Manila galleon - Knowledge (XXG)

40: 1586:

its review, NPS obtained independent, confidential comments from professional historians. The NPS staff concluded that the Drake's Cove site is the "most probable" and "most likely" Drake landing site. The National Park System Advisory Board Landmarks Committee sought public comments on the Port of Nova Albion Historic and Archaeological District Nomination and received more than two dozen letters of support and none in opposition. At the Committee's meeting of November 9, 2011, in Washington, DC, representatives of the government of Spain, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Congresswoman Lynn Wolsey all spoke in favor of the nomination: there was no opposition. Staff and the Drake Navigators Guild's president,

351: 1300:

did find Hawaii during their voyages, they would not have published their findings and the discovery would have remained unknown. From Gaetano's account, the Hawaiian islands were not known to have any valuable resources, so the Spanish would not have made an effort to settle them. This happened in the case of the Marianas and the Carolines, which were not effectively settled until the second half of the 17th century. Spanish archives contain a chart that depicts islands in the latitude of Hawaii but with the longitude ten degrees east of the Islands (

651: 412: 1590:, gave the presentation. The Nomination was strongly endorsed by committee member Dr. James M. Allan, Archaeologist, and the Committee as a whole which approved the nomination unanimously. The National Park System Advisory Board sought further public comments on the Nomination, but no additional comments were received. At the Board's meeting on December 1, 2011, in Florida, the nomination was further reviewed: the Board approved the nomination unanimously. On October 16, 2012, Secretary of the Interior 364: 1435: 844: 423: 1421: 1449: 589: 1292: 1268: 691: 749:, processed silk cloth and other valuable commodities. Cargoes varied from one voyage to another but often included goods from all over Asia: jade, wax, gunpowder and silk from China; amber, cotton and rugs from India; spices from Indonesia and Malaysia; and a variety of goods from Japan, the Spanish part of the so-called 1058:

Sailors averaged age 28 or 29 while the oldest were between 40 and 50. Ships' pages were children who entered service mostly at age 8, many orphans or poor taken from the streets of Seville, Mexico and Manila. Apprentices were older than the pages and if successful would be certified as sailor at age

641:

Monterey, California, was about two months and three weeks out from Manila in the 18th century, and the galleon tended to stop there 40 days before arriving in Acapulco. Galleons stopped in Monterey prior to California's Spanish settlement in 1769; however, visits became regular between 1777 and 1794

270:

in exchange for New World silver. Silver prices in Asia were substantially higher than in America, leading to an arbitrage opportunity for the Manila galleon. Most of the cargo value exchanged for silver consisted in luxurious goods from all Asia such as Indian ivory and precious stones, Chinese silk

1063:

of Filipino and Southeast Asian origin made up the majority of the crew. Other crew were made up of deportees and criminals from Spain and the colonies. Many criminals were sentenced to serve as crew on royal ships. Less than a third of the crew was Spanish and they usually held key positions aboard

1039:

Due to the route's high profitability but long voyage time, it was essential to build the largest possible galleons, which were the largest class of European ships known to have been built until then. In the 16th century, they averaged from 1,700 to 2,000 tons, were built of Philippine hardwoods and

963:

The Manila–Acapulco galleon trade ended in 1815, a few years before Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821. After this, the Spanish Crown took direct control of the Philippines, and governed directly from Madrid. Sea transport became easier in the mid-19th century after the invention of steam

904:

in masses held by the Archbishop of Manila. If the expedition was successful the voyagers would go to La Ermita (the church) to pay homage, and offer gold and other precious gems or jewelries from Hispanic countries to the image of the virgin. So it came to be that the virgin was named the "Queen of

888:

and thence to Spain itself. Many of the so-called "Kastilas" or Spaniards in the Philippines were actually of Mexican descent, and the Hispanic culture of the Philippines is influenced by Spanish and Mexican culture in particular. Soldiers and settlers recruited from Mexico and Peru also gathered in

1365:

In 2010, the Philippines foreign affairs secretary organized a diplomatic reception attended by at least 32 countries, for discussions about the historic galleon trade and the possible establishment of a galleon museum. Various Mexican and Filipino institutions and politicians also made discussions

1287:

commanded a fleet of six ships that left Acapulco in 1542 with a Spanish sailor named Ivan Gaetan or Juan Gaetano aboard as pilot. Depending on the interpretation, Gaetano's reports seem to describe the discovery of either Hawaii or the Marshall Islands in 1555. If it was Hawaii, Gaetano would have

686:

based in Seville. This led to the passing of a decree in 1593 that set a limit of two ships sailing each year from either port, with one kept in reserve in Acapulco and one in Manila. An "armada", or armed escort of galleons, was also approved. Due to official attempts to control the galleon trade,

546:

By the 18th century, it was understood that a less northerly track was sufficient when nearing the North American coast, and galleon navigators steered well clear of the rocky and often fogbound northern and central California coast. According to historian William Lytle Schurz, "They generally made

1585:

The Drakes Cove site began its review by the National Park Service (NPS) in 1994, thus starting an 18-year study of the suggested Drake sites. The first formal nomination to mark the Nova Albion site at Drake's Cove as a National Historic Landmark was provided to NPS on January 1, 1996. As part of

1299:

The westward route from Mexico passed south of Hawaii, making a short stopover in Guam before heading for Manila. The exact route was kept secret to protect the Spanish trade monopoly against competing powers, and to avoid Dutch and English pirates. Due to this policy of discretion, if the Spanish

1067:

At port, goods were unloaded by dockworkers, and food was often supplied locally. In Acapulco, the arrival of the galleons provided seasonal work, as for dockworkers who were typically free black men highly paid for their back breaking labor, and for farmers and haciendas across Mexico who helped

1219:

maintains that the Spanish did not have the ability to properly explore the Pacific Ocean and were not capable of finding the islands which lay at a latitude 20° north of the westbound galleon route and its currents. However, Spanish exploration in the Pacific was paramount until the late 18th

673:

and as a fundamental source of income for Spanish colonists in the Philippine Islands. Galleons used for the trade between East and West were crafted by Filipino artisans. Until 1593, two or more ships would set sail annually from each port. The Manila trade became so lucrative that

1059:

20. Mortality rates were high with ships arriving in Manila with a majority of their crew often dead from starvation, disease and scurvy, especially in the early years, so Spanish officials in Manila found it difficult to find men to crew their ships to return to Acapulco. Many

1352:

Some scholars, particularly American, have dismissed these claims as lacking credibility. Debate continues as to whether the Hawaiian Islands were actually visited by the Spanish in the 16th century with researchers like Richard W. Rogers looking for evidence of Spanish

858:, seeds, sweet potato, corn, tomato, tobacco, chickpeas, chocolate and cocoa, watermelon seeds, vines, and fig trees. The remaining 20% were goods transshipped from Europe and North Africa such as wine and olive oil, and metal goods such as weapons, knobs and spurs. 1387:

In 2015, the Unesco National Commission of the Philippines (Unacom) and the Department of Foreign Affairs organized an expert's meeting to discuss the trade route's nomination. Some of the topics presented include the Spanish colonial shipyards in

982: 928:

in the Pacific. These ships traveled solo, outside the convoy system of the galleons. While these solo voyages would not immediately replace the galleon system, they were more efficient and better able to avoid being captured by the

497:, off the east coast of Japan, before catching the westerlies that would take them back across the Pacific. He commanded a vessel which completed the eastward voyage in 129 days; this marked the opening of the Manila galleon trade. 271:

and porcelain, cloves from the Moluccas islands, cinnamon from Ceylon and ginger, lacquers, tibores, tapestries and perfumes from all Asia. In addition, Filipino slaves were also traded to Mexico from 1505 to the mid 1600s (

558:

The first motivation for land exploration of present-day California was to scout out possible way stations for the seaworn Manila galleons on the last leg of their journey. Early proposals came to little, but in 1769, the

869:. It also avoided stopping over at ports controlled by competing powers such as Portugal and the Netherlands. From the early days of exploration, the Spanish knew that the American continent was much narrower across the 839:

The trade of goods and exchanges of people were not limited to Mexico and the Philippines, since Guatemala, Panama, Ecuador, and Peru also served as supplementary streams to the main one between Mexico and Philippines.

819:

The cargoes arrived in Acapulco and were transported by land across Mexico. Mule trains would carry the goods along the China Road from Acapulco first to the administrative center of Mexico City, then on to the port of

772:

of various origins, including East Africa, Portuguese India, the Muslim sultanates of Southeast Asia, and the Spanish Philippines, were transported from Manila and sold in New Spain. African slaves were categorized as

1343:

in a painted boat with an awning or canopy over the stern. They were dressed in clothing of white and yellow, and one wore a sword at his side and a feather in his hat. On landing, they kneeled down in prayer. The

1331:, a writer and missionary who lived in early 19th century Hawaii, and recorded several folk stories about foreigners who had visited Hawaii prior to first contact with Cook. According to Hawaiian writer 1072:, and had goods transported by muleteers, which provided opportunities for indigenous people in Mexico. By providing for the galleons, Spanish colonial America was tied into the broader global economy. 1380:. Spain has also backed the nomination and suggested that the archives related to the route under the possession of the Philippines, Mexico, and Spain be nominated as part of another UNESCO list, the 520:, arriving on October 8, 1565. Most of his crew died on the long initial voyage, for which they had not sufficiently provisioned. Arellano, who had taken a more southerly route, had already arrived. 3093: 3276:

Oropeza Keresey, Deborah (2007). "Los 'indios chinos' en la Nueva España: la inmigración de la Nao de China, 1565–1700." PhD dissertation, El Colegio de México, Centro de Estudios Históricos.

