231:
turn a small wheel with a specific number of teeth, which determined the coding. The teeth would push up on a contact, which would open and close a circuit, pulsing the code to the bells or horns. This code was used by building security to determine where the alarm was originating from. For example, consider a pull station in the fourth-floor elevator lobby of an office building with a code of 5-3-1. When the station was pulled, the security officers in the building would look up 5-3-1 in a master list of codes. After finding the location of the pull, they should check to see if there is a real fire. If there was, they would evacuate the building and call the fire department.
272:
222:. After operation, most fire alarm pull stations must be restored to the ready position using a special tool or key for the panel to be reset. Primitive manual stations, requiring only a single action or hand motion to activate, can be subject to unwanted activation by jarring or accidental contact. Early strategies to cope with this problem included requiring the operator to break a pane of glass to release an internal spring-operated mechanism. Manual pull stations that require two hand motions, such as lift up and pull down, or push in and pull down, have since replaced the break-glass and single-action models in many modern installations.
148:
955:
355:
311:
sounding an alarm when tampered with or opened, attracting attention towards the fire alarm. The plastic covers may also be used to help prevent accidental pulls caused by bumping a pull station or accidental pulls by small children. Some covers lack internal alarms and are just used to help prevent bumping the pull station. Because of these and other issues, intentionally setting off a fire alarm when there is no fire or other emergency is
395:
1624:
129:
156:
32:
235:
197:, where manual activation outside the control panel may be overridden. Security alarms, emergency door releases, industrial fire suppression systems, and hazardous material leak alarms are all examples of specialty systems which are sometimes activated with similar manual initiating devices to a fire alarm. They may be linked to fire alarm systems to varying degrees.
1636:
140:
391:(BRE) stated "there is a commonly held view that equipment designed to meet the European EN54 Fire detection and fire alarm systems standard cannot be used within an installation designed to the US National Fire Alarm Code, NFPA 72." In actuality, "there appears to be no requirement in NFPA 72 that precludes the use of manual call points..."
255:
before resetting itself. Coded pulls were typically used in new fire alarm systems until roughly the 1950s, and then occasionally into the 1970s. Until the early 1990s, some panels were made with an extra zone to accommodate any existing coded pull stations. Nowadays, coded pull stations are rarely seen in working fire alarm systems.
415:
Such systems typically operate a similar structure to a standard wired fire alarm network, in that Manual Call Points may be mixed with automatic fire detection in the form of heat detection and smoke detection (often specially designed to be dust resistant, due to the increased likelihood of dust on
411:
It is becoming increasingly common in the UK and Europe for wireless MCPs to be used in temporary environments such as construction sites. These typically provide the same level of protection as a standard wired fire alarm installation, but can be moved around as needed in the changing environment of
254:
to sound continuous (or in the case of single-stroke bells, ding once). Turning it the other way and then activating the pull allows a silent test to be done in which the station's mechanical parts are checked to ensure proper function. Once pulled, the station would do at least four rounds of code
310:
if they occur repeatedly, causing occupants to dismiss the importance of alarms or completely ignore them. In areas where false alarms are a recurring problem, pull stations may be covered with a clear plastic cover (sold under the "Stopper" trade name) that will cause people to notice the person by
230:
In the past, pull stations controlled the entire system. These coded pull stations were much bigger than modern pulls and had a code wheel in them. They had a gear mechanism that was wound up when the station was pulled, and (unlike modern pull stations) the handle did not stay down. The gears would
350:
Manual call points are used to initiate an alarm signal and operate using a simple button press or when glass is broken revealing a button. They can form part of a manual alarm system or an automatic alarm system. There will be an indicator on the monitoring unit for visual indication to locate the
263:
Many modern fire alarm pull stations are single-action and only require the user to pull down a handle to sound the alarm. Other fire alarm pull stations are dual-action, and as such require the user to perform a second task before pulling down, such as lifting or pushing in a panel on the station
416:
a construction site) and can be connected to a monitoring base station unit. This unit provides visual identification of the triggering unit in any alarm, and should also be able to monitor radio signal strength (which may change as the build progresses) and battery life.
705:
264:
or breaking a glass panel with an attached hammer. Perhaps the most recognizable pull station is the "T-bar"-style pull station, so named because the handle is shaped like the letter "T". This style is manufactured by many companies, most notably
217:
system. This is the most common design in North
America. In its simplest form, the user activates the alarm by pulling the handle down, which completes a circuit and locks the handle in the activated position, sending an alarm to the
470:
If an EN 54 certificate is over one year old, it has expired and it is not a valid certificate. Manufacturers can not sell or install the device with expired certification in any country of the
European Union.
