175:. The Garland Encyclopedia of Music says, "Fundamental to much of the musical mix (of Graceland) was the influence of the African-American jazz, introduced into South Africa by transnational record-distribution networks in the 1920s. Most South African jazz musicians could not read scores, so they developed their own jazz flavor, mixing American swing with African melodies. The dynamic blend of african-american structure and African style became the basis for early South African township jazz known as marabi."
155:, arguably the most distinctive form of South African music. This has continued to influence South African music since then, from the jazz performers of the post-war years to the more populist township forms of the 1980s and onwards. With the infusion of more traditional influences, marabi has lost much of its link to the style's jazz roots and is now part of the African music culture as opposed to South African Jazz.
118:, with roots deep in the African tradition. Early marabi musicians were part of an underground musical culture and were typically not recorded. Indeed, as with early jazz in the US, the music incurred the displeasure of the establishment. Nonetheless, as with early jazz, the lilting melodies and catchy rhythms of marabi found their way into the sounds of popular dance bands with a distinctively South African style.
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The most famous of marabi's venues were the shebeens, and the weekend-long slumyard parties. For almost everyone outside ghetto life, however, marabi and its subculture were shunned. Associated with illegality, police raids, sex and a desperately impoverished working class, marabi was thought of as a
132:
Marabi is characterised by a few simple chords repeated in varying vamping patterns that could go on for a long time; repetitive harmonic patterns being typical of traditional
African musics. This was the case so people could dance for extended periods of time without having to know the songs well.
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148:. The beginnings of broadcast radio intended for black listeners and the growth of an indigenous recording industry helped propel such sounds to immense popularity from the 1930s onward.
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were sold), and to get them dancing. "Shebeens" resemble the
American speakeasies of the prohibition era where American Jazz was very popular.
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The early part of the century saw the increasing urbanisation of black South
Africans in mining centres such as the gold mining area around
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Such bands produced the first generation of professional black musicians in South Africa. Over the years, marabi developed into early
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95:. This led to the development of township slums or ghettos, and out of this hardship came forth new forms of music, marabi and
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corrupting menace and for this reason, it is no surprise that no early marabi musicians were recorded.
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People were able to pick up the feel and rhythm of the song after a few times through the progression.
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One of the most notable musical pieces that contain a hint of Marabi is Paul Simon's 1986 epic,
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A reflection of this music can be heard in the music of such Cape Jazz performers as
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style (often using cheap pedal organs) that had a musical link to
American
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The sound of marabi was intended to draw people into local bars or "
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Soweto Blues: Jazz, Popular Music, and
Politics in South Africa
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is a style of music and dance form that evolved and emerged in
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301:"The development of Music in South Africa timeline 1600-2004"
221:
Nightsong: Performance, Power, and
Practice in South Africa
162:
style in the 1940s, best known for the international hit "
332:
Post-Apartheid Dance Many Bodies Many Voices Many
Stories
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The synthesis of
American jazz with marabi produced the
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Marabi Nights: Early South
African Jazz and Vaudeville
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213:"The melody of freedom: A reflection on music"
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417:Garland Encyclopedia of World Music: Vol. 1
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1100:
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477:
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18:
261:
16:South African musical style and genre
7:
330:Friedman, Sharon (16 January 2013).
281:from the original on 28 October 2021
211:Gwangwa, Jonas; van Aurich, Fulco.
14:
2477:Album covers of Blue Note Records
311:from the original on 19 June 2023
2525:
102:Marabi was the name given to a
1857:Institutions and organizations
197:Ballantine, Christopher John,
1:
2552:South African styles of music
1554:Cool jazz and West Coast jazz
363:"South African Music: Marabi"
336:Cambridge Scholars Publishing
125:" (where illicit drinks like
84:between the 1890s and 1920s.
305:South African History Online
250:South African Music: Marabi
226:University of Chicago Press
2593:
2521:
1883:See Template: Jazz theory
507:
390:Ballantine, Christopher.
419:. New York: Garland Pub.
34:South African folk music
271:"African Popular Music"
1049:Sudanese popular music
269:Collins, John (2002).
218:Veit, Elrmann (1996).
2572:African popular music
501:African popular music
275:University of Alberta
201:, Ravan Press, 1993.
2271:Bibliography of jazz
2051:Continental European
415:Stone, Ruth (1998).
394:. Grove Music Online
2512:Straight, No Chaser
2301:Straight-ahead jazz
1758:Winter & Winter
1207:French horn in jazz
669:African heavy metal
2456:West African music
2281:British dance band
2071:European free jazz
2044:British dance band
1537:Musicians by genre
1317:Free improvisation
2539:
2538:
2412:New Orleans blues
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1776:Beaches (Toronto)
1187:Swing performance
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207:978-0-86975-439-9
193:. pp. 15–20.
