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blow toward the town at sunrise, if they bring with them mists from marshes and, mingled with the mist, the poisonous breath of the creatures of the marshes to be wafted into the bodies of the inhabitants, they will make the site unhealthy. Again, if the town is on the coast with southern or western exposure, it will not be healthy, because in summer the southern sky grows hot at sunrise and is fiery at noon, while a western exposure grows warm after sunrise, is hot at noon, and at evening all aglow.
1011:; and the design and use of machines in construction and warfare. He further divides building into public and private. Public building includes city planning, public security structures such as walls, gates and towers; the convenient placing of public facilities such as theatres, forums and markets, baths, roads and pavings; and the construction and position of shrines and temples for religious use. Later books are devoted to the understanding, design and construction of each of these.
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1105:. This is the only location in the work where Vitruvius specifically addresses his personal breadth of knowledge. Similar to a modern reference section, the author's position as one who is knowledgeable and educated is established. The topics range across many fields of expertise reflecting that in Roman times as today construction is a diverse field. Vitruvius is clearly a well-read man.
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the physicians who had the care of them; and he regulated the expenses relative thereto. He had the charge of providing carriages, bathhouses and the proper tools for sawing and cutting wood, digging trenches, raising parapets, sinking wells and bringing water into the camp. He likewise had the care of furnishing the troops with wood and straw, as well as the rams,
1055:
fingers and toes. It is not alone by a circle, that the human body is thus circumscribed, as may be seen by placing it within a square. For measuring from the feet to the crown of the head, and then across the arms fully extended, we find the latter measure equal to the former; so that lines at right angles to each other, enclosing the figure, will form a square.
2066:
1921:(a general who was appointed in the late 1st century AD to administer the many aqueducts of Rome), writing a century later, gives much more detail of the practical problems involved in their construction and maintenance. Surely Vitruvius' book would have been of great assistance in this. Vitruvius was writing in the 1st century BC when many of the finest
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In addition to providing his qualification, Vitruvius summarizes a recurring theme throughout the 10 books, a non-trivial and core contribution of his treatise beyond simply being a construction book. Vitruvius makes the point that the work of some of the most talented is unknown, while many of those
732:
For fortified towns the following general principles are to be observed. First comes the choice of a very healthy site. Such a site will be high, neither misty nor frosty, and in a climate neither hot nor cold, but temperate; further, without marshes in the neighbourhood. For when the morning breezes
991:
2. Wherefore the mere practical architect is not able to assign sufficient reasons for the forms he adopts; and the theoretic architect also fails, grasping the shadow instead of the substance. He who is theoretic as well as practical, is therefore doubly armed; able not only to prove the propriety
579:
The
Prefect of the camp, though inferior in rank to the , had a post of no small importance. The position of the camp, the direction of the entrenchments, the inspection of the tents or huts of the soldiers and the baggage were comprehended in his province. His authority extended over the sick, and
1054:
3. Just so the parts of
Temples should correspond with each other, and with the whole. The navel is naturally placed in the centre of the human body, and, if in a man lying with his face upward, and his hands and feet extended, from his navel as the centre, a circle be described, it will touch his
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1. Architecture is a science arising out of many other sciences, and adorned with much and varied learning; by the help of which a judgment is formed of those works which are the result of other arts. Practice and theory are its parents. Practice is the frequent and continued contemplation of the
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mode of executing any given work, or of the mere operation of the hands, for the conversion of the material in the best and readiest way. Theory is the result of that reasoning which demonstrates and explains that the material wrought has been so converted as to answer the end proposed.
913:. According to Vitruvius, architecture is an imitation of nature. As birds and bees built their nests, so humans constructed housing from natural materials, that gave them shelter against the elements. When perfecting this art of building, the Greeks invented the architectural orders:
1112:
Vitruvius illustrates this point by naming what he considers the most talented individuals in history. Implicitly challenging the reader that they have never heard of some of these people, Vitruvius goes on and predicts that some of these individuals will be forgotten and their works
353:). The first known Latin printed edition was by Fra Giovanni Sulpitius in Rome in 1486. Translations followed in Italian, French, English, German, Spanish, and several other languages. Though any original illustrations have been lost, the first illustrated edition was published in
1960:
Vitruvius is cited as one of the earliest sources to connect lead mining and manufacture, its use in drinking water pipes, and its adverse effects on health. For this reason, he recommended the use of clay pipes and masonry channels in the provision of piped drinking-water.
