1309:
1261:
1236:
263:(usually known in English as Methodical Signs) was quite idiosyncratic, and although it was not a strict representation of French, its success laid the groundwork for the "signed oral languages" of today. The real proliferation of such systems occurred in the latter half of the 20th century, and by the 1980s manually coded languages were the dominant form of communication used by teachers and interpreters in classrooms with deaf students in many parts of the world. Most sign language "
307:) who resist a wide or exclusive application of MCLs for both philosophical and practical reasons. English is not fully able to express the ability of those with disabled hearing to communicate, and just as written forms of spoken languages are useful but cumbersome for daily communication, these manual codes cannot supplant a natural Signed Language. Nevertheless, elements of these systems have had some influence on deaf sign languages (see
382:", "Signed German" and so on) were the vehicle for the world-wide explosion of MCLs in deaf education in the second half of the 20th century, and are what is generally meant by the phrase "manually coded language" today. They aim to be a word-for-word representation of the written form of an oral language, and accordingly require the development of an enormous vocabulary. They usually achieve this by taking signs ("
38:
5124:
358:
The Paget Gorman Sign System (PGSS) is an MCL that began development in the 1930s by Sir
Richard Paget. He studied extant sign languages and looked to create an easier way to understand signs that were pantomimic in nature. He worked with Grace Paget (his wife) and Pierre Gorman, who both took over
185:
It is unknown when the first attempts were made to represent an oral language with gesture. Indeed, some have speculated that oral languages may have evolved from sign languages, and there may be undocumented cases in history when vocal and signed modes of a language existed side by side. It is not
460:
Cued Speech is not traditionally referred to as a manually coded language; although it was developed with the same aims as the signed oral languages, to improve
English language literacy in Deaf children, it follows the sounds rather than the written form of the oral language. Thus, speakers with
464:
Cued speech has been used to prepare deaf children for hearing aids and cochlear implants by teaching the prospective wearer the oral language's phonemes. By the time the child has received a hearing aid or has been implanted with a cochlear implant, the child does not need such intense auditory
278:
in recent times has curbed the growth of manually coded languages, and in many places interpreting and educational services now favor the use of the natural sign languages of the Deaf community. In some parts of the world, MCLs continue to be developed and supported by state institutions; a
245:
for preachers. These manual alphabets began to be used to teach the deaf children of royalty in 17th century Spain. Such alphabets are in widespread use today by signing deaf communities for representing words or phrases of the oral language used in their part of the world.
479:
Below are some of the signed systems that have been developed for various oral languages. They range from formal systems that encode the grammar of the oral language, to informal systems of using sign together with speech, to translating oral words one-by-one to sign.
362:
In 1964, PGSS was taught for the first time to a group of deaf adults in an experiment. It evolved from education for the deaf to teaching those with speech and language disorders. New systems were developed for deaf adults to transition into
346:
in New York where it was used from 1878 until the 1940s. While most MCLs are slower than spoken or sign languages, this method is especially so and in modern times is generally considered not to be accessible to children. However, some
5477:
Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign
Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,
257:), Épée thought it must be primitive, and set about designing a complete visual-gestural system to represent the concepts of religion and law that he wanted to impart to his pupils. His system of
190:, but these are usually limited in scope and rarely develop into complete representations of an oral language. One of the most elaborated examples of this kind of auxiliary manual system is
418:(sounds) of an oral language, rather than using signs for the words. These systems are sometimes known as "Mouth Hand Systems" (MHS). An early example was developed in Denmark in 1903 by
390:
as a base, then adding specially created signs for words and word endings that do not exist in the deaf sign language, often using "initializations", and filling in any gaps with
5379:
457:, the inclination and movement of the hand follows the tone. When viewed together with lip patterns, the gestures render all phonemes of the oral language intelligible visually.
1440:
1415:
1273:
5394:
2678:
5384:
4568:
4523:
1545:
237:
as well as signs, and were capable of representing a written language, if one had enough patience. Aside from the commonly understood rationale of observing a "
5415:
4580:
1631:
1626:
1367:
Marmor, G. & Pettito, L. (1979). Simultaneous communication in the classroom: How well is
English grammar represented? Sign Language Studies, 23, 99–136.
2908:
210:
and manually coded languages; the latter are specifically designed for use in Deaf education, and usually represent the written form of the language.
55:
5292:
5189:
1408:
1193:
1931:
186:
uncommon for people to develop gestures to replace words or phrases in contexts where speech is not possible or not permitted, such as in a
1466:
1364:
Kluwin, T. (1981). The grammaticality of manual representation of
English in classroom settings. American Annals of the Deaf, 126, 417–421.
633:
484:
318:
is usually applied incompletely and inconsistently in classrooms: Hearing teachers tend to "cut corners" by not signing word endings and "
5434:
4841:
2045:
5260:
165:
of the oral language—or, more precisely, of the written form of the oral language that they interpolate. They have been mainly used in
4887:
4465:
2629:
1359:
102:
4836:
3314:
1401:
1353:
1349:
121:
74:
5333:
1082:"Manually Coded Language and Alternate Sign Systems · Deaf: Cultures and Communication, 1600 to the Present · Online Exhibits@Yale"
322:", most likely because they slow down the pace and distort the phrasing of the teacher's natural speech. The result is a kind of "
4943:
4912:
4831:
4480:
3283:
249:
The earliest known attempt to develop a complete signed mode of a language which could be used to teach deaf children was by the
5542:
4634:
3683:
2944:
2918:
1785:
980:
402:" (SEE2) was developed in the United States in 1969, has also been taught around the world, and is now used in deaf schools in
81:
1370:
Woodward, J. & Allen, T. (1988). Classroom use of artificial sign systems by teachers. Sign
Language Studies, 61, 405–418.
5532:
5439:
4933:
4826:
4513:
4099:
3153:
1992:
1797:
1709:
1343:
688:
59:
359:
his work after his death in 1955. Paget published a book in 1951 focusing on children's vocabulary that included 900 signs.
394:. Thus "Signed English" in America (based on ASL) has a lexicon quite different from "Signed English" in Britain (based on
5353:
4316:
4311:
3223:
2580:
1845:
1166:
1131:
1024:— a variety or style of signing arising from contact between a spoken or manually coded language and a deaf sign language.
629:
343:
275:
355:—that is, signing and speaking at the same time—although the natural pace of speech may need to be slowed down at times.