832:

bound for Spain. The transport of goods overland by porters, the housing of travelers and sailors at inns by innkeepers, and the stocking of long voyages with food and supplies provided by

1348:, most helpful to those who were most helpless, received them kindly. The strangers ultimately married into the families of chiefs, but their names could not be included in genealogies". 893:

of the Philippines. Even after the galleon era, and at the time when Mexico finally gained its independence, the two nations still continued to trade, except for a brief lull during the

4734: 1211:

Over 250 years, there were hundreds of Manila galleon crossings of the Pacific Ocean between present-day Mexico and the Philippines, with their route taking them just south of the

6074: 884:

It took at least four months to sail across the Pacific Ocean from Manila to Acapulco, and the galleons were the main link between the Philippines and the viceregal capital at

5999: 1493: 295: 4754: 6109: 5672: 2097: 996:

and six galleys were constructed in Philippine shipyards. The average cost was 78,000 pesos per galleon and at least 2,000 trees. The galleons constructed included the

6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 39: 5219: 4714: 6019: 1833: 3126: 2607:

Valdez-Bubnov, Ivan (2019). "Crown, trade, church and indigenous societies: The functioning of the Spanish shipbuilding industry in the Philippines, 1571–1816".

6004: 5677: 4764: 555: ... After all, these were preeminently merchant ships, and the business of exploration lay outside their field, though chance discoveries were welcomed". 272: 4369: 901: 1594:

signed the nomination and on October 17, 2012, The Drakes Bay Historic and Archaeological District was formally announced as a new National Historic Landmark.

3727: 531:, Drake turned north, hoping to meet another Spanish treasure ship coming south on its return from Manila to Acapulco. He failed in that regard, but staked 1392:, underwater archaeology in the Philippines, the route's influences on Filipino textile, the galleon's eastward trip from the Philippines to Mexico called 5604: 1499: 1984: 1938: 1508: 501: 6104: 2924: 6069: 6064: 5716: 3103: 1045: 3018:"Perhaps the leading authority on Hawaiian shipwrecks today", writes Peter von Buol, referring to Richard W. Rogers in the Fall 2006, Vol. 38, No. 3 5584: 4688: 3366: 785:. The lack of detailed records makes it difficult to estimate the total number of slaves transported or the proportions of slaves from each region. 350: 5963: 4668: 535:

somewhere on the northern California coast. Although the ship's log and other records were lost, the officially accepted location is now called

6099: 1167: 1279:

This navigational activity poses the question as to whether Spanish explorers did arrive in the Hawaiian Islands two centuries before Captain

6059: 5768: 5442: 4404: 4273: 3900: 3896: 3553: 3216: 2717: 2542: 2388: 2331: 1531: 287: 4900: 528: 6049: 5537: 5532: 4306: 3949: 3402: 1656: 1129:

Between 1565 and 1815, 108 ships operated as Manila galleons, of which 26 were captured or sunk by the enemy during wartime, including the

707: 2352: 6024: 6009: 5599: 4719: 769: 4835: 3491: 3269:

McCarthy, William J. (1993). "Between Policy and Prerogative: Malfeasance in the Inspection of the Manila Galleons at Acapulco, 1637."

255:

The term "Manila galleon" can also refer to the trade route itself between Acapulco and Manila that was operational from 1565 to 1815.

5731: 5366: 4683: 4619: 4341: 4321: 3796: 3528: 1328: 509: 3836: 3466: 1952: 335:

with backing from Spain, which has also suggested the tri-national nomination of the archives on the Manila–Acapulco Galleons in the

5341: 4739: 4283: 3333: 2994: 2908: 2578: 2308: 2279: 1890: 1678: 628: 5432: 5008: 3578: 3234:

Bjork, Katharine (1998). "The Link that Kept the Philippines Spanish: Mexican Merchant Interests and the Manila Trade, 1571–1815."

6039: 5632: 4948: 4943: 4316: 3800: 2925:"Hawaii Nature Notes the Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park and the Hawaii Natural History Association" 5148: 3250:

The Atlantic World and the Manila Galleon: Circulation, Market, and Consumption of Asian Goods in the Spanish Empires, 1565-1650

1050:

was 51.5 m (169 ft 0 in) long. Most of the ships were built in the Philippines; only eight were built in Mexico.

1044:, wrecked in 1638, was 43 to 49 m (141 ft 1 in to 160 ft 9 in) long and displaced some 2,000 tons. The 5569: 5361: 4497: 4447: 4432: 4331: 4018: 3920: 1906: 1200: 606: 5003: 4744: 2833:

The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: the Treasure Ships of the Pacific: With an Annotated List of the Transpacific Galleons 1565-1815

873:

than across Mexico. They tried to establish a regular land crossing there, but the thick jungle and tropical diseases such as

5589: 5527: 5326: 4457: 4437: 4409: 4326: 4301: 4161: 3969: 3876: 3806: 3783: 3288: 2954: 2871: 2508: 2501:

Mexipino: A History of Multiethnic Identity and the Formation of the Mexican and Filipino Communities of San Diego, 1900–1965

1693: 1513: 1487: 610: 5552: 5381: 5138: 4825: 2064: 435: 328:

In 2015, the Philippines and Mexico began preparations for the nomination of the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade Route in the

2831: 2741: 2031: 6029: 6014: 5682: 5637: 5579: 5557: 5371: 5143: 4938: 4933: 4614: 4599: 3684: 3548: 3501: 1998: 1469: 1162: 5994: 5574: 5562: 5542: 5073: 4895: 4374: 3754: 3563: 3359: 3043: 1381: 909: 339: 5803: 2148: 5547: 5447: 5078: 4530: 4462: 3431: 2746: 1215:

on the westward leg of their round trip and yet there are no records of contact with the Hawaiians. British historian

322: 294:, representing a trade route from Asia that crossed to the Americas, thereby connecting all the world's continents in 5838: 4998: 4905: 4845: 3074: 650: 275:). The route also fostered cultural exchanges that shaped the identities and the culture of the countries involved. 5883: 5482: 4865: 4820: 4492: 4379: 4291: 4263: 3890: 3860: 3496: 2900: 2399: 1284: 1098: 482: 455: 447: 3481: 3451: 599: 5761: 5401: 5351: 5209: 5108: 4604: 4477: 4442: 4394: 4296: 3908: 3792: 3446: 2801: 2792:

La Follette, Cameron; Deur, Douglas; Griffin, Dennis; Williams, Scott S. (July 2018). "Oregon's Manila Galleon".

2755: 2231: 1180: 3573: 3558: 3145: 2678: 2214: 1776: 894: 6034: 5346: 5229: 5128: 5123: 5063: 4482: 4472: 4258: 3961: 3872: 1705: 789: 659: 213: 5189: 4988: 4890: 4805: 908:

Economic shocks due to the arrival of Spanish-American silver in China were among the factors that led to the

485:

to conquer the Philippines in 1564, Urdaneta was given the task of finding a return route. Reasoning that the

430:

To settle and trade with these islands from the Americas, an eastward maritime return path was necessary. The

3182: 2932: 5396: 5254: 5098: 5038: 4589: 4487: 4452: 4399: 3904: 3868: 3598: 3471: 3456: 3352: 2929:

The Publication of the Naturalist Division, Hawaii National Park, and the Hawaii Natural History Association

2174: 1406:

In 2018, Mexico reopened its Manila galleon gallery at the Archaeological Museum of Puerto Vallarta, Cuale.

683: 411: 1088:(300 tons), was the first Manila galleon to be wrecked en route to Mexico. Between the years 1576 when the 5687: 5259: 5194: 4830: 4698: 4584: 4467: 4427: 4071: 3864: 3523: 3513: 1564: 1081: 949: 829: 655: 450:

helped pave the way by sailing north from Mexico to explore the Pacific coast, reaching just north of the

4030: 5968: 5878: 5798: 5487: 5133: 4543: 4364: 4253: 4192: 4120: 3731: 3411: 2594: 2123: 1587: 1184: 866: 564: 5667: 5068: 4978: 4855: 4815: 4774: 3743: 3319: 1396:, and the historical dimension of the galleon trade focusing on important and rare archival documents. 478: 306: 3294: 3019: 5903: 5754: 5642: 5311: 5274: 5264: 5204: 5168: 5103: 5083: 4958: 4880: 4790: 4609: 3486: 3476: 1475: 762: 568: 443: 1882:

Historical atlas of the North Pacific Ocean: maps of discovery and scientific exploration, 1500–2000

1327:

The theory that the first European visitors to Hawaii were Spanish is reinforced by the findings of

1036:

shipyard was the construction and outfitting of the galleons for the Manila to Acapulco trade run."

6114: 5938: 5828: 5711: 5467: 5457: 5452: 5336: 5316: 5269: 5249: 5158: 5053: 5048: 4993: 4963: 4729: 4354: 4311: 4268: 4197: 4166: 3937: 3916: 3882: 3788: 3758: 3689: 3533: 3506: 3406: 3098: 3023: 1552: 1373: 870: 793: 746: 494: 451: 332: 283: 221: 4923: 6054: 6044: 5858: 5853: 5833: 5472: 5462: 5437: 5391: 5356: 5214: 4800: 4673: 4171: 4151: 3811: 3699: 3588: 3426: 2892: 2813: 2767: 2634: 2459: 1827: 1744: 1440: 1332: 679: 560: 474: 381: 314: 4795: 4724: 1522: 941: 861:

This Pacific route was the alternative to the trip west across the Indian Ocean, and around the

467: 252:) from Acapulco in March–April of the next calendar year, and returning to Manila in June–July. 5989: 5958: 5726: 5652: 5594: 5427: 5199: 5173: 5163: 5153: 5088: 5043: 4973: 4953: 4928: 4875: 4850: 4115: 3669: 3665: 3642: 3583: 3538: 3397: 3284: 3212: 2990: 2950: 2904: 2867: 2713: 2705: 2574: 2548: 2538: 2504: 2451: 2384: 2327: 2304: 2275: 1978: 1932: 1886: 1880: 1796: 1674: 1308:

is named "La Desgraciada" (the unhappy, or unfortunate), and what appears to be the Island of

1301: 1237: 1146: 862: 854:

Around 80% of the goods shipped back from Acapulco to Manila were from the Americas – silver,

513: 363: 185: 74: 2432:"Inns, mules, and hardtack for the voyage: the local economy of the Manila Galleon in Mexico" 1866: 1850: 481:

discovered the eastward return route in 1565. Sailing as part of the expedition commanded by

258:

The galleons sailed the Pacific, bringing to the Americas cargoes of Chinese and other Asian

5948: 5868: 5823: 5818: 5808: 5662: 5284: 5279: 5244: 5224: 4983: 4860: 4759: 4663: 4125: 3965: 3816: 3748: 3694: 2970: 2805: 2759: 2624: 2616: 2443: 1546: 1253: 1229: 1212: 1134: 1114: 843: 734: 548: 422: 401: 374: 318: 177: 154: 66: 2065:"National Historic Landmarks Property Name: Drakes Bay Historic and Archeological District" 5477: 5417: 5331: 5239: 5113: 5093: 5058: 4840: 4810: 4749: 4359: 4349: 4130: 4022: 3979: 3739: 3647: 3518: 2317: 2265: 1959: 1694:

https://glocat.geneseo.edu/discovery/fulldisplay/alma995443659904833/01SUNY_GEN:01SUNY_GEN

1481: 1369:

In 2013, the Philippines released a documentary regarding the Manila galleon trade route.

