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331:, mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes. Submarine mass wasting is particularly common along glaciated coastlines where glaciers are retreating and great quantities of sediments are being released. Submarine slides can transport huge volumes of sediments for hundreds of kilometers in a few hours.
241:
Soil creep is a slow and long term mass movement. The combination of small movements of soil or rock in different directions over time is directed by gravity gradually downslope. The steeper the slope, the faster the creep. The creep makes trees and shrubs curve to maintain their perpendicularity,
1514:
Carey, Steven; Ballard, Robert; Bell, Katherine L.C.; Bell, Richard J.; Connally, Patrick; Dondin, Frederic; Fuller, Sarah; Gobin, Judith; Miloslavich, Patricia; Phillips, Brennan; Roman, Chris; Seibel, Brad; Siu, Nam; Smart, Clara (November 2014). "Cold seeps associated with a submarine debris
302:
A landslide, also called a landslip, is a relatively rapid movement of a large mass of earth and rocks down a hill or a mountainside. Landslides can be further classified by the importance of water in the mass wasting process. In a narrow sense, landslides are rapid movement of large amounts of
385:
Soil creep is rarely apparent but can produce such subtle effects as curved forest growth and tilted fences and telephone poles. It occasionally produces low scarps and shallow depressions. Solifluction produced lobed or sheetlike deposits, with fairly definite edges, in which
264:
Solifluction is a form of creep characteristics of arctic or alpine climates. It takes place in soil saturated with moisture that thaws during the summer months to creep downhill. It takes place on moderate slopes, relatively free of vegetation, that are underlain by
1071:
Turtle, Elizabeth P.; Keszthelyi, Laszlo P.; McEwen, Alfred S.; Radebaugh, Jani; Milazzo, Moses; Simonelli, Damon P.; Geissler, Paul; Williams, David A.; Perry, Jason; Jaeger, Windy L. (May 2004). "The final
Galileo SSI observations of Io: orbits G28-I33".
191:
in a moving medium, such as water, wind, or ice. The presence of water usually aids mass wasting, but the water is not abundant enough to be regarded as a transporting medium. Thus, the distinction between mass wasting and stream erosion lies between a
242:
and they can trigger landslides if they lose their root footing. The surface soil can migrate under the influence of cycles of freezing and thawing, or hot and cold temperatures, inching its way towards the bottom of the slope forming
905:
Elverhøi, Anders; de Blasio, Fabio V.; Butt, Faisal A.; Issler, Dieter; Harbitz, Carl; Engvik, Lars; Solheim, Anders; Marr, Jeffrey (2002). "Submarine mass-wasting on glacially-influenced continental slopes: processes and dynamics".
949:
Moore, Jeffrey M.; Mellon, Michael T.; Zent, Aaron P. (July 1996). "Mass
Wasting and Ground Collapse in Terrains of Volatile-Rich Deposits as a Solar System-Wide Geological Process: The Pre-Galileo View".
200:(stream erosion), without a sharp dividing line. Many forms of mass wasting are recognized, each with its own characteristic features, and taking place over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years.
126:, each with its own characteristic features, and taking place over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years. Mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has been observed on
215:
is sometimes also regarded as a form of mass wasting. A distinction is then made between mass wasting by subsidence, which involves little horizontal movement, and mass wasting by slope movement.
419:
at the sides of the tracks, and sometimes consist of lenses of rock fragments alternating with lenses of fine-grained earthy material. Debris flows often form much of the upper slopes of
518:
accounted for 55,860,400 cubic meters (73,062,600 cu yd) of the 128,648,530 cubic meters (168,265,924 cu yd) of material removed while excavating the cut.
152:
is sometimes regarded as a form of mass wasting. A distinction is then made between mass wasting by subsidence, which involves little horizontal movement, and mass wasting by
1864:
1479:
Fornari, Daniel J.; Garcia, Michael O.; Tyce, Robert C.; Gallo, David G. (10 December 1988). "Morphology and structure of Loihi
Seamount based on Seabeam Sonar Mapping".