709:
466:
The EN 54 certification of each device has to be issued annually, and for products of this nature must be issued by a notified body following the stringent testing procedures outlined within the standard.
463:) is responsible for the development and maintenance of the standard, as part of its remit for developing harmonized European standards for free movement of goods in the European Union countries.
351:
call point easily, and there should be a visual identifier of the unit which triggered the alarm, typically a mechanical flag that operates on a latch and must be manually reset, e.g. by a key.
331:
industry and as a "transmitter" in Japan. They are used to allow building occupants to signal that a fire or other emergency exists within the building. When activated they will raise a plastic
1471:
412:
a building under construction without the need for specialist electrician installation. They often combine call point functionality with sounder and strobe functions for ease of installation.
279:
Resetting a fire alarm pull station after it has been operated normally requires building personnel or emergency responders to open the station using a key, which often is either a
676:
422:
Systems for use during construction can be wireless or mechanical. In the United
Kingdom, interconnecting wireless systems are recommended for timber-framed construction.
193:
When a fire pull station or call point is activated, codes usually require evacuation begin immediately. There are certain exemptions like system maintenance and security
1266:
49:
1459:
1074:
764:
369:
Previously, the old
British standard did not allow hinged covers and plastic resettable elements. Plastic elements must have the same printing as the
594:
359:
792:
1438:
246:
System tests could be conducted in one of two ways: In a coded pull station, there is either a test hole on the front (usually activated with an
454:
283:
or a more traditional key. Opening the station causes the handle to go back to its original position, allowing the alarm to be reset from the
271:
615:
1483:
1477:
166:
is the process of triggering a fire alarm through a call point, pull station, or other device. This usually causes the alarm to sound the
96:
380:
standard uses the term Alarm Box, which could encompass a number of initiation mechanisms. A few manual call points have been approved to
68:
684:
979:
1667:
1354:
251:
167:
115:
75:
640:
384:/UL Canada standards. At the time of this writing, the pull station is still the most prominent design in this part of the world.
182:. It is, however, possible for call points/pull stations to be used in conjunction with automatic detection as part of the overall
147:
1662:
1115:
803:
388:
82:
53:
376:
In the US and Canada, alarm initiating devices with button-like designs are sometimes used in high-hazard occupancies. The
1465:
1422:
1094:
757:
64:
1536:
1407:
1339:
1156:
989:
431:
20:
419:
Due to their use for life inherent purposes, radio receivers used in such systems should be of
Category 1 standard.
1639:
974:
914:
664:
42:
1489:
1324:
984:
290:
In some places, particularly at college dormitories and schools, students deliberately set off fire alarms as a
1627:
1433:
1349:
1329:
1306:
1069:
834:
750:
570:
381:
336:
284:
219:
1276:
1241:
1089:
1039:
1417:
1296:
1271:
1261:
969:
929:
501:
210:
89:
327:
is used, which is usually referred to as an MCP, call point, break-glass point, or Fire Point within the
1604:
1578:
1531:
1146:
1034:
1014:
174:
intervention, as distinct from automatic fire alarm activation such as that provided through the use of
1301:
1161:
869:
190:
tend to be wired in and include a control panel. Wireless activators are common during construction.
1344:
1251:
1131:
1059:
1024:
1019:
874:
430:
Fire detection and alarm products placed on the market within the
European Union must, following
323:
In Europe, Australia, New
Zealand and Asia, pull stations are generally not used; instead of a
1557:
1552:
1547:
1443:
1334:
1316:
1206:
1044:
954:
939:
399:
183:
1541:
879:
151:
An activated manual call point in Japan. Telephone jacks are visible beneath the open cover.
1583:
1236:
1171:
1110:
1079:
1054:
1004:
999:
813:
773:
335:
out of the top to tell which alarm was activated. They are usually connected to a central
328:
265:
132:
546:
1402:
1379:
1364:
1226:
1166:
1136:
1105:
1049:
1009:
944:
934:
829:
291:
179:
1656:
1609:
1599:
1397:
1369:
1286:
904:
894:
864:
808:
547:"NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code® § 3.3.12 Alarm Box. Vian NFPA LiNK®"
307:
239:
175:
128:
1526:
1412:
1291:
1281:
1216:
1181:
1141:
1100:
1064:
854:
849:
819:
247:
347:
as well. The first modern MCP arrived in Europe in 1972 and was developed by KAC.
