mexican and Filipino Communities of San Diego, 1900–1965
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In 2015, the Philippines and Mexico began preparations for the nomination of the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade Route in the
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1998:
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on the westward leg of their round trip and yet there are no records of contact with the Hawaiians. British historian
322:
294:, representing a trade route from Asia that crossed to the Americas, thereby connecting all the world's continents in
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4998:
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275:). The route also fostered cultural exchanges that shaped the identities and the culture of the countries involved.
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4296:
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La Follette, Cameron; Deur, Douglas; Griffin, Dennis; Williams, Scott S. (July 2018). "Oregon's Manila Galleon".
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Economic shocks due to the arrival of Spanish-American silver in China were among the factors that led to the
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to conquer the Philippines in 1564, Urdaneta was given the task of finding a return route. Reasoning that the
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To settle and trade with these islands from the Americas, an eastward maritime return path was necessary. The
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The Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park, and the Hawaii Natural History Association
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1406:
In 2018, Mexico reopened its Manila galleon gallery at the Archaeological Museum of Puerto Vallarta, Cuale.
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411:
1088:(300 tons), was the first Manila galleon to be wrecked en route to Mexico. Between the years 1576 when the
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helped pave the way by sailing north from Mexico to explore the Pacific coast, reaching just north of the
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866:
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1396:, and the historical dimension of the galleon trade focusing on important and rare archival documents.
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1882:
Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500–2000
1327:
The theory that the first European visitors to Hawaii were Spanish is reinforced by the findings of
1036:
shipyard was the construction and outfitting of the galleons for the Manila to Acapulco trade run."
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560:
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This Pacific route was the alternative to the trip west across the Indian Ocean, and around the
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252:) from Acapulco in March–April of the next calendar year, and returning to Manila in June–July.
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is named "La Desgraciada" (the unhappy, or unfortunate), and what appears to be the Island of
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Around 80% of the goods shipped back from Acapulco to Manila were from the Americas – silver,
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185:
74:
2432:"Inns, mules, and hardtack for the voyage: the local economy of the Manila Galleon in Mexico"
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1850:
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discovered the eastward return route in 1565. Sailing as part of the expedition commanded by
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The galleons sailed the Pacific, bringing to the Americas cargoes of Chinese and other Asian
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2065:"National Historic Landmarks Property Name: Drakes Bay Historic and Archeological District"
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https://glocat.geneseo.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma995443659904833/01SUNY_GEN:01SUNY_GEN
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In 2013, the Philippines released a documentary regarding the Manila galleon trade route.
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stock the ships with food before voyages. On land, travelers were often housed at inns or
921:
821:
801:
572:
431:
389:
5386:
3127:"Historic Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade set for nomination to Unesco World Heritage List"
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Coulter, John Wesley (June 1964). "Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument".
1304:
were not developed until the mid-eighteenth century). In this manuscript, the Island of
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was lost, twenty Manila galleons wrecked within the Philippine archipelago. In 1596 the
17:
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in Metro Manila, one of the necessary steps in nominating the trade route to UNESCO.
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asking that no more fleets attempt the New Spain–East Asia route, lest they be lost.
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1537:
874:
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302:
259:
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Early Navigation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Maritime Archaeological Perspective
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Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)
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2072:
1409:
In 2020, Mexico released a documentary regarding the Manila galleon trade route.
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decreed the suppression of the route and the following year, with the end of the
396:
and claimed them for Spain. Although Magellan was killed by natives commanded by
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2006:
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1267:
1245:
1142:
981:
965:
930:
726:
695:
536:
532:
439:
245:
2629:
2620:
2455:
1800:
228:. The ships made one or two round-trip voyages per year between the ports of
5953:
5913:
5893:
5843:
4389:
4146:
4046:
3723:
3657:
1354:
1345:
1313:
1272:
890:
855:
833:
797:
738:
317:
made the first successful round trips that year, by taking advantage of the
267:
120:
1372:
In 2014, the idea to nominate the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade Route as a
1295:
The Manila–Acapulco Galleon Memorial at Plaza Mexico in Intramuros, Manila.
1109:, is believed to have wrecked on the coast of Oregon in 1693. Known as the
1080:
The wrecks of the Manila galleons are legends second only to the wrecks of
813:
458:. The frustration of these failures is shown in a letter sent in 1552 from
3164:"'El Galeón de Manila: The Spice Route' reopens museum in Puerto Vallarta"
1616:
La Nao de China, 1565-1815. Navegación, comercio e intercambios culturales
968:, which reduced the travel time from Spain to the Philippines to 40 days.
745:), who traveled to Manila to sell the Spaniards spices, porcelain, ivory,
5898:
4563:
3673:
3441:
1389:
1225:
848:
722:
711:
699:
654:
White represents the route of the Manila galleons in the Pacific and the
517:
415:
397:
301:
The Spanish inaugurated the Manila galleon trade route in 1565 after the
248:, at the end of June or first week of July, starting the return journey (
229:
110:
3257:
The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy
2098:"Landmarks Committee of the National Park System Advisory Board Meeting"
2032:"A Brief History of Scholarship Relating to Drake's Port of Nova Albion"
1748:
1732:
836:
before departing Acapulco helped to stimulate the economy of New Spain.
473:
The Manila–Acapulco galleon trade finally began when Spanish navigators
5721:
5692:
4245:
4202:
4187:
3831:
1321:
1257:
1118:
993:
986:
878:
730:
717:
The galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely from port areas of
690:
675:
613: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
493:
as the Atlantic winds did, they sailed north, going all the way to the
290:
shipped from Manila. The Manila Galleon route was an early instance of
237:
2742:"Views Across the Pacific: The Galleon Trade and Its Traces in Oregon"
2124:"Federal Register, Volume 76 Issue 189 (Thursday, September 29, 2011)"
960:, which arrived empty, as its cargo had been requisitioned in Mexico.
240:
changed to reflect from which city the ship sailed, setting sail from
4658:
4212:
4207:
3984:
3094:"Spain backs inclusion of galleon trade route to World Heritage List"
2897:
Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine
2682:
1999:"University of California Archaeological Site Survey Record, Mrn-230"
1377:
1233:
1033:
900:
In Manila, the safety of ocean crossings was commended to the virgin
742:
718:
703:
336:
329:
233:
130:
106:
2974:
2478:
1366:
about the importance of the galleon trade in their shared history.
1339:
concerned seven foreigners who landed eight generations earlier at
1084:
in the Caribbean. In 1568, Miguel López de Legazpi's own ship, the
5699:
4026:
3973:
3821:
3637:
1657:"El Galeón de Manila. La ruta española que unió tres continentes".