75:
74:
27:Stylistic origins
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2296:Continental jazz
2189:Washington, D.C.
2154:
2056:Czech and Slovak
1914:
1698:India Navigation
1396:Progressive jazz
1250:Avant-garde jazz
1124:
1117:
1110:
1101:
1034:Shangaan Electro
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486:
479:
470:
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452:. Archived from
448:Johnson, Keith.
440:
430:Randall Abrahams
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365:. Archived from
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334:(2nd ed.).
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146:Abdullah Ibrahim
99:amongst others.
66:Derivative forms
58:Cultural origins
19:
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2583:
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2532:Jazz portal
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2517:
2498:The Jazz Singer
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2444:Novelty ragtime
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2198:
2152:
2119:
2010:
1955:
1910:Regional scenes
1905:
1840:
1762:
1688:Groove Merchant
1678:Flying Dutchman
1626:
1588:
1532:
1454:
1386:Orchestral jazz
1366:Mainstream jazz
1354:Afro-Cuban jazz
1236:
1145:Outline of jazz
1133:
1128:
1098:
1093:
1079:Zimbabwean jazz
960:Muziki wa dansi
823:Burger-highlife
783:Congolese rumba
637:Nigerian reggae
524:African hip hop
503:
497:
459:
457:
456:on 8 March 2012
447:
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434:Spinning Around
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307:. 26 May 2023.
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179:Further reading
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17:
12:
11:
5:
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2567:1920s in music
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2562:1890s in music
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2505:Round Midnight
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1493:Percussionists
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1416:Spiritual jazz
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1138:General topics
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632:African reggae
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596:Hip hop galsen
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338:. p. 83.
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245:
244:External links
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185:Ansell, Gwen.
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2184:New York City
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2108:Flamenco jazz
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512:African blues
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369:on 2015-05-19
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93:Witwatersrand
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20:
2523:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2492:(miniseries)
2489:
2481:
2451:Sophisti-pop
1943:
1881:
1872:Jazz royalty
1862:Jazz funeral
1658:Contemporary
1549:Chamber jazz
1503:Saxophonists
1473:Clarinetists
1445:Third stream
1370:
1282:Chamber jazz
1182:Scat singing
1007:Santé engagé
950:Moroccan pop
914:
865:Kadongo Kamu
845:Isicathamiya
788:Coupé-décalé
647:Zimdancehall
517:desert blues
458:. Retrieved
454:the original
433:
425:
416:
396:. Retrieved
371:. Retrieved
367:the original
331:
325:
313:. Retrieved
304:
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283:. Retrieved
274:
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131:
120:
101:
89:Johannesburg
86:
82:South Africa
77:
76:
2577:Dance music
2557:Jazz genres
2434:Quiet storm
2397:Contradanza
2179:New Orleans
2174:Kansas City
1977:Jazz mugham
1972:Azerbaijani
1896:Second line
1891:Rare groove
1877:Jazz theory
1867:Jazz poetry
1852:Contrafacts
1836:Saint Lucia
1816:New Orleans
1748:Strata-East
1723:MPS Records
1653:Cobblestone
1574:Smooth jazz
1564:Jazz fusion
1508:Trombonists
1421:Sacred jazz
1406:Smooth jazz
1339:Jazz fusion
1222:Jazz violin
1202:Jazz guitar
1177:Jam session
1150:Jazz (word)
696:Ambasse bey
613:Zenji flava
608:Bongo Flava
315:24 December
224:. Chicago:
160:tsaba-tsaba
61:1890s–1920s
2546:Categories
2419:Brass band
2407:Jump blues
2251:Ethno jazz
2214:Australian
2194:West Coast
1951:Zimbabwean
1791:Copenhagen
1713:Mainstream
1523:Violinists
1513:Trumpeters
1483:Guitarists
1391:Organ trio
1376:Modal jazz
1349:Latin jazz
1329:Gypsy jazz
1227:Vocal jazz
1212:Jazz piano
1074:Ziglibithy
920:Marrabenta
905:Mahraganat
768:Chimurenga
625:Zimbabwean
591:Senegalese
499:Genres of
398:2011-05-03
373:2010-05-17
256:References
189:. London:
2387:Acid jazz
2244:Worldwide
2230:Brazilian
2027:Bulgarian
1989:Indo jazz
1939:Cape jazz
1826:North Sea
1781:Cape Town
1768:Festivals
1743:Riverside
1718:Milestone
1643:Blue Note
1638:Bethlehem
1622:post-1950
1594:Standards
1579:Soul jazz
1528:Vocalists
1488:Organists
1460:Musicians
1450:Trad jazz
1411:Soul jazz
1334:Jazz-funk
1322:Punk jazz
1312:Free funk
1307:Free jazz
1302:Folk jazz
1292:Dixieland
1287:Cool jazz
1277:Cape jazz
1192:Jazz bass
1155:Jazz band
1064:Wassoulou
980:Palm-wine
870:Kidandali
778:Coladeira
746:Cape jazz
731:Bend-skin
721:Bantowbol
681:Afro-soul
664:Afro-rock
659:Afrobeats
603:Tanzanian
576:Mauritian
191:Continuum
172:Graceland
2392:Afrobeat
2306:Pre-1920
2291:Jazz Age
2207:Oceanian
2157:American
2131:Canadian
2015:European
2006:Japanese
1967:Armenian
1929:Malawian
1924:Ethiopia
1811:Montreux
1806:Montreal
1801:Monterey
1738:Prestige
1708:Landmark
1693:Impulse!