590:
and all the other engines of war under his direction. This post was always conferred on an officer of great skill, experience and long service, and who consequently was capable of instructing others in those branches of the profession in which he had distinguished
1972:
while relaxing in his bath. Having been asked to investigate the suspected adulteration of the gold used to make a crown, Archimedes realised that the crown's volume could be measured exactly by its displacement of water, and ran into the street with the cry
2053:. They were essential in all building operations, but especially in aqueduct construction, where a uniform gradient was important to the provision of a regular supply of water without damage to the walls of the channel. He also developed one of the first
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Vitruvius is the first Roman architect to have written surviving records of his field. He himself cites older but less complete works. He was less an original thinker or creative intellect than a codifier of existing architectural practice.
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796:
was written by one author or is a compilation completed by subsequent librarians and copyists, remains an open question. The date of his death is unknown, which suggests that he had enjoyed only a little popularity during his lifetime.
768:(to give the building its Italian name) has disappeared so completely that its very site is a matter of conjecture, although various attempts have been made to visualise it. The early Christian practice of converting Roman
807:, ranks Vitruvius as one of the 12 persons whom he supposes to have excelled all men in the force of genius and invention; and might have given him first place if it was clear that he had set down his own discoveries.
852:
on architecture, dedicated to the emperor
Augustus. In the preface of Book I, Vitruvius dedicates his writings to giving personal knowledge of the quality of buildings to the emperor. Likely Vitruvius is referring to
1998:
in
Chapter X (without mentioning Archimedes by name). It was a device widely used for raising water to irrigate fields and drain mines. Other lifting machines he mentions include the endless chain of buckets and the
274:
Little is known about
Vitruvius' life, but by his own description he served as an artilleryman, the third class of arms in the Roman military offices. He probably served as a senior officer of artillery in charge of
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1109:
of lesser talent but greater political position are famous. This theme runs through
Vitruvius's ten books repeatedly – echoing an implicit prediction that he and his works will also be forgotten.
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practised a wide variety of disciplines; in modern terms they would also be described as landscape architects, civil engineers, military engineers, structural engineers, surveyors, artists, and
401:
writes of "Vitruvius Polio aliique auctores"; this can be read as "Vitruvius Polio, and others" or, less likely, as "Vitruvius, Polio, and others". An inscription in Verona, which names a
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However, we know there was a significant body of writing about architecture in Greek, where "architects habitually wrote books about their work", including two we know of about the
693:
Mainly known for his writings, Vitruvius was himself an architect. In Roman times architecture was a broader subject than at present including the modern fields of architecture,
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1937:
is described in detail, together with the problems of high pressures developed in the pipe at the base of the siphon, a practical problem with which he seems to be acquainted.
538:
The locations where he served can be reconstructed from, for example, descriptions of the building methods of various "foreign tribes". Although he describes places throughout
5890:
1583:, temples, theatres, triumphal arches and their reliefs and statues offered visual examples of the descriptions in the Vitruvian text. Printed and illustrated editions of
633:
in 52 BC. The women and children of the encircled city were evicted to conserve food, and then starved to death between the opposing walls of the defenders and besiegers.
1889:. As a practising engineer, Vitruvius must be speaking from personal experience rather than simply describing the works of others. He also describes the construction of
381:
and earlier architects are known to have studied the work of
Vitruvius, and consequently it has had a significant impact on the architecture of many European countries.
810:
James
Anderson's "The Constitutions of the Free-Masons" (1734), reprinted by Benjamin Franklin, describes Vitruvius as "the Father of all true Architects to this Day."
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925:. It gave them a sense of proportion, culminating in understanding the proportions of the greatest work of art: the human body. This led Vitruvius in defining his
896:, Vitruvius "has recorded a most elaborate set of rules taken from Greek authors, who must have compiled them gradually in the course of the preceding centuries".