1567: – Convoy system used by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790
1317:
1290:
1266:
980:
924:, the Spanish crown began allowing the use of registered ships or
842:
805:
758:
689:
649:
438:
also tried sailing east from the Philippines, but could not find "
421:
410:
362:
354:
Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route, showing onward route to Spain
349:
263:
201:
3344:
2182:
1516: – Arrival of Filipinos to the current United States in 1587
788:
Galleons transported goods to be sold in the Americas, namely in
687:
contraband and understating of ships' cargoes became widespread.
321:. The trade using "Urdaneta's route" lasted until 1815, when the
4042:
4034:
3957:
3341:, Spanish-Philippine research group based in Madrid (in Spanish)
3338:
3029:
1305:
1221:
952:
ratified the dissolution. The last ship to reach Manila was the
808:
as a medium of exchange. As such, goods were mostly bought with
490:
5750:
5746:
5621:
5516:
4640:
4518:
4233:
4092:
4060:
3997:
3934:
3849:
3772:
3712:
3626:
3615:
3386:
3348:
2987:
Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before
2706:"Chapter 8: The Beeswax Wreck, A Manila Galleon in Oregon, USA"
2571:
The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific
2300:
The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China
1220:
century. Spanish navigators discovered many islands including
698:, a merchant map showing trade routes with its epicenter from
582:
1252:
in the South Pacific. Spanish navigators also discovered the
313:
or return route from the Philippines to Mexico. Urdaneta and
1795:(in Spanish) (102). Spain: Ministry of Defence (Spain): 16.
527:
also reached the California coast, in 1579. After capturing
1561: – Historical region known as the Spanish West Indies
1534: – Mesoamerican peoples in the Southeast Asian country
642:
because the Crown ordered the galleon to stop in Monterey.
3281:
Shipwreck of Hawai'i: a maritime history of the Big Island
3007:
Shipwrecks of Hawaii: A Maritime History of the Big Island
1816:
Andrés de Urdaneta, agustino. En carreta sobre el Pacífico
426:
Northerly trade route as used by eastbound Manila galleons
236:
from the late 16th to early 19th century. The name of the
2303:, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 205,
1820:
Andrés de Urdaneta, Augustinian. By cart over the Pacific
1618:. Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 8447215377, 9788447215379.
1376:
was initiated by the Mexican and Filipino ambassadors to
1763:
China and the Birth of Globalization in the 16th Century
575:), providing safe harbors for returning Manila galleons.
220:, with its Asian territories, collectively known as the
3264:
A History of the Manila-Acapulco Slave Trade, 1565–1815
2380:
Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians
1814:
Rodríguez Rodríguez, I.; Álvarez Fernández, J. (1991).
1518:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1504:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1490: – Overview of immigration along the Galleon Route
669:
via Manila served as a major source of revenue for the
434:, which tried this a few years later, failed. In 1529,
2232:"Forgotten history? The polistas of the Galleon Trade"
1113:, the event is described in the oral histories of the
920:
In 1740, as part of the administrative changes of the
547:
their landfall well down the coast, somewhere between
3690:
Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France
3241:
Carrera Stampa, Manuel (1959). "La Nao de la China."
1288:
been one of the first Europeans to find the islands.
1232:
and the Philippines in the North Pacific, as well as
2537:(10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
1706:"La Nao de China: The Spanish Treasure Fleet System"
1542:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1527:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
5410:
5304:
5297:
5182:
5031:
5024:
5017:
4914:
4783:
4707:
4651:
4572:
4529:
4418:
4340:
4282:
4244:
4180:
4139:
4103:
1494:
Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries
1312:is named "La Mesa" (the table). Islands resembling
512:, California, then followed the shoreline south to
160:
145:
137:
116:
101:
93:
85:
61:
2855:
1502: – Spanish colonial period of the Philippines
865:, which was reserved to Portugal according to the
384:sailed west across the Pacific using the westward
3208:Pacific Eldorado: A History of Greater California
2895:(1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.).
2858:Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763
2740:La Follette, Cameron; Deur, Douglas (July 2018).
1496: – International trade route carrying silver
1466: – Ethnic group of Asian-descending Mexicans
3146:"Manila-Acapulco Galleon Museum rises in SM MOA"
2597:for Chinese vessels that might have been larger.
1484: – Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands
1121:, which suggest that some of the crew survived.
889:Acapulco before they were sent to settle at the
408:, made it back to Spain by continuing westward.
2533:Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019).
2323:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
2271:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created
2149:"Interior Designates 27 New National Landmarks"
1659:Fundación Museo Naval. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
418:in 1628, Mexican terminus of the Manila galleon
278:The Manila galleons were known in New Spain as
2260:
2258:
1032:. "From 1729 to 1739, the main purpose of the
847:Sample of goods brought via Manila galleon in
5762:
3879:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)
3360:
2521:Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World
2483:Orientierungen: Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens
1472: – Naval battle of the Eighty Years' War
781:while all slaves of Asian origin were called
282:("The China Ship") on their voyages from the
8:
3554:Independence of Spanish continental Americas
3334:Manila Galleons along the Californian coasts
2652:Leon-Guerrero, Jillette (November 4, 2015).
1787:in the fifth centenary of his birthday]
32:
6075:19th-century disestablishments in New Spain
3185:[In search of the Manila Galleon].
3125:Sembrano, Edgar Allan M. (April 26, 2015).
3075:"The Second Coming of Filipinos to America"
2503:. University of California, Santa Barbara.
2400:"Episode 76: The Trans-Pacific Slave Trade"
2230:Medillo, Robert Joseph P. (June 19, 2015).
1195:captured in 1753–54 by George Compton; and
571:(which became the administrative center of
5769:
5755:
5747:
5618:
5513:
5301:
5028:
5021:
4648:
4637:
4526:
4515:
4241:
4230:
4100:
4089:
4057:
3994:
3931:
3846:
3769:
3709:
3623:
3612:
3383:
3367:
3353:
3345:
2326:, Random House Digital, pp. 149–150,
2274:, Random House Digital, pp. 123–163,
2175:"The Drake Navigators Guild Press Release"
1832:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1761:Flynn, Dennis O.; Arturo Giráldez (2010).
1509:History of the west coast of North America
902:Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga
404:in the Philippines, one of his ships, the
38:
31:
5673:Colonial universities in Hispanic America
3283:. Haleiwa, Hawaii: Pilialoha Publishing.
3271:Colonial Latin American Historical Review
3266:. Tubigon, Bohol: Mater Dei Publications.
2628:
2609:International Journal of Maritime History
2479:"Connecting China with the Pacific World"
2425:
2423:
1781:en el quinto centenario de su nacimiento"
1399:In 2017, the Philippines established the
1302:reliable methods of determining longitude
629:Learn how and when to remove this message
5678:Colonial universities in the Philippines
3308:. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc.
2346:
2344:
1822:] (in Spanish). Zamora. p. 181.