1673:ESP-Disk
1602:Pre-1920
1559:Hard bop
1498:Pianists
1478:Drummers
1468:Bassists
1401:Ska jazz
1344:Jazz rap
1270:Post-bop
1260:Hard bop
1160:Big band
965:Ndombolo
955:Motswako
935:Mbaqanga
818:Highlife
793:Edo Funk
761:Moroccan
756:Algerian
716:Bajourou
691:Amapiano
654:Afrobeat
620:Togolese
586:Nigerien
581:Nigerian
571:Moroccan
566:Malawian
539:Ghanaian
529:Algerian
450:"Marabi"
392:"Marabi"
309:Archived
285:18 April
279:Archived
164:Skokiaan
153:mbaqanga
127:skokiaan
123:shebeens
104:keyboard
70:Mbaqanga
2439:Ragtime
2424:Exotica
2380:Related
2286:Ragtime
2264:History
2169:Chicago
2136:Haitian
2115:Swedish
2103:Spanish
2086:Italian
2039:British
2034:Belgian
2001:Iranian
1917:African
1845:Culture
1821:Newport
1796:Jakarta
1786:Chicago
1683:Freedom
1381:Nu jazz
1265:Neo-bop
1089:Zouglou
1084:Zoblazo
1059:Tabanka
1044:Soukous
1039:Singeli
990:Raï'n'B
975:Odi Pop
910:Makossa
900:Madiaba
875:Kizomba
840:Hiplife
741:Bikutsi
726:Batuque
674:Zamrock
544:Ivorian
534:Gambian
112:ragtime
44:ragtime
2091:Polish
2081:German
2076:French
2061:Danish
2022:Balkan
1984:Indian
1944:Marabi
1901:Venues
1428:Stride
1371:Marabi
1361:M-Base
1242:Genres
1054:Taarab
1029:Shaabi
1017:Seggae
1002:Salegy
997:Sakara
930:Mbalax
925:Maloya
915:Marabi
895:Logobi
885:Kwaito
880:Kuduro
803:Funaná
751:Chaabi
711:Azonto
706:Assiko
642:Seggae
554:Boomba
549:Kenyan
342:
232:
205:
91:- the
78:Marabi
22:Marabi
2470:Media
2429:Plugg
2402:Blues
2356:2010s
2351:2000s
2346:1990s
2341:1980s
2336:1970s
2331:1960s
2326:1950s
2321:1940s
2316:1930s
2311:1920s
2276:Blues
2146:Cuban
2066:Dutch
1994:Sitar
1960:Asian
1753:Verve
1617:1940s
1612:1930s
1607:1920s
1584:Swing
1544:Bebop
1433:Swing
1255:Bebop
1069:Zaley
1024:Semba
970:Njuup
945:Morna
940:Mbube
890:Kwela
850:Jaiva
835:Hipco
808:Gnawa
736:Benga
701:Apala
559:Genge
460:1 May
438:p. 15
116:blues
97:kwela
49:blues
2490:Jazz
2483:Bird
2371:2022
2366:2021
2361:2020
2096:Yass
1831:Pori
1733:Muse
1569:Scat
1170:Jazz
1131:Jazz
1012:Sega
860:Jùjú
813:Gqom
798:Fuji
773:Colá
686:Alté
462:2011
340:ISBN
317:2023
287:2024
230:ISBN
203:ISBN
114:and
108:jazz
39:jazz
1728:MPS
1703:JMT
1668:ECM
1663:CTI
1648:BYG
985:Raï
855:Jit
166:".
144:or
2548::
436:,
432:,
407:^
382:^
354:^
303:.
277:.
273:.
228:.
110:,
1123:e
1116:t
1109:v
492:e
485:t
478:v
464:.
401:.
376:.
348:.
319:.
289:.
238:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.