1290:; Reid, M.E.; Collins, B.D.; Vallance, J.W.; Schilling, S.P.; Godt, J.W.; Cannon, C.M.; Magirl, C.S.; Baum, R.L.; Coe, J.A.; Schulz, W.H.; Bower, J.B. (February 2015).
547:
Volcano flanks can become over-steep resulting in instability and mass wasting. This is now a recognised part of the growth of all active volcanoes. It is seen on
1675:
1586:
van Beek, Rens; Cammeraat, Erik; Andreu, Vicente; Mickovski, Slobodan B.; Dorren, Luuk (2008). "Hillslope
Processes: Mass Wasting, Slope Stability and Erosion".
3007:
1224:
Parker, Robert N.; Densmore, Alexander L.; Rosser, Nicholas J.; de
Michele, Marcello; Li, Yong; Huang, Runqiu; Whadcoat, Siobhan; Petley, David N. (July 2011).
1028:
Bindschadler, D. L.; Head, J. W. (August 1988). "Diffuse scattering of radar on the surface of Venus: Origin and implications for the distribution of soils".
2829:
3048:
159:
Rapid mass wasting events, such as landslides, can be deadly and destructive. More gradual mass wasting, such as soil creep, poses challenges to
1857:
1603:
1340:
985:
Thomas, M.F.; McEwen, A.S.; Dundas, C.M. (May 2020). "Present-day mass wasting in sulfate-rich sediments in the equatorial regions of Mars".
889:
1822:
872:
Yamada, Yasuhiro; Kawamura, Kiichiro; Ikehara, Ken; Ogawa, Yujiro; Urgeles, Roger; Mosher, David; Chaytor, Jason; Strasser, Michael (2012).
556:
510:. It can displace roads, buildings, and other construction and can break pipelines. Historically, mitigation of landslide hazards on the
3247:
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1810:
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737:
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188:
103:
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793:
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687:
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2413:
1955:
273:. Solifluction affects the entire slope rather than being confined to channels and can produce terrace-like landforms or
2993:
564:
552:
303:
relatively dry debris down moderate to steep slopes. With increasing water content, the mass wasting takes the form of
203:
Based on how the soil, regolith or rock moves downslope as a whole, mass movements can be broadly classified as either
3252:
2845:
439:. Unconsolidated or weak debris are more susceptible to mass wasting, as are materials that lose cohesion when wetted.
334:
Mass wasting is a common phenomenon throughout the Solar System, occurring where volatile materials are lost from a
2445:
1890:
73:
431:
Triggers for mass wasting can be divided into passive and activating (initiating) causes. Passive causes include:
3058:
2748:
2143:
445:, such as thinly bedded rock or alternating beds of weak and strong or impermeable or permiable rock lithologies.
415:
Debris flow deposits take the form of long, narrow tracks of very poorly sorted material. These may have natural
2824:
2814:
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1943:
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2927:
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2388:
2363:
2284:
2214:
2193:
2085:
1387:
Moon, Vicki; Simpson, Christine J (April 2002). "Large-scale mass wasting in ancient volcanic materials".
567:
are two submarine volcanoes that are known to undergo mass wasting. The failure of the northern flank of
2614:
2423:
1931:
809:
2078:
3170:
3127:
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1977:
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1488:
1435:
1396:
1303:
1240:
1081:
1037:
994:
959:
915:
507:
228:
1424:"Large-scale mass wasting on small volcanic islands revealed by the study of Flores Island (Azores)"
2743:
2733:
2274:
2234:
2207:
1982:
1972:
1827:
592:
285:
164:
2018:
167:, construction of walls, catchment dams, or other structures to contain rockfall or debris flows,
3185:
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38:
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1806:
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1770:
1735:
1655:
1652:
Introduction to the physics of landslides : lecture notes on the dynamics of mass wasting
1621:"Geomorphic Assessment of Residence Knowledge of Mass Wasting in the Weija Catchment of Ghana"
1599:
1461:
1336:
1189:
1152:
1139:
MĂĽcher, Herman; van Steijn, Henk; Kwaad, Frans (2018). "Colluvial and Mass
Wasting Deposits".
