365:
338:
572:, which was increasingly populated, explored and economically exploited. Much land in Central Chile was cleared with fire during this period. On the contrary, open fields in southern Chile were overgrown as indigenous populations declined due to diseases introduced by the Spanish and intermittent warfare. The loss of the cities meant Spanish settlements in Chile became increasingly rural, with the
350:
663:
The abandoned city of
Valdivia turned into an attractive site for Spain's enemies to control since it would allow them to establish a base amidst Spain's Chilean possessions. Recognizing this situation the Spanish attempted to reoccupy Valdivia in the 1630s but were thwarted by hostile Mapuches. The
528:
writes that
Mapuches killed more than 3,000 Spanish and took over 500 women as captives. Many children and Spanish clergy were also captured. Skilled artisans, renegade Spanish, and women were generally spared by the Mapuches. In the case of the women it was, in the words of González de Nájera, "to
784:
Guzmán, Carmen Luz (2013). "Las cautivas de las Siete
Ciudades: El cautiverio de mujeres hispanocriollas durante la Guerra de Arauco, en la perspectiva de cuatro cronistas (s. XVII)" [The captives of the Seven Cities: The captivity of hispanic-creole women during the Arauco's War, from the
698:, a contemporary literary chronicle (1598–1600) which describes the events surrounding the Destruction of the Seven Cities, is notable for its realistic and unvarnished commentary, and for its criticism of both Spanish and Mapuche actions.
848:
Rozas, Vicente; Le-Quesne, Carlos; Rojas-Badilla, Moisés; González, Mauro E.; González-Reyes, Álvaro (2018). "Coupled human-climate signals on the fire history of upper
Cachapoal Valley, Mediterranean Andes of Chile, since 1201 CE".
648:
The
Destruction of the Seven Cities reduced the settlements at Chiloé to an exclave, cut off from the remainder of Spanish Chile. The region, therefore, developed as an isolated and highly peripheral Spanish outpost.
548:, who were rejected by the Spanish, but accepted among the Mapuches. These women's children may have had a significant demographic impact on Mapuche society, which had been ravaged by war and epidemic disease.
962:
484:
Over the next few years, the
Mapuche were able to destroy or force the abandonment of many cities and minor settlements including all seven of the Spanish cities in Mapuche territory south of the
1421:
812:
540:
in 1641. Some
Spanish women became accustomed to Mapuche life and stayed voluntarily among the Mapuche. The Spanish understood this phenomenon as a result either of women's
1411:
1406:
51:
568:(1598) meant, for the Spaniards, the loss of their main sources of gold and indigenous labor. After those dramatic years, the colony of Chile became concentrated in
1426:
1360:
1123:
984:
551:
The capture of women during the
Destruction of the Seven Cities initiated a tradition of abductions of Spanish women in the 17th century by Mapuches.
478:
1252:
669:
967:
44:
1401:
1380:
1338:
1316:
1279:
1227:
1205:
1146:
938:
1012:
537:
37:
525:
337:
1078:
419:, determining the shape of future Colonial Spanish–Mapuche relations, e.g. by causing the development of a Spanish–Mapuche
1114:
310:
282:
1045:
1008:
665:
658:
672:
sent 1,000 men in twenty ships (and 2,000 men by land, who never made it) in 1644 to resettle
Valdivia and fortify it.
851:
113:
108:
1109:
364:
1416:
645:, literally meaning "Royal Indians" or "Kingly Indians". 300 of the initial 600 indios reyunos settled in Calbuco.
325:
183:
168:
587:
assume the role of "military capital" of Chile. This informal role was given by the establishment of the
Spanish
435:
and settlers recognised the fragility of Spanish rule in southern Chile. In 1576, Melchior Calderón wrote to the
536:
While some Spanish women were recovered in Spanish raids, others were set free only in agreements following the
320:
315:
305:
287:
260:
208:
163:
158:
93:
128:
1330:
1197:
1169:
275:
250:
198:
400:
uprising of 1598. The Destruction of the Seven Cities, in traditional historiography, marks the end of the
292:
148:
1373:
La huella del fuego: Historia de los bosques nativos. Poblamiento y cambios en el paisaje del sur de Chile
1259:
270:
218:
178:
103:
233:
188:
143:
806:
704:
265:
620:
223:
1151:
930:
860:
681:
584:
440:
439:
arguing for diminishing the number of cities in southern Chile by merging them, he proposed to merge
245:
228:
138:
133:
694:
27:
1598 destruction of seven Spanish settlements in South America by a Mapuche–Huilliche uprising
1396:
580:
569:
541:
123:
78:
1354:
1265:
Seis años de la historia de Chile: 23 de diciembre de 1598- 9 de abril de 1605: memoria histórica
1187:
876:
599:. Santiago located at some distance from the war zone remained the political capital since 1578.