1555: – Spanish colony from 1565 to 1901
6095:19th century in the Spanish East Indies
6090:18th century in the Spanish East Indies
6085:17th century in the Spanish East Indies
6080:16th century in the Spanish East Indies
4669:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia
3259:. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield.
2887:
2885:
2883:
2564:
2562:
1862:
1846:
1775:Pereira Fernández, José Manuel (2008).
1614:Bernabéu Albert, Salvador, ed. (2013).
1607:
1578:
1197:Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad
1168:Nuestra Senora de la Santisima Trinidad
6000:History of the Philippines (1565–1898)
2398:Rose, Christopher (January 13, 2016).
1983:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1976:
1937:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
1930:
1885:. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 18.
1825:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1500:History of the Philippines (1521–1898)
1137:off the coast of Baja California; the
27:Royal Spanish trading ships, 1565–1815
6020:Military history of the Pacific Ocean
2949:. University of Hawaii Press, p. 45.
2523:, p. 235. Cambridge University Press.
2353:"The Economics of the Manila Galleon"
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1532:Mexican settlement in the Philippines
1260:archipelagos during their search for
964:powered ships and the opening of the
380:In 1521, a Spanish expedition led by
7:
6110:Philippines–Spain military relations
6005:Spanish colonization of the Americas
3950:Captaincy General of the Philippines
3442:New Laws in favour of the indigenous
3339:Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila
3042:Angara, Edgardo (October 18, 2014).
1549: – Spanish soldier and explorer
1324:are named "Los Monjes" (the monks).
1040:could carry 300–500 passengers. The
611:adding citations to reliable sources
5794:Austronesian maritime trade network
5653:Indochristian painting in New Spain
3329:Metropolitan Museum: Manila Galleon
3295:"The Manila Galleon and California"
3144:Fernandez, Butch (August 8, 2017).
2489:: 144–145 – via Academia.edu.
1478: – Spanish navigator (d. 1545)
1361:Preparations for UNESCO nominations
1105:At least one galleon, probably the
4620:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires
3301:, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 107–126
3262:Luengo, Josemaria Salutan (1996).
3183:"En búsqueda del Galeón de Manila"
828:, where they were loaded onto the
800:trading primarily functioned on a
796:, as well as in European markets.
658:in the Atlantic. (Blue represents
141:Nao de China or Galeón de Acapulco
25:
3594:Independence of Equatorial Guinea
3299:Southwestern Historical Quarterly
3073:Rodis, Rodel (October 26, 2013).
2573:. AuthorHouse. pp. 128–130.
2366:. New York University, Abu Dhabi.
579:The Manila galleon and California
529:a Spanish ship heading for Manila
6070:1810s disestablishments in Spain
6065:1565 establishments in New Spain
5705:Criollos in the colonial society
5633:Spanish missions in the Americas
4755:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval
2837:ISBN 145677543X, 9781456775438.
1447:
1433:
1419:
1151:Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación
587:
388:. The expedition discovered the
5732:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649
3322:Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion
3248:Gasch-Tomás, José Luis (2018).
2679:"Shipwrecks of the Philippines"
2477:Schottenhammer, Angela (2019).
2406:. University of Texas at Austin
1731:Stampa, Manuel Carrera (1959).
1673:. New York: Viking. p. 4.
682:to protect the monopoly of the
598:needs additional citations for
489:of the Pacific might move in a
446:also failed. In 1542, however,
442:" across the Pacific. In 1543,
3784:Captaincy General of Guatemala
3492:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)
3304:Schurz, William Lytle (1939).
3293:Schurz, William Lytle. (1917)
3092:Galvez, Manny (July 5, 2015).
2945:By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989).
2810:10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0150
2764:10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0160
2712:. Springer. pp. 146–168.
2436:Colonial Latin American Review
2383:. Cambridge University Press.
2248:Schurz, William Lytle (1939).
2213:Schurz, William Lytle (1939).
1765:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
1514:Landing of the first Filipinos
1488:Filipino immigration to Mexico
1401:Manila–Acapulco Galleon Museum
1159:Nuestra Senora de la Covadonga
1:
6100:Early modern economic history
5683:General Archive of the Indies
4944:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
4615:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro
4600:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas
3549:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso
3502:War of the Spanish Succession
3467:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)
3181:Roa, Óscar (April 23, 2020).
2654:"Manila Galleon Crew Members"
2448:10.1080/10609164.2016.1180787
1470:Battles of La Naval de Manila
97:From 1565 to 1815 (250 years)
45:
6105:Mexico–Philippines relations
6060:1565 establishments in Spain
3755:Captaincy General of Yucatan
3685:Union with Holy Roman Empire
3664:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of
3579:German–Spanish Treaty (1899)
3044:"A Galleon Museum in Manila"
1812:The letter is referenced as
1382:Memory of the World Register
1207:Possible contact with Hawaii
1141:, which was sunk in 1600 in
992:Between 1609 and 1616, nine
340:Memory of the World Register
286:because they carried mostly
149:Trading maritime route from
6050:Merchant sailing ship types
4235:Administrative subdivisions
3432:War of the League of Cognac
3320:Findings from the wreck of
3205:Osborne, Thomas J. (2013).
3005:Rogers, Richard W. (1999).
2931:. June 1959. Archived from
2794:Oregon Historical Quarterly
2747:Oregon Historical Quarterly
2704:Williams, Scott S. (2016).
1671:The Prize of All the Oceans
1092:was lost and 1798 when the
1006:Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe
810:silver mined from New Spain
804:due to Ming China's use of
502:west coast of North America
323:Mexican War of Independence
6131:
6025:Military history of Manila
6010:Age of Sail ships of Spain
4949:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar
4934:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4836:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
3734:), Western United States (
3497:Portuguese Restoration War
2901:University of Hawaii Press
2841:. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
2499:Guevarra, Rudy P. (2007).
1540: – Spanish missionary
678:merchants petitioned king
462:by the Spanish missionary
5784:
5717:Slavery in Spanish Empire
5628:
5617:
5523:
5512:
5004:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor
4745:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder
4647:
4636:
4605:Barcelona Trading Company
4525:
4514:
4370:New Andalusia (1501–1513)
4240:
4229:
4099:
4088:
4067:
4004:
3945:
3877:Venezuela, part of Guyana
3856:
3779:
3730:, Central United States (
3719:
3633:
3622:
3611:
3462:Bruneian–Spanish conflict
3447:Expulsion of the Moriscos
3393:
3382:
3255:Giraldez, Arturo (2015).
3211:. John Wiley & Sons.
2899:. Vol. I. Honolulu:
2802:Oregon Historical Society
2756:Oregon Historical Society
2708:. In Wu, Chunming (ed.).
2219:. New York: E. P. Dutton.
1793:Revista de Historia Naval
1783:[Andrés de Urdaneta:
1181:Action of 30 October 1762
543:south of Cape Mendocino.