885:
789:
733:
708:
683:
655:
625:
560:
548:
503:
405:
163:, as creep can deform roadways and structures and break pipelines. Mitigation methods include
160:
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1951:
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Landslides can produce scarps and step-like small terraces. Landslide deposits are poorly
367:
355:
1828:
CSU Long Beach: Introduction to
Physical Geography: Introduction to Gradational Processes
1730:
1705:
1704:
Mulyono, A; Subardja, A; Ekasari, I; Lailati, M; Sudirja, R; Ningrum, W (February 2018).
3073:
1939:
1837:
1528:
1492:
1439:
1400:
1244:
1226:"Mass wasting triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake is greater than orogenic growth"
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1333:
Landslide dams : processes, risk and mitigation : proceedings of a session
467:, with large temperature swings, frequent freezing and thawing, or abundant rainfall
3222:
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2937:
2917:
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2547:
2378:
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606:
529:
515:
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442:
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398:
358:. Mass wasting also occurs in the equatorial regions of Mars, where stopes of soft
274:
259:
250:—loose soil that falls and accumulates at the base of the steepest creep sections.
143:
111:
30:
1833:
WFPA: Steep Slopes: Geology, Topography, Storms and
Landslides in Washington State
1552:"Rockslide-debris Avalanche of May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens Volcano, Washington"
927:
1687:
1685:
1093:
1006:
2962:
2659:
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2481:
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881:
394:
119:
2074:
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1316:
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382:, most often in subtle, small-scale ways, but occasionally more spectacularly.
223:
106:
in a moving medium, such as water, wind, or ice. Types of mass wasting include
3165:
3122:
3112:
2786:
2766:
2654:
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2461:
2383:
2373:
2254:
2127:
2115:
1999:
1919:
1536:
620:
602:
491:
458:
315:. Further increase in water content produces a sheetflood, which is a form of
308:
270:
266:
243:
212:
149:
61:
1739:
785:
3084:
2942:
2922:
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2624:
2609:
2225:
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2151:
2066:
1967:
1500:
525:
521:
436:
409:
390:(rock fragments) are oriented perpendicular to the contours of the deposit.
343:
297:
208:
139:
123:
17:
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1842:
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971:
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2091:
2014:
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2408:
2398:
1225:
536:, US. Delayed consequences of landslides can arise from the formation of
335:
115:
42:
1915:
1515:
avalanche deposit at Kick'em Jenny volcano, Grenada (Lesser
Antilles)".
682:(Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute.
408:. Those rich in clay may show stretched clay lumps (a phenomenon called
3203:
3193:
3016:
2912:
2884:
2569:
2496:
2486:
2476:
2471:
2179:
1292:"Landslide mobility and hazards: implications of the 2014 Oso disaster"
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464:
359:
312:
193:
184:
180:
99:
95:
68:
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1963:
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2522:
2332:
1564:
1252:
387:
197:
46:
1141:
397:
at the feet of cliffs. A more dramatic manifestation of rockfall is
1188:(2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. p. 631.
2347:
528:
can have disastrous consequences, both immediate and delayed. The
416:
401:, which form from rockfall from cliffs oversteepened by glaciers.
363:
328:
284:
222:
135:
127:
67:
51:
34:
29:
2834:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2302:
2004:
1691:
776:
Fleming, Robert W.; Varnes, David J. (1991). "Slope movements".
571:
in 1980 showed how rapidly volcanic flanks can deform and fail.