177:
in K-12 schools, although they have had some influence on deaf sign languages where their implementation was widespread.
88:
5537:
5429:
5287:
4575:
4431:
4181:
3932:
3636:
2534:
2423:
2064:
1832:
1672:
1592:
1569:
713:
1030:— a means of representing the written alphabet of an oral language, but often a central part of natural sign languages.
5002:
4956:
4639:
4629:
4219:
3551:
3272:
3260:
3203:
3061:
2724:
2506:
2433:
2202:
1960:
1822:
646:
818:
70:
5389:
5077:
4964:
4173:
3821:
2128:
1977:
871:
666:
352:
5499:
Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
4418:
250:
5072:
5042:
5032:
5017:
4907:
4897:
4606:
4538:
4475:
4332:
3919:
3884:
3861:
3829:
3415:
3398:
3213:
3091:
3026:
2981:
2696:
2617:
2469:
1812:
1645:
1605:
1529:
909:
161:, and as such lack the distinct spatial structures present in native deaf sign languages. MCLs mostly follow the
5348:
5199:
5062:
4997:
4960:
4952:
4892:
4877:
4773:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4585:
4413:
4405:
4392:
4369:
4340:
4292:
4123:
4091:
4067:
3698:
3649:
3559:
3409:
3388:
3329:
3289:
3266:
3253:
3218:
3208:
3158:
3118:
3056:
3036:
2954:
2923:
2706:
2144:
2027:
2004:
1850:
1577:
1512:
621:
287:) have survived by shifting their focus from deaf education to people with other kinds of communication needs.
284:
254:
206:
due to cultural proscriptions against speech. Sign language linguists usually make a distinction between these
4702:
3108:
3073:
2219:
351:
people still communicate primarily using the
Rochester Method. Most manually coded languages can accommodate
5444:
5098:
5067:
5057:
5012:
5007:
4917:
4799:
4765:
4718:
4692:
4676:
4548:
4543:
4227:
4199:
4157:
4107:
4027:
4019:
3866:
3774:
3748:
3618:
3602:
3480:
3403:
3342:
3178:
2991:
2986:
2975:
2964:
2686:
2451:
2446:
2300:
2280:
2104:
2014:
1999:
1890:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1518:
838:
617:
253:, an educator from 18th century France. While the Deaf community already used a sign language (now known as
207:
48:
5486:
both originated in
English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to
3961:
2891:
2883:
1105:
1081:
5479:
5459:
5184:
5052:
5047:
5027:
5022:
4882:
4818:
4752:
4684:
4644:
4598:
4590:
4533:
4528:
4487:
4455:
4426:
4400:
4361:
4266:
4261:
4235:
4139:
4051:
3985:
3969:
3948:
3911:
3903:
3876:
3805:
3797:
3782:
3766:
3758:
3740:
3716:
3706:
3688:
3493:
3464:
3459:
3393:
3294:
3248:
3233:
3193:
3067:
3051:
3046:
2969:
2949:
2853:
2714:
2691:
2588:
2477:
2441:
2402:
2381:
2335:
2321:
2285:
2115:
2059:
2035:
1982:
1972:
1941:
1840:
1807:
1657:
1582:
1535:
1499:
1489:
1435:
1308:
1260:
1235:
913:
658:
488:
327:
315:
226:
199:
191:
1155:
Speechreading training related to the Danish mouth handsystem for adventitiously hearing impaired adults.
5483:
5239:
5179:
5037:
4902:
4872:
4710:
4553:
4518:
4460:
4384:
4374:
4353:
4281:
4191:
4165:
4152:
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4131:
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4059:
4043:
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3940:
3927:
3853:
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3787:
3693:
3675:
3662:
3631:
3610:
3594:
3575:
3567:
3485:
3367:
3355:
3324:
3319:
3304:
3277:
3243:
3228:
3198:
3163:
3145:
3098:
3016:
2996:
2869:
2550:
2524:
2418:
2397:
2376:
2360:
2305:
2295:
2249:
2079:
2009:
1946:
1921:
1882:
1874:
1860:
1855:
1792:
1744:
1662:
1610:
1523:
1505:
1494:
805:
708:
662:
625:
399:
395:
364:
925:
149:
which directly interpolate the grammar and syntax of oral languages in a gestural-visual form—that is,
897:
434:. As the entire set of phonemes for an oral language is small (English has 35 to 45, depending on the
5487:
5194:
4938:
4697:
4657:
4619:
4563:
4306:
4301:
4271:
4186:
4115:
4003:
3990:
3956:
3837:
3753:
3732:
3724:
3711:
3626:
3543:
3514:
3501:
3472:
3383:
3362:
3238:
3173:
3138:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2959:
2939:
2598:
2593:
2564:
2519:
2514:
2487:
2456:
2290:
2236:
2182:
2123:
2021:
1817:
1677:
1667:
1600:
1540:
701:
680:
303:
rather than sign—and on the other side by members of the
American Sign Language (ASL) community (see
280:
146:
95:
1384:
937:
739:
523:
5419:
5363:
5279:
4867:
4757:
4649:
4624:
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4379:
4345:
4324:
4276:
4083:
4035:
4011:
3995:
3813:
3792:
3670:
3535:
3527:
3509:
3334:
3309:
3299:
3188:
3183:
3168:
3103:
3086:
3031:
3021:
2642:
2482:
2355:
2244:
1987:
1754:
1749:
1699:
1483:
1200:
920:
813:
796:
684:
565:
535:
323:
5410:
5308:
4789:
4614:
3871:
3641:
3522:
3422:
3347:
3041:
2492:
993:
892:
800:
641:
454:
5313:
4974:
847:
427:
419:
203:
195:
187:
726:
338:
There have been many different approaches to manually coding oral languages. Some consist of
5512:
5323:
5318:
5154:
5135:
957:
944:
932:
832:
826:
734:
612:
600:
591:
542:
518:
510:
423:
170:
158:
154:
5449:
5244:
5224:
5103:
1388:
1135:
962:
904:
879:
852:
783:
758:
746:
674:
653:
560:
530:
268:
234:
230:
5358:
5343:
5234:
5219:
4989:
1054:
1027:
1001:
949:
866:
696:
604:
572:
391:
379:
339:
238:
166:
142:
17:
1180:"Complexities of Ethiopian Sign Language Contact Phenomena & Implications for AAU"
5526:
5328:
5229:
5214:
5209:
4846:
1424:
884:
788:
763:
751:
387:
319:
153:
versions of oral languages. Unlike the sign languages that have evolved naturally in
150:
1337:
5204:
5149:
1021:
1006:
583:
547:
342:
everything, a technique sometimes known in
English as the "Rochester method" after
308:
304:
300:
264:
222:
174:
5338:
5108:
665:(SSS) or Sign Supported English (SSE) (speaking English with key-word signing);
474:
431:
218:
37:
1128:
5454:
5093:
4436:
4245:
3654:
3128:
2069:
1301:
1296:
1253:
1248:
1228:
1223:
442:
398:), as well as the Signed Englishes of Ireland, Australasia and South Africa. "
4979:
4948:
4804:
4240:
1333:
970:
808:(ISS) (vocabulary taken from ISL, adapted to at least six Indian languages)
721:
505:
446:
403:
348:
295:
The use of MCLs is controversial and has been opposed since Épée's time by "
5159:
5118:
4969:
4723:
242:
965:, ('Signed Swedish'), developed in the 1970s but now largely out of use
453:) differentiate between sounds not distinguishable from on the lips; in
4794:
1346:– list of languages and dialects to which Cued Speech has been adapted.
