Landslide - Knowledge (XXG)

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material that generally remains intact while moving over one or several inclined surfaces or thin layers of material (also called shear zones) in which large deformations are concentrated. Slides are also sub-classified by the form of the surface(s) or shear zone(s) on which movement happens. The planes may be broadly parallel to the surface ("planar slides") or spoon-shaped ("rotational slides"). Slides can occur catastrophically, but movement on the surface can also be gradual and progressive. Spreads are a form of subsidence, in which a layer of material cracks, opens up, and expands laterally. Flows are the movement of fluidised material, which can be both dry or rich in water (such as in mud flows). Flows can move imperceptibly for years, or accelerate rapidly and cause disasters. Slope deformations are slow, distributed movements that can affect entire mountain slopes or portions of it. Some landslides are complex in the sense that they feature different movement types in different portions of the moving body, or they evolve from one movement type to another over time. For example, a landslide can initiate as a rock fall or topple and then, as the blocks disintegrate upon the impact, transform into a debris slide or flow. An avalanching effect can also be present, in which the moving mass entrains additional material along its path.

766:, is a large and fast-moving landslide of the flow type. It is rarer than other types of landslides but it is often very destructive. It exhibits typically a long runout, flowing very far over a low-angle, flat, or even slightly uphill terrain. The mechanisms favoring the long runout can be different, but they typically result in the weakening of the sliding mass as the speed increases. The causes of this weakening are not completely understood. Especially for the largest landslides, it may involve the very quick heating of the shear zone due to friction, which may even cause the water that is present to vaporize and build up a large pressure, producing a sort of hovercraft effect. In some cases, the very high temperature may even cause some of the minerals to melt. During the movement, the rock in the shear zone may also be finely ground, producing a nanometer-size mineral powder that may act as a lubricant, reducing the resistance to motion and promoting larger speeds and longer runouts. The weakening mechanisms in large rock avalanches are similar to those occurring in seismic faults. 757:, overall they are more slow-moving and are covered with solid material carried along by the flow from within. Clay, fine sand and silt, and fine-grained, pyroclastic material are all susceptible to earthflows. These flows are usually controlled by the pore water pressures within the mass, which should be high enough to produce a low shearing resistance. On the slopes, some earthflow may be recognized by their elongated shape, with one or more lobes at their toes. As these lobes spread out, drainage of the mass increases and the margins dry out, lowering the overall velocity of the flow. This process also causes the flow to thicken. Earthflows occur more often during periods of high precipitation, which saturates the ground and builds up water pressures. However, earthflows that keep advancing also during dry seasons are not uncommon. Fissures may develop during the movement of clayey materials, which facilitate the intrusion of water into the moving mass and produce faster responses to precipitation. 1089: 1525: 1538: 1112: 234: 1058: 38: 726: 829: 67: 1046: 4516: 4369: 791: 4415: 4328: 1070: 4316: 1019: 4427: 4478: 4403: 4304: 50: 1628:

to be studied on a regional scale. Climate change can have both positive and negative impacts on landslides Temperature rise may increase evapotranspiration, leading to a reduction in soil moisture and stimulate vegetation growth, also due to a CO2 increase in the atmosphere. Both effects may reduce landslides in some conditions. On the other side, temperature rise causes an increase of landslides due to

4451: 4504: 4492: 4528: 738: 4439: 974:. The analysis is used to identify the factors that are related to landslides, estimate the relative contribution of factors causing slope failures, establish a relation between the factors and landslides, and to predict the landslide hazard in the future based on such a relationship. The factors that have been used for landslide hazard analysis can usually be grouped into 4552: 4468: 4391: 4292: 844: 4540: 4340: 78: 1028:

accurate portrayal of what is taking place on the Earth's surface. Researchers need to know which variables are the most important factors that trigger landslides in any given location. Using GIS, extremely detailed maps can be generated to show past events and likely future events which have the potential to save lives, property, and money.

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landslides, one must assume that their occurrence is determined by certain geologic factors, and that future landslides will occur under the same conditions as past events. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a relationship between the geomorphologic conditions in which the past events took place and the expected future conditions.

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avalanches differ from debris slides because their movement is fluid-like and generally much more rapid. This is usually a result of lower shear resistances and steeper slopes. Typically, debris slides start with the detachment of large rock fragments high on the slopes, which break apart as they descend.

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Climate-change impact on temperature, both average rainfall and rainfall extremes, and evapotranspiration may affect landslide distribution, frequency and intensity (62). However, this impact shows strong variability in different areas (63). Therefore, the effects of climate change on landslides need

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Clay and silt slides are usually slow but can experience episodic acceleration in response to heavy rainfall or rapid snowmelt. They are often seen on gentle slopes and move over planar surfaces, such as over the underlying bedrock. Failure surfaces can also form within the clay or silt layer itself,

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Evidence of past landslides has been detected on many bodies in the solar system, but since most observations are made by probes that only observe for a limited time and most bodies in the solar system appear to be geologically inactive not many landslides are known to have happened in recent times.

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are a dramatic example of people living in conflict with the environment. Early predictions and warnings are essential for the reduction of property damage and loss of life. Because landslides occur frequently and can represent some of the most destructive forces on earth, it is imperative to have a

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Under this classification, six types of movement are recognized. Each type can be seen both in rock and in soil. A fall is a movement of isolated blocks or chunks of soil in free-fall. The term topple refers to blocks coming away by rotation from a vertical face. A slide is the movement of a body of

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is an appropriate tool because it has functions of collection, storage, manipulation, display, and analysis of large amounts of spatially referenced data which can be handled fast and effectively. Cardenas reported evidence on the exhaustive use of GIS in conjunction of uncertainty modelling tools

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are usually shallow. Shallow landslides can often happen in areas that have slopes with high permeable soils on top of low permeable soils. The low permeable soil traps the water in the shallower soil generating high water pressures. As the top soil is filled with water, it can become unstable and

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Using satellite imagery in combination with GIS and on-the-ground studies, it is possible to generate maps of likely occurrences of future landslides. Such maps should show the locations of previous events as well as clearly indicate the probable locations of future events. In general, to predict

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GIS offers a superior method for landslide analysis because it allows one to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and display large amounts of data quickly and effectively. Because so many variables are involved, it is important to be able to overlay the many layers of data to develop a full and

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areas, where narrow gorges and steep valleys are conducive of faster flows. Debris and mud flows may initiate on the slopes or result from the fluidization of landslide material as it gains speed or incorporates further debris and water along its path. River blockages as the flow reaches a main

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activities, such as adding excessive weight above the slope, digging at mid-slope or at the foot of the slope. Often, individual phenomena join to generate instability over time, which often does not allow a reconstruction of the evolution of a particular landslide. Therefore, landslide hazard

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A debris slide is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of material mixed with water and/or ice. It is usually triggered by the saturation of thickly vegetated slopes which results in an incoherent mixture of broken timber, smaller vegetation and other debris. Debris flows and

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Since the average precipitation is expected to decrease or increase regionally (63), rainfall induced landslides may change accordingly, due to changes in infiltration, groundwater levels and river bank erosion. Weather extremes are expected to increase due to climate change including heavy

3684:"Non-parametric modeling of rainfall in Manizales City (Colombia) using multinomial probability and imprecise probabilities. Modelación no paramétrica de lluvias para la ciudad de Manizales, Colombia: una aplicación de modelos multinomiales de probabilidad y de probabilidades imprecisas" 2365: 55: 1205:, a massive slope failure 60 km (37 mi) north of Kathmandu, Nepal, involving an estimated 10 to 15 km (2.4 to 3.6 cu mi). Prior to this landslide the mountain may have been the world's 15th mountain above 8,000 m (26,247 ft). 471:

processes. This scheme was later modified by Cruden and Varnes in 1996, and refined by Hutchinson (1988), Hungr et al. (2001), and finally by Hungr, Leroueil and Picarelli (2014). The classification resulting from the latest update is provided below.