339:
131:
91:
2989:
1846:
1588:
Slope Stability and Erosion Control: Ecotechnological Solutions
362:-rich sediments are steepened by wind erosion. Mass wasting on
246:. Landslides are often preceded by soil creep accompanied with
1422:
Hildenbrand, A.; Marques, F. O.; CatalĂŁo, J. (December 2018).
1117:
1115:
583:
Construction of fences, walls, or ditches to contain rockfall
370:. Io shows extensive mass wasting of its volcanic mountains.
3072:
778:
The Heritage of Engineering Geology; the First Hundred Years
1184:
Blatt, Harvey; Middletone, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980).
532:
of March 2014 was a landslide that caused 43 fatalities in
1706:"The Hydromechanics of Vegetation for Slope Stabilization"
1207:
1205:
1805:
Fundamentals Of Physical Geography (Class 11th NCERT).
1517:
Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers
574:
Methods of mitigation of mass wasting hazards include:
1710:
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
586:
Construction of catchment dams to contain debris flows
102:
in that the debris transported by mass wasting is not
732:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
654:(Fourth ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3184:
3141:
3083:
3024:
2903:
2858:
2757:
2721:
2712:
2685:
2505:
2454:
2441:
2356:
2310:
2301:
2224:
1902:
1889:
1767:
The Changing Earth: Exploring Geology and Evolution
187:and in which the transported soil and rock is not
179:Mass wasting is a general term for any process of
1134:
1132:
1130:
1358:"Thistle Landslide Revisited, Utah County, Utah"
908:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
874:Submarine Mass Movements and Their Consequences
678:Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "Mass wasting".
269:and receive a constant supply of new debris by
227:Curved tree trunks in an area of soil creep on
1619:Adu-Boahen, K.; Dadson, I.Y.; Yike, P (2020).
3001:
1858:
673:
671:
8:
1481:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
707:(2d ed.). New York: Wiley. p. 36.
810:"Indicators of potentially unstable slopes"
3008:
2994:
2986:
2718:
2451:
2307:
1899:
1865:
1851:
1843:
1674:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
730:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
652:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
1729:
1563:
1455:
1315:
1273:
1211:
1171:
1121:
1106:
859:
835:
650:Allaby, Michael (2013). "mass movement".
366:is associated with the rugged terrain of
338:. Such mass wasting has been observed on
3049:Principle of cross-cutting relationships
728:Allaby, Michael (2013). "mass-wasting".
292:earthflow seen from US Route 6 rest area
171:, or improved drainage of source areas.
86:, is a general term for the movement of
37:produced by mass moving, north shore of
1823:Georgia Perimeter College: Mass Wasting
1556:U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report
847:
763:
642:
3059:Principle of inclusions and components
1667:
1789:Hillslope Materials and Processes, 2e
98:. It differs from other processes of
7:
485:Increased overburden from structures
27:Movement of rock or soil down slopes
3034:Principle of original horizontality
1296:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
412:) and zones of concentrated shear.
1650:De Blasio, Fabio Vittorio (2011).
1149:10.1016/B978-0-444-63522-8.00002-4
142:, and on many other bodies in the
25:
1883:Offshore geotechnical engineering
1625:ADRRI Journal (Multidisciplinary)
589:Improved drainage of source areas
502:Mass wasting causes problems for
461:, such as steep slopes or cliffs.
3221:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2100:
2090:
2073:
2061:
2049:
2037:
2025:
2013:
1991:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
605:
196:(mass wasting) and a very muddy
3044:Principle of lateral continuity
557:Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain
94:down slopes under the force of
3054:Principle of faunal succession
1731:10.1088/1755-1315/118/1/012038
703:Thornbury, William D. (1969).
551:as well as surface volcanoes:
1:
2533:Mechanically stabilized earth
1409:10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00092-8
1286:Iverson, R.M.; George, D.L.;
928:10.1144/GSL.SP.2002.203.01.05
478:Undercutting of the slope by
2285:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1558:. Open-File Report. 96–677.