565:
489:
463:
368:
A 1646 illustration of La Imperial, one of the Spanish colonial cities destroyed by the Mapuches.
203:
83:
1165:
De "La Araucana" a "Butamalón". El discurso de la conquista y el canon de la literatura chilena
1376:
1334:
1322:
1312:
1275:
1223:
1201:
934:
709:
505:
456:
401:
193:
118:
98:
980:
1236:
1191:
976:
868:
794:
685:
416:
397:
377:
153:
680:
The precarity of Spanish control over Chile in the 17th century prompted comparison to the
631:. Yanakuna loyal to the Spanish in these difficult times were rewarded with exemption from
1297:
1082:
1003:
493:
412:
173:
88:
544:
or their shame at having been abused. Women in captivity gave birth to a large number of
485:
1037:
998:
864:
1286:
1263:
1215:
641:
588:
405:
385:
342:
1306:
Historia contemporánea de Chile III. La economía: mercados empresarios y trabajadores.
17:
1390:
1308:
880:
513:
509:
436:
255:
872:
1154:. Fecha de acceso: 01 sep. 2014 doi:10.5354/0717-8883.1866.20023, pp. 212, 215-219.
636:
616:
596:
432:
477:
and Guaiquimilla, with three hundred men ambushed and killed the Spanish governor
474:
353:
1246:
1095:
356:
a key Mapuche leader in the Destruction of the Seven Cities. Image from the book
1301:
1075:
1167:. Prólogo de Gilberto Triviños. Claudio Wagner (editor). Valdivia: Anejo 17 de
798:
708:(published in 1647), challenged the prevailing Spanish tendency to view of the
632:
388:
to refer to the destruction or abandonment of seven major Spanish outposts in
61:
628:
470:
349:
592:
612:
573:
420:
389:
1110:"Chile como un "Flandes indiano" en las crónicas de los siglos VI y VII"
358:
Relación del viaje de Fray Diego de Ocaña por el Nuevo Mundo (1599-1605)
1144:
Gregorio Víctor Amunátegui. El capitán don Fernando Álvarez de Toledo.
668:. Having been told that the Dutch had plans to return to the location,
624:
545:
501:
452:
448:
393:
411:
The Destruction of the Seven Cities had a long-lasting impact on the
611:
When Valdivia and Osorno were destroyed, Spanish settlers and loyal
497:
467:
444:
363:
348:
336:
963:"La Población de Calbuco Evolución de las Cifras. Siglos XVII-XX"
1347:
Origen de las ciudades chilenas: Las fundaciones del siglo XVIII
33:
564:
The collapse of the Spanish cities in the south following the
1325:; Silva, Osvaldo; Silva, Fernando; Estelle, Patricio (1974).
1150:, , p. Pág. 204-219, marzo, 1866. ISSN 0717-8883. Disponible
29:
1349:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Santiago de Chile. p. 158.
591:
in the city which was financed by a payments of silver from
1196:(in Spanish). Vol. III (2 ed.). Santiago, Chile:
635:
labour, and formed into a militia with a salary from the
496:(1599, reoccupied in 1602 and abandoned again in 1604),
1096:
Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750
1248:
Historia general de el Reyno de Chile: Flandes Indiano
623:, the refugees were assigned to two new settlements,
1241:
Historia General del Reino de Chile, Flandes Indiano
1032:
1030:
921:
919:
917:
811:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
785:insight of four chroniclers (17th century)].
1422:Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish Empire
702:, along with the military analysis presented by
619:and Huilliches. Reaching Chacao Channel next to
45:
8:
462:The revolt was triggered by the news of the
956:
954:
952:
950:
688:, having turned into an "Indian Flanders" (
576:growing in economic and social importance.
560:Central Chile becomes the Spanish heartland
1359:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1267:, Impr. Nacional, Santiago de Chile, 1881.
345:before the Destruction of the Seven Cities
52:
38:
30:
1220:Historia de los antiguos mapuches del sur
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
981:10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2002.n6-10
1412:1600s in the Captaincy General of Chile
1407:1590s in the Captaincy General of Chile
721:
404:period and the beginning of the proper
1427:Populated places destroyed during wars
1352:
1253:Libro V La Ruina de las Siete Ciudades
804:
1293:(in Spanish). Editorial Andrés Bello.
7:
1126:from the original on 26 January 2017
968:Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales
961:Mansilla Almonacid, José D. (2002),
712:as an "epic" series of "victories".
466:on 23 December 1598, where the vice
431:Decades prior to these events, some
1243:, 3 tomos. Valparaíso 1877 - 1878.