1309: 1261: 1241: 1068:

stock the ships with food before voyages. On land, travelers were often housed at inns or

921: 821: 801: 572: 431: 389: 5386: 3127:"Historic Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade set for nomination to Unesco World Heritage List" 2653: 2965:

Coulter, John Wesley (June 1964). "Great Britain in Hawaii: The Captain Cook Monument".

1304:

were not developed until the mid-eighteenth century). In this manuscript, the Island of

1096:

was lost, twenty Manila galleons wrecked within the Philippine archipelago. In 1596 the

5933: 5908: 5863: 5848: 5704: 5321: 5234: 5118: 4870: 4693: 4678: 4553: 4538: 4419: 4014: 4008: 3912: 3679: 3593: 3543: 3421: 3375: 1463: 1340: 945: 825: 809: 670: 552: 463: 459: 164: 124: 5983: 5928: 4885: 3735: 3652: 3461: 3163: 2863: 2856: 2817: 2771: 2638: 2463: 2294: 1454: 1426: 1403:

in Metro Manila, one of the necessary steps in nominating the trade route to UNESCO.

1400: 1249: 1154: 1110: 934: 524: 470:

asking that no more fleets attempt the New Spain–East Asia route, lest they be lost.

291: 225: 209: 3328: 1913: 5918: 5657: 5647: 5376: 4915: 4769: 4594: 4110: 3886: 3568: 3416: 3051: 2809: 2763: 1558: 1537: 874: 754: 750: 666: 369: 302: 259: 205: 4968: 4038: 2710:

Early Navigation in the Asia-Pacific Region: A Maritime Archaeological Perspective

2447: 5727:

Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)

3206: 2378: 2321: 2298: 2269: 2072: 1409:

In 2020, Mexico released a documentary regarding the Manila galleon trade route.

944:

decreed the suppression of the route and the following year, with the end of the

396:

and claimed them for Spain. Although Magellan was killed by natives commanded by

5923: 5813: 5793: 5777: 4558: 4548: 4384: 3953: 2851: 2431: 2039: 1591: 1216: 885: 588: 540: 486: 393: 385: 241: 217: 150: 52: 2006: 17: 5943: 5888: 5788: 5422: 4156: 3826: 3436: 2552: 1416: 1291: 1280: 1267: 1245: 1142: 981: 965: 930: 726: 695: 536: 532: 439: 245: 2629: 2620: 2455: 1800: 228:. The ships made one or two round-trip voyages per year between the ports of 5953: 5913: 5893: 5843: 4389: 4146: 4046: 3723: 3657: 1354: 1345: 1313: 1272: 890: 855: 833: 797: 738: 317:

made the first successful round trips that year, by taking advantage of the

267: 120: 1372:

In 2014, the idea to nominate the Manila–Acapulco Galleon Trade Route as a

1295:

The Manila–Acapulco Galleon Memorial at Plaza Mexico in Intramuros, Manila.

1109:, is believed to have wrecked on the coast of Oregon in 1693. Known as the 1080:

The wrecks of the Manila galleons are legends second only to the wrecks of

813: 458:. The frustration of these failures is shown in a letter sent in 1552 from 3164:"'El Galeón de Manila: The Spice Route' reopens museum in Puerto Vallarta" 1616:

La Nao de China, 1565-1815. Navegación, comercio e intercambios culturales

968:, which reduced the travel time from Spain to the Philippines to 40 days. 745:), who traveled to Manila to sell the Spaniards spices, porcelain, ivory, 5898: 4563: 3673: 3441: 1389: 1225: 848: 722: 711: 699: 654:

White represents the route of the Manila galleons in the Pacific and the

517: 415: 397: 301:

The Spanish inaugurated the Manila galleon trade route in 1565 after the

248:, at the end of June or first week of July, starting the return journey ( 229: 110: 3257:

The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy

2098:"Landmarks Committee of the National Park System Advisory Board Meeting" 2032:"A Brief History of Scholarship Relating to Drake's Port of Nova Albion" 1748: 1732: 836:

before departing Acapulco helped to stimulate the economy of New Spain.

473:

The Manila–Acapulco galleon trade finally began when Spanish navigators

5721: 5692: 4245: 4202: 4187: 3831: 1321: 1257: 1118: 993: 986: 878: 730: 717:

The galleon trade was supplied by merchants largely from port areas of

690: 675: 613: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 493:

as the Atlantic winds did, they sailed north, going all the way to the

290:

shipped from Manila. The Manila Galleon route was an early instance of

237: 2742:"Views Across the Pacific: The Galleon Trade and Its Traces in Oregon" 2124:"Federal Register, Volume 76 Issue 189 (Thursday, September 29, 2011)" 960:, which arrived empty, as its cargo had been requisitioned in Mexico. 240:

changed to reflect from which city the ship sailed, setting sail from

4658: 4212: 4207: 3984: 3094:"Spain backs inclusion of galleon trade route to World Heritage List" 2897:

Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine

2682: 1999:"University of California Archaeological Site Survey Record, Mrn-230" 1377: 1233: 1033: 900:

In Manila, the safety of ocean crossings was commended to the virgin

742: 718: 703: 336: 329: 233: 130: 106: 2974: 2478: 1366:

about the importance of the galleon trade in their shared history.

1339:

concerned seven foreigners who landed eight generations earlier at

1084:

in the Caribbean. In 1568, Miguel López de Legazpi's own ship, the

5699: 4026: 3973: 3821: 3637: 1657:"El Galeón de Manila. La ruta española que unió tres continentes". 1567: – Convoy system used by the Spanish Empire from 1566 to 1790 1317: 1290: 1266: 980: 924:, the Spanish crown began allowing the use of registered ships or 842: 805: 758: 689: 649: 438:

also tried sailing east from the Philippines, but could not find "

421: 410: 362: 354:

Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route, showing onward route to Spain

349: 263: 201: 3344: 2182: 1516: – Arrival of Filipinos to the current United States in 1587 788:

Galleons transported goods to be sold in the Americas, namely in

687:

contraband and understating of ships' cargoes became widespread.

321:. The trade using "Urdaneta's route" lasted until 1815, when the 4042: 4034: 3957: 3341:, Spanish-Philippine research group based in Madrid (in Spanish) 3338: 3029: 1305: 1221: 952:

ratified the dissolution. The last ship to reach Manila was the

808:

as a medium of exchange. As such, goods were mostly bought with

490: 5750: 5746: 5621: 5516: 4640: 4518: 4233: 4092: 4060: 3997: 3934: 3849: 3772: 3712: 3626: 3615: 3386: 3348: 2987:

Blue Latitudes: Boldly Going Where Captain Cook Has Gone Before

2706:"Chapter 8: The Beeswax Wreck, A Manila Galleon in Oregon, USA" 2571:

The Manila-Acapulco Galleons: The Treasure Ships of the Pacific

2300:

The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China

1220:

century. Spanish navigators discovered many islands including

698:, a merchant map showing trade routes with its epicenter from 582: 1252:

in the South Pacific. Spanish navigators also discovered the

313:

or return route from the Philippines to Mexico. Urdaneta and

1795:(in Spanish) (102). Spain: Ministry of Defence (Spain): 16. 527:

also reached the California coast, in 1579. After capturing

1561: – Historical region known as the Spanish West Indies 1534: – Mesoamerican peoples in the Southeast Asian country 642:

because the Crown ordered the galleon to stop in Monterey.

3281:

Shipwreck of Hawai'i: a maritime history of the Big Island

3007:

Shipwrecks of Hawaii: A Maritime History of the Big Island

1816:

Andrés de Urdaneta, agustino. En carreta sobre el Pacífico

426:

Northerly trade route as used by eastbound Manila galleons

236:

from the late 16th to early 19th century. The name of the

2303:, Berkeley: University of California Press, p. 205, 1820:

Andrés de Urdaneta, Augustinian. By cart over the Pacific

1618:. Universidad de Sevilla. ISBN 8447215377, 9788447215379. 1376:

was initiated by the Mexican and Filipino ambassadors to

1763:

China and the Birth of Globalization in the 16th Century

575:), providing safe harbors for returning Manila galleons. 220:, with its Asian territories, collectively known as the 3264:

A History of the Manila-Acapulco Slave Trade, 1565–1815

2380:

Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians

1814:

Rodríguez Rodríguez, I.; Álvarez Fernández, J. (1991).

1518:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1504:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

1490: – Overview of immigration along the Galleon Route 669:

via Manila served as a major source of revenue for the

434:, which tried this a few years later, failed. In 1529, 2232:"Forgotten history? The polistas of the Galleon Trade" 1113:, the event is described in the oral histories of the 920:

In 1740, as part of the administrative changes of the

547:

their landfall well down the coast, somewhere between

3690:

Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France

3241:

Carrera Stampa, Manuel (1959). "La Nao de la China."