1331:Schuster, Robert L. (1986).
1094:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.10.014
1007:10.1016/j.icarus.2019.113566
565:Lesser Antilles Volcanic Arc
2846:Stress distribution in soil
1791:. Oxford University Press.
1596:10.1007/978-1-4020-6676-4_3
1356:Milligan, Mark (May 2005).
1186:Origin of sedimentary rocks
882:10.1007/978-94-007-2162-3_1
705:Principles of geomorphology
474:Activating causes include:
3274:
3248:Environmental soil science
1996:Pore pressure measurement
1654:. Dordrecht. p. 280.
1448:10.1038/s41598-018-32253-0
1317:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.020
319:rather than mass wasting.
295:
257:
234:
74:Grand Canyon National Park
3217:
3070:
2749:Preconsolidation pressure
2144:Standard penetration test
1880:
1765:Monroe, Wicander (2005).
1537:10.1016/j.dsr.2014.08.002
3143:Geomorphologic processes
3026:Stratigraphic principles
3019:principles and processes
2245:California bearing ratio
2043:Rotary-pressure sounding
1874:Geotechnical engineering
1335:. New York, N.Y.: ASCE.
1030:Earth, Moon, and Planets
786:10.1130/DNAG-CENT-v3.201
555:(formerly Loihi) in the
2665:Geosynthetic clay liner
2640:Expanded clay aggregate
2260:Proctor compaction test
2201:Crosshole sonic logging
2187:Nuclear densometer test
1944:Geo-electrical sounding
1769:. Thomson Brooks/Cole.
1722:2018E&ES..118a2038M
1550:Glicken, Harry (1996).
1501:10.1029/JB093iB12p15227
1308:2015E&PSL.412..197I
1042:1988EM&P...42..133B
862:, pp. 37, 268–269.
488:Increased soil moisture
3209:Mass wasting processes
3077:
2928:Earthquake engineering
2739:Lateral earth pressure
2364:Hydraulic conductivity
2215:Wave equation analysis
2194:Exploration geophysics
2086:Deformation monitoring
2055:Rotary weight sounding
972:10.1006/icar.1996.0109
498:Hazards and mitigation
374:Deposits and landforms
293:
232:
76:
65:
49:
3085:Petrologic principles
3076:
2106:Settlement recordings
2031:Rock control drilling
1932:Cone penetration test
1838:NPS.gov: Mass Wasting
455:that weaken the rock.
393:Rockfall can produce
378:Mass wasting affects
288:
235:Further information:
226:
71:
55:
33:
3171:Marine transgression
3039:Law of superposition
2968:Agricultural science
2670:Cellular confinement
1692:van Beek et al. 2008
1487:(B12): 15227–15238.
508:highway construction
229:Grand Mesa, Colorado
2860:Numerical analysis
2744:Overburden pressure
2734:Pore water pressure
2514:Shoring structures
2389:Reynolds' dilatancy
2290:Water content tests
2275:Triaxial shear test
2235:Soil classification
2208:Pile integrity test
1529:2014DSRI...93..156C
1493:1988JGR....9315227F
1440:2018NatSR...813898H
1401:2002EngGe..64...41M
1389:Engineering Geology
1245:2011NatGe...4..449P
1086:2004Icar..169....3T
999:2020Icar..34213566T
964:1996Icar..122...63M
920:2002GSLSP.203...73E
817:Sound Native Plants
680:Glossary of geology
593:Slope stabilization
549:submarine volcanoes
453:geologic structures
165:slope stabilization
3253:Geological hazards
3228:Geology portal
3186:Sediment transport
3078:
2835:Slab stabilisation
2815:Stability analysis
1590:. pp. 17–64.