1222:(in Spanish). Santiago: Catalonia.
506:Santa María Magdalena de Villa Rica
1291:Historia urbana del reino de Chile
529:take advantage of them" (Spanish:
25:
1147:Anales de la Universidad de Chile
1015:from the original on 1 April 2018
927:Enciclopedia regional del Bío Bío
666:briefly occupied Valdivia in 1643
494:Santa María la Blanca de Valdivia
382:Destrucción de las siete ciudades
825:Salazar & Pinto 2002, p. 15.
1038:"Valdivia colonial (1552–1820)"
873:10.1016/j.gloplacha.2018.05.013
615:marched south, evading hostile
520:Death toll and fate of captives
481:and nearly all his companions.
374:Destruction of the Seven Cities
676:Spanish reflections on the war
1:
1115:Revista Chilena de Literatura
684:, with Chile, in the view of
639:. Thus, they became known as
1046:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
1009:Biblioteca Nacional de Chile
659:Dutch expedition to Valdivia
479:Martín García Óñez de Loyola
384:) is a term used in Chilean
1345:Lorenzo, Santiago (1986) .
1274:, Editorial Universitaria,
852:Global and Planetary Change
670:the Spanish viceroy in Peru
392:around 1600, caused by the
1443:
1272:Atlas de Historia de Chile
799:10.15691/07176864.2014.094
656:
653:Dutch interest in Valdivia
498:San Andrés de Los Infantes
1402:Battles of the Arauco War
1193:Historia General de Chile
1108:Baraibar, Alvaro (2013).
1065:Bengoa 2003, pp. 450–451.
746:Bengoa 2003, pp. 320–321.
737:Barros Arana 2000, p. 178
526:Alonso González de Nájera
69:
581:Spanish-Mapuche frontier
524:Contemporary chronicler
1331:Editorial Universitaria
1198:Editorial Universitaria
607:, Carelmapu and Calbuco
579:The establishment of a
1163:Eduardo Barraza Jara.
801:(inactive 2024-09-13).
413:history of the Mapuche
381:
369:
361:
346:
300:18th century conflicts
18:Mapuche Revolt of 1598
911:Lorenzo 1986, p. 159.
902:Lorenzo 1986, p. 158.
787:Intus-Legere Historia
538:Parliament of Quillín
531:aprovecharse de ellas
514:San Felipe de Araucan
473:and his lieutenants,
367:
352:
340:
1371:Otero, Luis (2006).
1170:Estudios Filológicos
1085:at coloniavoyage.com
999:"Castro (1567-1834)"
933:. 2006. p. 44.
838:. 1974, pp. 160-165.
1375:. Pehuén Editores.
1287:Guarda OSB, Gabriel
1260:Crescente Errázuriz
1188:Barros Arana, Diego
1098:, 1998, pages 88-92
865:2018GPC...167..137R
510:San Mateo de Osorno
341:Settlements of the
1323:Villalobos, Sergio
1081:2016-03-03 at the
1076:The Dutch in Chili
893:Otero 2006, p. 25.
728:Guarda 1978, p. 41
705:La guerra de Chile
583:in the south made
566:battle of Curalaba
490:Santa Cruz de Coya
464:Battle of Curalaba
459:into another one.
370:
362:
347:
1417:Huilliche history
1327:Historia De Chile
710:conquest of Chile
682:Eighty Year's War
334:
333:
16:(Redirected from
1434:
1364:
1358:
1350:
1298:Salazar, Gabriel
1294:
1237:Diego de Rosales
1233:
1211:
1174:
1161:
1155:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1105:
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1092:
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1066:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1034:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
995:
989:
988:
983:, archived from
958:
945:
944:
923:
912:
909:
903:
900:
894:
891:
885:
884:
845:
839:
832:
826:
823:
817:
816:
810:
802:
781:
760:
753:
747:
744:
738:
735:
729:
726:
686:Diego de Rosales
427:Course of events
417:history of Chile
64:
54:
47:
40:
31:
21:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1387:
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1351:
1344:
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1230:
1214:
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1158:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1107:
1106:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1083:Wayback Machine
1073:
1069:
1064:
1060:
1050:
1048:
1042:Memoria Chilena
1036:
1035:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1004:Memoria Chilena
997:
996:
992:
960:
959:
948:
941:
931:Pehuén Editores
925:
924:
915:
910:
906:
901:
897:
892:
888:
847:
846:
842:
833:
829:
824:
820:
803:
783:
782:
763:
754:
750:
745:
741:
736:
732:
727:
723:
718:
690:Flandes indiano
678:
661:
655:
609:
562:
557:
522:
429:
406:colonial period
335:
330:
297:
261:Las Cangrejeras
65:
60:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1440:
1438:
1430:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1366:
1365:
1342:
1320:
1295:
1283:
1269:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1234:
1228:
1212:
1206:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:, 2004, p.204.