273:trans-Pacific slave trade
37:
5964:Varangians to the Greeks
5658:Quito painting tradition
5648:Cusco painting tradition
5009:García López de Cárdenas
4999:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera
4906:Felipe González de Ahedo
4826:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés
3403:Conquest of the Americas
3236:Journal of World History
2967:The Geographical Journal
2621:10.1177/0843871419860698
2519:Mehl, Eva Maria (2016).
2430:Seijas, Tatiana (2016).
1335:, one of these stories:
1283:'s first visit in 1778.
1171:captured in 1762 by HMS
436:Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón
214:Viceroyalty of New Spain
18:Manila-Acapulco galleons
6040:Pacific Coast of Mexico
5804:Dvaravati–Kamboja route
5443:Comuneros (New Granada)
5220:Balearic Islands (1558)
4939:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
4866:Ruy López de Villalobos
4821:Miguel López de Legazpi
4735:García de Toledo Osorio
3599:Western Sahara conflict
3589:Independence of Morocco
3529:Treaty of Madrid (1750)
3472:Piracy in the Caribbean
3457:French Wars of Religion
2377:Tatiana Seijas (2014).
1669:Williams, Glyn (1999).
1285:Ruy López de Villalobos
1102:was wrecked in Japan.
910:end of the Ming dynasty
504:, Urdaneta's ship, the
483:Miguel López de Legazpi
448:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo
192:), originally known as
189:
78:
5688:Colonial Spanish Horse
5362:Colonia del Sacramento
4585:Spanish treasure fleet
4162:Royal Decree of Graces
2985:Horwitz, Tony (2003).
2835:, p. 510. AuthorHouse.
2830:Fish, Shirley (2011).
2569:Fish, Shirley (2011).
2535:Colonial Latin America
2203:Schurz 1917, p.107-108
1565:Spanish treasure fleet
1350:
1296:
1276:
1107:Santo Cristo de Burgos
989:
950:Ferdinand VII of Spain
851:
830:Spanish treasure fleet
714:
662:
523:The English privateer
427:
419:
377:
359:Discovery of the route
355:
181:
70:
5969:Way of the Patriarchs
5879:Polynesian navigation
5799:Canadian canoe routes
4846:Vasco Núñez de Balboa
4806:Juan Sebastián Elcano
4121:Council of the Indies
3482:Spanish–Moro conflict
3452:Ottoman–Habsburg wars
3412:Treaty of Tordesillas
3324:in the Marianas, 1638
3273:2, no. 2, pp. 163–83.
3245:9 no. 33, pp. 97-118.
3238:vol. 9, no. 1, 25–50.
2595:Chinese treasure ship
1777:"Andrés de Urdaneta:
1588:Edward Von der Porten
1525: – Spanish noble
1337:
1294:
1270:
1264:in the 17th century.
1185:San Bernardino Strait
984:
881:made it impractical.
867:Treaty of Tordesillas
846:
725:, as depicted in the
693:
653:
563:established ports at
510:Santa Catalina Island
508:, hit the coast near
425:
414:
366:
353:
6030:History of New Spain
6015:Naval ships of Spain
5904:Sepik Coast exchange
5643:Mesoamerican Codices
5367:Comuneros (Paraguay)
5205:Siege of Castelnuovo
4791:Christopher Columbus
4610:Consulate of the Sea
4590:Casa de Contratación
4181:Titles and positions
3574:Spanish–American War
3564:Liberal constitution
3407:Asia and the Pacific
3106:on December 14, 2017
2935:on February 1, 2014.
1965:on February 22, 2014
1919:on February 22, 2014
1879:Derek Hayes (2001).
1733:"La Nao de la China"
1476:Bernardo de la Torre
1161:captured in 1743 by
1133:captured in 1587 by
895:Spanish–American War
684:Casa de Contratación
607:improve this article
444:Bernardo de la Torre
305:friar and navigator
5995:Spanish East Indies
5939:Trans-Saharan trade
5829:Incense trade route
5372:Cartagena de Indias
4994:Diego de Mazariegos
4964:Pere Fages i Beleta
4831:Sebastián de Ocampo
4312:Provincias Internas
4284:Captaincies General
4198:Municipal president
4167:School of Salamanca
3938:Spanish East Indies
3917:Misiones Orientales
3789:Spanish West Indies
3753:, Central America (
3700:Pyrénées-Orientales
3653:Union with Portugal
3544:Napoleonic invasion
3524:War of Jenkins' Ear
3279:Rogers, R. (1999).
3168:Vallarta Daily News
3028:, published by the
2969:, Vol. 130, No. 2.
2947:The Pacific Islands
2893:Kane, Herb Kawainui
2685:on January 10, 2016
2185:on October 17, 2016
2104:. September 8, 2011
1553:Spanish East Indies
1374:World Heritage Site
1271:Pacific Ocean with
1010:Angel de la Guardia
916:End of the galleons
708:Spanish Philippines
660:Portuguese routes.)
495:38th parallel north
333:World Heritage List
296:global silver trade
284:Spanish East Indies
222:Spanish East Indies
34:
5859:Maritime Silk Road
5854:Maritime republics
5834:Indian Ocean trade
5668:Academia Antártica
5623:Other civil topics
4989:Pánfilo de Narváez
4891:Sebastián Vizcaíno
4856:Andrés de Urdaneta
4816:Juan Ponce de León
4801:Ferdinand Magellan
4775:Bernardo de Gálvez
4674:Indian auxiliaries
4172:Trial of residence
4152:Laws of the Indies
3936:Asia and Oceania (
3797:Dominican Republic
3306:The Manila Galleon
3131:Inquirer Lifestyle
2903:. pp. 25–32.