1288:

been one of the first Europeans to find the islands.

1232:

and the Philippines in the North Pacific, as well as

2537:(10th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. 1706:"La Nao de China: The Spanish Treasure Fleet System" 1542:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

1527:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

5410: 5304: 5297: 5182: 5031: 5024: 5017: 4914: 4783: 4707: 4651: 4572: 4529: 4418: 4340: 4282: 4244: 4180: 4139: 4103: 1494:

Global silver trade from the 16th to 19th centuries

1312:is named "La Mesa" (the table). Islands resembling 512:, California, then followed the shoreline south to 160: 145: 137: 116: 101: 93: 85: 61: 2855: 1502: – Spanish colonial period of the Philippines 865:, which was reserved to Portugal according to the 384:sailed west across the Pacific using the westward 3208:Pacific Eldorado: A History of Greater California 2895:(1996). "The Manila Galleons". In Bob Dye (ed.). 2858:Empire: How Spain Became a World Power, 1492–1763 2740:La Follette, Cameron; Deur, Douglas (July 2018). 1496: – International trade route carrying silver 1466: – Ethnic group of Asian-descending Mexicans 3146:"Manila-Acapulco Galleon Museum rises in SM MOA" 2597:for Chinese vessels that might have been larger. 1484: – Indigenous people of the Mariana Islands 1121:, which suggest that some of the crew survived. 889:Acapulco before they were sent to settle at the 408:, made it back to Spain by continuing westward. 2533:Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. (2019). 2323:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 2271:1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created 2149:"Interior Designates 27 New National Landmarks" 1659:Fundación Museo Naval. Retrieved 4 August 2023. 418:in 1628, Mexican terminus of the Manila galleon 278:The Manila galleons were known in New Spain as 2260: 2258: 1032:. "From 1729 to 1739, the main purpose of the 847:Sample of goods brought via Manila galleon in 5762: 3879:, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon) 3360: 2521:Forced Migration in the Spanish Pacific World 2483:Orientierungen: Zeitschrift zur Kultur Asiens 1472: – Naval battle of the Eighty Years' War 781:while all slaves of Asian origin were called 282:("The China Ship") on their voyages from the 8: 3554:Independence of Spanish continental Americas 3334:Manila Galleons along the Californian coasts 2652:Leon-Guerrero, Jillette (November 4, 2015). 1787:in the fifth centenary of his birthday] 32: 6075:19th-century disestablishments in New Spain 3185:[In search of the Manila Galleon]. 3125:Sembrano, Edgar Allan M. (April 26, 2015). 3075:"The Second Coming of Filipinos to America" 2503:. University of California, Santa Barbara. 2400:"Episode 76: The Trans-Pacific Slave Trade" 2230:Medillo, Robert Joseph P. (June 19, 2015). 1195:captured in 1753–54 by George Compton; and 571:(which became the administrative center of 5769: 5755: 5747: 5618: 5513: 5301: 5028: 5021: 4648: 4637: 4526: 4515: 4241: 4230: 4100: 4089: 4057: 3994: 3931: 3846: 3769: 3709: 3623: 3612: 3383: 3367: 3353: 3345: 2326:, Random House Digital, pp. 149–150, 2274:, Random House Digital, pp. 123–163, 2175:"The Drake Navigators Guild Press Release" 1832:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1761:Flynn, Dennis O.; Arturo Giráldez (2010). 1509:History of the west coast of North America 902:Nuestra Señora de la Soledad de Porta Vaga 404:in the Philippines, one of his ships, the 38: 31: 5673:Colonial universities in Hispanic America 3283:. Haleiwa, Hawaii: Pilialoha Publishing. 3271:Colonial Latin American Historical Review 3266:. Tubigon, Bohol: Mater Dei Publications. 2628: 2609:International Journal of Maritime History 2479:"Connecting China with the Pacific World" 2425: 2423: 1781:en el quinto centenario de su nacimiento" 1399:In 2017, the Philippines established the 1302:reliable methods of determining longitude 629:Learn how and when to remove this message 5678:Colonial universities in the Philippines 3308:. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co., Inc. 2346: 2344: 1822:] (in Spanish). Zamora. p. 181. 1555: – Spanish colony from 1565 to 1901 6095:19th century in the Spanish East Indies 6090:18th century in the Spanish East Indies 6085:17th century in the Spanish East Indies 6080:16th century in the Spanish East Indies 4669:Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia 3259:. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield. 2887: 2885: 2883: 2564: 2562: 1862: 1846: 1775:Pereira Fernández, José Manuel (2008). 1614:Bernabéu Albert, Salvador, ed. (2013). 1607: 1578: 1197:Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad 1168:Nuestra Senora de la Santisima Trinidad 6000:History of the Philippines (1565–1898) 2398:Rose, Christopher (January 13, 2016). 1983:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1976: 1937:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1930: 1885:. Douglas & McIntyre. p. 18. 1825: 1648: 1646: 1644: 1500:History of the Philippines (1521–1898) 1137:off the coast of Baja California; the 27:Royal Spanish trading ships, 1565–1815 6020:Military history of the Pacific Ocean 2949:. University of Hawaii Press, p. 45. 2523:, p. 235. Cambridge University Press. 2353:"The Economics of the Manila Galleon" 1642: 1640: 1638: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1532:Mexican settlement in the Philippines 1260:archipelagos during their search for 964:powered ships and the opening of the 380:In 1521, a Spanish expedition led by 7: 6110:Philippines–Spain military relations 6005:Spanish colonization of the Americas 3950:Captaincy General of the Philippines 3442:New Laws in favour of the indigenous 3339:Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila 3042:Angara, Edgardo (October 18, 2014). 1549: – Spanish soldier and explorer 1324:are named "Los Monjes" (the monks). 1040:could carry 300–500 passengers. The 611:adding citations to reliable sources 5794:Austronesian maritime trade network 5653:Indochristian painting in New Spain 3329:Metropolitan Museum: Manila Galleon 3295:"The Manila Galleon and California" 3144:Fernandez, Butch (August 8, 2017). 2489:: 144–145 – via Academia.edu. 1478: – Spanish navigator (d. 1545) 1361:Preparations for UNESCO nominations 1105:At least one galleon, probably the 4620:Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires 3301:, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 107–126 3262:Luengo, Josemaria Salutan (1996). 3183:"En búsqueda del Galeón de Manila" 828:, where they were loaded onto the 800:trading primarily functioned on a 796:, as well as in European markets. 658:in the Atlantic. (Blue represents 141:Nao de China or Galeón de Acapulco 25: 3594:Independence of Equatorial Guinea 3299:Southwestern Historical Quarterly 3073:Rodis, Rodel (October 26, 2013). 2573:. AuthorHouse. pp. 128–130. 2366:. New York University, Abu Dhabi. 579:The Manila galleon and California 529:a Spanish ship heading for Manila 6070:1810s disestablishments in Spain 6065:1565 establishments in New Spain 5705:Criollos in the colonial society 5633:Spanish missions in the Americas 4755:Charles Bonaventure de Longueval 2837:ISBN 145677543X, 9781456775438. 1447: 1433: 1419: 1151:Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación 587: 388:. The expedition discovered the 5732:Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649 3322:Nuestra Senora de la Concepcion 3248:Gasch-Tomás, José Luis (2018). 2679:"Shipwrecks of the Philippines" 2477:Schottenhammer, Angela (2019). 2406:. University of Texas at Austin 1731:Stampa, Manuel Carrera (1959). 1673:. New York: Viking. p. 4. 682:to protect the monopoly of the 598:needs additional citations for 489:of the Pacific might move in a 446:also failed. In 1542, however, 442:" across the Pacific. In 1543, 3784:Captaincy General of Guatemala 3492:Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659) 3304:Schurz, William Lytle (1939). 3293:Schurz, William Lytle. (1917) 3092:Galvez, Manny (July 5, 2015). 2945:By Oliver, Douglas L. (1989). 2810:10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0150 2764:10.5403/oregonhistq.119.2.0160 2712:. Springer. pp. 146–168. 2436:Colonial Latin American Review 2383:. Cambridge University Press. 2248:Schurz, William Lytle (1939). 2213:Schurz, William Lytle (1939). 1765:. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing. 1514:Landing of the first Filipinos 1488:Filipino immigration to Mexico 1401:Manila–Acapulco Galleon Museum 1159:Nuestra Senora de la Covadonga 1: 6100:Early modern economic history 5683:General Archive of the Indies 4944:Francisco Vázquez de Coronado 4615:Camino Real de Tierra Adentro 4600:Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas 3549:Third Treaty of San Ildefonso 3502:War of the Spanish Succession 3467:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) 3181:Roa, Óscar (April 23, 2020). 2654:"Manila Galleon Crew Members" 2448:10.1080/10609164.2016.1180787 1470:Battles of La Naval de Manila 97:From 1565 to 1815 (250 years) 45: 6105:Mexico–Philippines relations 6060:1565 establishments in Spain 3755:Captaincy General of Yucatan 3685:Union with Holy Roman Empire 3664:Southern Italy (Kingdoms of 3579:German–Spanish Treaty (1899) 3044:"A Galleon Museum in Manila" 1812:The letter is referenced as 1382:Memory of the World Register 1207:Possible contact with Hawaii 1141:, which was sunk in 1600 in 992:Between 1609 and 1616, nine 340:Memory of the World Register 286:because they carried mostly 149:Trading maritime route from 6050:Merchant sailing ship types 4235:Administrative subdivisions 3432:War of the League of Cognac 3320:Findings from the wreck of 3205:Osborne, Thomas J. (2013). 