1156:
1137:
1118:(in Spanish).
1100:
1087:
1067:
1058:
1044:(in Spanish).
1026:
1007:(in Spanish).
990:
975:(6): 125–134,
971:(in Spanish),
946:
939:
929:(in Spanish).
913:
904:
895:
886:
840:
827:
818:
789:(in Spanish).
761:
748:
739:
730:
720:
719:
717:
714:
700:Purén indómito
695:Purén indómito
677:
674:
657:Main article:
654:
651:
642:Indios reyunos
608:
605:Indios reyunos
601:
589:Army of Arauco
561:
558:
556:
553:
542:weak character
521:
518:
428:
425:
390:southern Chile
386:historiography
343:Conquistadores
332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
302:
301:
296:
295:
290:
285:
280:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
241:
237:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
179:3rd Concepción
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
116:
114:2nd Concepción
111:
109:1st Concepción
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
74:
70:
67:
66:
59:
57:
56:
49:
42:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1439:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1382:
1381:956-16-0409-4
1378:
1374:
1370:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1339:956-11-1163-2
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1321:
1318:
1317:956-282-172-2
1314:
1310:
1309:LOM Ediciones
1307:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1280:956-11-1776-2
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1229:956-8303-02-2
1225:
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1217:
1213:
1209:
1207:956-11-1535-2
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:
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1148:
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1125:
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1117:
1116:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:Kris E. Lane
1091:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:
1074:Robbert Kock
1071:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1051:September 30,
1047:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1000:
994:
991:
987:on 2013-12-31
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
969:
964:
957:
955:
953:
951:
947:
942:
940:956-16-0404-3
936:
932:
928:
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920:
918:
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905:
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896:
890:
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862:
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837:
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808:
800:
796:
792:
788:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
762:
759:1974, p. 109.
758:
752:
749:
743:
740:
734:
731:
725:
722:
715:
713:
711:
707:
706:
701:
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691:
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683:
675:
673:
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667:
660:
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646:
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626:
622:
618:
614:
606:
602:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
570:Central Chile
567:
559:
554:
552:
549:
547:
543:
539:
534:
532:
527:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
476:
472:
469:
465:
460:
458:
454:
451:into one and
450:
446:
442:
438:
437:king of Spain
434:
433:conquistadors
426:
424:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
366:
359:
355:
351:
344:
339:
327:
326:1792 uprising
324:
322:
321:1769 uprising
319:
317:
316:1766 uprising
314:
312:
311:2nd Río Bueno
309:
307:
306:1723 uprising
304:
303:
299:
298:
294:
291:
289:
288:1655 uprising
286:
284:
283:1st Río Bueno
281:
279:
278:
274:
272:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
256:Defensive War
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
243:
239:
238:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
209:1598 uprising
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
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187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
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167:
165:
162:
160:
159:1562 uprising
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
137:
135:
132:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
110:
107:
105:
102:
100:
97:
95:
94:1553 uprising
92:
90:
87:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
72:
71:
68:
63:
55:
50:
48:
43:
41:
36:
35:
32:
19:
1372:
1367:
1346:
1329:(14th ed.).
1326:
1305:
1302:Pinto, Julio
1290:
1271:
1264:
1247:
1240:
1219:
1216:Bengoa, José
1192:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1145:
1140:
1128:. Retrieved
1119:
1113:
1103:
1090:
1070:
1061:
1049:. Retrieved
1041:
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486:Biobío River
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271:La Albarrada
240:17th century
214:Seven Cities
213:
73:16th century
859:: 137–147.
834:Villalobos
755:Villalobos
502:La Imperial
453:La Imperial
293:Curanilahue
219:La Imperial
194:2nd Catirai
184:Reinohuelén
164:1st Catirai
1397:Arauco War
1391:Categories
1130:30 January
716:References
633:encomienda
585:Concepción
457:Villarrica
441:Concepción
234:Villarrica
139:Millarapue
134:Lagunillas
62:Arauco War
1355:cite book
1190:(2000) .
881:133777432
629:Carelmapu
555:Aftermath
475:Anganamón
471:Pelantaru
398:Huilliche
354:Anganamón
251:2nd Purén
199:1st Purén
189:Tolmillán
144:Cayucupil
124:Mataquito
104:Marihueñu
79:Quilacura
1304:(2002).
1289:(1978).
1218:(2003).
1152:en línea
1124:Archived
1079:Archived
1019:31 March
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