2250:The Manila Galleon
2216:The Manila Galleon
2155:. October 17, 2012
1712:. November 4, 2015
1441:Philippines portal
1333:Herb Kawainui Kane
1297:
1277:
1047:Santísima Trinidad
990:
926:navíos de registro
871:Panamanian isthmus
852:
715:
710:, then across the
680:Philip II of Spain
663:
561:Portola expedition
479:Andrés de Urdaneta
475:Alonso de Arellano
428:
420:
382:Ferdinand Magellan
378:
373:claims during the
356:
315:Alonso de Arellano
307:Andrés de Urdaneta
198:Galeón de Acapulco
5977:
5976:
5959:Volga trade route
5884:Rome-India routes
5744:
5743:
5740:
5739:
5613:
5612:
5518:Spanish conquests
5508:
5507:
5504:
5503:
5500:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5293:
5292:
4974:Pedro de Alvarado
4959:Gaspar de Portolà
4954:Pedro de Valdivia
4929:Francisco Pizarro
4881:Nicolás de Ovando
4876:Alonso de Ercilla
4851:Alonso de Salazar
4684:Ships of the line
4632:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4225:
4224:
4221:
4220:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4056:
4055:
4013:Northern Africa (
4009:Equatorial Guinea
3993:
3992:
3930:
3929:
3845:
3844:
3768:
3767:
3759:Spanish Caribbean
3732:Spanish Louisiana
3708:
3707:
3643:Crown of Castille
3607:
3606:
3584:Spanish Civil War
3559:Adams–Onís Treaty
3539:Nootka Convention
3487:Thirty Years' War
3477:Eighty Years' War
3398:Catholic Monarchs
3388:Timeline–immersed
3243:Historia Mexicana
3218:978-1-4051-9454-9
3054:on April 16, 2016
3009:. Pilialoha Press
2719:978-981-10-0904-4
2630:20.500.12525/1301
2544:978-0-19-064240-2
2404:15 Minute History
2390:978-1-139-95285-9
2333:978-0-307-59672-7
1737:Historia Mexicana
1094:San Cristobal (2)
998:San Juan Bautista
863:Cape of Good Hope
733:(the old port of
639:
638:
631:
190:Galyon ng Maynila
170:
169:
79:Galyon ng Maynila
16:(Redirected from
6122:
5949:Triangular trade
5824:Hiri trade cycle
5819:Hanseatic League
5809:Grand Trunk Road
5771:
5764:
5757:
5748:
5619:
5585:Chibchan Nations
5514:
5483:Santiago de Cuba
5342:Guadalupe Island
5302:
5029:
5022:
4984:Diego de Almagro
4861:Antonio de Ulloa
4765:Ambrosio Spinola
4760:Pedro de Zubiaur
4730:Alfonso d'Avalos
4720:Antonio de Leyva
4664:Army of Flanders
4649:
4638:
4527:
4516:
4242:
4231:
4101:
4090:
4058:
4031:Peñón of Algiers
3995:
3932:
3847:
3770:
3752:
3710:
3624:
3613:
3534:Seven Years' War
3507:Queen Anne's War
3384:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3252:. Leiden: Brill.
3222:
3191:
3190:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3102:. Archived from
3089:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3050:. Archived from
3039:
3033:
3016:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2983:
2977:
2963:
2957:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2889:
2878:
2877:
2861:
2848:
2842:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2701:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2681:. Archived from
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2632:
2604:
2598:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2530:
2524:
2517:
2511:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2427:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2394:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2357:
2348:
2339:
2336:
2313:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2262:
2253:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2204:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2181:. Archived from
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2102:Federal Register
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2077:
2071:. Archived from
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2044:
2038:. Archived from
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2011:
2005:. Archived from
1995:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1958:. Archived from
1957:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1936:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1912:. Archived from
1911:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1876:
1870:
1860:
1854:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1831:
1823:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1790:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1702:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1619:
1612:
1595:
1583:
1547:Pedro de Unamuno
1543:
1528:
1519:
1505:
1457:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1213:Hawaiian Islands
1147:Oliver Van Noort
1135:Thomas Cavendish
761:, porcelain and
634:
627:
623:
620:
614:
591:
583:
549:Point Conception
533:an English claim
402:battle of Mactan
375:Age of Discovery
319:Kuroshio Current
208:that linked the
200:, refers to the
182:Galeón de Manila
81:
71:Galeón de Manila
62:Native name
50:
47:
44:Manila galleon (
42:
35:
33:Galeón de Manila
21:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6035:Colonial Mexico
5980:
5979:
5978:
5973:
5869:Penarikan Route
5780:
5775:
5745:
5736:
5712:Old inquisition
5624:
5609:
5519:
5492:
5448:Trinidad (1797)
5418:La Noche Triste
5406:
5402:San Juan (1797)
5352:San Juan (1595)
5289:
5178:
5018:Notable battles
5013:
4979:Martín de Ursúa
4910:
4841:Alonso de Ojeda
4811:Juan de la Cosa
4796:Pinzón brothers
4779:
4750:John of Austria
4725:Martín de Goiti
4703:
4643:
4624:
4568:
4521:
4502:
4414:
4410:Terra Australis
4405:Río de la Plata
4350:Castilla de Oro
4336:
4278:
4274:Río de la Plata
4236:
4217:
4176:
4135:
4131:Santa Hermandad
4095:
4076:
4072:Terra Australis
4063:
4052:
4019:Spanish Morocco
4000:
3989:
3980:Northern Taiwan
3941:
3926:
3897:Río de la Plata
3852:
3841:
3775:
3774:Central America
3764:
3746:
3715:
3704:
3648:Crown of Aragon
3629:
3618:
3603:
3519:Bourbon Reforms
3389:
3378:
3373:
3316:
3311:
3230:
3228:Further reading
3225:
3219:
3204:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3170:. June 3, 2018.
3162:
3161:
3157:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3109:
3107:
3099:Philstar Global
3091:
3090:
3086:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3048:Manila Bulletin
3041:
3040:
3036:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2984:
2980:
2975:10.2307/1794586
2964:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2891:
2890:
2881:
2874:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2829:
2825:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2560:
2545:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2518:
2514:
2498:
2494:
2476:
2475:
2471:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2409:
2407:
2397:
2391:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2355:
2351:Mejia, Javier.
2350:
2349:
2342:
2334:
2318:Charles C. Mann
2316:
2311:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2266:Charles C. Mann
2264:
2263:
2256:
2247:
2243:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2173:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2156:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2096:
2095:
2091:
2081:
2079:
2078:on May 25, 2017
2075:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2045:on May 25, 2017
2042:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2012:on May 25, 2017
2009:
1997:
1996:
1992:
1975:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1953:"Archived copy"
1951:
1950:
1946:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1907:"Archived copy"
1905:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1861:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1824:
1813:
1805:
1803:
1788:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1652:
1651:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1584:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1541:
1526:
1523:María de Lajara
1517:
1503:
1482:Chamorro people
1453:
1448:
1446:
1439:
1434:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1363:
1262:Terra Australis
1242:Solomon Islands
1209:
1143:Bahía de Manila
1127:
1078:
1056:
979:
974:
942:Cortes of Cádiz
922:Bourbon Reforms
918:
905:the Galleons".