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techniques are also highly employed for landslide hazard assessment and analysis. Before and after aerial photographs and satellite imagery are used to gather landslide characteristics, like distribution and classification, and factors like slope,

1000:, and land use/land cover to be used to help predict future events. Before and after imagery also helps to reveal how the landscape changed after an event, what may have triggered the landslide, and shows the process of regeneration and recovery. 2312: 3661:"Landslide susceptibility assessment using Fuzzy Sets, Possibility Theory and Theory of Evidence. Estimación de la susceptibilidad ante deslizamientos: aplicación de conjuntos difusos y las teorías de la posibilidad y de la evidencia" 733:, Italy. Even though it moves at a rate of just a few millimeters per year and is hardly visible, this landslide causes progressive damage to the national road, the national highway, a flyover, and several houses that are built on it. 2084:

Hu, Wei; Scaringi, Gianvito; Xu, Qiang; Van Asch, Theo W. J. (2018-04-10). "Suction and rate-dependent behaviour of a shear-zone soil from a landslide in a gently-inclined mudstone-sandstone sequence in the Sichuan basin, China".

1088: 1199:, during an interstadial period belonging to the last glacial period. Over 15 km (3.6 cu mi) of material are estimated to have been moved in the single event, making it one of the largest continental landslides. 6029:

66. Ciabatta, L., Camici, S., Brocca, L., Ponziani, F., Stelluti, M., Berni, N., & Moramarco, T.J.J.O.H. (2016). "Assessing the impact of climate-change scenarios on landslide occurrence in Umbria Region, Italy".

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Varnes D. J., Slope movement types and processes. In: Schuster R. L. & Krizek R. J. Ed., Landslides, analysis and control. Transportation Research Board Sp. Rep. No. 176, Nat. Acad. oi Sciences, pp. 11–33,

1146:. A total volume of 3,500 km (840 cu mi) debris was involved; comparable to a 34 m (112 ft) thick area the size of Iceland. The landslide is thought to be among the largest in history. 1022:

A Wireline extensometer monitoring slope displacement and transmitting data remotely via radio or Wi-Fi. In situ or strategically deployed extensometers may be used to provide early warning of a potential

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Weidinger, Johannes T.; Schramm, Josef-Michael; Nuschej, Friedrich (2002-12-30). "Ore mineralization causing slope failure in a high-altitude mountain crest—on the collapse of an 8000 m peak in Nepal".

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Before and after radar images of a landslide on Venus. In the center of the image on the right, the new landslide, a bright, flow-like area, can be seen extending to the left of a bright fracture. 1990

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Slope failure mechanisms often contain large uncertainties and could be significantly affected by heterogeneity of soil properties. A landslide in which the sliding surface is located within the

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borne by the material, or a combination of the two. A change in the stability of a slope can be caused by a number of factors, acting together or alone. Natural causes of landslides include:

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to its current location, the largest continental landslide discovered so far. In the 48 million years since the slide occurred, erosion has removed most of the portion of the slide.

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is the downslope movement of mostly fine-grained material. Earthflows can move at speeds within a very wide range, from as low as 1 mm/yr to many km/h. Though these are a lot like

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was removed to make the road, forming a dip-slope. The upper block detached along a bedding plane and is sliding down the hill, forming a jumbled pile of rock at the toe of the slide.

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stream can generate temporary dams. As the impoundments fail, a domino effect may be created, with a remarkable growth in the volume of the flowing mass, and in its destructive power.

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Hutchinson, J. N. "General report: morphological and geotechnical parameters of landslides in relation to geology and hydrogeology." International symposium on landslides. 5. 1988.

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Cruden, David M., and David J. Varnes. "Landslides: investigation and mitigation. Chapter 3-Landslide types and processes." Transportation research board special report 247 (1996).

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precipitation (63). This yields negative effects on landslides due to focused infiltration in soil and rock (66) and an increase of runoff events, which may trigger debris flows.

3708:; Hurni, L; Gogu, R (2005). "Remote sensing of landslides: An analysis of the potential contribution to geo-spatial systems for hazard assessment in mountainous environments". 858:

Deep-seated landslides are those in which the sliding surface is mostly deeply located, for instance well below the maximum rooting depth of trees. They usually involve deep

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Landslides occur when the slope (or a portion of it) undergoes some processes that change its condition from stable to unstable. This is essentially due to a decrease in the

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of New Zealand, where a large block of the Ngamoko Range slid and dammed a gorge of Waikaretaheke River, forming a natural reservoir up to 256 metres (840 ft) deep.

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Hungr O, Evans SG, Bovis M, and Hutchinson JN (2001) Review of the classification of landslides of the flow type. Environmental and Engineering Geoscience VII, 221-238.

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at the Earth's surface. In 1978, geologist David Varnes noted this imprecise usage and proposed a new, much tighter scheme for the classification of mass movements and

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Haflidason, Haflidi; Sejrup, Hans Petter; Nygård, Atle; Mienert, Jurgen; Bryn, Petter; Lien, Reidar; Forsberg, Carl Fredrik; Berg, Kjell; Masson, Doug (2004-12-15).

423:(LULC): it includes the human abandonment of farming areas, e.g. due to the economic and social transformations which occurred in Europe after the Second World War. 2131:

Fan, Xuanmei; Xu, Qiang; Scaringi, Gianvito (2017-12-01). "Failure mechanism and kinematics of the deadly June 24th 2017 Xinmo landslide, Maoxian, Sichuan, China".

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Landslide hazard analysis and mapping can provide useful information for catastrophic loss reduction, and assist in the development of guidelines for sustainable

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Rowe, Christie D.; Lamothe, Kelsey; Rempe, Marieke; Andrews, Mark; Mitchell, Thomas M.; Di Toro, Giulio; White, Joseph Clancy; Aretusini, Stefano (2019-01-18).

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Chemical and mechanical methods, in which attempts are made to increase the shear strength of the unstable mass or to introduce active external forces (e.g.