155:
294:
or just because they want to (because they are angry, curious, they want to seek
1246:
1201:
1191:
1084:
1029:
994:
889:
480:
363:
303:
31:
234:
1506:
1359:
859:
844:
824:
344:
214:
1428:
1256:
1221:
1211:
1196:
1176:
1151:
924:
919:
884:
839:
787:
616:"BRE Global report finds compatibility between NFPA 72 code, EN54 standards"
213:
device, usually wall-mounted, that, when activated, initiates an alarm on a
362:
The orange sticker on it warns would-be pranksters of the consequences for
1521:
1231:
1186:
909:
899:
798:
250:) or a test switch on the inside. Turning the switch one way causes the
194:
187:
170:
for the relevant building or zone. Manual fire alarm activation requires
139:
377:
295:
280:
525:
402:
Manual call point. This call point uses a lever-shaped key to reset.
143:
A manual call point in the
European Union (EU) with standard EN 54-11
394:
706:":: CEN - European Committee for Standardization :: Standards"
1562:
1516:
742:
441:
370:
354:
340:
312:
233:
171:
154:
146:
127:
275:
Activated
Notifier NBG-12 pull station underneath a Stopper cover
1511:
332:
299:
746:
25:
159:
German manual call point with paint from NOTIFIER (Honeywell)
1472:
National
Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying
343:
system in the building, and often to a local fire brigade
677:"Structural Timber Association - 16 Steps to Fire Safety"
729:
434:, conform to the European harmonized technical standard
447:
is the section of the mandatory standard relating to
298:
on someone, or to postpone, skip or cancel a test or
1592:
1571:
1499:
1452:
1388:
1315:
1124:
962:
780:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1267:Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)
758:
8:
458:
436:EN 54 Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems
1075:Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention
765:
751:
743:
1460:Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association
502:"Which fire alarm signal should be used?"
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
793:Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion
393:
353:
270:
138:
1439:Listing and approval use and compliance
492:
16:Button or lever to activate fire alarms
455:European Committee for Standardization
1484:Society of Fire Protection Engineers
7:
1635:
1478:National Fire Protection Association
595:"DI-M9204 Digital Manual Call Point"
54:adding citations to reliable sources
287:after the station has been closed.
980:Condensed aerosol fire suppression
135:single action "T-bar" pull station
14:
1355:Fire alarm notification appliance
647:. EMAP Publishing Ltd. 2015-12-18
602:Gulf Security Technology Co., Ltd
339:which is in turn connected to an
1634:
1623:
1622:
953:
506:Consulting - Specifying Engineer
460:Comité Européen de Normalisation
30:
1116:Vehicle fire suppression system
804:Combustibility and flammability
389:Building Research Establishment
184:fire detection and alarm system
41:needs additional citations for
65:"Manual fire alarm activation"
1:
1466:Institution of Fire Engineers
1423:Fire Safety Evaluation System
1095:Personal protective equipment
681:Structural Timber Association
1537:GHS precautionary statements
1375:Manual fire alarm activation
164:Manual fire alarm activation
1408:Fire protection engineering
1340:Explosive gas leak detector
1157:Electromagnetic door holder
990:External water spray system
432:Regulation (EU) No 305/2011
358:A Notifier pull station at
21:Fire alarm (disambiguation)
1684:
1584:Harry C. Bigglestone Award
975:Automatic fire suppression
915:K-factor (fire protection)
360:Oklahoma State University.
18:
1618:
1490:Underwriters Laboratories
1325:Aspirating smoke detector
985:Detonation flame arrester
951:
730:Fire Alarm Supplier Miami
459:
387:A report by the UK-based
1668:Fire detection and alarm
1434:Kitchen exhaust cleaning
1350:Fire alarm control panel
1330:Carbon monoxide detector
1307:Standpipe (firefighting)
1070:Gaseous fire suppression
835:Enthalpy of vaporization
285:fire alarm control panel
220:fire alarm control panel
1277:Pressurisation ductwork
1242:Firewall (construction)
1090:Passive fire protection
1040:Fire suppression system
315:in most jurisdictions.