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933:: the human body inscribed in the circle and the square (the fundamental geometric patterns of the cosmic order). In this book series, Vitruvius also wrote about
619:
commented that "the Romans did not conquer by valour nor in the field, but by a kind of art and skill in assault, with which they themselves were unacquainted."
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was well-known and widely copied in the Middle Ages and survives in many dozens of manuscripts, though in 1414 it was "rediscovered" by the
Florentine humanist
37:
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He describes the many innovations made in building design to improve the living conditions of the inhabitants. Foremost among them is the development of the
1046:, an illustration of the human body inscribed in the circle and the square derived from a passage about geometry and human proportions in Vitruvius' writings
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Books VIII, IX and X form the basis of much of what we know about Roman technology, now augmented by archaeological studies of extant remains, such as the
1635:
4521:
1503:). Although built after Vitruvius' death, its excellent state of preservation makes it of great importance to those interested in Vitruvian architecture
567:
To place the role of
Vitruvius the military engineer in context, a description of "The Prefect of the camp" or army engineer is quoted here as given by
492:
under Caesar with the otherwise poorly identified Marcus Aurelius, Publius Minidius, and Gnaeus Cornelius. These names vary depending on the edition of
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He goes on to say that the architect should be versed in drawing, geometry, optics (lighting), history, philosophy, music, theatre, medicine, and law.
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Description of the First Discoveries of the Ancient City of Heraclea, Found Near Portici A Country Palace Belonging to the King of the Two Sicilies
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2555:"Classical Sources, Greek and Roman Esthetics Reading: The Grand Tour Reader; Vitruvius Background: Life of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (c. 90–20 BC)"
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1550:, 1543) and Spanish and several other languages. The original illustrations had been lost and the first illustrated edition was published in
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3563:& Christiane Brodersen: Cetius Faventinus. Das römische Eigenheim / De architectura privata, Latin and German. Wiesbaden: Marix 2015,
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That he must have been well practised in surveying is shown by his descriptions of surveying instruments, especially the water level or
498:. Publius Minidius is also written as Publius Numidicus and Publius Numidius, speculated as the same Publius Numisius inscribed on the
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224:. As the only treatise on architecture to survive from antiquity, it has been regarded since the Renaissance as the first book on
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3372:. Translated by Morgan, Morris Hicky. Illustrations prepared by Herbert Langford Warren. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
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Nichols, Marden Fitzpatrick. 2017".Author and Audience in Vitruvius’ De Architectura". Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
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to adjust the ventilation. Although he does not suggest it himself, it is likely that his dewatering devices such as the
1570:'s commentary on Vitruvius, published in Italian and Latin versions. The most famous illustration is probably Da Vinci's
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1542:). The first known Latin printed edition was by Fra Giovanni Sulpitius in Rome, 1486. Translations followed in Italian (
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placement in theaters. The only building, however, that we know Vitruvius to have worked on is one he tells us about, a
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combined. Etymologically the word architect derives from Greek words meaning 'master' and 'builder'. The first of the
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Studien zur Geschichte der Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften – Festschrift für den Arabisten Paul Kunitzsch zum 70,
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The work is important for its descriptions of the many different machines used for engineering structures such as
397:. His full name is sometimes given as "Marcus Vitruvius Pollio", but both the first and last names are uncertain.
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957:(reconstruction). However, many of the other things he did would not now be considered the realm of architecture
857:'s campaign of public repairs and improvements. This work is the only surviving major book on architecture from
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744:: probably the role for which he was most widely respected in Roman times. He is often credited as father of
427:) were from the same family; or were even the same individual. Neither association, however, is borne out by
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787:, sponsored Vitruvius, entitling him with what may have been a pension to guarantee financial independence.
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Little is known about Vitruvius' life. Most inferences about him are extracted from his only surviving work
3761:
at the Perseus Classics Collection. Latin and English text. Latin text has hyperlinks to pop-up dictionary.
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In the introduction to book seven, Vitruvius goes to great lengths to present why he is qualified to write
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König, Alice. 2009. "From Architect to Imperator: Vitruvius and his Addressee in the De Architectura". In
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2057:, consisting of a wheel of known circumference that dropped a pebble into a container on every rotation.