3363:"Numerical simulation of the 1995 rainfall-induced Fei Tsui Road landslide in Hong Kong: new insights from hydro-mechanically coupled material point method" 5383: 3305:"Investigation of slope failure mode evolution during large deformation in spatially variable soils by random limit equilibrium and material point methods" 713:. However, also dry debris can exhibit flow-like movement. Flowing debris or mud may pick up trees, houses and cars, and block bridges and rivers causing 2338:"Residual strength and creep behaviour on the slip surface of specimens of a landslide in marine origin clay shales: influence of pore fluid composition" 1635:

Permafrost degradation that reduces the cohesion of soils and rock masses due to the loss of interstitial ice (65). This mainly occurs at high elevation.

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and include large slope failures associated with translational, rotational, or complex movements. They tend to form along a plane of weakness such as a

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mitigation measures are not generally classified according to the phenomenon that might cause a landslide. Instead, they are classified by the sort of

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Fan, Xuanmei; Xu, Qiang; Scaringi, Gianvito (2018-10-24). "The "long" runout rock avalanche in Pusa, China, on 28 August 2017: a preliminary report".

4146: 2966:"Internal erosion controls failure and runout of loose granular deposits: Evidence from flume tests and implications for post-seismic slope healing" 2711:"Experimental evidence for shallow, slow-moving landslides activated by a decrease in ground temperature: Landslides Affected by Ground Temperature" 141:

that produce specific conditions that make a slope prone to failure. In many cases, the landslide is triggered by a specific event (such as a heavy

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65.Krautblatter, M., Funk, D., & Günzel, F. K. (2013). "Why permafrost rocks become unstable: a rock–ice‐mechanical model in time and space".

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Both Venus and Mars have been subject to long-term mapping by orbiting satellites, and examples of landslides have been observed on both planets.

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Slides can occur in any rock or soil material and are characterized by the movement of a mass over a planar or curvilinear surface or shear zone.

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Fan, Xuanmei; Scaringi, Gianvito; Domènech, Guillem; Yang, Fan; Guo, Xiaojun; Dai, Lanxin; He, Chaoyang; Xu, Qiang; Huang, Runqiu (2019-01-09).

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Clerici, A; Perego, S; Tellini, C; Vescovi, P (2002). "A procedure for landslide susceptibility zonation by the conditional analysis method1".

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good understanding as to what causes them and how people can either help prevent them from occurring or simply avoid them when they do occur.

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Di Maio, Caterina; Vassallo, Roberto; Scaringi, Gianvito; De Rosa, Jacopo; Pontolillo, Dario Michele; Maria Grimaldi, Giuseppe (2017-11-01).

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63. Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 1767–1926.

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Fabbri, Andrea G.; Chung, Chang-Jo F.; Cendrero, Antonio; Remondo, Juan (2003). "Is Prediction of Future Landslides Possible with a GIS?".

3993: 6061: 1986: 2388:"A chemo-mechanical insight into the failure mechanism of frequently occurred landslides in the Loess Plateau, Gansu Province, China" 4258: 4226: 1773: 1314: 3870:

Ohlmacher, G (2003). "Using multiple logistic regression and GIS technology to predict landslide hazard in northeast Kansas, USA".

1790: 5801: 899:, similar in mechanism to a landslide, involves a large amount of ice, snow and rock falling quickly down the side of a mountain. 5376: 3775: 1249: 177: 4124: 3015:"Shear Resistance Variations in Experimentally Sheared Mudstone Granules: A Possible Shear-Thinning and Thixotropic Mechanism" 3581:

Chen, Zhaohua; Wang, Jinfei (2007). "Landslide hazard mapping using logistic regression model in Mackenzie Valley, Canada".

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Peres, D. J.; Cancelliere, A. (2016-10-01). "Estimating return period of landslide triggering by Monte Carlo simulation".

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Subramanian, S. Siva; Fan, X.; Yunus, A. P.; Asch, T. van; Scaringi, G.; Xu, Q.; Dai, L.; Ishikawa, T.; Huang, R. (2020).

1421: 1364: 229:, was caused by extensive accumulation of rains and, according to some sources, lightning. It buried more than 100 homes. 5745: 1747: 1425: 1360: 883: 71: 1632:

the acceleration of snowmelt and an increase of rain on snow during spring, leading to strong infiltration events (64).

5794: 5480: 5221: 1256: 1045: 1012: 949: 837: 2293:"Monitoring and analysis of an earthflow in tectonized clay shales and study of a remedial intervention by KCl wells" 307:(e.g. by repeated freezing and thawing, heating and cooling, salt leaking in the groundwater or mineral dissolution); 1167:, the largest so far described in the Alps and on dry land that can be easily identified in a modestly eroded state. 1111: 6071: 5836: 5369: 4821: 4266: 2182:

Rengers, Francis K.; McGuire, Luke A.; Oakley, Nina S.; Kean, Jason W.; Staley, Dennis M.; Tang, Hui (2020-11-01).

1394: 1350: 1079: 31: 3745:"Remote Sensing and GIS Technologies as Tools to Support Sustainable Management of Areas Devastated by Landslides" 3174:"Mineralogical Analysis of Selective Melting in Partially Coherent Rockslides: Bridging Solid and Molten Friction" 1919:

Giacomo Pepe; Andrea Mandarino; Emanuele Raso; Patrizio Scarpellini; Pierluigi Brandolini; Andrea Cevasco (2019).

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methods, in which an attempt is made to lower the groundwater level or to reduce the water content of the material

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Le Bas, T.P. (2007), "Slope Failures on the Flanks of Southern Cape Verde Islands", in Lykousis, Vasilios (ed.),

4142: 5200: 5190: 5062: 5052: 4882: 4620: 4418: 4249: 4012:"Two large late quaternary rock slope failures and their geomorphic significance, Annapurna, Himalayas (Nepal)" 1673: 1374: 1303: 1259:

in Yellowstone Park (17 August 1959) caused a landslide that blocked the Madison River, and created Quake Lake.

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describes the policy and practices for reducing the risk of human impacts of landslides, reducing the risk of

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Hu, Wei; Xu, Qiang; Wang, Gonghui; Scaringi, Gianvito; McSaveney, Mauri; Hicher, Pierre-Yves (2017-10-31).

820:(typically to a depth from few decimeters to some meters) is called a shallow landslide. Debris slides and 459:

In traditional usage, the term landslide has at one time or another been used to cover almost all forms of

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A NASA model has been developed to look at how potential landslide activity is changing around the world.

4990: 4799: 4307: 4074: 3944:"Embedding a Geographic Information System in a Decision Support System for Landslide Hazard Monitoring" 3835:

Lee, S; Talib, Jasmi Abdul (2005). "Probabilistic landslide susceptibility and factor effect analysis".