3005:Rogers, Richard W. (1999). 2931:. June 1959. Archived from 2794:Oregon Historical Quarterly 2747:Oregon Historical Quarterly 2704:Williams, Scott S. (2016). 1671:The Prize of All the Oceans 1092:was lost and 1798 when the 1006:Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe 810:silver mined from New Spain 804:due to Ming China's use of 502:west coast of North America 323:Mexican War of Independence 6131: 6025:Military history of Manila 6010:Age of Sail ships of Spain 4949:Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar 4934:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada 4836:Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca 3734:), Western United States ( 3497:Portuguese Restoration War 2901:University of Hawaii Press 2841:. Retrieved 4 August 2023. 2499:Guevarra, Rudy P. (2007). 1540: – Spanish missionary 678:merchants petitioned king 462:by the Spanish missionary 5784: 5717:Slavery in Spanish Empire 5628: 5617: 5523: 5512: 5004:Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor 4745:Álvaro de Bazán the Elder 4647: 4636: 4605:Barcelona Trading Company 4525: 4514: 4370:New Andalusia (1501–1513) 4240: 4229: 4099: 4088: 4067: 4004: 3945: 3877:Venezuela, part of Guyana 3856: 3779: 3730:, Central United States ( 3719: 3633: 3622: 3611: 3462:Bruneian–Spanish conflict 3447:Expulsion of the Moriscos 3393: 3382: 3255:Giraldez, Arturo (2015). 3211:. John Wiley & Sons. 2899:. Vol. I. Honolulu: 2802:Oregon Historical Society 2756:Oregon Historical Society 2708:. In Wu, Chunming (ed.). 2219:. New York: E. P. Dutton. 1793:Revista de Historia Naval 1783:[Andrés de Urdaneta: 1181:Action of 30 October 1762 543:south of Cape Mendocino. 273:trans-Pacific slave trade 37: 5964:Varangians to the Greeks 5658:Quito painting tradition 5648:Cusco painting tradition 5009:García López de Cárdenas 4999:Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera 4906:Felipe González de Ahedo 4826:Pedro Menéndez de Avilés 3403:Conquest of the Americas 3236:Journal of World History 2967:The Geographical Journal 2621:10.1177/0843871419860698 2519:Mehl, Eva Maria (2016). 2430:Seijas, Tatiana (2016). 1335:, one of these stories: 1283:'s first visit in 1778. 1171:captured in 1762 by HMS 436:Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón 214:Viceroyalty of New Spain 6040:Pacific Coast of Mexico 5804:Dvaravati–Kamboja route 5443:Comuneros (New Granada) 5220:Balearic Islands (1558) 4939:Hernán Pérez de Quesada 4866:Ruy López de Villalobos 4821:Miguel López de Legazpi 4735:García de Toledo Osorio 3599:Western Sahara conflict 3589:Independence of Morocco 3529:Treaty of Madrid (1750) 3472:Piracy in the Caribbean 3457:French Wars of Religion 2377:Tatiana Seijas (2014). 1669:Williams, Glyn (1999). 1285:Ruy López de Villalobos 1102:was wrecked in Japan. 910:end of the Ming dynasty 504:, Urdaneta's ship, the 483:Miguel López de Legazpi 448:Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo 192:), originally known as 189: 78: 5688:Colonial Spanish Horse 5362:Colonia del Sacramento 4585:Spanish treasure fleet 4162:Royal Decree of Graces 2985:Horwitz, Tony (2003). 2835:, p. 510. AuthorHouse. 2830:Fish, Shirley (2011). 2569:Fish, Shirley (2011). 2535:Colonial Latin America 2203:Schurz 1917, p.107-108 1565:Spanish treasure fleet 1350: 1296: 1276: 1107:Santo Cristo de Burgos 989: 950:Ferdinand VII of Spain 851: 830:Spanish treasure fleet 714: 662: 523:The English privateer 427: 419: 377: 359:Discovery of the route 355: 181: 70: 5969:Way of the Patriarchs 5879:Polynesian navigation 5799:Canadian canoe routes 4846:Vasco Núñez de Balboa 4806:Juan Sebastián Elcano 4121:Council of the Indies 3482:Spanish–Moro conflict 3452:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 3412:Treaty of Tordesillas 3324:in the Marianas, 1638 3273:2, no. 2, pp. 163–83. 3245:9 no. 33, pp. 97-118. 3238:vol. 9, no. 1, 25–50. 2595:Chinese treasure ship 1777:"Andrés de Urdaneta: 1588:Edward Von der Porten 1525: – Spanish noble 1337: 1294: 1270: 1264:in the 17th century. 1185:San Bernardino Strait 984: 881:made it impractical. 867:Treaty of Tordesillas 846: 725:, as depicted in the 693: 653: 563:established ports at 510:Santa Catalina Island 508:, hit the coast near 425: 414: 366: 353: 6030:History of New Spain 6015:Naval ships of Spain 5904:Sepik Coast exchange 5643:Mesoamerican Codices 5367:Comuneros (Paraguay) 5205:Siege of Castelnuovo 4791:Christopher Columbus 4610:Consulate of the Sea 4590:Casa de Contratación 4181:Titles and positions 3574:Spanish–American War 3564:Liberal constitution 3407:Asia and the Pacific 3106:on December 14, 2017 2935:on February 1, 2014. 1965:on February 22, 2014 1919:on February 22, 2014 1879:Derek Hayes (2001). 1733:"La Nao de la China" 1476:Bernardo de la Torre 1161:captured in 1743 by 1133:captured in 1587 by 895:Spanish–American War 684:Casa de Contratación 607:improve this article 444:Bernardo de la Torre 305:friar and navigator 5995:Spanish East Indies 5939:Trans-Saharan trade 5829:Incense trade route 5372:Cartagena de Indias 4994:Diego de Mazariegos 4964:Pere Fages i Beleta 4831:Sebastián de Ocampo 4312:Provincias Internas 4284:Captaincies General 4198:Municipal president 4167:School of Salamanca 3938:Spanish East Indies 3917:Misiones Orientales 3789:Spanish West Indies 3753:, Central America ( 3700:Pyrénées-Orientales 3653:Union with Portugal 3544:Napoleonic invasion 3524:War of Jenkins' Ear 3279:Rogers, R. (1999). 3168:Vallarta Daily News 3028:, published by the 2969:, Vol. 130, No. 2. 2947:The Pacific Islands 2893:Kane, Herb Kawainui 2685:on January 10, 2016 2185:on October 17, 2016 2104:. September 8, 2011 1553:Spanish East Indies 1374:World Heritage Site 1271:Pacific Ocean with 1010:Angel de la Guardia 916:End of the galleons 708:Spanish Philippines 660:Portuguese routes.) 495:38th parallel north 333:World Heritage List 296:global silver trade 284:Spanish East Indies 222:Spanish East Indies 34: 5859:Maritime Silk Road 5854:Maritime republics 5834:Indian Ocean trade 5668:Academia Antártica 5623:Other civil topics 4989:Pánfilo de Narváez 4891:Sebastián Vizcaíno 4856:Andrés de Urdaneta 4816:Juan Ponce de León 4801:Ferdinand Magellan 4775:Bernardo de Gálvez 4674:Indian auxiliaries 4172:Trial of residence 4152:Laws of the Indies 3936:Asia and Oceania ( 3797:Dominican Republic 3306:The Manila Galleon 3131:Inquirer Lifestyle 2903:. pp. 25–32. 2250:The Manila Galleon 2216:The Manila Galleon 2155:. October 17, 2012 1712:. November 4, 2015 1441:Philippines portal 1333:Herb Kawainui Kane 1297: 1277: 1047:Santísima Trinidad 990: 926:navíos de registro 871:Panamanian isthmus 852: 715: 710:, then across the 680:Philip II of Spain 663: 561:Portola expedition 479:Andrés de Urdaneta 475:Alonso de Arellano 428: 420: 382:Ferdinand Magellan 378: 373:claims during the 356: 315:Alonso de Arellano 307:Andrés de Urdaneta 198:Galeón de Acapulco 5977: 5976: 5959:Volga trade route 5884:Rome-India routes 5744: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5613: 5612: 5518:Spanish conquests 5508: 5507: 5504: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5496: 5495: 5293: 5292: 4974:Pedro de Alvarado 4959:Gaspar de Portolà 4954:Pedro de Valdivia 4929:Francisco Pizarro 4881:Nicolás de Ovando 4876:Alonso de Ercilla 4851:Alonso de Salazar 4684:Ships of the line 4632: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4510: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4220: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4056: 4055: 4013:Northern Africa ( 4009:Equatorial Guinea 3993: 3992: 3930: 3929: 3845: 3844: 3768: 3767: 3759:Spanish Caribbean 3732:Spanish Louisiana 3708: 3707: 3643:Crown of Castille 3607: 3606: 3584:Spanish Civil War 3559:Adams–Onís Treaty 3539:Nootka Convention 3487:Thirty Years' War 3477:Eighty Years' War 3398:Catholic Monarchs 3388:Timeline–immersed 3243:Historia Mexicana 3218:978-1-4051-9454-9 3054:on April 16, 2016 3009:. Pilialoha Press 2719:978-981-10-0904-4 2630:20.500.12525/1301 2544:978-0-19-064240-2 2404:15 Minute History 2390:978-1-139-95285-9 2333:978-0-307-59672-7 1737:Historia Mexicana 1094:San Cristobal (2) 998:San Juan Bautista 863:Cape of Good Hope 733:(the old port of 639: 638: 631: 190:Galyon ng Maynila 170: 169: 79:Galyon ng Maynila 16:(Redirected from 6122: 5949:Triangular trade 5824:Hiri trade cycle 5819:Hanseatic League 5809:Grand Trunk Road 5771: 5764: 5757: 5748: 5619: 5585:Chibchan Nations 5514: 5483:Santiago de Cuba 5342:Guadalupe Island 5302: 5029: 5022: 4984:Diego de Almagro 4861:Antonio de Ulloa 4765:Ambrosio Spinola 4760:Pedro de Zubiaur 4730:Alfonso d'Avalos 4720:Antonio de Leyva 4664:Army of Flanders 4649: 4638: 4527: 4516: 4242: 4231: 4101: 4090: 4058: 4031:Peñón of Algiers 3995: 3932: 3847: 3770: 3752: 3710: 3624: 3613: 3534:Seven Years' War 3507:Queen Anne's War 3384: 3369: 3362: 3355: 3346: 3252:. Leiden: Brill. 