802:silver standard
648:
635:
624:
618:
615:
604:
592:
581:
573:Alta California
468:Simão Rodrigues
390:Mariana Islands
361:
348:
280:La Nao de China
194:La Nao de China
128:
65:
57:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6128:
6126:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5982:
5981:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5934:Tea Horse Road
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5909:Siberian Route
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5874:Manila galleon
5871:
5866:
5864:Old Salt Route
5861:
5856:
5851:
5849:Lapita culture
5846:
5841:
5839:King's Highway
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5776:
5774:
5773:
5766:
5759:
5751:
5742:
5741:
5738:
5737:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5697:
5696:
5695:
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5629:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5610:
5608:
5607:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5528:Canary Islands
5524:
5521:
5520:
5517:
5510:
5509:
5506:
5505:
5502:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5491:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5414:
5412:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5382:Túpac Amaru II
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5327:Bogotá savanna
5324:
5319:
5314:
5308:
5306:
5299:
5295:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5272:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5235:Spanish Armada
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5129:White Mountain
5126:
5124:Cape Celidonia
5121:
5119:English Armada
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4920:
4918:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4896:Juan Fernández
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4871:Diego Columbus
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4699:Army of Africa
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4679:Spanish Armada
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4655:
4653:
4645:
4644:
4641:
4634:
4633:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Manila galleon
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4535:
4533:
4523:
4522:
4519:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4346:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4227:
4226:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4184:
4182:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4143:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4107:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4094:Administration
4093:
4086:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4050:
4015:Western Sahara
4011:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3998:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3913:Banda Oriental
3894:
3880:
3857:
3854:
3853:
3850:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3728:Coastal Alaska
3720:
3717:
3716:
3713:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3380:
3379:
3376:Spanish Empire
3374:
3372:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3315:
3314:External links
3312:
3310:
3309:
3302:
3291:
3277:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3253:
3246:
3239:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3217:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3173:
3155:
3150:BusinessMirror
3136:
3117:
3084:
3065:
3034:
3011:
2998:
2978:
2958:
2938:
2916:
2909:
2879:
2872:
2843:
2823:
2784:
2732:
2718:
2696:
2670:
2644:
2615:(3): 559–573.
2599:
2586:
2579:
2558:
2543:
2525:
2512:
2492:
2469:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2389:
2369:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2332:
2309:
2295:Brook, Timothy
2286:
2280:
2254:
2241:
2222:
2205:
2196:
2166:
2140:
2115:
2089:
2056:
2023:
1990:
1944:
1898:
1891:
1871:
1855:
1839:
1767:
1754:
1723:
1697:
1686:
1679:
1661:
1620:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1535:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1485:
1479:
1473:
1467:
1464:Asian Mexicans
1460:
1459:
1458:
1444:
1430:
1414:
1411:
1362:
1359:
1341:Kealakekua Bay
1208:
1205:
1201:Samuel Cornish
1199:, in 1762, by
1126:
1123:
1090:Espiritu Santo
1082:treasure ships
1077:
1074:
1055:
1052:
1026:Espiritu Santo
978:
975:
973:
970:
946:Peninsular War
917:
914:
826:Gulf of Mexico
671:Spanish Empire
647:
644:
637:
636:
595:
593:
586:
580:
577:
553:Cape San Lucas
464:Francis Xavier
460:Portuguese Goa
360:
357:
347:
344:
309:pioneered the
174:Manila galleon
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
125:Spanish Empire
118:
114:
113:
103:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
89:Manila galleon
87:
83:
82:
63:
59:
58:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6127:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5987:
5985:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5960:
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5929:Brouwer Route
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5786:
5783:
5779:
5772:
5767:
5765:
5760:
5758:
5753:
5752:
5749:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5663:Tapada limeña
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5598:
5596:
5593:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5522:
5515:
5511:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5300:
5296:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5255:Montes Claros
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5195:Vienna (1529)
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5185:
5181:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5016:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4924:Hernán Cortés
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4916:Conquistadors
4913:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4886:Juan de Ayala
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4740:Duke of Savoy
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4706:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4639:
4635:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4539:Dollar (Peso)
4537:
4536:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4517:
4513:
4499:
4498:Santo Domingo
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4375:New Andalusia
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4343:
4339:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4322:Santo Domingo
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4246:Viceroyalties
4243:
4239:
4232:
4228:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4087:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4059:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4003:
3996:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3933:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3855:
3851:South America
3848:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3778:
3771:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3736:Spanish Texas
3733:
3729:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3714:North America
3711:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3695:Franche-Comté
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3610:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3395:
3392:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3370:
3365:
3363:
3358:
3356:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3275:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3227:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3189:(in Spanish).
3188:
3187:ContraRéplica
3184:
3177:
3174:
3169:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3118:
3105:
3101:
3100:
3095:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3066:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2999:
2996:
2995:0-312-42260-1
2992:
2988:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2912:
2910:0-8248-1829-6
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2869:
2865:
2864:HarperCollins
2860:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2736:
2733:
2721:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2671:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2580:9781456775421
2576:
2572:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2473:
2470:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2370:
2365:
2361:
2360:Working Paper
2354:
2347:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:0-520-21091-3
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2281:9780307596727
2277:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2167:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2057:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1986:
1980:
1969:September 28,
1961:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1940:
1934:
1923:September 28,
1915:
1908:
1902:
1899:
1894:
1892:9781550548655
1888:
1884:
1883:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1821:
1817:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1780:
1771:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1743:(1): 97–118.
1742:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1724:
1716:September 14,
1711:
1707:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1682:
1680:0-670-89197-5
1676:
1672:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
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1489:
1486:
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1474:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1455:Mexico portal
1445:
1442:
1431:
1428:
1427:Piracy portal
1417:
1412:
1410:
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1404:
1402:
1397:
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1370:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1356:
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1342:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1329:William Ellis
1325:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1289:
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1282:
1274:
1269:
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1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:Easter Island
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1189:San Sebastián
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
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1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Woodes Rogers
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1111:Beeswax wreck
1108:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1064:the galleon.
1062:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
983:
976:
971:
969:
967:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
940:In 1813, the
938:
936:
935:Great Britain
932:
927:
923:
915:
913:
911:
906:
903:
898:
896:
892:
887:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
850:
845:
841:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
817:
815:
811:
807:
806:silver ingots
803:
799:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
771:
768:In addition,
766:
764:
760:
756:
755:Japanese fans
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
692:
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677:
672:
668:
661:
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652:
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633:
630:
622:
612:
608:
602:
601:
596:This section
594:
590:
585:
584:
578:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
556:
554:
550:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:Francis Drake
521:
519:
516:and later to
515:
511:
507:
503:
500:Reaching the
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:Russian River
453:
452:38th parallel
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
424:
417:
413:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
376:
372:
371:
365:
358:
352:
345:
343:
341:
338:
334:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
292:globalization
289:
288:Chinese goods
285:
281:
276:
274:
269:
265:
261:
256:
253:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:Pacific Ocean
224:, across the
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:Spanish Crown
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
166:
165:Spanish Crown
163:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
138:Also known as
136:
132:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
54:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5919:Spanish Road
5873:
5778:Trade routes
5638:Architecture
5533:The Americas
5397:Newfoundland
5387:Túpac Katari
5377:Cuerno Verde
5312:Tenochtitlan
5144:Valenciennes
4901:Luis Fajardo
4770:Blas de Lezo
4715:Duke of Alba
4595:Spanish Road
4579:
4433:Buenos Aires
4342:Governorates
4111:Ayuntamiento
4104:Organization
3569:Carlist Wars
3417:Italian Wars
3321:
3305:
3298:
3280:
3270:
3263:
3256:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3207:
3186:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3149:
3139:
3130:
3120:
3110:December 14,
3108:. Retrieved
3104:the original
3097:
3087:
3079:Inquirer.net
3078:
3068:
3056:. Retrieved
3052:the original
3047:
3037:
3024:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2986:
2981:
2966:
2961:
2946:
2941:
2933:the original
2928:
2919:
2896:
2857:
2852:Kamen, Henry
2846:
2839:Google Books
2838:
2832:
2826:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2775:. Retrieved
2751:
2745:
2735:
2723:. Retrieved
2709:
2699:
2687:. Retrieved
2683:the original
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2657:
2647:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2589:
2570:
2534:
2528:
2520:
2515:
2500:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2442:(1): 56–76.