3448:"The Art of Landslides: How Stochastic Mass Wasting Shapes Topography and Influences Landscape Dynamics" 1658: 1615:) or passive (e.g. structural wells, piles or reinforced ground) to counteract the destabilizing forces. 1476: 1401: 1336: 1222: 250: 233: 3173: 3107: 2607:"Shear displacements induced by decrease in pore solution concentration on a pre-existing slip surface" 2016: 1195:

The Manang-Braga rock avalanche/debris flow may have formed Marsyangdi Valley in the Annapurna Region,

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increase in water content (loss of suction) or saturation by rain water infiltration, snow melting, or

4454: 2750:"Anthropogenically induced landslides – A challenge for railway infrastructure in mountainous regions" 2749: 2606: 2434: 2387: 2017:"A Sequentially Coupled Catchment-Scale Numerical Model for Snowmelt-Induced Soil Slope Instabilities" 1870: 446: 5451: 5343: 5195: 5152: 5045: 4970: 4507: 4353: 4098: 4043: 3879: 3801: 3717: 3705: 3633: 3590: 3553: 3459: 3374: 3316: 3251: 3185: 3119: 3078: 3026: 2977: 2888: 2761: 2665: 2618: 2508: 2446: 2399: 2252: 2195: 2140: 2094: 2028: 1882: 1827: 1638:

Glacier retreat that has the dual effect of relieving mountain slopes and increasing their steepness.

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with the goal of lessening the effect of landslides. Landslides can be triggered by many, sometimes

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64. Cardinali, M., Ardizzone, F., Galli, M., Guzzetti, F., & Reichenbach, P. (2000, January). "

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Landslides triggered by rapid snow melting: the December 1996–January 1997 event in Central Italy

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and development is also an essential key to reducing the negative impacts felt by landslides.

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is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, but there are other factors affecting

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Geometric methods, in which the geometry of the hillside is changed (in general the slope);

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Each of these methods varies somewhat with the type of material that makes up the slope.

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landslide (260 million cubic metres; 9.2 billion cubic feet) falling into the

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Landslides that occur undersea, or have impact into water e.g. significant rockfall or

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over geological timescales and produce sediment that strongly alters the course of

428: 409: 346: 318:) or weaken the material and cause cracks that will eventually produce a landslide; 254: 214: 153: 97: 6039: 4110: 3328: 2308: 1570: 833: 2773: 2654:"A thermo-hydro-mechanical approach to soil slope stability under climate change" 2630: 2497:"Brief communication: Post-seismic landslides, the tough lesson of a catastrophe" 2411: 2106: 1894: 5765: 5651: 5584: 5563: 5558: 5436: 5338: 5035: 4918: 4857: 2386:

Fan, Xuanmei; Xu, Qiang; Scaringi, Gianvito; Li, Shu; Peng, Dalei (2017-10-13).

1270: 1235: 1181: 1160: 945: 875: 821: 706: 352: 269: 226: 113: 42: 4450: 3386: 3263: 2208: 2183: 5980: 5913: 5446: 5162: 5142: 5030: 4842: 4837: 4759: 4749: 4630: 4503: 4491: 4375: 4295: 3962: 3848: 3763: 3729: 3602: 2808: 2523: 2496: 2353: 2152: 1970: 1839: 1586: 1485: 1382: 1378: 1354: 1296: 1276: 1266: 1139: 953: 910:, gas and rocks from a volcanic explosion that moves rapidly down an erupting 879: 814: 795: 763: 737: 468: 420: 390: 311: 304: 242: 169: 146: 3394: 3271: 3205: 3139: 2910: 2816: 2781: 2687: 2638: 2573: 2532: 2470: 2419: 2272: 2217: 2160: 2114: 2048: 1962: 1902: 1847: 5775: 5770: 5718: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5426: 5318: 5298: 5000: 4985: 4601: 4543: 4527: 4442: 4343: 3518:

Submarine mass movements and their consequences: 3rd international symposium

2710: 2564: 2547: 2461: 1815: 1739: 1698: 1653: 1344: 1262: 1143: 997: 896: 750: 394: 356: 5955:

62. Gariano, S.L.; Guzzetti F. (2016). "Landslides in a Changing Climate".

4438: 4218: 4208: 3289: 3106:

Deng, Yu; Yan, Shuaixing; Scaringi, Gianvito; Liu, Wei; He, Siming (2020).

1279:

landslide (46 million cubic metres; 1.6 billion cubic feet) near

4551: 4467: 4390: 2548:"New Insights into the Emplacement Dynamics of Volcanic Island Landslides" 17: 5846: 5725: 5713: 5618: 5518: 5348: 5235: 4965: 4940: 4867: 4784: 4774: 4168:

Investigation and Monitoring, Landslides (Nov 19, 2020), Ray, Ram (ed.),

3743:

De La Ville, Noemi; Chumaceiro Diaz, Alejandro; Ramirez, Denisse (2002).

3566: 3541: 3472: 3447: 3197: 3131: 3091: 3039: 2990: 2726: 2040: 1718: 1489: 1471: 1164: 1135: 878:

at the top and steep areas at the toe. Deep-seated landslides also shape

859: 852: 848: 799: 742: 714: 464: 416: 117: 105: 101: 4291: 2581: 1953: 843: 5897: 5887: 5708: 5682: 5643: 5579: 5510: 5431: 5288: 5260: 4945: 4872: 4862: 4852: 4847: 4555: 2241:"Mechanics of coastal landslides and the influence of slope parameters" 1612: 1574: 1307: 1239: 1031:

Since the ‘90s, GIS have been also successfully used in conjunction to

979: 941: 931: 911: 863: 817: 754: 730: 710: 702: 405: 398: 360: 342: 321: 293: 273: 262: 134: 4539: 4339: 3240:"Earthquake lubrication and healing explained by amorphous nanosilica" 2901: 2876: 1943: 1920: 77: 6018: 5786: 5270: 5265: 5255: 5245: 5177: 4975: 4950: 4898: 4708: 1678: 1502: 1131: 782:

and they usually have concave shapes, resulting in rotational slides

370: 157: 30:

This article is about the geological phenomenon. For other uses, see

3065:

Scaringi, Gianvito; Hu, Wei; Xu, Qiang; Huang, Runqiu (2017-12-20).

2964:

Hu, Wei; Scaringi, Gianvito; Xu, Qiang; Huang, Runqiu (2018-06-05).

2709:

Shibasaki, Tatsuya; Matsuura, Sumio; Okamoto, Takashi (2016-07-16).

1987:"Climate Change Could Trigger More Landslides in High Mountain Asia" 1768:

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 11th Edition,

4203: 206: 152:

Landslides are frequently made worse by human development (such as

5892: 5539: 5493: 4723: 1871:"The Storegga Slide: architecture, geometry and slide development" 1814:

Hungr, Oldrich; Leroueil, Serge; Picarelli, Luciano (2014-04-01).

1506: 1467: 1448: 1415: 1196: 1115: 1110: 1017: 986:. Since many factors are considered for landslide hazard mapping, 918: 842: 827: 802: 789: 736: 724: 445: 238: 232: 205: 124: 121: 76: 65: 48: 36: 3488:"Ancient Volcano Collapse Caused A Tsunami With An 800-Foot Wave" 2336:

Di Maio, Caterina; Scaringi, Gianvito; Vassallo, R (2014-01-01).