3222: 3191: 3190: 3178: 3172: 3171: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3122: 3116: 3115: 3113: 3111: 3102:. Archived from 3089: 3083: 3082: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3050:. Archived from 3039: 3033: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2997: 2983: 2977: 2963: 2957: 2943: 2937: 2936: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2889: 2878: 2877: 2861: 2848: 2842: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2701: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2690: 2681:. Archived from 2675: 2669: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2632: 2604: 2598: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2566: 2557: 2556: 2530: 2524: 2517: 2511: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2427: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2394: 2374: 2368: 2367: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2336: 2313: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2262: 2253: 2246: 2240: 2239: 2227: 2221: 2220: 2210: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2181:. Archived from 2171: 2165: 2164: 2162: 2160: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2102:Federal Register 2094: 2088: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2077: 2071:. Archived from 2061: 2055: 2054: 2052: 2050: 2044: 2038:. Archived from 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2011: 2005:. Archived from 1995: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1974: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1958:. Archived from 1957: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1936: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1918: 1912:. Archived from 1911: 1903: 1897: 1896: 1876: 1870: 1860: 1854: 1844: 1838: 1837: 1831: 1823: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1790: 1772: 1766: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1719: 1717: 1702: 1696: 1691: 1685: 1684: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1619: 1612: 1595: 1583: 1547:Pedro de Unamuno 1543: 1528: 1519: 1505: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1443: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1429: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1213:Hawaiian Islands 1147:Oliver Van Noort 1135:Thomas Cavendish 761:, porcelain and 634: 627: 623: 620: 614: 591: 583: 549:Point Conception 533:an English claim 402:battle of Mactan 375:Age of Discovery 319:Kuroshio Current 208:that linked the 200:, refers to the 182:Galeón de Manila 81: 71:Galeón de Manila 62:Native name 50: 47: 44:Manila galleon ( 42: 35: 33:Galeón de Manila 21: 6130: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6035:Colonial Mexico 5980: 5979: 5978: 5973: 5869:Penarikan Route 5780: 5775: 5745: 5736: 5712:Old inquisition 5624: 5609: 5519: 5492: 5448:Trinidad (1797) 5418:La Noche Triste 5406: 5402:San Juan (1797) 5352:San Juan (1595) 5289: 5178: 5018:Notable battles 5013: 4979:Martín de Ursúa 4910: 4841:Alonso de Ojeda 4811:Juan de la Cosa 4796:Pinzón brothers 4779: 4750:John of Austria 4725:Martín de Goiti 4703: 4643: 4624: 4568: 4521: 4502: 4414: 4410:Terra Australis 4405:Río de la Plata 4350:Castilla de Oro 4336: 4278: 4274:Río de la Plata 4236: 4217: 4176: 4135: 4131:Santa Hermandad 4095: 4076: 4072:Terra Australis 4063: 4052: 4019:Spanish Morocco 4000: 3989: 3980:Northern Taiwan 3941: 3926: 3897:Río de la Plata 3852: 3841: 3775: 3774:Central America 3764: 3746: 3715: 3704: 3648:Crown of Aragon 3629: 3618: 3603: 3519:Bourbon Reforms 3389: 3378: 3373: 3316: 3311: 3230: 3228:Further reading 3225: 3219: 3204: 3200: 3195: 3194: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3170:. June 3, 2018. 3162: 3161: 3157: 3143: 3142: 3138: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3099:Philstar Global 3091: 3090: 3086: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3048:Manila Bulletin 3041: 3040: 3036: 3017: 3013: 3004: 3000: 2984: 2980: 2975:10.2307/1794586 2964: 2960: 2944: 2940: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2911: 2891: 2890: 2881: 2874: 2850: 2849: 2845: 2829: 2825: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2776: 2774: 2739: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2688: 2686: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2662: 2660: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2592: 2588: 2581: 2568: 2567: 2560: 2545: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2518: 2514: 2498: 2494: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2429: 2428: 2421: 2409: 2407: 2397: 2391: 2376: 2375: 2371: 2355: 2351:Mejia, Javier. 2350: 2349: 2342: 2334: 2318:Charles C. Mann 2316: 2311: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2266:Charles C. Mann 2264: 2263: 2256: 2247: 2243: 2229: 2228: 2224: 2212: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2188: 2186: 2173: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2156: 2147: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2130: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2096: 2095: 2091: 2081: 2079: 2078:on May 25, 2017 2075: 2063: 2062: 2058: 2048: 2046: 2045:on May 25, 2017 2042: 2030: 2029: 2025: 2015: 2013: 2012:on May 25, 2017 2009: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1975: 1968: 1966: 1962: 1955: 1953:"Archived copy" 1951: 1950: 1946: 1929: 1922: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1907:"Archived copy" 1905: 1904: 1900: 1893: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1861: 1857: 1845: 1841: 1824: 1813: 1805: 1803: 1788: 1774: 1773: 1769: 1760: 1756: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1652: 1651: 1622: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1570: 1541: 1526: 1523:María de Lajara 1517: 1503: 1482:Chamorro people 1453: 1448: 1446: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1363: 1262:Terra Australis 1242:Solomon Islands 1209: 1143:Bahía de Manila 1127: 1078: 1056: 979: 974: 942:Cortes of Cádiz 922:Bourbon Reforms 918: 905:the Galleons". 802:silver standard 648: 635: 624: 618: 615: 604: 592: 581: 573:Alta California 468:Simão Rodrigues 390:Mariana Islands 361: 348: 280:La Nao de China 194:La Nao de China 128: 65: 57: 48: 28: 23: 22: 18:Manila galleons 15: 12: 11: 5: 6128: 6126: 6118: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5982: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5934:Tea Horse Road 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5909:Siberian Route 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5874:Manila galleon 5871: 5866: 5864:Old Salt Route 5861: 5856: 5851: 5849:Lapita culture 5846: 5841: 5839:King's Highway 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5774: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5751: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5625: 5622: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5528:Canary Islands 5524: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5399: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5382:Túpac Amaru II 5379: 5374: 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5327:Bogotá savanna 5324: 5319: 5314: 5308: 5306: 5299: 5295: 5294: 5291: 5290: 5288: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5242: 5237: 5235:Spanish Armada 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5129:White Mountain 5126: 5124:Cape Celidonia 5121: 5119:English Armada 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5035: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4920: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4909: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4896:Juan Fernández 4893: 4888: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4871:Diego Columbus 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4711: 4709: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4701: 4699:Army of Africa 4696: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4679:Spanish Armada 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4655: 4653: 4645: 4644: 4641: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4580:Manila galleon 4576: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4535: 4533: 4523: 4522: 4519: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4424: 4422: 4416: 4415: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4238: 4237: 4234: 4227: 4226: 4223: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4190: 4184: 4182: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4107: 4105: 4097: 4096: 4094:Administration 4093: 4086: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4064: 4061: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4015:Western Sahara 4011: 4005: 4002: 4001: 3998: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3935: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3913:Banda Oriental 3894: 3880: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3850: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3766: 3765: 3763: 3762: 3728:Coastal Alaska 3720: 3717: 3716: 3713: 3706: 3705: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3687: 3682: 3677: 3662: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3627: 3620: 3619: 3616: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3380: 3379: 3376:Spanish Empire 3374: 3372: 3371: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3315: 3314:External links 3312: 3310: 3309: 3302: 3291: 3277: 3274: 3267: 3260: 3253: 3246: 3239: 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3192: 3173: 3155: 3150:BusinessMirror 3136: 3117: 3084: 3065: 3034: 3011: 2998: 2978: 2958: 2938: 2916: 2909: 2879: 2872: 2843: 2823: 2784: 2732: 2718: 2696: 2670: 2644: 2615:(3): 559–573. 