1033:
435:
415:
383:
296:
162:
267:" seen on television in the 1970s and 1980s would have in fact been a
5423:
4508:
1780:
1768:
861:(also known as Manually Coded Japanese, Simultaneous Methodic Signs)
5123:
1179:
406:, and taught in classes by the Singapore Association for the Deaf.
450:
5113:
1393:
1382:
Cued Speech: General Information, Resources, Events, and Classes
1157:
Ann Arbor : U.M.I. 1980 - 145 p. Dissertation: Purdue Univ.
988:
214:
3442:
1458:
1397:
952:(Mexico, Spain, and presumably elsewhere; also Signed Catalan)
422:. Others include the Assisted Kinemes Alphabet (Belgium) and a
141:) are a family of gestural communication methods which include
1055:"A Continuum of Communication: Manually Coded English Systems"
31:
603:—(different manual alphabets are used in different regions).
326:" which lacks the grammatical complexity of both English and
1381:
221:
monk, proposed a system for representing the letters of the
438:), an MHS is relatively easy to adapt for other languages.
370:
PGSS currently has an estimated 56,000 word combinations.
1062:
Maine Educational Center for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing
1009:(and similarly other official languages of South Africa)
414:
Another widespread approach is to visually represent the
555:('Grammatical Sign Language', Signed Mandarin (Taiwan))
299:" who believe Deaf people should speak, lipread and use
1286:
A Language in Space: The Story of Israeli Sign Language
5380:
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
271:
of an oral language into a manually coded language.
213:
In seventh century England, the years of (672-735),
157:, these manual codes are the conscious invention of
5403:
5372:
5301:
5278:
5253:
5168:
5134:
5086:
4988:
4926:
4855:
4817:
4782:
4666:
4498:
4208:
3893:
3584:
3449:
3435:
3376:
2932:
2907:
2868:
2851:
2723:
2705:
2677:
2641:
2607:
2579:
2533:
2505:
2468:
2432:
2411:
2390:
2369:
2348:
2314:
2273:
2264:
2234:
2217:
2200:
2161:
2137:
2044:
1959:
1930:
1908:
1873:
1831:
1767:
1737:
1708:
1686:
1644:
1619:
1591:
1465:
1449:
1336:codes for "signed oral languages" (e.g. Ethnologue
430:—in addition to the most widespread MHS worldwide,
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
27:
Signed phonetic representations of verbal languages
441:Cued Speech can be seen as a manual supplement to
1151:Copenhagen: Doves Center for Total Kommunikation.
487:for traditional manually coded languages such as
1167:Deaf Way II Presentation On Iranian Deaf Culture
5395:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
1350:Sign Languages and Codes of the World by Region
687:(Ireland) and Signed English, using signs from
607:depends on signs from the local sign language.
856:
445:. A small number of hand shapes (representing
5385:International Center on Deafness and the Arts
1409:
1274:article on German Knowledge about LBG and LUG
550:
465:training to learn to hear the oral language.
449:) and locations near the mouth (representing
8:
773:
767:
258:
1138:(Singapore Association or the Deaf website)
577:
5142:
3439:
2729:
2270:
2052:
1965:
1914:
1773:
1692:
1650:
1588:
1455:
1416:
1402:
1394:
1106:"Paget Gorman Signed Speech | Our History"
1053:Spencer, Amy; Glover, Cathy (2015-06-15).
461:different accents will "cue" differently.
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
1323:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
493:
5190:Manually coded language in South Africa
1045:
772:(LBG, 'signs accompanying speech') and
978:, ('toki pona by hand'), published in
887:, also known as Sign-Supported Nepali
367:(BSL), thus causing the pivot in use.
225:on the fingers called fingerspelling.
1356:– Gallaudet University library online
7:
634:Conceptually Accurate Signed English
485:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
314:Research in the U.S. has shown that
60:adding citations to reliable sources
2227:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL)
173:on the hands" and by sign language
3540:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti
3154:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain)
791:(oral Hebrew accompanied by sign)
25:
778:(LUG, 'signs supporting speech')
775:Lautsprachunterstützende Gebärden
5122:
4913:Sandy River Valley Sign Language
1321:"Indo-Pakistani Sign Language",
1307:
1259:
1234:
1153:Reynolds, Brian Watkins (1980).
283:. Some MCL systems (such as the
36:
5503:
5494:
5472:
5440:U.S. Army hand and arm signals
4524:Far North Queensland Indigenous
3146:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign)
981:Toki Pona: The Language of Good
819:Sistem Isyarat Bahasa Indonesia
47:needs additional citations for
5261:Bilingual–bicultural education
4581:Western Torres Strait Islander
3655:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese)
1632:Western Torres Strait Islander
874:(BMKT) (Manually Coded Malay)
769:Lautsprachbegleitende Gebärden
689:Northern Ireland Sign Language
1:
4333:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
3481:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3343:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa)
3092:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq)
2599:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu)
630:Linguistics of Visual English
344:Rochester School for the Deaf
276:recognition of sign languages
2919:Providence Island (Provisle)
2569:North West Frontier Province
1147:Birch-Rasmussen, S. (1982).