5936: 5676: 5210: 4718: 4713: 4703: 4698: 4693: 4678: 4380: 2546:

Watt, Sebastian F.L.; Talling, Peter J.; Hunt, James E. (2014).

2184:"Landslides after wildfire: initiation, magnitude, and mobility" 1934: 1444: 810: 387: 383: 297: 142: 5790: 5365: 4222: 4093:. Flash floods, hydro-geomorphic response and risk management. 3172:

Deng, Yu; He, Siming; Scaringi, Gianvito; Lei, Xiaoqin (2020).

948:, which are usually hundreds of meters high. In 1958, one such 379:(e.g. by altering the shape of a slope, or imposing new loads); 330:

changes in temperature (seasonal or induced by climate change).

987: 314:, which can destabilize the slope directly (e.g., by inducing 3991:

Weitere Erkenntnisse und weitere Fragen zum Flimser Bergsturz

2247:. Special Issue Mechanics of Landslides and Slope Stability. 717:

along its path. This phenomenon is particularly hazardous in

1371:, causing 1,126 deaths and buried the village of Guinsaugon. 100:

that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as

5998:

Proceedings 1st Plinius Conference on Mediterranean Storms

2495:

Fan, Xuanmei; Xu, Qiang; Scaringi, Gianvito (2018-01-26).

276:

recharge in rainy seasons, or by rain water infiltration);

1816:"The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update" 1347:, in December, 1999, causing tens of thousands of deaths. 412:, which change the amount of water infiltrating the soil. 279:

increase of hydrostatic pressure in cracks and fractures;

4213: 334:

Landslides are aggravated by human activities, such as:

180:, can increase the frequency of natural events (such as 3907:"Forecasting potential slope failure in open pit mines" 4145:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 13 January 2011. 921:

in flatter environments not susceptible to landslides.

4209:

British Geological Survey National Landslide Database

4127:. Easyseosolution.com. 19 August 2010. Archived from 4000:

A.v. Poschinger, Angewandte Geologie, Vol. 11/2, 2006

1787:"USGS factsheet, Landslide Types and Processes, 2004" 5927: 5906: 5865: 5824: 5738: 5701: 5660: 5642: 5611: 5604: 5572: 5538: 5531: 5509: 5479: 5445: 5412: 5403: 5279: 5234: 5133: 5097: 5088: 5061: 4881: 4830: 4817: 4732: 4686: 4677: 4600: 4278: 4265: 3905:Rose, Nick D.; Hunger, Oldrich (17 February 2006). 427:and extreme rainfall can increase the frequency of 1188:, Canada, about 25 km (9.7 sq mi), 282:loss or absence of vertical vegetative structure, 168:frequently leads to less stabilization of soil by 127:or even underwater, in which case they are called 1437:, Brazil on 11 January 2011, causing 610 deaths. 1130:, some 8,000 years ago off the western coast of 272:or increase of pore water pressure (e.g. due to 3914:Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 2652:Scaringi, Gianvito; Loche, Marco (2022-03-15). 1404:caused over 100 deaths following heavy rain in 832:Deep-seated landslide on a mountain in Sehara, 3452:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 2021:Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 1333:, Australia on 30 July 1997, destroyed hostel. 1170:The landslide around 200 BC which formed 932:Tsunami § Tsunami generated by landslides 5802: 5377: 4234: 874:. They can be visually identified by concave 8: 3178:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 3752:Environment, Development and Sustainability 1565:refers to several human-made activities on 762:A rock avalanche, sometimes referred to as 5809: 5795: 5787: 5608: 5535: 5409: 5384: 5370: 5362: 5094: 4827: 4683: 4275: 4241: 4227: 4219: 4125:"Large landslide in Gansu Zhouqu August 7" 3361:Liu, Xin; Wang, Yu; Li, Dian-Qing (2020). 3303:Liu, Xin; Wang, Yu; Li, Dian-Qing (2019). 2239:Edil, T. B.; Vallejo, L. E. (1980-07-01). 253:of the slope material, an increase in the 4204:British Geological Survey landslides site 4170:Landslides - Investigation and Monitoring 3565: 3471: 3279: 3090: 3038: 2989: 2900: 2677: 2589: 2563: 2522: 2512: 2501:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 2460: 2450: 2207: 1991:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 1952: 1942: 1543:Landslide in progress on Mars, 2008-02-19 917:Extreme precipitation and flow can cause 172:. Additionally, global warming caused by 2605:Di Maio, C.; Scaringi, G. (2016-01-18). 1746:. Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus. 2013. 1397:disaster caused 37 deaths, on October 1. 1273:and about 2000 deaths, on 9 October 1963 474: 27:Natural hazard involving ground movement 5948: 4143:"Brazil mudslide death toll passes 450" 4016:Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quaternaria 1877:. COSTA - Continental Slope Stability. 1731: 1520: 1041: 944:. Massive landslides can also generate 906:is caused by a collapsing cloud of hot 455:Hungr-Leroueil-Picarelli classification 296:of the top of a slope by rivers or sea 4214:International Consortium on Landslides 1993:. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. 1750:from the original on 24 September 2020 6011:Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 3942:Lazzari, M.; Salvaneschi, P. (1999). 3060: 3058: 2930: 2928: 2331: 2329: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2126: 2124: 1094:Trackside rock slide detector on the 1063:2024 United States landslide risk map 836:, Japan caused by torrential rain of 404:agricultural or forestry activities ( 156:) and resource exploitation (such as 7: 4198:United States Geological Survey site 2079: 2077: 1914: 1912: 1809: 1807: 729:The Costa della Gaveta earthflow in 1623:Climate-change impact on landslides 3814:10.1023/B:NHAZ.0000007282.62071.75 786:Shallow and deep-seated landslides 327:changes in pore fluid composition; 25: 4259:Offshore geotechnical engineering 4149:from the original on 1 March 2011 1585:, landslides may be triggered by 1142:and other areas connected to the 4550: 4538: 4526: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4476: 4466: 4449: 4437: 4425: 4413: 4401: 4389: 4367: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4290: 3980:from the original on 2022-10-09. 3781:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2748:Laimer, Hans Jörg (2017-05-18). 1554:This section is an excerpt from 1536: 1523: 1087: 1068: 1056: 1044: 686:are placeholders. Use only one. 5965:10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.08.011 4036:Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 3546:Journal of Geophysical Research 3498:from the original on 2017-08-29 3428:from the original on 2014-02-22 3343:from the original on 2022-08-08 3220:from the original on 2021-10-12 3154:from the original on 2022-03-06 2937:Surface Processes and Landforms 2477:from the original on 2020-03-04 2368:from the original on 2021-03-30 2315:from the original on 2021-04-03 2063:from the original on 2022-03-06 1997:from the original on 2023-02-04 1793:from the original on 2020-10-04 1573:causes. In addition to shallow 1310:, New Zealand on 8 August 1979. 1252:, Soviet Union, on 10 July 1949 178:human impact on the environment 2679:10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108108 2297:Rivista Italiana di Geotecnica 1975:, at the introductory section. 1: 6067:Hazards of outdoor recreation 6040:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.02.007 4909:Mechanically stabilized earth 4111:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.036 4056:10.1016/S1367-9120(02)00080-9 3892:10.1016/S0013-7952(03)00069-3 3710:Remote Sensing of Environment 3646:10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00079-X 3329:10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.03.022 2877:"The physics of debris flows" 2309:10.19199/2017.3.0557-1405.048 1431:2011 Rio de Janeiro landslide 1395:The 2009 Peloritani Mountains 1299:, Sweden on 30 November 1977. 245:slide that killed one person. 5746:Potentially hazardous object 4661:Hydraulic conductivity tests 3112:Geophysical Research Letters 3071:Geophysical Research Letters 3019:Geophysical Research Letters 2970:Geophysical Research Letters 2935:Easterbrook, Don J. (1999). 2875:Iverson, Richard M. (1997). 2774:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.03.015 2715:Geophysical Research Letters 2631:10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.11.007 2412:10.1016/j.enggeo.2017.09.003 2265:10.1016/0013-7952(80)90009-5 2107:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.02.005 1895:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.007 1426:San Mateo County, California 1361:2006 Southern Leyte mudslide 1315:eruption of Mount St. Helens 960:Landslide prediction mapping 701:Slope material that becomes 184:) which trigger landslides. 72:San Mateo County, California 70:Animation of a landslide in 5222:Stress distribution in soil 3416:Johnson, B.F. (June 2010). 1513:Extraterrestrial landslides 1013:Sustainable land management 982:, land use/land cover, and 940:into the sea, can generate 661:Mountain slope deformation 6088: 6062:Environmental soil science 5837:Coastal sediment transport 4372:Pore pressure measurement 3688:Ingenieria e Investigación 3665:Ingenieria e Investigación 3387:10.1007/s10346-020-01442-2 3264:10.1038/s41467-018-08238-y 2209:10.1007/s10346-020-01506-3 1553: 1424:, an ongoing landslide in 1351:2005 La Conchita landslide 1269:basin in Italy, causing a 1242:, Canada, on 29 April 1903 1213: 1080:California State Route 140 963: 929: 439: 241:in Sweden, 1950. It was a 199: 32:Landslide (disambiguation) 29: 5981:10.1017/9781009157896.014 5125:Preconsolidation pressure 4520:Standard penetration test 4256: 3849:10.1007/s00254-005-1228-z 3730:10.1016/j.rse.2005.08.004 3603:10.1007/s11069-006-9061-6 3309:Computers and Geotechnics 2809:10.1007/s10346-018-1084-z 2524:10.5194/nhess-18-397-2018 2439:Earth System Science Data 2354:10.1007/s10346-014-0511-z 2153:10.1007/s10346-017-0907-7 1840:10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y 1418:, China on 8 August 2010. 862:, weathered rock, and/or 705:with water may produce a 681: 668: 657: 623:Sensitive clay flowslide 600: 597: 581: 578: 565: 526: 513: 507: 310:ground shaking caused by 108:, shallow or deep-seated 4621:California bearing ratio 4419:Rotary-pressure sounding 4250:Geotechnical engineering 4200:(archived 25 March 2002) 1674:Geotechnical engineering 1375:2007 Chittagong mudslide 1339:, due to heavy rains in 1304:1979 Abbotsford landslip 1257:magnitude 7.5 earthquake 1033:decision support systems 966:Slope stability analysis 442:Landslide classification 431:and landslide phenomena. 290:(e.g. after a wildfire); 5041:Geosynthetic clay liner 5016:Expanded clay aggregate 4636:Proctor compaction test 4577:Crosshole sonic logging 4563:Nuclear densometer test 4320:Geo-electrical sounding 3963:10.1023/A:1008187024768 3764:10.1023/A:1020835932757 2565:10.5670/oceanog.2014.39 2462:10.5194/essd-11-35-2019 1714:Urban search and rescue 1495:2024 Wayanad landslides 991:for landslide mapping. 669:Rock slope deformation 664:Soil slope deformation 96:, are several forms of 5304:Earthquake engineering 5115:Lateral earth pressure 4740:Hydraulic conductivity 4591:Wave equation analysis 4570:Exploration geophysics 4462:Deformation monitoring 4431:Rotary weight sounding 4010:Fort, Monique (2011). 