1428:Scientific Reports
1050:10.1007/BF00054542
470:Lack of vegetation
294:
233:
183:that is driven by
77:
66:
50:
3235:
3234:
3204:Glacial processes
3199:Aeolian processes
3194:Fluvial processes
3176:Marine regression
2983:
2982:
2854:
2853:
2830:Sliding criterion
2792:Response spectrum
2708:
2707:
2538:Pressure grouting
2437:
2436:
2297:
2296:
2250:Direct shear test
1956:Permeability test
1605:978-1-4020-6675-7
1342:978-0-87262-524-2
1233:Nature Geoscience
1124:, pp. 83–85.
891:978-94-007-2161-6
876:. pp. 1–12.
626:Slope mass rating
544:, in April 1983.
504:civil engineering
305:debris avalanches
161:civil engineering
138:, Jupiter's moon
16:(Redirected from
3265:
3226:
3225:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2987:
2842:Bearing capacity
2729:Effective stress
2719:
2620:Land reclamation
2560:Land development
2455:Natural features
2452:
2419:Specific storage
2308:
2240:Atterberg limits
2178:
2166:
2154:
2142:
2130:
2118:
2104:
2094:
2079:Screw plate test
2077:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
1995:
1966:
1954:
1942:
1930:
1918:
1900:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1844:
1802:
1780:
1752:
1751:
1733:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1665:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1565:10.3133/ofr96677
1547:
1541:
1540:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1459:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1253:10.1038/ngeo1154
1230:
1221:
1215:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1025:
1019:
1018:
982:
976:
975:
946:
940:
939:
902:
896:
895:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
826:
824:
823:
814:
806:
800:
799:
773:
767:
761:
755:
750:
744:
743:
725:
719:
718:
700:
694:
693:
675:
666:
665:
647:
615:
610:
609:
569:Mount St. Helens
553:Kamaʻehuakanaloa
82:, also known as
58:Palo Duro Canyon
56:Mass wasting at
21:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3231:
3220:
3213:
3180:
3161:Tectonic uplift
3151:Plate tectonics
3137:
3079:
3068:
3020:
3014:
2984:
2979:
2958:Earth materials
2899:
2861:
2850:
2759:
2753:
2704:
2681:
2635:Earth structure
2630:Erosion control
2528:Ground freezing
2518:Retaining walls
2501:
2443:
2433:
2394:Angle of repose
2352:
2293:
2227:
2220:
2219:
2180:Visible bedrock
2132:Simple sounding
2120:Shear vane test
1896:instrumentation
1895:
1893:
1885:
1876:
1871:
1819:
1799:
1783:
1777:
1764:
1761:
1759:Further reading
1756:
1755:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1690:
1683:
1666:
1662:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1632:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1513:
1512:
1508:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1268:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1210:
1203:
1196:
1183:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1159:
1138:
1137:
1128:
1120:
1113:
1105:
1101:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1027:
1026:
1022:
984:
983:
979:
948:
947:
943:
904:
903:
899:
892:
871:
870:
866:
858:
854:
846:
842:
834:
830:
821:
819:
812:
808:
807:
803:
796:
775:
774:
770:
766:, "subsidence".
762:
758:
751:
747:
740:
727:
726:
722:
715:
702:
701:
697:
690:
677:
676:
669:
662:
649:
648:
644:
639:
631:Slump (geology)
611:
604:
601:
534:Oso, Washington
506:, particularly
500:
429:
376:
350:, and possibly
325:
300:
283:
262:
256:
239:
221:
177:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3271:
3269:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3190:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3156:Salt tectonics
3153:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3118:Soil formation
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3081:
3080:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2990:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2905:Related fields
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2825:Classification
2822:
2817:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2797:Seismic hazard
2794:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2763:
2761:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2511:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2449:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2424:Shear strength
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2399:Friction angle
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:Oedometer test
2277:
2272:
2270:Sieve analysis
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2171:
2170:
2159:
2158:
2156:Total sounding
2147:
2146:
2135:
2134:
2123:
2122:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2098:
2082:
2081:
2070:
2069:
2058:
2057:
2046:
2045:
2034:
2033:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1959:
1958:
1947:
1946:
1935:
1934:
1923:
1922:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1897:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1817:External links
1815:
1814:
1813:
1803:
1797:
1781:
1775:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1696:
1681:
1660:
1642:
1631:(1(6)): 89–112
1611:
1604:
1578:
1542:
1506:
1471:
1414:
1379:
1348:
1341:
1323:
1278:
1276:, p. 558.