821:(SIBI, 'Signed Indonesian')
714:South African Signed English
475:Cued speech § Languages
426:system developed in 1935 by
194:, a complete signed mode of
4519:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke)
647:Australasian Signed English
169:in an effort to "represent
5559:
5390:Mimics and Gesture Theatre
4599:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo)
4529:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme)
3315:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL)
3169:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu)
2589:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa)
1983:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel)
1284:Meir & Sandler, 2013,
872:Bahasa Malaysia Kod Tangan
667:Paget Gorman Signed Speech
472:
353:simultaneous communication
198:which was developed by an
159:deaf and hearing educators
5468:
5145:
4635:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
3074:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo)
2884:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
2732:
2291:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL)
2055:
1968:
1917:
1786:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL)
1776:
1695:
1653:
1441:List by number of signers
1431:
1086:exhibits.library.yale.edu
1000:
987:
969:
956:
943:
931:
919:
903:
891:
878:
865:
857:
846:
825:
812:
795:
782:
757:
745:
733:
720:
590:
571:
559:
551:
541:
529:
517:
504:
496:
71:"Manually coded language"
5200:Paget Gorman Sign System
4654:Samoa and American Samoa
3444:Sign languages by region
3229:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem)
2955:Albarradas Sign Language
2945:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL)
2778:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
2630:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL)
2594:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo)
1846:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL)
1460:Sign languages by family
1169:, by Abbas Ali Behmanesh
622:Seeing Essential English
469:List of signed languages
285:Paget Gorman Sign System
279:contemporary example is
255:Old French Sign Language
208:auxiliary sign languages
135:Manually coded languages
5445:Monastic sign languages
5293:Television shows (list)
5266:Manually coded language
5099:Hamburg Notation System
2892:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
2138:Indonesian (Nusantaric)
1861:Finnish (Viittomakieli)
1798:Northern Ireland (NISL)
1297:Norwegian Sign Language
912:(SJM) (Signed Polish);
842:'Signed Exact Italian'
839:italiano segnato esatto
618:American Signed English
386:") from the local deaf
241:", they also served as
227:Monastic sign languages
18:Manually Coded Language
5543:Education for the deaf
5416:CHCI chimpanzee center
5185:Manually coded English
4883:Henniker Sign Language
4549:Warumungu (Warramunga)
4534:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka)
3528:Hausa (Magannar Hannu)
1436:List of sign languages
1360:Rehab Council of India
910:System Językowo-Migowy
774:
768:
659:British Signed English
579:Nederlands met Gebaren
578:
489:Warlpiri Sign Language
328:American Sign Language
316:manually coded English
259:
192:Warlpiri Sign Language
5533:Signed oral languages
5240:Signing Exact English
5180:Indian Signing System
4903:Plateau Sign Language
4277:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq)
3854:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
3384:Amami Shuwa languages
3057:Guatemalan (Lensegua)
2997:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda)
2976:Caucasian (Harsneren)
2924:Old Cayman (Guyanese)
2452:Norwegian (Tegnspråk)
2424:French Belgian (LSFB)
1856:Swedish (Teckenspråk)
1249:Finnish Sign Language
836:'Signed Italian' and
806:Indian Signing System
709:South African English
663:Sign Supported Speech
626:Signing Exact English
400:Signing Exact English
374:Signed oral languages
365:British Sign Language
147:constructed languages
5488:French Sign Language
5195:Manually Coded Malay
5003:British (two-handed)
4939:Bimodal bilingualism
4569:Far North Queensland
3877:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
3399:Sri Lankan languages
3330:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL)
3234:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd)
2745:Chaticks si Chaticks
2725:Plains Sign Language
2643:Mayan (Meemul Tziij)
2145:Indonesian (Bisindo)
1823:South African (SASL)
1546:Far North Queensland
1224:Danish Sign Language
914:Signing Exact Polish
702:Kenya Signed English
681:Irish Signed English
281:Arabic Sign Language
56:improve this article
5538:Reordered languages
3410:Tanzanian languages
3389:Ethiopian languages
3356:Nanabin (NanabinSL)
2447:Icelandic (Táknmál)
2162:Francophone African
2120:Puerto Rican (PRSL)
1978:Swiss-German (DSGS)
1909:Chilean-Paraguayan-
1110:www.pagetgorman.org
716:(using SASL signs)
691:(Northern Ireland)
685:Irish Sign Language
683:, using signs from
586:, the Netherlands)
324:Pidgin Sign English
5411:Baby sign language
5309:Jabbar Baghtcheban
4790:International Sign
4693:Brazilian (Libras)
4607:New Zealand (NZSL)
4554:Mudbura (Mudburra)
4482:Sandy River Valley
4461:Keresan (Keresign)
4052:Yugoslav (Kosovar)
3423:International Sign
3404:Sudanese languages
3027:Navajo/Diné Family
2841:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
2679:Original Thai Sign
2457:Danish (Tegnsprog)
2000:Brazilian (Libras)
1813:New Zealand (NZSL)
1387:2020-08-11 at the
1134:2007-03-02 at the
801:languages of India
642:Australian English
410:Mouth–hand systems
260:signes méthodiques
5520:
5519:
5513:extinct languages
5435:Legal recognition
5314:Jeanette Berglind
5274:
5273:
4975:Nonmanual feature
4888:Martha's Vineyard
4813:
4812:
4467:Martha's Vineyard
3962:Faroese (Teknmál)
3684:Al-Sayyid Bedouin
3494:Bouakako (LaSiBo)
3431:
3430:
3416:Zimsign languages
3394:Laotian languages
3278:Rwandan (AKR/AMR)
3037:Ecuadorian (LSEC)
2982:Azerbaijani (AİD)
2903:
2902:
2501:
2500:
2344:
2343:
2260:
2259:
2250:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG)
1955:
1954:
1883:Chinese (CSL/ZGS)
1869:
1868:
1763:
1762:
1733:
1732:
1640:
1639:
1495:Eltye eltyarrenke
1475:
1474:multiple families
1305:(17th ed., 2013)
1257:(17th ed., 2013)
1232:(17th ed., 2013)
1149:Mundhandsystemet.