2439:
2435:
2408:. Retrieved
2403:
2379:
2372:
2363:
2359:
2322:
2299:
2289:
2270:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2225:
2215:
2208:
2199:
2189:February 21,
2187:. Retrieved
2183:the original
2178:
2169:
2159:February 23,
2157:. Retrieved
2152:
2143:
2133:February 23,
2131:. Retrieved
2127:
2118:
2108:February 23,
2106:. Retrieved
2101:
2092:
2082:February 24,
2080:. Retrieved
2073:the original
2068:
2059:
2049:February 24,
2047:. Retrieved
2040:the original
2035:
2026:
2016:February 23,
2014:. Retrieved
2007:the original
2002:
1993:
1967:. Retrieved
1960:the original
1947:
1921:. Retrieved
1914:the original
1901:
1881:
1874:
1863:Osborne 2013
1858:
1847:Osborne 2013
1842:
1819:
1815:
1806:November 19,
1804:. Retrieved
1792:
1784:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1740:
1736:
1726:
1714:. Retrieved
1709:
1700:
1689:
1670:
1664:
1653:(in Spanish)
1615:
1610:
1581:
1559:Spanish Main
1538:Pedro Cubero
1408:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1351:
1338:
1326:
1298:
1278:
1210:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:George Anson
1158:
1153:captured by
1150:
1138:
1130:
1128:
1106:
1104:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
991:
977:Construction
962:
957:
954:San Fernando
953:
939:
925:
919:
907:
899:
883:
875:yellow fever
860:
853:
838:
818:
787:
782:
778:
774:
767:
753:, including
751:Nanban trade
716:
664:
640:
625:
619:January 2020
616:
605:Please help
600:verification
597:
557:
545:
522:
505:
499:
472:
429:
405:
379:
370:mare clausum
368:
327:
325:broke out.
310:
300:
279:
277:
260:luxury goods
257:
254:
249:
197:
193:
173:
171:
161:Organised by
86:English name
51:
29:
5924:Spice Route
5605:Philippines
5570:El Salvador
5190:Capo d'Orso
5074:St. Quentin
5049:Rome (1527)
4708:Strategists
4458:Guadalajara
4385:New Navarre
4380:New Castile
4365:La Luisiana
4317:Puerto Rico
4307:Philippines
4264:New Granada
3954:Philippines
3915:(Uruguay),
3911:(Bolivia),
3861:New Granada
3801:Puerto Rico
3747: [
3617:Territories
3437:Encomiendas
3058:January 21,
2804:: 150–159.
2777:October 23,
2758:: 160–191.
2725:October 23,
2663:October 18,
2410:January 13,
2128:Govinfo.gov
1849:, pp.
1785:In memoriam
1779:In memoriam
1592:Ken Salazar
1275:highlighted
1217:Henry Kamen
886:Mexico City
763:lacquerware
747:lacquerware
665:Trade with
541:Point Reyes
487:trade winds
400:during the
394:Philippines
386:trade winds
303:Augustinian
218:Mexico City
216:, based in
151:East Indies
53:Boxer Codex
49: 1590
6115:Tall ships
5984:Categories
5944:Trepanging
5889:Royal Road
5789:Amber Road
5275:Somosierra
5265:Manila Bay
5139:Nördlingen
5079:Gravelines
4559:Columnario
4531:Currencies
4448:Concepción
4420:Audiencias
4395:New Toledo
4360:La Florida
4193:Corregidor
4157:Papal bull
4062:Antarctica
3970:Micronesia
3427:Golden Age
3289:0967346703
2989:, p. 452.
2955:0824812336
2873:0060932643
2553:1015274908
2509:0549122869
2179:Winepi.com
2069:Winepi.com
2036:Winepi.com
2003:Winepi.com
1865:, p.
1602:References
1394:tornaviaje
1355:shipwrecks
1281:James Cook
1246:New Guinea
1099:San Felipe
1076:Shipwrecks
1042:Concepción
1030:San Miguel
1014:San Felipe
1002:San Marcos
966:Suez Canal
958:Magallanes
931:Royal Navy
757:, chests,
727:Selden Map
721:, such as
696:Selden Map
667:Ming China
537:Drakes Bay
440:westerlies
311:tornaviaje
250:tornaviaje
246:Manila Bay
6055:New Spain
6045:Sea lanes
5954:Via Maris
5914:Silk Road
5894:Salt road
5844:Kula ring
5580:Nicaragua
5558:Guatemala
5468:Pichincha
5453:Chacabuco
5392:Pensacola
5337:Mataquito
5317:Cajamarca
5298:New World
5270:Trafalgar
5174:Alhucemas
5054:Landriano
5039:Comuneros
5025:Old World
4969:Joan Orpí
4689:Royalists
4463:Guatemala
4390:New Spain
4327:Venezuela
4302:Guatemala
4259:New Spain
4254:Columbian
4147:Exequatur
4047:Cape Juby
3901:Argentina
3724:New Spain
3658:Gibraltar
3422:Habsburgs
2818:165403120
2772:165790449
2689:March 24,
2658:Guampedia
2639:204432430
2464:163214741
2456:1060-9164
2252:, p. 193.
1828:cite book
1801:0212-467X
1710:Guampedia
1346:Hawaiians
1314:Kahoolawe
1273:Mauna Kea
1238:Marquesas
1230:Carolines
1193:Santa Ana
1157:in 1709;
1139:San Diego
1131:Santa Ana
1115:Tillamook
1086:San Pablo
891:presidios
856:cochineal
834:haciendas
798:East Asia
790:New Spain
739:Zhangzhou
565:San Diego
506:San Pedro
268:porcelain
129:(current
121:New Spain
5990:Galleons
5899:Sea lane
5814:Hærvejen
5590:Colombia
5575:Honduras
5488:Asomante
5473:Ayacucho
5463:Carabobo
5438:Curalaba
5215:Ceresole
5109:Gembloux
5069:Mühlberg
4784:Mariners
4642:Military
4564:Doubloon
4549:Maravedí
4493:Santiago
4400:Paraguay
4126:Germania
3966:Caroline
3921:Malvinas
3905:Paraguay
3865:Colombia
3807:Trinidad
3674:Sardinia
3514:Bourbons
3025:Prologue
2854:(2004).