2599: 2586: 2579: 2558: 2543: 2525: 2512: 2492: 2469: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2389: 2369: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2309: 2295:Brook, Timothy 2286: 2280: 2254: 2241: 2222: 2205: 2196: 2166: 2140: 2115: 2089: 2056: 2023: 1990: 1944: 1898: 1891: 1871: 1855: 1839: 1767: 1754: 1723: 1697: 1686: 1679: 1661: 1620: 1606: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1577: 1576: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1568: 1562: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1535: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1506: 1497: 1491: 1485: 1479: 1473: 1467: 1464:Asian Mexicans 1460: 1459: 1458: 1444: 1430: 1414: 1411: 1362: 1359: 1341:Kealakekua Bay 1208: 1205: 1201:Samuel Cornish 1199:, in 1762, by 1126: 1123: 1090:Espiritu Santo 1082:treasure ships 1077: 1074: 1055: 1052: 1026:Espiritu Santo 978: 975: 973: 970: 946:Peninsular War 917: 914: 826:Gulf of Mexico 671:Spanish Empire 647: 644: 637: 636: 595: 593: 586: 580: 577: 553:Cape San Lucas 464:Francis Xavier 460:Portuguese Goa 360: 357: 347: 344: 309:pioneered the 174:Manila galleon 168: 167: 162: 158: 157: 147: 143: 142: 139: 135: 134: 125:Spanish Empire 118: 114: 113: 103: 99: 98: 95: 91: 90: 89:Manila galleon 87: 83: 82: 63: 59: 58: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6127: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5929:Brouwer Route 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5772: 5767: 5765: 5760: 5758: 5753: 5752: 5749: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663:Tapada limeña 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5627: 5620: 5616: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5515: 5511: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5395: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5255:Montes Claros 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5195:Vienna (1529) 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4924:Hernán Cortés 4922: 4921: 4919: 4917: 4916:Conquistadors 4913: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886:Juan de Ayala 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4740:Duke of Savoy 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4712: 4710: 4706: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4656: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4639: 4635: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4539:Dollar (Peso) 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4517: 4513: 4499: 4498:Santo Domingo 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4408: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4375:New Andalusia 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4339: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4322:Santo Domingo 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4251: 4249: 4247: 4246:Viceroyalties 4243: 4239: 4232: 4228: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4087: 4073: 4070: 4069: 4066: 4059: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4006: 4003: 3996: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3948: 3947: 3944: 3939: 3933: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3851:South America 3848: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3771: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3736:Spanish Texas 3733: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3718: 3714:North America 3711: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3695:Franche-Comté 3693: 3691: 3688: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3632: 3625: 3621: 3614: 3610: 3600: 3597: 3595: 3592: 3590: 3587: 3585: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3572: 3570: 3567: 3565: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3395: 3392: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3365: 3363: 3358: 3356: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3261: 3258: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3227: 3220: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3189:(in Spanish). 3188: 3187:ContraRéplica 3184: 3177: 3174: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3147: 3140: 3137: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3118: 3105: 3101: 3100: 3095: 3088: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3008: 3002: 2999: 2996: 2995:0-312-42260-1 2992: 2988: 2982: 2979: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2962: 2959: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2920: 2917: 2912: 2910:0-8248-1829-6 2906: 2902: 2898: 2894: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2869: 2865: 2864:HarperCollins 2860: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2785: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2748: 2743: 2736: 2733: 2721: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2684: 2680: 2674: 2671: 2659: 2655: 2648: 2645: 2640: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2580:9781456775421 2576: 2572: 2565: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2536: 2529: 2526: 2522: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2382: 2381: 2373: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2360:Working Paper 2354: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2335: 2329: 2325: 2324: 2319: 2315: 2314: 2312: 2310:0-520-21091-3 2306: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2281:9780307596727 2277: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2206: 2200: 2197: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2167: 2154: 2150: 2144: 2141: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2103: 2099: 2093: 2090: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2024: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1994: 1991: 1986: 1980: 1969:September 28, 1961: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1940: 1934: 1923:September 28, 1915: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1892:9781550548655 1888: 1884: 1883: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1786: 1782: 1780: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1743:(1): 97–118. 1742: 1738: 1734: 1727: 1724: 1716:September 14, 1711: 1707: 1701: 1698: 1695: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1680:0-670-89197-5 1676: 1672: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1649: 1647: 1645: 1643: 1641: 1639: 1637: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1608: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1582: 1579: 1572: 1566: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1551: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1521: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1455:Mexico portal 1445: 1442: 1431: 1428: 1427:Piracy portal 1417: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1385: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1349: 1347: 1342: 1336: 1334: 1330: 1329:William Ellis 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1293: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1250:Easter Island 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189:San Sebastián 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1155:Woodes Rogers 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Beeswax wreck 1108: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1065: 1064:the galleon. 1062: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1048: 1043: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 988: 983: 976: 971: 969: 967: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 940:In 1813, the 938: 936: 935:Great Britain 932: 927: 923: 915: 913: 911: 906: 903: 898: 896: 892: 887: 882: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 850: 845: 841: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 817: 815: 811: 807: 806:silver ingots 803: 799: 795: 791: 786: 784: 780: 776: 771: 768:In addition, 766: 764: 760: 756: 755:Japanese fans 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 692: 688: 685: 681: 677: 672: 668: 661: 657: 652: 645: 643: 633: 630: 622: 612: 608: 602: 601: 596:This section 594: 590: 585: 584: 578: 576: 574: 570: 566: 562: 556: 554: 550: 544: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 525:Francis Drake 521: 519: 516:and later to 515: 511: 507: 503: 500:Reaching the 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 471: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456:Russian River 453: 452:38th parallel 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 424: 417: 413: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 376: 372: 371: 365: 358: 352: 345: 343: 341: 338: 334: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 299: 297: 293: 292:globalization 289: 288:Chinese goods 285: 281: 276: 274: 269: 265: 261: 256: 253: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 226:Pacific Ocean 224:, across the 223: 219: 215: 211: 210:Spanish Crown 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 166: 165:Spanish Crown 163: 159: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 138:Also known as 136: 132: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 55: 54: 41: 36: 30: 19: 5919:Spanish Road 5873: 5778:Trade routes 5638:Architecture 5533:The Americas 5397:Newfoundland 5387:Túpac Katari 5377:Cuerno Verde 5312:Tenochtitlan 5144:Valenciennes 4901:Luis Fajardo 4770:Blas de Lezo 4715:Duke of Alba 4595:Spanish Road 4579: 4433:Buenos Aires 4342:Governorates 4111:Ayuntamiento 4104:Organization 3569:Carlist Wars 3417:Italian Wars 3321: 3305: 3298: 3280: 3270: 3263: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3207: 3186: 3176: 3167: 3158: 3149: 3139: 3130: 3120: 3110:December 14, 3108:. Retrieved 3104:the original 3097: 3087: 3079:Inquirer.net 3078: 3068: 3056:. Retrieved 3052:the original 3047: 3037: 3024: 3014: 3006: 3001: 2986: 2981: 2966: 2961: 2946: 2941: 2933:the original 2928: 2919: 2896: 2857: 2852:Kamen, Henry 2846: 2839:Google Books 2838: 2832: 2826: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2775:. Retrieved 2751: 2745: 2735: 2723:. Retrieved 2709: 2699: 2687:. Retrieved 2683:the original 2673: 2661:. Retrieved 2657: 2647: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2589: 2570: 2534: 2528: 2520: 2515: 2500: 2495: 2486: 2482: 2472: 2442:(1): 56–76. 