1274:Thornbury 1969
1266:
1239:(7): 449–452.
1216:
1212:Thornbury 1969
1201:
1194:
1176:
1172:Thornbury 1969
1164:
1157:
1126:
1122:Thornbury 1969
1111:
1107:Thornbury 1969
1099:
1063:
1036:(2): 133–149.
1020:
977:
941:
897:
890:
864:
860:Thornbury 1969
852:
840:
836:Thornbury 1969
828:
801:
794:
768:
756:
745:
738:
720:
713:
695:
688:
667:
660:
641:
640:
638:
635:
634:
633:
628:
623:
617:
616:
613:Geology portal
600:
597:
596:
595:
590:
587:
584:
581:
561:Kick 'em Jenny
538:landslide dams
499:
496:
495:
494:
489:
486:
483:
472:
471:
468:
462:
456:
446:
440:
435:Rock and soil
428:
425:
375:
372:
324:
321:
296:Main article:
282:
279:
258:Main article:
255:
252:
248:soil sloughing
237:Downhill creep
220:
217:
176:
173:
154:slope movement
72:A rockfall in
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3270:
3259:
3258:Geomorphology
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3230:
3229:
3224:
3216:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3065:
3064:Walther's law
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3006:
3004:
2999:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2974:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:Geomorphology
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2857:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2777:Consolidation
2775:
2773:
2772:Frost heaving
2770:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:Geosynthetics
2648:
2646:
2645:Crushed stone
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2600:Cut-and-cover
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2440:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2369:Water content
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2223:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2067:Sample series
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1891:Investigation
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1863:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:81-7450-518-0
1808:
1804:
1800:
1798:0-19-874183-9
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1776:0-495-01020-0
1772:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:(1): 012038.
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1694:, p. 48.
1693:
1688:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1671:
1663:
1661:9789400711228
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1579:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1380:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1214:, p. 47.
1213:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1177:
1174:, p. 90.
1173:
1168:
1165:
1160:
1158:9780444635228
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1109:, p. 83.
1108:
1103:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
981:
978:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
942:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
901:
898:
893:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
865:
861:
856:
853:
850:, "landslip".
849:
844:
841:
838:, p. 85.
837:
832:
829:
818:
811:
805:
802:
797:
791:
787:
783:
779:
772:
769:
765:
760:
757:
754:
749:
746:
741:
739:9780199653065
735:
731:
724:
721:
716:
710:
706:
699:
696:
691:
685:
681:
674:
672:
668:
663:
661:9780199653065
657:
653:
646:
643:
636:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
614:
608:
603:
598:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
580:
579:Afforestation
577:
576:
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3133:Metamorphism
2953:Biogeography
2948:Hydrogeology
2938:Soil science
2918:Geochemistry
2677:Infiltration
2605:Cut and fill
2548:Soil nailing
2414:Permeability
2379:Bulk density
2096:Inclinometer
2019:Ram sounding
1904:
1788:
1766:
1713:
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1633:. Retrieved
1628:
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1569:. Retrieved
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1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1365:
1362:Survey Notes
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1288:Allstadt, K.
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958:(1): 63–78.
