283:
57:
393:
140:
190:
163:
376:
in Sicily, holding the office until 206. There, he commanded a fleet, received troops from defeated
Italian armies, and was tasked with guarding the grain supply. During this time, he actively promoted agriculture in Sicily, re-establishing cereal farming. In 209, he was able to send supplies to Rome
325:
As it was necessary for at least one consul to preside over the election of their successors, Laevinus returned from Sicily to Rome to conduct the consular elections for 209. The Senate likely sent for him instead of
Marcellus as he had conquered Sicily by that time, whereas Marcellus' battle against
307:
Whilst
Laevinus was in Rome, he was confronted with a lack of public funds and the distressing state of the public treasury after years of war. In response to this, the consuls demanded that the citizens supply funds to the treasury to finance the conscription of oarsmen. The citizens, however, stood
316:
imitated their example, raised enough funds for the oarsmen, and the consuls sailed to their respective provinces. Nevertheless, after his consulship, Laevinus proposed that senators be refunded for this donation in three stages. Only the first two, however, were repaid as the third instalment came
158:
in 216, Philip sent ambassadors to
Hannibal's camp in Italy to negotiate an alliance against Rome. On their journey back to Macedon, the emissaries were captured by P. Valerius Flaccus, commander of the Roman fleet patrolling the southern Apulian coast. A letter from Hannibal to Philip, as well as
293:
Livy describes both
Laevinus and Marcellus as "fond of war... over-enterprising and impetuous", and states that they would have most likely allowed the war against Carthage and Macedonia to continue—which, indeed, they did. Their election was plagued with controversy, as Marcellus was accused by
253:
to the Romans in revenge for the demotion. According to Livy, Laevinus treated the city's leading citizens brutally to make an example of them. Shortly after, he received voluntary surrenders from forty
Sicilian towns, and captured another twenty-six by betrayal or force, thus ending the war in
170:
Laevinus, who was stationed at
Brundisium, was given command of two legions and a fleet of fifty-five ships. With these, he was tasked with guarding the Italian Adriatic coast and monitoring Philip's movements. If they were hostile, Laevinus was to cross the Adriatic and keep Philip confined to
202:
Preoccupied by the ongoing conflict with
Hannibal and the Carthaginians, Rome was unable to send a force large enough to effectively deal with the Macedonian threat. Instead, they decided to form an alliance with one of Macedonia's long-term enemies in Greece, the
433:
Although born 150 years after the events of
Laevinus' life, Livy's account of the Second Punic War provides the most detailed narrative of Laevinus' career. One must, however, be wary of Livy's pro-Roman bias, which tends to emphasise Roman victory and virtue.
311:
Due to the severity of the situation, Livy records that
Laevinus instead proposed to the senators that they themselves should be the ones to shoulder these costs. The senators eventually agreed, donating many of their precious metals. The
500:
282:
298:
of committing acts of brutality in Sicily. Although he was found not guilty, the Senate swapped the commands of the consuls, sending Marcellus to fight Hannibal and placing Laevinus in charge of Sicily.
249:. At the time, an officer of the Carthaginian army on Sicily called Mutines, a Liby-Phoenician rather than a pure-blooded Carthaginian, had been replaced as commander of the Numidian cavalry. He betrayed
222:, which successfully concluded in the autumn of 211. The provisions of the treaty were generous to the Aetolians, but they were expected to do the bulk of the fighting, with Rome supplying naval support.
329:
In Rome, Laevinus received information about a Carthaginian plan for the recovery of Sicily, and desired to return there as quickly as possible. In response, the Senate asked him to name a
154:
Rome's preoccupation with war against Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of Macedon to extend his power westward. Following the Carthaginian victory over Rome at
151:, Laevinus commanded the Roman fleet off the Adriatic coast during the First Macedonian War, which occurred contemporaneously with the Second Punic War against Carthage.
349:
575:
403:
In 205, following his recall to Italy the year before, it appears that Laevinus was involved in the Roman embassy tasked with transporting the sacred stone of
456:
There is no modern historical work which solely discusses Laevinus, but he appears in narratives and analyses of the Punic Wars. These include Dexter Hoyos's
1028:
400:
Sources which chronicle Laevinus’ later career are scarce. However, from what survives it is possible to construct a brief overview of his final years.