1013:
1012:
926:Signed Portuguese
428:Jabar Baghtcheban
420:Georg Forchhammer
204:central Australia
188:television studio
143:gestural spelling
132:
131:
124:
106:
16:(Redirected from
5550:
5507:
5498:
5476:
5364:Pierre Pélissier
5349:Thomas Gallaudet
5324:Thomas Braidwood
5155:Initialized sign
5143:
5126:
4611:Papua New Guinea
4514:Australian-Irish
4220:Plains Sign Talk
4100:Northern Ireland
4096:Northern Ireland
3619:Hong Kong (HKSL)
3440:
3219:Nicaraguan (ISN)
3134:Kenyan (KSL/LAK)
2950:Albanian (AlbSL)
2730:
2544:Bangalore-Madras
2525:Israeli (Shassi)
2493:Thai (TSL/MSTSL)
2403:Honduran (LESHO)
2271:
2129:Singapore (SgSL)
2065:Black ASL (BASL)
2053:
1993:Australian-Irish
1966:
1915:
1891:Hong Kong (HKSL)
1851:Portuguese (LGP)
1841:Eritrean (EriSL)
1774:
1693:
1651:
1589:
1473:
1456:
1418:
1411:
1404:
1395:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1205:
1199:. Archived from
1198:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1170:
1164:
1158:
1145:
1139:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1059:
1050:
898:Signed Norwegian
860:
859:
833:italiano segnato
777:
771:
613:American English
601:Rochester Method
581:
554:
553:
543:Mandarin Chinese
513:(signs of SASL)
511:Signed Afrikaans
500:Signed encoding
494:
378:These systems ("
334:Major approaches
262:
235:manual alphabets
229:used throughout
155:deaf communities
127:
120:
116:
113:
107:
105:
64:
40:
32:
21:
5558:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5516:
5501:
5492:
5470:
5464:
5450:Tactile signing
5399:
5368:
5297:
5270:
5249:
5225:Signed Japanese
5171:
5164:
5137:
5130:
5104:Stokoe notation
5082:
4984:
4944:Phonology (ASL)
4922:
4857:
4851:
4809:
4778:
4677:Argentine (LSA)
4662:
4494:
4317:New Costa Rican
4312:Old Costa Rican
4212:
4210:
4204:
4088:North Macedonia
3889:
3580:
3515:Bamako (LaSiMa)
3445:
3427:
3377:Other groupings
3372:
3224:Old Costa Rican
3199:Burkina (Mossi)
3179:Mauritian (MSL)
3052:Ghardaia (AJSL)
2965:Argentine (LSA)
2928:
2910:
2899:
2864:
2847:
2719:
2701:
2673:
2637:
2603:
2575:
2536:
2529:
2497:
2464:
2434:Danish (Tegnic)
2428:
2407:
2386:
2365:
2340:
2315:Yugoslavic Sign
2310:
2281:Bulgarian (БЖЕ)
2266:
2256:
2245:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG)
2230:
2220:Hoailona ʻŌlelo
2213:
2196:
2183:Bamako (LaSiMa)
2164:(Françafrosign)
2163:
2157:
2133:
2105:Malaysian (BIM)
2047:
2040:
2015:Valencian (LSV)
1951:
1942:Paraguay (LSPY)
1933:
1926:
1910:
1904:
1865:
1827:
1759:
1729:
1704:
1688:
1682:
1646:Arab (Ishaaric)
1636:
1615:
1587:
1500:Iltyeme iltyeme
1471:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1445:
1427:
1422:
1389:Wayback Machine
1378:
1373:
1329:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1306:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1146:
1142:
1136:Wayback Machine
1127:
1123:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1018:
963:Tecknad svenska
853:Signed Japanese
675:Hiberno-English
654:British English
596:generic English
477:
471:
455:tonal languages
412:
376:
336:
293:
269:transliteration
231:medieval Europe
196:spoken Warlpiri
183:
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5556:
5554:
5546:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5525:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5469:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5398:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5359:William Stokoe
5356:
5351:
5346:
5344:Valerie Sutton
5341:
5336:
5334:Abbé de l'Épée
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5305:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5245:Signed Swedish
5242:
5237:
5235:Signed Spanish
5232:
5227:
5222:
5220:Signed Italian
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5140:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5128:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5083:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5063:Serbo-Croatian
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4994:
4992:
4990:Fingerspelling
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4967:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4861:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4850:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4815:
4814:
4811:
4810:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4742:
4737:
4734:
4729:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4708:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4609:
4604:
4601:
4596:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4576:Western Desert
4573:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4473:
4470:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4427:American (ASL)
4424:
4421:
4419:Old Salvadoran
4416:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4395:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4364:
4359:
4356:
4351:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4335:
4330:
4327:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4296:
4289:
4286:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4267:Maritime (MSL)
4264:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4236:American (ASL)
4233:
4230:
4225:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4206:
4205:
4203:
4202:
4197:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4182:Central Taurus
4179:
4176:
4171:
4168:
4163:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4113:
4110:
4105:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4089:
4086:
4081:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4065:
4062:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4046:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4022:
4017:
4014:
4009:
4006:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3972:
3967:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3951:
3946:
3943:
3938:
3937:United Kingdom
3935:
3933:French Belgian
3930:
3925:
3922:
3917:
3914:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3816:
3811:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3777:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3743:
3738:
3735:
3733:Kazakh-Russian
3730:
3727:
3722:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3665:
3660:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3644:
3639:
3637:Indo-Pakistani
3634:
3629:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3613:
3608:
3605:
3600:
3597:
3592:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3541:
3538:
3533:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3504:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3470:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3446:
3443:
3437:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3249:Peruvian (LSP)
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3194:Miyakubo Shuwa
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3071:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3032:Dogon/Douentza
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2872:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2856:
2854:American (ASL)
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2715:Namibian (NSL)
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2613:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2539:
2535:Indo-Pakistani
2531:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2438:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2382:Tunisian (TSL)
2379:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2336:Yugoslav (YSL)
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2322:Croatian (HZJ)
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2239:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2195:
2194:
2193:Sierra Leonean
2191:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2118:
2116:Filipino (FSL)
2113:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2067:
2060:American (ASL)
2056:
2050:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2038:
2036:Romanian (LSR)
2033:
2032:
2031:
2019:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Algerian (LSA)
1969:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1938:
1936:
1934:Uruguayan Sign
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1922:Chilean (LSCh)
1918:
1912:
1911:Uruguayan Sign
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1879:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:Maritime (MSL)
1805:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1758:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1673:Qatari Unified
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1637:
1635:
1634:
1629:
1623:
1621:
1620:Zendath Kesign
1617:
1616:
1614:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1593:Western Desert
1586:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1572:
1570:Worora Kinship
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1479:
1477:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1377:
1376:External links
1374:
1372:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1347:
1344:Cued Languages
1341:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1314:
1289:
1277:
1266:
1241:
1216:
1185:
1171:
1159:
1140:
1121:
1097:
1073:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1028:Fingerspelling
1025:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1004:
998:
997:
991:
985:
984:
976:toki pona luka
973:
967:
966:
960:
954:
953:
950:Signed Spanish
947:
941:
940:
938:Signed Russian
935:
929:
928:
923:
917:
916:
907:
901:
900:
895:
889:
888:
882:
876:
875:
869:
863:
862:
850:
844:
843:
829:
823:
822:
816:
810:
809:
803:
793:
792:
786:
780:
779:
761:
755:
754:
749:
743:
742:
740:Signed Finnish
737:
731:
730:
724:
718:
717:
711:
705:
704:
699:
697:Kenyan English
693:
692:
678:
671:
670:
656:
650:
649:
644:
638:
637:
615:
609:
608:
605:Signed English
597:
594:
588:
587:
575:
569:
568:
563:
557:
556:
545:
539:
538:
533:
527:
526:
524:Signed Amharic
521:
515:
514:
508:
502:
501:
498:
470:
467:
411:
408:
392:fingerspelling
380:Signed English
375:
372:
340:fingerspelling
335:
332:
320:function words
292:
289:
251:Abbé de l'Épée
239:vow of silence
215:Venerable Bede
182:
179:
167:deaf education
130:
129:
44:
42:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5555:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5514:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5496:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5475:
5474:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5404:Miscellaneous
5402:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:Organisations
5371:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5329:Laurent Clerc
5327:
5325:
5322:
5320:
5319:Pär Aron Borg
5317:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5281:
5277:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5230:Signed Polish
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5215:Signed German
5213:
5211:
5210:Signed French
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5167:
5161:
5158:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5133:
5125:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5085:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4934:Grammar (ASL)
4932:
4931:
4929:
4925:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4860:
4854:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4783:International
4781:
4775:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4667:South America
4665:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Rossel Island
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4630:Mount Avejaha
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4479:
4477:
4476:Navajo Family
4474:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4451:
4448:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4425:
4423:United States
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4284:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4207:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3552:South African
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3414:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Yoruban (YSL)
3361:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3348:Bura (Burasl)
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:West African
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3325:Ugandan (USL)
3323:
3321:
3320:Turkish (TİD)
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3305:Spanish (LSE)
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3273:Rossel Island
3271:
3269:
3268:
3264:
3262:
3261:Qahveh Khaneh
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Mount Avejaha
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:Maltese (LSM)
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3087:Atgangmuurniq
3085:
3084:
3082:
3077:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:Guinea-Bissau
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2668:Cepeda Peraza
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:Highland Maya