252:notification appliances
207:fire alarm pull station
201:Fire alarm pull station
186:. Systems in completed
1663:Active fire protection
1453:Industry organizations
1418:Fire-resistance rating
1297:Smoke exhaust ductwork
1272:Penetration (firestop)
1262:Packing (firestopping)
970:Active fire protection
930:Spontaneous combustion
403:
366:
276:
243:
211:active fire protection
160:
152:
144:
136:
1605:Template:Firefighting
1579:Arthur B. Guise Medal
1532:GHS hazard statements
1035:Fire sprinkler system
1015:Fire-retardant fabric
500:tmagna (2022-03-30).
397:
357:
274:
237:
158:
150:
142:
131:
1389:Professions, trades,
1302:Smokeproof enclosure
1162:Electromagnetic lock
870:Flammability diagram
781:Fundamental concepts
571:"Product Datasheets"
259:Modern pull stations
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1345:Fire alarm call box
1252:Heat and smoke vent
665:Short Range Devices
641:"Construction News"
226:Coded pull stations
1317:Fire alarm systems
1132:Annulus (firestop)
1060:Flashback arrestor
1025:Fire-safe polymers
1020:Fire retardant gel
875:Flammability limit
449:manual call points
426:European Standards
404:
367:
319:Manual call points
277:
244:
242:coded pull station
161:
153:
145:
137:
1650:
1649:
1558:Safety data sheet
1553:List of S-phrases
1548:List of R-phrases
1444:Sprinkler fitting
1335:Circuit integrity
1207:Fire extinguisher
1045:Firefighting foam
940:Thermal radiation
645:Construction News
325:manual call point
168:evacuation signal
126:
125:
118:
100:
1675:
1638:
1637:
1626:
1625:
1542:Life Safety Code
1147:Compartmentation
957:
880:Flammable liquid
767:
760:
753:
744:
732:
727:
721:
720:
718:
717:
708:. Archived from
702:
696:
695:
693:
692:
683:. Archived from
673:
667:
662:
656:
655:
653:
652:
637:
631:
630:
628:
627:
612:
606:
605:
599:
591:
585:
584:
582:
581:
567:
561:
560:
558:
557:
543:
537:
536:
534:
533:
522:
516:
515:
513:
512:
497:
462:
461:
337:fire alarm panel
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1614:
1588:
1567:
1495:
1448:
1390:
1384:
1311:
1237:Firestop pillow
1172:Emergency light
1125:Building design
1120:
1111:Tank blanketing
1080:Inerting system
1055:Flame retardant
1005:Fire protection
1000:Fire prevention
958:
949:
814:Dangerous goods
776:
774:Fire protection
771:
741:
736:
735:
728:
724:
715:
713:
704:
703:
699:
690:
688:
675:
674:
670:
663:
659:
650:
648:
639:
638:
634:
625:
623:
614:
613:
609:
597:
593:
592:
588:
579:
577:
569:
568:
564:
555:
553:
545:
544:
540:
531:
529:
526:"KAC Home Page"
524:
523:
519:
510:
508:
499:
498:
494:
489:
477:
428:
409:
329:fire protection
321:
266:SimplexGrinnell
261:
228:
203:
180:smoke detectors
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1681:
1679:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1632:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1403:Fire insurance
1400:
1394:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1380:Smoke detector
1377:
1372:
1367:
1365:Flame detector
1362:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1321:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1227:Fire sprinkler
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1167:Emergency exit
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1137:Area of refuge
1134:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1106:Spark arrestor
1103:
1098:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1050:Flame arrester
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1010:Fire retardant
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
966:
964:
960:
959:
952:
950:
948:
947:
945:Water pressure
942:
937:
935:Structure fire
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
830:Dust explosion
827:
822:
817:
811:
806:
801:
796:
790:
784:
782:
778:
777:
772:
770:
769:
762:
755:
747:
740:
739:External links
737:
734:
733:
722:
697:
668:
657:
632:
607:
586:
562:
538:
517:
491:
490:
488:
485:
484:
483:
476:
473:
457:(CEN, French:
427:
424:
408:
407:Temporary MCPs
405:
320:
317:
306:can result in
260:
257:
227:
224:
202:
199:
176:heat detectors
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1680:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1643:
1642:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1611:
1610:Template:HVAC
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1600:Template:Fire
1598:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1398:Duct cleaning
1396:
1395:
1393:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Heat detector
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Smoke control
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
965:
961:
956:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
905:Heat transfer
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:Friction loss
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
865:Fire triangle
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
815:
812:
810:
809:Conflagration
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
794:
791:
789:
786:
785:
783:
779:
775:
768:
763:
761:
756:
754:
749:
748:
745:
738:
731:
726:
723:
712:on 2013-05-20
711:
707:
701:
698:
687:on 2014-07-16
686:
682:
678:
672:
669:
666:
661:
658:
646:
642:
636:
633:
621:
617:
611:
608:
603:
596:
590:
587:
576:
572:
566:
563:
552:
551:link.nfpa.org
548:
542:
539:
527:
521:
518:
507:
503:
496:
493:
486:
482:
479:
478:
474:
472:
468:
464:
456:
452:
450:
446:
443:
439:
437:
433:
425:
423:
420:
417:
413:
406:
401:
396:
392:
390:
385:
383:
379:
374:
372:
365:
364:false alarms.