1669:Earthquake engineering 1664:Deformation monitoring 1412:Zhouqu county mudslide 1281:Hope, British Columbia 1149:Landslide which moved 1123: 1107:Prehistoric landslides 1051:Global landslide risks 1024: 855: 847:Landslide of soil and 840: 806: 746: 734: 593:Sensitive clay spread 530:Rock rotational slide 451: 415:temporal variation in 386:, the removal of deep- 303:physical and chemical 246: 230: 82: 74: 63: 46: 5957:Earth-Science Reviews 4482:Settlement recordings 4407:Rock control drilling 4308:Cone penetration test 4075:BC Geographical Names 3837:Environmental Geology 3682:Cardenas, IC (2008). 3659:Cardenas, IC (2008). 3446:Campforts, B (2022). 3244:Nature Communications 3118:(11): e2020GL087581. 2881:Reviews of Geophysics 1659:California landslides 1477:2022 Ischia landslide 1402:2010 Uganda landslide 1223:1806 Goldau landslide 1210:Historical landslides 1114: 1021: 846: 831: 793: 740: 728: 574:Rock irregular slide 522:Rock flexural topple 449: 236: 211:The Mameyes Landslide 209: 80: 69: 61: 40: 6032:Journal of Hydrology 5344:Agricultural science 5046:Cellular confinement 4091:Journal of Hydrology 3567:10.1029/2002jb001997 3540:Mitchell, N (2003). 3473:10.1029/2022JF006745 3198:10.1029/2020JB019453 3184:(8): e2020JB019453. 3132:10.1029/2020GL087581 3092:10.1002/2017GL076214 3040:10.1002/2017GL075261 2991:10.1029/2018GL078030 2727:10.1002/2016GL069604 2041:10.1029/2019JF005468 2027:(5): e2019JF005468. 1740:"Landslide synonyms" 1563:Landslide mitigation 1556:Landslide mitigation 1549:Landslide mitigation 1482:2024 Gofa landslides 1464:2017 Mocoa landslide 1391:on 6 September 2008. 1389:2008 Cairo landslide 1232:on 19 September 1889 838:Tropical Storm Talas 798:. Part of a hill of 588:liquefaction spread 563:Rock compound slide 202:Causes of landslides 186:Landslide mitigation 129:submarine landslides 6013:, 38(8), 876–887. 5236:Numerical analysis 5120:Overburden pressure 5110:Pore water pressure 4890:Shoring structures 4765:Reynolds' dilatancy 4666:Water content tests 4651:Triaxial shear test 4611:Soil classification 4584:Pile integrity test 4103:2016JHyd..541..256P 4048:2002JAESc..21..295W 3884:2003EngGe..69..331O 3872:Engineering Geology 3806:2003NatHa..30..487F 3722:2005RSEnv..98..284M 3638:2002Geomo..48..349C 3595:2007NatHa..42...75C 3558:2003JGRB..108.2397M 3464:2022JGRF..12706745C 3379:2020Lands..17.2755L 3321:2019CGeot.111..301L 3256:2019NatCo..10..320R 3190:2020JGRB..12519453D 3124:2020GeoRL..4787581D 3083:2018GeoRL..45..766S 3031:2017GeoRL..4411040H 2982:2018GeoRL..45.5518H 2893:1997RvGeo..35..245I 2766:2017EngGe.222...92L 2754:Engineering Geology 2670:2022Geomo.40108108S 2623:2016EngGe.200....1D 2611:Engineering Geology 2514:2018NHESS..18..397F 2452:2019ESSD...11...35F 2404:2017EngGe.228..337F 2392:Engineering Geology 2257:1980EngGe..16...83E 2245:Engineering Geology 2200:2020Lands..17.2631R 2145:2017Lands..14.2129F 2099:2018EngGe.237....1H 2087:Engineering Geology 2033:2020JGRF..12505468S 1985:Merzdorf, Jessica. 1887:2004MGeol.213..201H 1832:2014Lands..11..167H 1694:Railway slide fence 1592:slope stabilization 1441:2014 Pune landslide 1325:Valtellina disaster 1238:, Turtle Mountain, 1225:on 2 September 1806 1203:Tsergo Ri landslide 1122:debris, Switzerland 682:Note: the words in 501:Boulder/debris/silt 476: 5818:Sediment transport 5397:list by death toll 5211:Slab stabilisation 5191:Stability analysis 4131:on 24 August 2010. 3996:2011-07-06 at the 3424:. pp. 48–55. 2941:Upper Saddle River 1385:, on 11 June 2007. 1357:causing 10 deaths. 1321:Val Pola landslide 1283:on 9 January 1965. 1216:List of landslides 1124: 1098:Sierra grade near 1025: 926:Resulting tsunamis 856: 841: 807: 794:Hotel Panorama at 747: 735: 658:Slope deformation 582:Rock slope spread 556:Gravel/sand/debris 541:Rock planar slide 511:Rock block topple 475: 452: 450:Types of landslide 322:volcanic eruptions 247: 231: 83: 75: 64: 47: 6072:Natural disasters 5945: 5944: 5857:Bed material load 5842:Fluvial processes 5784: 5783: 5761:Geomagnetic storm 5734: 5733: 5600: 5599: 5527: 5526: 5471:Soil liquefaction 5393:Natural disasters 5359: 5358: 5230: 5229: 5206:Sliding criterion 5168:Response spectrum 5084: 5083: 4914:Pressure grouting 4813: 4812: 4673: 4672: 4626:Direct shear test 4332:Permeability test 4179:978-1-78985-824-2 3527:978-1-4020-6511-8 3418:"Slippery slopes" 3373:(12): 2755–2775. 2950:978-0-13-860958-0 2943:: Prentice-Hall. 2902:10.1029/97RG00426 2721:(13): 6975–6984. 2194:(11): 2631–2641. 1944:10.3390/w11081552 1611:, rock or ground 1583:seasonal rainfall 1455:2014 Oso mudslide 1331:Thredbo landslide 1172:Lake Waikaremoana 1134:. Caused massive 1037:Val Pola disaster 1008:Natural disasters 972:land-use planning 938:volcanic collapse 890:Related phenomena 690: 689: 643:Debris avalanche 552:Rock wedge slide 536:rotational slide 480:Type of movement 316:soil liquefaction 237:The landslide at 213:, in the Mameyes 59: 41:A landslide near 16:(Redirected from 6079: 6042: 6034:, 541, 285–295. 6027: 6021: 6019:10.1002/esp.3374 6007: 6001: 5990: 5984: 5973: 5967: 5959:, 162, 227–252. 5953: 5832:Armored mud ball 5811: 5804: 5797: 5788: 5693:Tropical cyclone 5687:Tornado outbreak 5609: 5536: 5489:Pyroclastic flow 5481:Volcano eruption 5410: 5386: 5379: 5372: 5363: 5218:Bearing capacity 5105:Effective stress 5095: 4996:Land reclamation 4936:Land development 4831:Natural features 4828: 4795:Specific storage 4684: 4616:Atterberg limits 4554: 4542: 4530: 4518: 4506: 4494: 4480: 4470: 4455:Screw plate test 4453: 4441: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4371: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4276: 4243: 4236: 4229: 4220: 4183: 4182: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4007: 4001: 3988: 3982: 3981: 3979: 3957:(2–3): 185–195. 3948: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3922: 3916:. Archived from 3911: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3878:(3–4): 331–343. 3867: 3861: 3860: 3832: 3826: 3825: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3749: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3716:(2–3): 284–303. 3702: 3696: 3695: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3656: 3650: 3649: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3569: 3537: 3531: 3530: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3504: 3503: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3413: 3407: 3406: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3348: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3283: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3160: 3159: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3094: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3042: 3010: 3004: 3003: 2993: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2932: 2923: 2922: 2904: 2872: 2866: 2863: 2857: 2854: 2848: 2845: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2828: 2792: 2786: 2785: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2706: 2700: 2699: 2681: 2649: 2643: 2642: 2602: 2596: 2595: 2593: 2567: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2526: 2516: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2464: 2454: 2430: 2424: 2423: 2383: 2377: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2333: 2324: 2323: 2321: 2320: 2288: 2277: 2276: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2211: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2139:(6): 2129–2146. 2128: 2119: 2118: 2081: 2072: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2002: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1956: 1946: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1811: 1802: 1801: 1799: 1798: 1783: 1777: 1766: 1760: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1736: 1689:Natural disaster 1577:or reduction of 1540: 1527: 1337:Vargas mudslides 1288:Aberfan disaster 1230:Québec rockslide 1228:The Cap Diamant 1190:Late Pleistocene 1186:British Columbia 1118:cutting through 1091: 1072: 1060: 1048: 904:pyroclastic flow 825:slide downslope. 741:A rock slide in 616:Sand/silt/debris 608:Sand/silt/debris 515:Gravel/sand/silt 477: 425:Land degradation 219:Portugués Urbano 190:natural disaster 166:Land degradation 88:, also known as 60: 21: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6081: 6080: 6078: 6077: 6076: 6047: 6046: 6045: 6028: 6024: 6008: 6004: 6000:(pp. 439–448). 5991: 5987: 5974: 5970: 5954: 5950: 5946: 5941: 5923: 5902: 5878:Glacial outwash 5861: 5820: 5815: 5785: 5780: 5730: 5697: 5661:Cyclonic storms 5656: 5638: 5596: 5592:Limnic eruption 5568: 5542: 5523: 5511:Natural erosion 5505: 5475: 5449: 5441: 5399: 5390: 5360: 5355: 5334:Earth materials 5275: 5237: 5226: 5135: 5129: 5080: 5057: 5011:Earth structure 5006:Erosion control 4904:Ground freezing 4894:Retaining walls 4877: 4819: 4809: 4770:Angle of repose 4728: 4669: 4603: 4596: 4595: 4556:Visible bedrock 4508:Simple sounding 4496:Shear vane test 4272:instrumentation 4271: 4269: 4261: 4252: 4247: 4194: 4187: 4186: 4180: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4152: 4150: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3998:Wayback Machine 3989: 3985: 3977: 3951:Natural Hazards 3946: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3920: 3909: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3794:Natural Hazards 3791: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3747: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3583:Natural Hazards 3580: 3579: 3575: 3539: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3501: 3499: 3492:Popular Science 3486: 3485: 3481: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3429: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3360: 3359: 3355: 3346: 3344: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3223: 3221: 3171: 3170: 3166: 3157: 3155: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3064: 3063: 3056: 3025:(21): 11, 040. 