182:, the Macedonians feared him so much they burned their boats to avoid facing his ships again. Laevinus also relieved the siege of Apollonia and saved
1154:
1215:
345:
340:
Laevinus had forbidden the praetor from bringing a motion to the people for the appointment of a dictator, but as he was no longer in Italy, the
1238:
680:
644:
585:
738:
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628:
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1021:
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308:
vehemently against this, since the same measures had been implemented in 214 with little success, and the Senate withdrew the plan.
1233:
1211:
1183:
1072:
1064:
1040:
1005:
993:
948:
912:
279:, with M. Claudius Marcellus (IV) as his colleague. P. Sulpicius took over his duties in the east, and Laevinus withdrew to Rome.
1190:
1143:
1248:
1179:
476:
1164:
1132:
1253:
174:
Throughout 214, Laevinus’ forces provided aid to several Roman allies under Macedonian threat. He successfully recaptured
56:
106:
868:
1201:
246:
65:
83:
41:
1263:
1268:
384:
Laevinus also occasionally led his fleet to Africa for raids and to battle against Carthaginian fleets.
1168:
1136:
469:
438:
425:
Following this, it appears that Laevinus was dispatched to Greece in 200, and he died later that year.
1052:
692:
668:
656:
640:
337:, but the Senate refused since he was not in Italy. Frustrated, Laevinus returned secretly to Sicily.
450:
422:
had negotiated with the Carthaginians. His proposal passed, but Scipio's terms were later ratified.
178:
from the Macedonians by conducting an attack at night, thereby ambushing Philip's army. According to
134:
31:
110:
392:
602:
94:
73:
333:
to conduct the elections in his absence. Laevinus nominated his cousin M. Valerius Messala, his
90:
in 220. His consulship, however, was annulled, likely due to accusations of a faulty election.
581:
412:
69:
1258:
419:
353:
295:
155:
139:
27:
614:
272:
211:
1194:
1147:
330:
36:
189:
166:
Coin of Philip V of Macedon, whom Laevinus fought against in the First Macedonian War.
1227:
121:
who had invaded Italy. Valerius was thereby tasked with monitoring activities on the
171:
Macedon, so as to prevent him from providing any assistance to Hannibal in Italy.
162:
122:
45:
105:, Laevinus was appointed to act as a deterrent to any potential advance from the
556:
381:
states that he ensured a significant part of the grain supply for the future.
48:, Laevinus played an integral role in the containment of the Macedonian threat.
482:(1951–1960) provides an overview of the political offices which Laevinus held.
102:
373:
250:
226:
215:
437:
Other ancient accounts which refer to Laevinus include those of Polybius,
442:
378:
368:
268:
230:
219:
118:
114:
408:
341:
204:
183:
79:
466:
State, Society, and Popular Leaders in Mid-Republican Rome, 241–167 BC
159:
the terms of their agreement, was discovered, much to Rome's dismay.
962:
State, Society, and Popular Leaders in Mid-Republican Rome, 241-267BC
446:
404:
175:
143:
The Mediterranean during 218 BC, showing Italy, Carthage, and Greece.
125:, through which he assumed command over the bulk of the Roman fleet.
98:
87:
23:
16:
Roman general and statesman, Second Punic War, First Macedonian War
281:
234:
161:
55:
245:
In late 211, Laevinus was sent to Sicily as governor in place of
210:
In 212 BC, Laevinus was sent to begin negotiations with both the
193:
Map depicting Macedon in orange, and the Aetolian League in grey.
179:
44:
family believed to have migrated to Rome under the Sabine king
225:
Following the agreement, Laevinus wasted no time; he captured
64:
Laevinus was the son of P. Valerius Laevinus, and grandson of
574:
Briscoe, John (2012). "Valerius (RE 211) Laevinus, Marcus".
60:
Map showing Apulia, where Laevinus was stationed in 215 BC.
411:
back to the capital, in response to a consultation of the
93:
In 215, during the Second Punic War, Laevinus was elected
418:
In 203, Laevnius urged the Senate to set aside the peace
275:, Laevinus received news that he had been elected consul
289:
by Jacopo Ripanda, depicting Rome's conquest of Sicily.
727:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 155.
712:. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 325.
68:. The latter may have been the consul of 280 BC whom
532:. American Philological Association. p. 277.
26:and commander who rose to prominence during the
22:(c. 260 BC – 200 BC) was a Roman
8:
366:After his consulship, Laevinus was granted
303:Senatorial donations to the public treasury
1121:
317:at another time of economic instability.
391:
188:
138:
491:
267:The following spring, whilst besieging
982:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 69.
610:
600:
86:in 227. M. Laevinus was first elected
973:
971:
882:
880:
530:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic
528:Broughton, T. Robert S. (1951–1960).
462:Rome and the Mediterranean 209–146 BC
113:, who had allied his forces with the
7:
725:Rome and the Mediterranean 290-146BC
569:
567:
565:
523:
521:
97:with command of the Roman forces in
258:210 BC consulship and proconsulship
14:
1212:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus
1184:Gnaeus Fulvius Centumalus Maximus
480:Magistrates of the Roman Republic
964:. London: Routledge. p. 27.
1180:Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus
229:, and the Arcananian cities of
1133:Publius Cornelius Scipio Asina
464:(2012), Rachel Feig Vishnia's
321:The consular elections for 209
233:and Nasos before wintering on
1:
960:Feig Vishnia, Rachel (1996).
710:A Companion to the Punic Wars
1239:3rd-century BC Roman consuls
499:Elvers, Karl-Ludwig (2006).
460:(2011), Nathan Rosenstein's
723:Rosenstein, Nathan (2012).
580:. Oxford University Press.
458:Companion to the Punic Wars
348:was elected dictator, with
287:Triumph of Rome over Sicily
52:Background and early career
1285:
780:Rome and the Mediterranean
473:Roman Politics, 220–150 BC
132:
1244:Roman governors of Sicily
1208:
1202:Marcus Claudius Marcellus
1188:
1176:
1161:
1141:
1129:
1124:
980:Roman Politics, 220-150BC
344:ignored his order. Thus,
326:Hannibal was still rife.
1234:Ancient Roman patricians
1165:Quintus Lutatius Catulus
477:T. Robert S. Broughton's
20:Marcus Valerius Laevinus
1216:Quintus Fulvius Flaccus
1155:Quintus Mucius Scaevola
978:Scullard, H.H. (1973).
1249:Ancient Roman generals
708:Hoyos, Dexter (2011).
505:Brill Online Reference
397:
290:
241:Governorship of Sicily
194:
167:
144:
61:
1169:Lucius Veturius Philo
1137:Marcus Minucius Rufus
429:Discussion of sources
395:
285:
247:M. Claudius Marcellus
192:
165:
142:
59:
1254:First Macedonian War
577:M. Valerius Laevinus
135:First Macedonian War
129:First Macedonian War
66:P. Valerius Laevinus
32:First Macedonian War
420:P. Cornelius Scipio
350:P. Licinius Crassus
198:The Aetolian League
1125:Political offices
398:
346:Q. Fulvius Flaccus
335:praefectus classis
291:
195:
168:
149:praetor peregrinus
145:
95:praetor peregrinus
62:
34:. A member of the
30:and corresponding
1222:
1221:
1209:Succeeded by
1162:Succeeded by
865:Life of Marcellus
587:978-0-19-954556-8
396:Statue of Cybele.
70:Pyrrhus of Epirus
1276:
1177:Preceded by
1130:Preceded by
1122:
1116:
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1103:
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354:magister equitum
28:Second Punic War
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470:H.H. Scullard's
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413:Sybilline Books
390:
364:
323:
305:
273:Gulf of Corinth
265:
260:
243:
212:Aetolian League
200:
137:
131:
101:. Stationed in
54:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1282:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1264:260s BC births
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1226:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1195:Roman Republic
1187:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1167:(suffect) and
1163:
1160:
1148:Roman Republic
1140:
1131:
1127:
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1118:
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1113:Roman Politics
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1080:
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133:Main article:
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119:Hannibal Barca
53:
50:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1281:
1270:
1269:200 BC deaths
1267:
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986:
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719:
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531:
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444:
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428:
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421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
401:
394:
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385:
382:
380:
375:
371:
370:
362:Proconsulship
361:
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25:
21:
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907:
895:
887:
864:
859:
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
779:
778:Rosenstein.