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848:Jackson 1997
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764:Jackson 1997
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530:Oso disaster
520:
516:Panama Canal
512:Gaillard Cut
501:
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443:Stratigraphy
430:
414:
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395:talus slopes
392:
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301:
275:stone rivers
263:
260:Solifluction
254:Solifluction
240:
202:
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144:Solar System
120:debris flows
112:solifluction
83:
80:Mass wasting
79:
78:
18:Mass failure
3108:Exfoliation
2963:Archaeology
2687:Foundations
2660:Geomembrane
2543:Slurry wall
2482:Water table
2446:Interaction
2442:Structures
2429:Sensitivity
2226:Laboratory
1785:Selby, M.J.
1635:26 November
1571:25 November
1523:: 156–160.
1372:October 28,
1302:: 197–208.
1080:(1): 3–28.
780:: 201–218.
492:Earthquakes
323:Occurrences
244:terracettes
35:Talus cones
3242:Categories
3166:Subsidence
3128:Compaction
3123:Diagenesis
3113:Weathering
2820:Mitigation
2802:Shear wave
2787:Earthquake
2782:Compaction
2767:Permafrost
2758:Phenomena/
2655:Geotextile
2580:Embankment
2570:Excavation
2507:Earthworks
2467:Vegetation
2462:Topography
2384:Thixotropy
2374:Void ratio
2357:Properties
2255:Hydrometer
2000:Piezometer
1920:Core drill
1195:0136427103
993:: 113566.
822:2019-01-22
795:0813753031
753:Britannica
714:0471861979
689:0922152349
637:References
621:Denudation
526:landslides
522:Rockslides
482:or erosion
480:excavation
459:Topography
309:earthflows
271:weathering
267:permafrost
213:Subsidence
209:landslides
150:Subsidence
124:landslides
62:West Texas
3098:Extrusive
3093:Intrusive
2943:Hydrology
2923:Petrology
2811:analysis
2809:Landslide
2714:Mechanics
2625:Track bed
2610:Fill dirt
2595:Terracing
2168:Trial pit
1983:Statnamic
1968:Load test
1748:134151880
1740:1755-1307
1670:cite book
1261:140541040
1143:: 21–36.
1058:120272183
1015:213058440
936:129761985
451:or other
437:lithology
410:boudinage
298:Landslide
281:Landslide
189:entrained
116:rockfalls
104:entrained
3103:Volcanic
3017:Geologic
2973:Agrology
2862:software
2760:problems
2590:Causeway
2565:Landfill
2492:Subgrade
2409:Porosity
2404:Cohesion
1787:(1993).
1466:30224744
599:See also
540:, as at
368:tesserae
356:Ganymede
336:regolith
313:mudflows
43:Svalbard
2913:Geology
2885:SVSlope
2695:Shallow
2615:Grading
2553:Tieback
2497:Subsoil
2487:Bedrock
2477:Topsoil
2472:Terrain
2265:R-value
2228:testing
1978:Dynamic
1905:in situ
1903:Field (
1718:Bibcode
1525:Bibcode
1489:Bibcode
1457:6141455
1436:Bibcode
1397:Bibcode
1304:Bibcode
1241:Bibcode
1082:Bibcode
1038:Bibcode
995:Bibcode
960:Bibcode
916:Bibcode
563:in the
514:of the
465:Climate
360:sulfate
311:, then
307:, then
194:mudflow
185:gravity
181:erosion
100:erosion
96:gravity
39:Isfjord
2895:Plaxis
2890:UTEXAS
2880:SVFlux
2870:SEEP2D
2722:Forces
2575:Trench
2523:Gabion
2333:Gravel
1973:Static
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449:Faults
427:Causes
417:levees
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348:Triton
205:creeps
198:stream
122:, and
64:(2002)
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2875:STABL
2348:Loess
2311:Types
1744:S2CID
1257:S2CID
1229:(PDF)
1054:S2CID
1011:S2CID
932:S2CID
813:(PDF)
364:Venus
329:Earth
219:Creep
175:Types
136:Venus
128:Earth
108:creep
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2328:Sand
2323:Silt
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2303:Soil
2005:Well
1807:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1771:ISBN
1736:ISSN
1676:link
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1600:ISBN
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