361:
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
318:
316:
314:
309:
308:alarm fatigue
305:
301:
297:
293:
288:
286:
282:
273:
269:
267:
258:
256:
253:
249:
241:
240:Holtzer-Cabot
236:
232:
225:
223:
221:
216:
212:
208:
200:
198:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
157:
149:
141:
134:
130:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
1640:
1628:
1527:Flame spread
1413:Fireproofing
1391:and services
1374:
1292:Smoke damper
1282:Safety glass
1217:Fire hydrant
1182:Fire curtain
1142:Booster pump
1101:Relief valve
1065:Fusible link
855:Fire loading
850:Fire control
820:Deflagration
725:
714:. Retrieved
710:the original
700:
689:. Retrieved
685:the original
680:
671:
660:
649:. Retrieved
644:
635:
624:. Retrieved
622:. 2010-06-04
619:
610:
601:
589:
578:. Retrieved
574:
565:
554:. Retrieved
550:
541:
530:. Retrieved
520:
509:. Retrieved
505:
495:
469:
465:
453:
448:
444:
440:
435:
429:
421:
418:
414:
410:
386:
375:
368:
349:
324:
322:
304:false alarms
289:
278:
262:
248:Allen wrench
245:
229:
206:
204:
192:
163:
162:
112:
106:October 2008
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1247:Grease duct
1202:Fire escape
1192:Fire damper
1085:Intumescent
1030:Fire safety
995:Fire bucket
890:Flash point
575:Maple Armor
528:. Kac.co.uk
481:Fire safety
1657:Categories
1544:(NFPA 101)
1507:CE marking
1360:Fire drill
963:Technology
860:Fire point
845:Fire class
825:Detonation
716:2012-12-28
691:2015-04-17
651:2015-04-17
626:2023-02-05
580:2023-02-05
556:2023-02-05
532:2009-07-16
511:2023-02-05
487:References
345:dispatcher
215:fire alarm
76:newspapers
1500:Standards
1429:Fire test
1257:Occupancy
1222:Fire pump
1212:Fire hose
1197:Fire door
1177:Exit sign
1152:Crash bar
925:Pyrolysis
920:Pool fire
885:Flashover
840:Explosive
788:Backdraft
398:An older
302:). These
195:lockdowns
188:buildings
1629:Category
1593:See also
1522:EN 16034
1232:Firestop
1187:Fire cut
910:Jet fire
900:Gas leak
816:(HAZMAT)
799:Boilover
475:See also
238:Antique
1641:Commons
1474:(NCEES)
795:(BLEVE)
445:part 11
400:Legrand
378:NFPA 72
373:glass.
313:illegal
296:revenge
281:hex key
133:Simplex
90:scholar
1572:Awards
1486:(SFPE)
1480:(NFPA)
1462:(FEMA)
1425:(FSES)
620:FMLink
209:is an
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
1563:UL 94
1517:EN 54
1468:(IFE)
1097:(PPE)
598:(PDF)
442:EN 54
371:EN 54
341:alarm
292:prank
172:human
97:JSTOR
83:books
1512:EN 3
1492:(UL)
333:flag
300:exam
268:.
178:and
69:news
52:by
1659::
679:.
643:.
618:.
600:.
573:.
549:.
504:.
451:.
438:.
382:UL
205:A
766:e
759:t
752:v
719:.
694:.
654:.
629:.
604:.
583:.
559:.
535:.
514:.
119:)
113:(
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
46:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
