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214:, known as "The Liberator from Puerto Rico", dreamed of creating a unified Latin America, including Puerto Rico and Cuba. Barbudo was inspired by Bolívar; she supported the idea of independence for the island and learned that Bolívar hoped to establish an American-style federation among all the newly independent republics of Latin America. He also wanted to promote individual rights. She befriended and wrote to many Venezuelan revolutionists, among them José María Rojas, with whom she regularly corresponded. She also received magazines and newspapers from Venezuela which upheld the ideals of Bolívar.
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242:, since the island did not have a prison for women. Among the evidence which the Spanish authorities presented against her was a letter dated October 1, 1824, from Rojas in which he told her that the Venezuelan rebels had lost their principal contact with the Puerto Rican independence movement in the Danish island of Saint Thomas and therefore the secret communication which existed between the Venezuelan rebels and the leaders of the Puerto Rican independence movement was in danger of being discovered.
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171:. The benefits of being the daughter of a military officer was that she could afford to obtain an education and to buy books. She was one of the few women in the island who learned to read because at the time, the only people who had access to libraries and who could afford books were either appointed Spanish government officials or wealthy landowners. The poor depended on oral story telling, in what are traditionally known in Puerto Rico as
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262:, which were sympathetic to Bolívar's ideals. When asked if she recognized the correspondence, she answered in the affirmative and refused to answer any more questions. The government also presented as evidence various anti-monarchy propaganda pamphlets to be distributed throughout the island. Barbudo was found guilty.
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As a young woman, Barbudo founded a sewing goods store in San Juan, specialising in the sale of buttons, threads and clothes. She eventually became successful as a personal loan provider. She dealt commercially with Joaquín Power y Morgan, an immigrant who came to Puerto Rico as a representative of
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Governor de la Torre consulted with the prosecutor
Francisco Marcos Santaella as to what should be done with Barbudo. Santaella suggested that she be exiled from Puerto Rico and sent to Cuba. On October 23, 1824, de la Torre ordered that Barbudo be held under house arrest at the Castillo de San
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were suspicious of the correspondence between
Barbudo and the Venezuelan rebel factions. Secret agents of the Spanish Government intercepted some of her mail, delivering it to Governor de la Torre. He ordered an investigation and had her mail confiscated. The Government believed that the
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Cristóbal under the custody of
Captain Pedro de Loyzaga. The following day Barbudo wrote to the governor, asking to be able to arrange her financial and her personal obligations before being exiled to Cuba. The Governor denied her request and on October 28 she was placed aboard the ship
207:. She had a liberal mind and as such would often hold meetings with intellectuals in her house. They discussed the political, social and economic situation of Puerto Rico and the Spanish Empire in general, and proposed solutions to improve the well-being of the people.
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On
October 22, 1824, Barbudo appeared at a hearing before a magistrate. The Government presented as evidence against her various letters which included five letters from Rojas, two issues of the newspaper
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322:"María de las Mercedes Barbudo: Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico, 1773–1849"; by: Raquel Rosario Rivera; Publisher: R. Rosario Rivera; 1. ed edition (1997);
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Governor Miguel de la Torre ordered her arrest on the charge that she planned to overthrow the
Spanish Government in Puerto Rico. Barbudo was held without bail at the
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In Cuba, she was held in an institution in which women accused of various crimes were housed. With the help of revolutionary factions, Barbudo escaped and went to
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correspondence served as propaganda of the Bolívarian ideals and that it would also serve to motivate Puerto Ricans to seek their independence.
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Barbudo never married nor had any children and did not return to Puerto Rico. She died on
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next to Simón Bolívar. Interment in the cathedral was an honor usually reserved only for the church hierarchy and the very rich.
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María de las
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where she met Bolívar. Barbudo established a close relationship with the members of Bolívar's cabinet which included
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Barbudo moved in prominent circles, which included notable citizens such as
Captain
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Latin
American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence
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131:(1773 – February 17, 1849) was a Puerto Rican political activist, the first woman
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Well educated, Barbudo became interested in politics and social activism.
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19th
Century female leaders of the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
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in Venezuela where her friend José María Rojas met her. They went to
752:"Camino sin retorno, el destierro de María de las Mercedes Barbudo"
637:"Mercedes – La primera Independentista Puertorriquena" (in Spanish)
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Antonio Valero de Bernabé: El Puertorriqueño Libertador de América
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San Juan National Historic Site "Castillo (Fort) de San Cristóbal"
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Camino sin retorno, el destierro de María de las Mercedes Barbudo
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702:, 5:3 (November 2007), pp. 171–182. Accessed November 29, 2008.
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Natalia de Cuba, "Puerto Rico's first female Freedom Fighter"
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Articles related to the Puerto Rican Independence Movement
678:. Elnuevodia.com (May 29, 2011). Retrieved on 2011-06-20.
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mother, Belén Coronado. Her father was an officer in the
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in the island, and a "Freedom Fighter". At the time, the
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the Compañía de Asiento de Negros, which regulated the
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The Spanish authorities in Puerto Rico under Governor
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Female members of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party
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Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s
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765:], Sagrado University, Retrieved on June 20, 2011.
309:In 1996, a documentary was made about her titled
33: and the second or maternal family name is
1599:Imprisoned Puerto Rican independence activists
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714:. Angelfire.com. Retrieved on June 20, 2011.
669:"Mercedes, siglo y medio después" (Spanish)
646:. 80grados.net. Retrieved on June 20, 2011.
572:. March 13, 2011. Retrieved March 20, 2012.
139:had ties with the Venezuelan rebels led by
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250:; two copies of the newspaper
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960:María de las Mercedes Barbudo
627:, Retrieved on June 20, 2011.
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163:father, Domingo Barbudo, and
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56:The first Puerto Rican woman
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260:El Colombiano
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1368:Hiram Rosado
1338:René Marqués
1318:Irvin Flores
1283:Rosa Collazo
1218:Puerto Rican
1168:Pedro Pietri
1005:Manuel Rojas
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920:(Macheteros)
826:Agüeybaná II
763:Arteycultura
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111:Puerto Rican
90:(1849-02-17)
57:
34:
30:
23:Spanish name
18:
1574:1849 deaths
1569:1773 births
1208:Iris Zavala
1193:Piri Thomas
1113:Juan Dalmau
821:Agüeybaná I
273:El Marinero
190:slave trade
147:Early years
107:Nationality
78:Puerto Rico
1563:Categories
543:References
1098:Roy Brown
1061:activists
284:La Guaira
252:El Cometa
100:Venezuela
1547:Claridad
755:Archived
736:Archived
692:Archived
672:Archived
640:Archived
617:Archived
594:Archived
563:Archived
370:See also
177:Décimas.
157:San Juan
117:Movement
74:San Juan
35:Coronado
21:In this
1518:Symbols
1464:Gag Law
846:Urayoán
841:Jumacao
831:Arasibo
600:(PDF),
288:Caracas
161:Spanish
96:Caracas
31:Barbudo
27:surname
1427:Events
836:Hayuya
362:
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173:Coplas
1539:Media
698:, in
360:ISBN
346:ISBN
335:ISBN
324:ISBN
258:and
175:and
85:Died
70:1773
67:Born
29:is
1565::
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1466:(
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37:.
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