2649:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2581:Japanese Sign
2578:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
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2422:
2420:
2419:Flemish (VGT)
2417:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2398:Mexican (LSM)
2396:
2395:
2393:
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2377:Italian (LIS)
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2307:
2306:Russian (РЖЯ)
2304:
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2299:
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2296:Latvian (LSL)
2294:
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2020:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:Catalan (LSC)
2008:
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2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
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1793:British (BSL)
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1611:Ngaatjatjarra
1609:
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1425:Sign language
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1206:on 2014-01-10
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1129:Sign Language
1125:
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924:
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918:
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902:
899:
896:
894:
890:
886:
885:Signed Nepali
883:
881:
877:
873:
870:
868:
864:
854:
851:
849:
845:
841:
840:
835:
834:
830:
828:
824:
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817:
815:
811:
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804:
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798:
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789:Signed Hebrew
787:
785:
781:
776:
770:
765:
764:Signed German
762:
760:
756:
753:
752:Signed French
750:
748:
744:
741:
738:
736:
732:
728:
725:
723:
719:
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712:
710:
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631:
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623:
619:
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611:
610:
606:
602:
598:
595:
593:
589:
585:
580:
576:
574:
570:
567:
566:Signed Danish
564:
562:
558:
549:
546:
544:
540:
537:
536:Signed Arabic
534:
532:
528:
525:
522:
520:
516:
512:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
492:
490:
486:
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444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
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417:
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407:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
388:sign language
385:
381:
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368:
366:
360:
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354:
350:
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341:
333:
331:
329:
325:
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317:
312:
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306:
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298:
290:
288:
286:
282:
277:
274:The emerging
272:
270:
266:
261:
256:
252:
247:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
202:community in
201:
197:
193:
189:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
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126:
123:
115:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73: –
72:
68:
67:Find sources:
61:
57:
51:
50:
45:This article
43:
39:
34:
33:
30:
19:
5508:
5502:
5493:
5491:
5471:
5288:Films (list)
5265:
5205:Signed Dutch
5169:
5150:Contact sign
4595:Hawaii (USA)
4488:
4481:
4466:
4291:
4282:
4174:Swiss-German
3810:Saudi Arabia
3548:South Africa
3282:
3265:
3139:Somali (SSL)
3066:
2974:
2909:Providencia–
2888:Nesilextcl'n
2861:Oneida (OSL)
2823:Tickanwa•tic
2811:Schitsu'umsh
2793:Nųmą́khų́·ki
2707:Paget Gorman
2628:
2623:
2616:
2608:
2572:Punjab-Sindh
2520:Polish (PJM)
2515:German (DGS)
2391:Mexican Sign
2370:Italian Sign
2274:Russian Sign
2237:French (LSF)
2210:Oneida (OSL)
2124:Quebec (LSQ)
2109:Oneida (OSL)
2026:
2022:French (LSF)
1875:Chinese Sign
1833:Swedish Sign
1557:
1528:
1511:
1504:
1482:
1322:
1317:
1300:
1292:
1285:
1280:
1269:
1252:
1244:
1227:
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1201:the original
1188:
1174:
1162:
1154:
1148:
1143:
1124:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1089:. Retrieved
1085:
1076:
1065:. Retrieved
1061:
1048:
1022:Contact sign
1007:Signed Xhosa
979:
975:
837:
831:
584:Signed Dutch
548:Wenfa Shouyu
482:
478:
463:
459:
440:
413:
377:
369:
361:
357:
337:
313:
309:Contact sign
305:Deaf culture
301:hearing aids
294:
273:
265:interpreting
248:
223:Latin script
212:
184:
175:interpreters
138:
134:
133:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
5430:Open Outcry
5354:Abbé Sicard
5339:Roger Fouts
5170:Signed Oral
5109:SignWriting
4957:Orientation
4927:Linguistics
4908:Pitha Pitha
4603:New Zealand
4539:Manjiljarra
4410:El Salvador
4170:Switzerland
4080:Netherlands
3920:Azerbaijani
3862:Old Bangkok
3802:Philippines
3490:Ivory Coast
3284:Sandy River
3022:Cuban (LSC)
2911:Cayman Sign
2760:Hinono'eino
2751:Coahuilteco
2736:Anishinaabe
2697:Old Bangkok
2618:Old Kentish
2547:Beluchistan
2507:German Sign
2488:Ho Chi Minh
2412:Old Belgian
2356:Dutch (NGT)
2095:Costa Rican
1988:Irish (ISL)
1932:Paraguayan-
1723:Palestinian
1606:Manjiljarra
1601:Kartutjarra
1536:Rdaka rdaka
1530:Pitha Pitha
996:(Pakistan)
994:Signed Urdu
729:(proposed)
432:Cued Speech
219:Benedictine
145:as well as
5527:Categories
5455:Protactile
5094:ASL-phabet
5078:Portuguese
4980:Sign names
4965:Expression
4893:Old French
4878:Kalkutungu
4847:Name signs
4837:Literature
4774:Venezuelan
4748:Inmaculada
4740:Paraguayan
4732:Ecuadorian
4586:Yir Yoront
4437:Protactile
4414:Salvadoran
4406:Panamanian
4393:Nicaraguan
4370:Albarradas
4341:Guatemalan
4298:Costa Rica
4293:Old Cayman
4246:Protactile
4124:Portuguese
4092:Macedonian
4068:Lithuanian
3916:Azerbaijan
3885:Vietnamese
3842:Tajikistan
3830:Sri Lankan
3729:Kazakhstan
3699:Kafr Qasem
3650:Indonesian
3352:Mofu-Gudur
3290:Salvadoran
3267:Rennellese
3254:Inmaculada
3209:Mozambican
3159:Macedonian
3129:Kata Kolok
3119:Kafr Qasim
3078:Creole HSL
2829:Tsuu T'ina
2790:Niitsítapi
2784:Ni Mii Puu
2775:Maagiadawa
2739:Apsáalooke
2665:Trascorral
2349:Dutch Sign
2152:Yogyakarta
2112:Panamanian
2070:Protactile
2028:Old French
2005:Lithuanian
1961:Francosign
1578:Yir Yoront
1565:Warramunga
1513:Kalkutungu
1469:Aboriginal