2320:(2011),
2297:(1998),
2268:(2011),
1979:cite web
1933:cite web
1749:25134990
1413:See also
1390:Sorsogon
1254:Pitcairn
1226:Marianas
1175:and HMS
1125:Captures
1022:Salbador
1018:Santiago
994:galleons
985:Spanish
972:Galleons
849:Acapulco
822:Veracruz
735:Haicheng
723:Quanzhou
712:Far East
706:and the
700:Quanzhou
569:Monterey
518:Acapulco
514:San Blas
432:Trinidad
416:Acapulco
406:Victoria
398:Lapulapu
392:and the
367:Iberian
262:such as
230:Acapulco
204:trading
186:Filipino
155:Americas
117:Location
111:Acapulco
105:Between
94:Duration
75:Filipino
5722:Asiento
5693:Mustang
5553:Yucatán
5548:Chiapas
5428:Tucapel
5260:Passaro
5210:Algiers
5200:Preveza
5169:Tetouan
5164:Vitoria
5154:Bitonto
5094:Antwerp
5089:Lepanto
5044:Bicocca
4520:Economy
4443:Charcas
4438:Caracas
4332:Yucatán
4203:Regidor
4188:Alcalde
4116:Cabildo
4023:Tripoli
3962:Mariana
3909:Charcas
3885:(Peru,
3869:Ecuador
3832:Bonaire
3827:Curazao
3812:Jamaica
3740:Florida
3198:Sources
2236:Rappler
2153:Doi.gov
1322:Molokai
1258:Vanuatu
1183:in the
1179:at the
1173:Panther
1119:Clatsop
1070:mesones
987:galleon
879:malaria
824:on the
759:screens
731:Yuegang
676:Seville
454:at the
346:History
238:galleon
202:Spanish
178:Spanish
153:to the
67:Spanish
5700:Castas
5458:Boyacá
5433:Guiana
5423:Iguape
5347:Recife
5285:Mactan
5280:Annual
5245:Rocroi
5240:Leiden
5225:Djerba
5159:Bailén
5114:Ostend
5099:Azores
4694:Legión
4659:Tercio
4652:Armies
4554:Escudo
4483:Panamá
4478:Mexico
4473:Manila
4428:Bogotá
4213:Vecino
4208:Syndic
4039:Béjaïa
3999:Africa
3985:Tidore
3873:Panama
3837:Belize
3744:Mexico
3670:Sicily
3666:Naples
3628:Europe
3287:
3215:
2993:
2953:
2907:
2870:
2816:
2770:
2716:
2637:
2577:
2551:
2541:
2507:
2462:
2454:
2387:
2330:
2307:
2278:
1889:
1799:
1747:
1677:
1378:UNESCO
1320:, and
1310:Hawaii
1248:, and
1240:, the
1236:, the
1234:Tuvalu
1228:, the
1224:, the
1061:indios
1034:Cavite
1028:, and
814:Potosí
783:chinos
779:cafres
775:negros
770:slaves
743:Fujian
729:, and
719:Fujian
704:Manila
337:UNESCO
330:UNESCO
264:spices
242:Cavite
234:Manila
196:, and
146:Motive
131:Mexico
107:Manila
5595:Chile
5563:Petén
5538:Aztec
5357:Bahia
5332:Penco
5322:Cusco
5250:Downs
5230:Tunis
5149:Ceuta
5134:Breda
5084:Malta
5064:Tunis
5059:Pavia
4573:Trade
4488:Quito
4453:Cusco
4292:Chile
4027:Tunis
3974:Palau
3891:Chile
3822:Aruba
3817:Haiti
3751:]
3680:Milan
3638:Spain
3020:issue
2814:S2CID
2800:(2).
2768:S2CID
2754:(2).
2635:S2CID
2460:S2CID
2356:(PDF)
2076:(DOC)
2043:(DOC)
2010:(DOC)
1963:(PDF)
1956:(PDF)
1917:(PDF)
1910:(PDF)
1851:30–31
1818:[
1789:(PDF)
1745:JSTOR
1573:Notes
1318:Lanai
1054:Crews
656:flota
646:Trade
539:, on
244:, in
206:ships
102:Venue
5600:Inca
5543:Maya
5478:Guam
5411:Lost
5183:Lost
5104:Mons
4544:Real
4468:Lima
4355:Cuba
4297:Cuba
4269:Perú
4045:and
4043:Ifni
4035:Oran
3958:Guam
3887:Acre
3883:Peru
3793:Cuba
3672:and
3285:ISBN
3213:ISBN
3112:2017
3060:2016
3030:NARA
2991:ISBN
2951:ISBN
2905:ISBN
2868:ISBN
2779:2019
2727:2019
2714:ISBN
2691:2020
2665:2019
2593:See
2575:ISBN
2549:OCLC
2539:ISBN
2505:ISBN
2452:ISSN
2412:2016
2385:ISBN
2364:0023
2328:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2276:ISBN
2191:2013
2161:2019
2135:2019
2110:2019
2084:2019
2051:2019
2018:2019
1985:link
1971:2015
1939:link
1925:2015
1887:ISBN
1834:link
1808:2020
1797:ISSN
1718:2020
1675:ISBN
1306:Maui
1256:and
1222:Guam
1191:and
1177:Argo
1117:and
877:and
812:and
794:Peru
792:and
694:The
567:and
551:and
491:gyre
477:and
266:and
232:and
172:The
109:and
5305:Won
5032:Won
4140:Law
4037:,
3757:),
3738:),
3022:of
2971:doi
2806:doi
2798:119
2760:doi
2752:119
2625:hdl
2617:doi
2444:doi
1145:by
956:or
933:of
816:.
777:or
737:in
702:to
609:by
466:to
298:.
212:'s
5986::
4041:,
4033:,
4029:,
4025:,
4021:,
4017:,
3972:,
3968:,
3964:,
3960:,
3956:,
3919:,
3907:,
3903:,
3889:,
3875:,
3871:,
3867:,
3799:,
3795:,
3749:es
3742:,
3668:,
3405:,
3297:,
3166:.
3148:.
3129:.
3096:.
3077:.
3046:.
2927:.
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2866:.
2862:.
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2750:.
2744:.
2656:.
2633:.
2623:.
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2611:.
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2485:.
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2458:.
2450:.
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2438:.
2434:.
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2257:^
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2100:.
2067:.
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2001:.
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1977:{{
1935:}}
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