2439: 2435: 2408:. Retrieved 2403: 2379: 2372: 2363: 2359: 2322: 2299: 2289: 2270: 2249: 2244: 2235: 2225: 2215: 2208: 2199: 2189:February 21, 2187:. Retrieved 2183:the original 2178: 2169: 2159:February 23, 2157:. Retrieved 2152: 2143: 2133:February 23, 2131:. Retrieved 2127: 2118: 2108:February 23, 2106:. Retrieved 2101: 2092: 2082:February 24, 2080:. Retrieved 2073:the original 2068: 2059: 2049:February 24, 2047:. Retrieved 2040:the original 2035: 2026: 2016:February 23, 2014:. Retrieved 2007:the original 2002: 1993: 1967:. Retrieved 1960:the original 1947: 1921:. Retrieved 1914:the original 1901: 1881: 1874: 1863:Osborne 2013 1858: 1847:Osborne 2013 1842: 1819: 1815: 1806:November 19, 1804:. Retrieved 1792: 1784: 1778: 1770: 1762: 1757: 1740: 1736: 1726: 1714:. Retrieved 1709: 1700: 1689: 1670: 1664: 1653:(in Spanish) 1615: 1610: 1581: 1559:Spanish Main 1538:Pedro Cubero 1408: 1405: 1398: 1393: 1386: 1371: 1368: 1364: 1351: 1338: 1326: 1298: 1278: 1210: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1163:George Anson 1158: 1153:captured by 1150: 1138: 1130: 1128: 1106: 1104: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1079: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1046: 1041: 1038: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 977:Construction 962: 957: 954:San Fernando 953: 939: 925: 919: 907: 899: 883: 875:yellow fever 860: 853: 838: 818: 787: 782: 778: 774: 767: 753:, including 751:Nanban trade 716: 664: 640: 625: 619:January 2020 616: 605:Please help 600:verification 597: 557: 545: 522: 505: 499: 472: 429: 405: 379: 370:mare clausum 368: 327: 325:broke out. 310: 300: 279: 277: 260:luxury goods 257: 254: 249: 197: 193: 173: 171: 161:Organised by 86:English name 51: 29: 5924:Spice Route 5605:Philippines 5570:El Salvador 5190:Capo d'Orso 5074:St. Quentin 5049:Rome (1527) 4708:Strategists 4458:Guadalajara 4385:New Navarre 4380:New Castile 4365:La Luisiana 4317:Puerto Rico 4307:Philippines 4264:New Granada 3954:Philippines 3915:(Uruguay), 3911:(Bolivia), 3861:New Granada 3801:Puerto Rico 3747: [ 3617:Territories 3437:Encomiendas 3058:January 21, 2804:: 150–159. 2777:October 23, 2758:: 160–191. 2725:October 23, 2663:October 18, 2410:January 13, 2128:Govinfo.gov 1849:, pp. 1785:In memoriam 1779:In memoriam 1592:Ken Salazar 1275:highlighted 1217:Henry Kamen 886:Mexico City 763:lacquerware 747:lacquerware 665:Trade with 541:Point Reyes 487:trade winds 400:during the 394:Philippines 386:trade winds 303:Augustinian 218:Mexico City 216:, based in 151:East Indies 53:Boxer Codex 49: 1590 6115:Tall ships 5984:Categories 5944:Trepanging 5889:Royal Road 5789:Amber Road 5275:Somosierra 5265:Manila Bay 5139:Nördlingen 5079:Gravelines 4559:Columnario 4531:Currencies 4448:Concepción 4420:Audiencias 4395:New Toledo 4360:La Florida 4193:Corregidor 4157:Papal bull 4062:Antarctica 3970:Micronesia 3427:Golden Age 3289:0967346703 2989:, p. 452. 2955:0824812336 2873:0060932643 2553:1015274908 2509:0549122869 2179:Winepi.com 2069:Winepi.com 2036:Winepi.com 2003:Winepi.com 1865:, p. 1602:References 1394:tornaviaje 1355:shipwrecks 1281:James Cook 1246:New Guinea 1099:San Felipe 1076:Shipwrecks 1042:Concepción 1030:San Miguel 1014:San Felipe 1002:San Marcos 966:Suez Canal 958:Magallanes 931:Royal Navy 757:, chests, 727:Selden Map 721:, such as 696:Selden Map 667:Ming China 537:Drakes Bay 440:westerlies 311:tornaviaje 250:tornaviaje 246:Manila Bay 6055:New Spain 6045:Sea lanes 5954:Via Maris 5914:Silk Road 5894:Salt road 5844:Kula ring 5580:Nicaragua 5558:Guatemala 5468:Pichincha 5453:Chacabuco 5392:Pensacola 5337:Mataquito 5317:Cajamarca 5298:New World 5270:Trafalgar 5174:Alhucemas 5054:Landriano 5039:Comuneros 5025:Old World 4969:Joan Orpí 4689:Royalists 4463:Guatemala 4390:New Spain 4327:Venezuela 4302:Guatemala 4259:New Spain 4254:Columbian 4147:Exequatur 4047:Cape Juby 3901:Argentina 3724:New Spain 3658:Gibraltar 3422:Habsburgs 2818:165403120 2772:165790449 2689:March 24, 2658:Guampedia 2639:204432430 2464:163214741 2456:1060-9164 2252:, p. 193. 1828:cite book 1801:0212-467X 1710:Guampedia 1346:Hawaiians 1314:Kahoolawe 1273:Mauna Kea 1238:Marquesas 1230:Carolines 1193:Santa Ana 1157:in 1709; 1139:San Diego 1131:Santa Ana 1115:Tillamook 1086:San Pablo 891:presidios 856:cochineal 834:haciendas 798:East Asia 790:New Spain 739:Zhangzhou 565:San Diego 506:San Pedro 268:porcelain 129:(current 121:New Spain 5990:Galleons 5899:Sea lane 5814:Hærvejen 5590:Colombia 5575:Honduras 5488:Asomante 5473:Ayacucho 5463:Carabobo 5438:Curalaba 5215:Ceresole 5109:Gembloux 5069:Mühlberg 4784:Mariners 4642:Military 4564:Doubloon 4549:Maravedí 4493:Santiago 4400:Paraguay 4126:Germania 3966:Caroline 3921:Malvinas 3905:Paraguay 3865:Colombia 3807:Trinidad 3674:Sardinia 3514:Bourbons 3025:Prologue 2854:(2004). 2320:(2011), 2297:(1998), 2268:(2011), 1979:cite web 1933:cite web 1749:25134990 1413:See also 1390:Sorsogon 1254:Pitcairn 1226:Marianas 1175:and HMS 1125:Captures 1022:Salbador 1018:Santiago 994:galleons 985:Spanish 972:Galleons 849:Acapulco 822:Veracruz 735:Haicheng 723:Quanzhou 712:Far East 706:and the 700:Quanzhou 569:Monterey 518:Acapulco 514:San Blas 432:Trinidad 416:Acapulco 406:Victoria 398:Lapulapu 392:and the 367:Iberian 262:such as 230:Acapulco 204:trading 186:Filipino 155:Americas 117:Location 111:Acapulco 105:Between 94:Duration 75:Filipino 5722:Asiento 5693:Mustang 5553:Yucatán 5548:Chiapas 5428:Tucapel 5260:Passaro 5210:Algiers 5200:Preveza 5169:Tetouan 5164:Vitoria 5154:Bitonto 5094:Antwerp 5089:Lepanto 5044:Bicocca 4520:Economy 4443:Charcas 4438:Caracas 4332:Yucatán 4203:Regidor 4188:Alcalde 4116:Cabildo 4023:Tripoli 3962:Mariana 3909:Charcas 3885:(Peru, 3869:Ecuador 3832:Bonaire 3827:Curazao 3812:Jamaica 3740:Florida 3198:Sources 2236:Rappler 2153:Doi.gov 1322:Molokai 1258:Vanuatu 1183:in the 1179:at the 1173:Panther 1119:Clatsop 1070:mesones 987:galleon 879:malaria 824:on the 759:screens 731:Yuegang 676:Seville 454:at the 346:History 238:galleon 202:Spanish 178:Spanish 153:to the 67:Spanish 5700:Castas 5458:Boyacá 5433:Guiana 5423:Iguape 5347:Recife 5285:Mactan 5280:Annual 5245:Rocroi 5240:Leiden 5225:Djerba 5159:Bailén 5114:Ostend 5099:Azores 4694:Legión 4659:Tercio 4652:Armies 4554:Escudo 4483:Panamá 4478:Mexico 4473:Manila 4428:Bogotá 4213:Vecino 4208:Syndic 4039:Béjaïa 3999:Africa 3985:Tidore 3873:Panama 3837:Belize 3744:Mexico 3670:Sicily 3666:Naples 3628:Europe 3287: 3215: 2993: 2953: 2907: 2870: 2816: 2770: 2716: 2637: 2577: 2551: 2541: 2507: 2462: 2454: 2387: 2330: 2307: 2278: 1889: 1799: 1747: 1677: 1378:UNESCO 1320:, and 1310:Hawaii 1248:, and 1240:, the 1236:, the 1234:Tuvalu 1228:, the 1224:, the 1061:indios 1034:Cavite 1028:, and 814:Potosí 783:chinos 779:cafres 775:negros 770:slaves 743:Fujian 729:, and 719:Fujian 704:Manila 337:UNESCO 330:UNESCO 264:spices 242:Cavite 234:Manila 196:, and 146:Motive 131:Mexico 107:Manila 5595:Chile 5563:Petén 5538:Aztec 5357:Bahia 5332:Penco 5322:Cusco 5250:Downs 5230:Tunis 5149:Ceuta 5134:Breda 5084:Malta 5064:Tunis 5059:Pavia 4573:Trade 4488:Quito 4453:Cusco 4292:Chile 4027:Tunis 3974:Palau 3891:Chile 3822:Aruba 3817:Haiti 3751:] 3680:Milan 3638:Spain 3020:issue 2814:S2CID 2800:(2). 2768:S2CID 2754:(2). 2635:S2CID 2460:S2CID 2356:(PDF) 2076:(DOC) 2043:(DOC) 2010:(DOC) 1963:(PDF) 1956:(PDF) 1917:(PDF) 1910:(PDF) 1851:30–31 1818:[ 1789:(PDF) 1745:JSTOR 1573:Notes 1318:Lanai 1054:Crews 656:flota 646:Trade 539:, on 244:, in 206:ships 102:Venue 5600:Inca 5543:Maya 5478:Guam 5411:Lost 5183:Lost 5104:Mons 4544:Real 4468:Lima 4355:Cuba 4297:Cuba 4269:Perú 4045:and 4043:Ifni 4035:Oran 3958:Guam 3887:Acre 3883:Peru 3793:Cuba 3672:and 3285:ISBN 3213:ISBN 3112:2017 3060:2016 3030:NARA 2991:ISBN 2951:ISBN 2905:ISBN 2868:ISBN 2779:2019 2727:2019 2714:ISBN 2691:2020 2665:2019 2593:See 2575:ISBN 2549:OCLC 2539:ISBN 2505:ISBN 2452:ISSN 2412:2016 2385:ISBN 2364:0023 2328:ISBN 2305:ISBN 2276:ISBN 2191:2013 2161:2019 2135:2019 2110:2019 2084:2019 2051:2019 2018:2019 1985:link 1971:2015 1939:link 1925:2015 1887:ISBN 1834:link 1808:2020 1797:ISSN 1718:2020 1675:ISBN 1306:Maui 1256:and 1222:Guam 1191:and 1177:Argo 1117:and 877:and 812:and 794:Peru 792:and 694:The 567:and 551:and 491:gyre 477:and 266:and 232:and 172:The 109:and 5305:Won 5032:Won 4140:Law 4037:, 3757:), 3738:), 3022:of 2971:doi 2806:doi 2798:119 2760:doi 2752:119 2625:hdl 2617:doi 2444:doi 1145:by 956:or 933:of 816:. 777:or 737:in 702:to 609:by 466:to 298:. 212:'s 5986:: 4041:, 4033:, 4029:, 4025:, 4021:, 4017:, 3972:, 3968:, 3964:, 3960:, 3956:, 3919:, 3907:, 3903:, 3889:, 3875:, 3871:, 3867:, 3799:, 3795:, 3749:es 3742:, 3668:, 3405:, 3297:, 3166:. 3148:. 3129:. 3096:. 3077:. 3046:. 2927:. 2882:^ 2866:. 2862:. 2812:. 2796:. 2766:. 2750:. 2744:. 2656:. 2633:. 2623:. 2613:31 2611:. 2561:^ 2547:. 2487:31 2485:. 2481:. 2458:. 2450:. 2440:25 2438:. 2434:. 2422:^ 2402:. 2362:. 2358:. 2343:^ 2257:^ 2234:. 2177:. 2151:. 2126:. 2100:. 2067:. 2034:. 2001:. 1981:}} 1977:{{ 1935:}} 1931:{{ 1867:31 1830:}} 1826:{{ 1791:. 1739:. 1735:. 1708:. 1655:. 1623:^ 1384:. 1357:. 1316:, 1244:, 1203:. 1187:; 1165:; 1149:; 1024:, 1020:, 1016:, 1012:, 1008:, 1004:, 1000:, 948:, 937:. 912:. 897:. 765:. 741:, 342:. 188:: 184:; 180:: 127:) 77:: 73:, 69:: 46:c. 5770:e 5763:t 5756:v 4049:) 3976:) 3952:( 3940:) 3923:) 3899:( 3893:) 3863:( 3803:) 3791:( 3761:) 3726:( 3676:) 3368:e 3361:t 3354:v 3221:. 3152:. 3133:. 3114:. 3081:. 3062:. 3032:. 2973:: 2913:. 2876:. 2820:. 2808:: 2781:. 2762:: 2729:. 2693:. 2667:. 2641:. 2627:: 2619:: 2583:. 2555:. 2466:. 2446:: 2414:. 2393:. 2238:. 2193:. 2163:. 2137:. 2112:. 2086:. 2053:. 2020:. 1987:) 1973:. 1941:) 1927:. 1895:. 1869:. 1853:. 1836:) 1810:. 1751:. 1741:9 1720:. 1683:. 632:) 626:( 621:) 617:( 603:. 176:( 133:) 123:( 56:) 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index