1467:Australian
1302:Ethnologue
1254:Ethnologue
1229:Ethnologue
1210:2014-01-10
1115:2017-09-08
1091:2017-09-06
1067:2021-03-15
1040:References
921:Portuguese
814:Indonesian
799:and other
797:Hindi-Urdu
473:See also:
447:consonants
443:lipreading
291:Criticisms
200:Indigenous
112:March 2019
82:newspapers
5511:indicate
5172:Languages
5073:Ukrainian
5033:Hungarian
5018:Esperanto
4949:Handshape
4918:Warluwara
4858:languages
4842:Profanity
4805:Signalong
4770:Venezuela
4766:Uruguayan
4719:Colombian
4673:Argentina
4544:Warlmanpa
4505:Australia
4443:Blackfeet
4432:Black ASL
4389:Nicaragua
4337:Guatemala
4329:Greenland
4252:Blackfoot
4241:Black ASL
4209:North and
4200:Ukrainian
4158:Valencian
4140:Slovenian
4108:Norwegian
4064:Lithuania
4028:Icelandic
4020:Hungarian
3867:Chiangmai
3838:Taiwanese
3826:Sri Lanka
3822:Singapore
3818:Singapore
3775:Mongolian
3749:Malaysian
3646:Indonesia
3615:Hong Kong
3603:Cambodian
3560:Tanzanian
3436:By region
2992:Bhutanese
2787:Niimíipuu
2769:Karankawa
2692:Hai Phong
2687:Chiangmai
2478:Hai Phong
2470:Viet-Thai
2332:Slovenian
2301:Mongolian
2267:Hungarian
2203:Hand Talk
2170:Ethiopian
2098:Dominican
2092:Cambodian
1887:Shanghai
1717:Jordanian
1710:Levantine
1689:Levantine
1574:Yan-nhaŋu
1559:Warluwara
1553:Warlmanpa
1519:Miriwoong
1334:ISO 639-2
971:Toki Pona
893:Norwegian
722:Esperanto
677:(Ireland)
506:Afrikaans
404:Singapore
349:deafblind
243:mnemonics
5160:Mouthing
5136:Language
5119:ASLwrite
5043:Japanese
4998:American
4970:Mouthing
4961:Movement
4953:Location
4898:Old Kent
4864:Chilmark
4800:Monastic
4753:Peruvian
4736:Paraguay
4724:Provisle
4715:Colombia
4685:Bolivian
4645:Sinasina
4489:Henniker
4449:Cheyenne
4401:Chiriqui
4362:Honduran
4358:Honduras
4228:Belizean
4136:Slovenia
4120:Portugal
3986:Ghardaia
3970:Estonian
3949:Croatian
3912:Austrian
3904:Armenian
3858:Thailand
3806:Filipino
3798:Nepalese
3783:Ghandruk
3771:Mongolia
3767:Maldives
3763:Maldives
3759:Selangor
3745:Malaysia
3717:Miyakubo
3707:Japanese
3689:Ghardaia
3599:Cambodia
3556:Tanzania
3469:Cameroon
3465:Ghardaia
3460:Algerian
3295:Sinasina
3068:Henniker
3047:Ghandruk
2987:Belizean
2970:Armenian
2933:Isolates
2880:Kalispel
2877:A'aninin
2835:Wazhazhe
2832:Umatilla
2814:Shiwinna
2805:Piipaash
2754:Dane-zaa
2748:Cheyenne
2653:Yucatec
2624:Chilmark
2558:Calcutta
2442:Malagasy
2286:Georgian
2190:Nigerian
2187:Moroccan
2176:Ghanaian
2101:Jamaican
2087:Mandalay
2076:Bolivian
2046:American
1738:Possible
1720:Lebanese
1658:Egyptian
1524:Mudburra
1490:Djingili
1452:families
1450:Language
1385:Archived
1194:"台灣手語簡介"
1132:Archived
1016:See also
848:Japanese
632:(LOVE);
628:(SEE2);
624:(SEE1);
497:Language
416:phonemes
297:oralists
5509:Italics
5460:Tic-tac
5302:Persons
5138:contact
5087:Writing
5068:Spanish
5058:Russian
5013:Chilean
5008:Catalan
4873:Jaralde
4856:Extinct
4827:Grammar
4795:Makaton
4762:Uruguay
4728:Ecuador
4711:Chilean
4703:Ka'apor
4681:Bolivia
4499:Oceania
4385:Mexican
4375:Chatino
4354:Haitian
4283:Plateau
4213:America
4211:Central
4196:Ukraine
4192:Turkish
4166:Swedish
4153:Spanish
4148:Catalan
4132:Russian
4076:Russian
4072:Moldova
4060:Latvian
4044:Italian
4032:Ireland
4024:Iceland
4016:Hungary
4000:Germany
3978:Finnish
3974:Finland
3966:Estonia
3953:Denmark
3945:Croatia
3941:British
3928:Flemish
3924:Belgium
3908:Austria
3900:Armenia
3881:Vietnam
3846:Russian
3788:Jhankot
3741:Laotian
3694:Israeli
3676:Kurdish
3663:Persian
3632:Bengali
3611:Chinese
3595:Bengali
3576:Zambian
3568:Ugandan
3532:Senegal
3519:Nigeria
3486:Nanabin
3456:Algeria
3368:Zambian
3244:Persian
3150:Kisindo
3109:Ka'apor
3099:Jhankot
3017:Chatino
2870:Plateau
2852:Mixed,
2844:Wyandot
2838:Wichita
2826:Tháumgá
2808:Ppáⁿkka
2796:Nʉmʉnʉʉ
2772:Liksiyu
2763:Hiraacá
2742:Arikara
2609:Kentish
2551:Bengali
2461:Teknmál
2361:Gambian
2329:Serbian
2326:Kosovar
2265:Austro-
2235:Mixed,
2218:Mixed,
2201:Mixed,
2179:Guinean
2173:Chadian
2149:Jakarta
2080:Burmese
2048:(ASLic)
1745:Emirati
1663:Kuwaiti
1506:Jaralde
1354:by Name
1338:Table C
1034:Makaton
958:Swedish
945:Spanish
933:Russian
858:日本語対応手話
827:Italian
735:Finnish
727:Signuno
669:(PGSS)
636:(CASE)
592:English
582:, NmG (
519:Amharic
436:dialect
424:Persian
384:lexicon
181:History
171:English
163:grammar
96:scholar
5424:Loulis
5420:Washoe
5254:Others
5053:Polish
5048:Korean
5028:German
5023:French
4868:Diyari
4832:Idioms
4689:Brazil
4658:Samoan
4620:Kailge
4564:Umpila
4509:Auslan
4472:Navajo
4456:Oneida
4452:Ojibwa
4397:Panama
4366:Mexico
4307:Brunca
4302:Bribri
4288:Cayman
4272:Quebec
4262:Oneida
4258:Ojibwa
4232:Canada
4224:Belize
4187:Mardin
4178:Turkey
4162:Sweden
4128:Russia
4116:Polish
4112:Poland
4104:Norway
4056:Latvia
4048:Kosovo
4008:Greece
4004:German
3991:French
3982:France
3957:Danish
3894:Europe
3834:Taiwan
3754:Penang
3725:Korean
3712:Koniya
3680:Israel
3627:Alipur
3591:Bengal
3572:Zambia
3564:Uganda
3544:Somali
3502:Kenyan
3473:Maroua
3450:Africa
3406:(~150)
3239:Penang
3184:M'bour
3174:Mardin
3124:Kailge
3114:Kajana
3083:Inuit
3007:Brunca
3002:Bribri
2960:Alipur
2940:Afghan
2896:Sqeliz
2781:Nakota
2659:Nohkop
2656:Chicán
2565:Nepali
2555:Bombay
2084:Yangon
1818:Samoan
1804:Fijian
1781:Auslan
1769:BANZSL
1726:Syrian
1687:Iraqi–
1678:Yemeni
1668:Libyan
1627:Meriam
1541:Umpila
1484:Diyari
905:Polish
880:Nepali
784:Hebrew
759:German
747:French
561:Danish
531:Arabic
451:vowels
151:signed
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
5280:Media
5038:Irish
4758:Sivia
4707:Chile
4650:Wanib
4625:Mehek
4591:Yolŋu
4559:Ngada
4380:Mayan
4350:Haiti
4346:Mayan
4325:Cuban
4144:Spain
4084:Dutch
4040:Italy
4036:Irish
4012:Greek
3996:Lyons
3850:Tibet
3814:Saudi
3793:Jumla
3779:Nepal
3721:Korea
3703:Japan
3671:Iraqi
3623:India
3607:China
3536:Mbour
3510:Tebul
3498:Kenya
3477:Ghana
3335:Wanib
3310:Tebul
3300:Sivia
3189:Mehek
3104:Jumla
2817:Sioux
2802:Palus
2799:Omaha
2662:Nohya
2561:Delhi
2483:Hanoi
1895:Macau
1755:Omani
1750:Saudi
1700:Iraqi
1583:Yolŋu
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1197:(PDF)
1058:(PDF)
1002:Xhosa
867:Malay
573:Dutch
233:used
103:JSTOR
89:books
5482:and
5114:si5s
4744:Peru
4698:Cena
4615:Enga
4446:Cree
4321:Cuba
4255:Cree
3872:Thai
3737:Laos
3667:Iraq
3659:Iran
3642:Naga
3585:Asia
3523:Bura
3506:Mali
3412:(7+)
3214:Naga
3042:Enga
3012:Cena
2820:Taos
2766:Icāk
2757:Diné
2537:Sign
1352:and
989:Urdu
599:The
552:文法手語
483:See
217:, a
139:MCLs
75:news
5484:BSL
5480:ASL
4819:ASL
1299:at
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396:BSL
311:).
58:by
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