774:
766:
761:
745:
733:
724:
718:
709:
703:
687:
675:
663:
651:
643:; Eutropius
635:
623:
591:. Retrieved
576:
551:
546:. p.190-191.
543:
538:
529:
510:15 September
508:. Retrieved
504:
494:
479:
472:
468:(1996), and
465:
461:
457:
455:
436:
432:
424:
417:
402:
399:
388:Later career
383:
367:
365:
356:
339:
334:
328:
324:
313:
310:
306:
292:
286:
276:
266:
244:
224:
209:
201:
173:
169:
153:
148:
146:
123:Adriatic Sea
115:Carthaginian
92:
78:
72:defeated at
63:
37:gens Valeria
35:
19:
18:
767:Punic Wars.
755:24.20.12-16
542:Broughton.
277:in absentia
1228:Categories
1111:Scullard.
1065:27.8.13-19
1010:27.8.13-19
1006:27.7.12-16
994:27.5.17-19
888:Punic Wars
863:Plutarch,
829:26.40.9-12
751:23.38.8-12
739:24.40.1-17
501:"Valerius"
296:Syracusans
263:Consulship
251:Agrigentum
107:Macedonian
103:Brundisium
1171:(suffect)
1089:29.11.1-8
1026:In Verrem
1024:; Cicero
937:29.16.1-3
901:26.35.2-4
841:26.26.1-4
817:26.40.3-8
639:Polybius
613:ignored (
603:cite book
593:26 August
439:Eutropius
374:proconsul
227:Zakynthos
216:Attalus I
205:Aetolians
46:T. Tatius
42:patrician
40:, an old
1077:28.10.16
1073:28.4.5-7
949:27.5.3-5
925:26.35-36
913:27.5.3-5
890:. p.380.
873:26.30-31
853:26.26.11
782:. p.155.
769:p.235-6.
697:23.33-34
555:Solinus
475:(1973).
443:Plutarch
379:Polybius
369:imperium
342:tribunes
331:dictator
269:Anticyra
254:Sicily.
231:Oeniadae
220:Pergamum
184:Tarentum
117:general
111:Philip V
74:Heraclea
1259:Valerii
1206:210 BC
1193:of the
1159:220 BC
1146:of the
1115:. p.78.
1101:30.23.5
1069:27.29.7
1053:9.27.11
1051:Polyb.
1041:27.8.18
1029:2.3.125
886:Hoyos.
871:; Livy
805:26.40.1
765:Hoyos.
695:; Livy
691:Polyb.
667:Polyb.
655:Polyb.
629:23.24.4
486:Sources
451:Solinus
409:Phrygia
314:equites
271:in the
235:Corcyra
80:Praetor
1191:Consul
1144:Consul
681:3.12.3
679:Eutr.
645:3.12.3
584:
449:, and
447:Cicero
405:Cybele
176:Oricum
156:Cannae
109:king,
99:Apulia
88:consul
84:Sicily
24:consul
1200:with
1153:with
1099:Livy
1087:Livy
1063:Livy
1039:Livy
1022:26.40
1020:Livy
1004:Livy
992:Livy
947:Livy
935:Livy
923:Livy
911:Livy
899:Livy
851:Livy
839:Livy
827:Livy
815:Livy
803:Livy
793:26.24
791:Livy
749:Livy
737:Livy
669:8.1.6
657:7.9.1
641:8.1.6
627:Livy
407:from
372:as a
1214:and
1182:and
1135:and
615:help
595:2017
582:ISBN
512:2017
377:and
214:and
180:Livy
693:7.9
557:5.1
544:MRR
415:.
352:as
218:of
207:.
147:As
82:of
76:.
1230::
1075:;
1071:;
1067:;
1008:;
970:^
879:^
869:23
867:,
753:;
607::
605:}}
601:{{
564:^
559:;
520:^
503:.
453:.
445:,
441:,
237:.
186:.
617:)
597:.
514:.
357:.
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