3012: 3011: 3007: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2934: 2933: 2926: 2874: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2855: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2651: 2650: 2646: 2604: 2603: 2599: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2385: 2384: 2380: 2371: 2369: 2335: 2334: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2290: 2289: 2280: 2238: 2237: 2233: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2066: 2064: 2014: 2013: 2009: 2000: 1998: 1984: 1983: 1979: 1918: 1917: 1910: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1813: 1812: 1805: 1796: 1794: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1767: 1763: 1753: 1751: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1728: 1723: 1709:Slump (geology) 1704:Sector collapse 1649: 1625: 1620: 1619: 1602:Hydrogeological 1559: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1532: 1528: 1515: 1459:Oso, Washington 1246:Khait landslide 1218: 1212: 1157:Flims Rockslide 1120:Flims Rockslide 1109: 1102: 1092: 1083: 1073: 1064: 1061: 1052: 1049: 968: 962: 934: 928: 919:gully formation 892: 884:fluvial streams 788: 772: 699: 569:compound slide 457: 444: 438: 204: 198: 182:extreme weather 139:slope stability 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6085: 6083: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6049: 6048: 6044: 6043: 6022: 6002: 5985: 5968: 5947: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5933: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5852:Suspended load 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5828: 5826: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5813: 5806: 5799: 5791: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5711: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5680: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5648: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5636: 5631: 5626: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5606: 5605:Meteorological 5602: 5601: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5569: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5550: 5548: 5533: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5524: 5522: 5521: 5515: 5513: 5507: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5485: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5461:Seismic hazard 5457: 5455: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5424: 5418: 5416: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5391: 5389: 5388: 5381: 5374: 5366: 5357: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5281:Related fields 5277: 5276: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5227: 5225: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5201:Classification 5198: 5193: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5175: 5173:Seismic hazard 5170: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5139: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5101: 5099: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5078: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5050: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4887: 4885: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4825: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4800:Shear strength 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4775:Friction angle 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4681: 4675: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4656:Oedometer test 4653: 4648: 4646:Sieve analysis 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4606: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4558: 4547: 4546: 4535: 4534: 4532:Total sounding 4523: 4522: 4511: 4510: 4499: 4498: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4474: 4458: 4457: 4446: 4445: 4434: 4433: 4422: 4421: 4410: 4409: 4398: 4397: 4386: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4378: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4335: 4334: 4323: 4322: 4311: 4310: 4299: 4298: 4287: 4286: 4284: 4273: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4238: 4231: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4193: 4192:External links 4190: 4185: 4184: 4178: 4172:, IntechOpen, 4160: 4134: 4116: 4081: 4061: 4042:(3): 295–306. 4025: 4002: 3983: 3934: 3897: 3862: 3843:(7): 982–990. 3827: 3800:(3): 487–503. 3784: 3758:(2): 221–229. 3735: 3706:Metternicht, G 3697: 3674: 3651: 3632:(4): 349–364. 3616: 3573: 3532: 3526: 3508: 3479: 3438: 3422:Earth magazine 3408: 3353: 3295: 3230: 3164: 3098: 3054: 3005: 2956: 2949: 2924: 2887:(3): 245–296. 2867: 2858: 2849: 2840: 2830: 2787: 2740: 2701: 2644: 2597: 2538: 2507:(1): 397–403. 2487: 2425: 2378: 2348:(4): 657–667. 2325: 2278: 2231: 2174: 2120: 2073: 2007: 1977: 1908: 1881:(1): 201–234. 1875:Marine Geology 1861: 1826:(2): 167–194. 1803: 1778: 1761: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1616: 1605: 1599: 1579:shear strength 1560: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1546: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1522: 1514: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1492: 1479: 1474: 1461: 1452: 1438: 1435:Rio de Janeiro 1428: 1419: 1409: 1398: 1392: 1386: 1372: 1369:Southern Leyte 1358: 1348: 1334: 1328: 1318: 1311: 1300: 1293:Tuve landslide 1290: 1284: 1274: 1260: 1253: 1243: 1233: 1226: 1214:Main article: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1206: 1200: 1193: 1179: 1168: 1154: 1151:Heart Mountain 1147: 1128:Storegga Slide 1108: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1093: 1086: 1084: 1076:Ferguson Slide 1074: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1043: 993:Remote sensing 961: 958: 927: 924: 923: 922: 915: 900: 891: 888: 787: 784: 771: 768: 698: 695: 688: 687: 679: 678: 674: 673: 670: 666: 665: 662: 659: 655: 654: 650: 649: 645: 644: 640: 639: 635: 634: 630: 629: 625: 624: 620: 619: 612: 611: 605: 599: 595: 594: 590: 589: 583: 580: 576: 575: 571: 570: 564: 560: 559: 553: 549: 548: 542: 538: 537: 531: 528: 524: 523: 519: 518: 512: 509: 505: 504: 498: 492: 488: 487: 484: 481: 456: 453: 440:Main article: 437: 434: 433: 432: 413: 402: 380: 374: 364: 350: 332: 331: 328: 325: 319: 308: 301: 291: 288:soil structure 284:soil nutrients 280: 277: 266: 251:shear strength 200:Main article: 197: 194: 174:climate change 110:slope failures 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6084: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6054: 6052: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6006: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5883:Braided river 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5873:Glacial flour 5871: 5870: 5868: 5864: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5756:Meteor shower 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5641: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5625: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5582: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5554:Coastal flood 5552: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5541: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5520: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5502: 5499: 5495: 5492: 5491: 5490: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5375: 5373: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309:Geomorphology 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5272: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5233: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5153:Consolidation 5151: 5149: 5148:Frost heaving 5146: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5026:Geosynthetics 5024: 5022: 5021:Crushed stone 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4976:Cut-and-cover 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4888: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4816: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4745:Water content 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4599: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4560: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4536: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4524: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4443:Sample series 4440: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4399: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4373: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4282: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4267:Investigation 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4244: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4230: 4225: 4224: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4161: 4148: 4144: 4138: 4135: 4130: 4126: 4120: 4117: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4085: 4082: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4006: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3987: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3938: 3935: 3923:on 2017-07-13 3919: 3915: 3908: 3901: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3831: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3739: 3736: 3731: 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