1117:, while other, less deserving political characters of history will be forever remembered with pageantry.
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consider him the first of their discipline, a specialization previously known as technical architecture.
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1946:
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3656:. Edited by Liba Chaia Taub and Aude Doody, 31–52. Trier, Germany: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier.
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216:) was a Roman architect and engineer during the 1st century BC, known for his multi-volume work titled
2003:. Remains of the water wheels used for lifting water were discovered when old mines were re-opened at
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construction includes the way they are surveyed, and the careful choice of materials needed, although
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Leonardo da Vincis Vitruvian man as an algorithm for the approximation of the squaring of the circle
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909:– that is, stability, utility, and beauty. These are sometimes termed the Vitruvian virtues or the
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3677:. Edited by Roger B. Ulrich and Caroline K. Quenemoen, 412–425. Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell.
2849:"Vitruvius Basilica in Fano, Italy, journey through the virtual space of the reconstructed memory"
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The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences
2602:"Works that pre-date 1900 – Firmness, Commodity, and Delight – The University of Chicago Library"
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232:. It is not clear to what extent his contemporaries regarded his book as original or important.
33:
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De Angelis, Francesco. 2015. "Greek and Roman Specialized Writing on Art and Architecture". In
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1003:), Vitruvius divides architecture into three branches, namely; building; the construction of
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In his work describing the construction of military installations, he also commented on the
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257:. His discussion of perfect proportion in architecture and the human body led to the famous
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2724:. Translated by Morgan, Morris Hicky. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
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where hot air developed by a fire was channelled under the floor and inside the walls of
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Moore, Richard E. M. (January 1968). "A Newly Observed Stratum in Roman Floor Mosaics".
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disc set into the roof under a circular aperture which could be raised or lowered by a
2122:. He also advises on using a type of regulator to control the heat in the hot rooms, a
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were used in the larger baths to lift water to header tanks at the top of the larger
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In Book III, Chapter 1, Paragraph 3, Vitruvius writes about the proportions of man:
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In Book I, Chapter 1, titled The Education of the Architect, Vitruvius instructs...
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It was upon these writings that Renaissance engineers, architects and artists like
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Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries
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1905:) as an experiment to demonstrate the nature of atmospheric air movements (wind).
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Vitruvius described the human figure as being the principal source of proportion.
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and himself a noted architect of great houses, bridges, court houses and prisons.
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2175:– 18th century work on Danish architecture – inspired by Vitruvius Britannicus.
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digital scans in high resolution of 73 editions of Vitruvius from 1497 to 1909
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Hodge, Trevor, A. (October 1981). "Vitruvius, Lead Pipes and Lead Poisoning".
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728:– the idea that unhealthy air from wetlands was the cause of illness, saying:
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Likely born a free Roman citizen, by his own account Vitruvius served in the
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used for a wide variety of different structures, as well as such details as
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in relation to housing architecture and how to choose locations for cities.
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This article is about the Roman architect. For the lunar impact crater, see
3705:. By Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, 144–210. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
1562:
illustrations based on descriptions in the text. Later in the 16th-century
760:
completed in 19 BC. It was built at Fanum Fortunae, now the modern town of
2708:. Carnegie Mellon University, Computer Science Department. Retrieved 2008.
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3737:
3698:. By Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, 38–61. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
2929:
The Constitutions of the Free-Masons (1734). An Online Electronic Edition
2054:
1890:
1875:
1832:
1610:
1368:
1364:
1342:
1322:
1318:
1261:
1160:
1144:
1088:
1084:
950:
756:
612:
549:
511:
448:
434:
289:
68:
3701:
Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. 2008. "Vitruvius: Building Roman Identity". In
2692:
2065:
5648:
5643:
5633:
5598:
5593:
5583:
5528:
5513:
5330:
5325:
5310:
5280:
5235:
5215:
5195:
5150:
4882:
4737:
4516:
4324:
4319:
4209:
3862:
3823:
2424:
Krinsky, Carol Herselle (1967). "Seventy-Eight Vitruvius Manuscripts".
1926:
1815:
1704:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1594:
1559:
1454:
1281:
1265:
1249:
1245:
1168:
1083:
The drawing itself is often used as an implied symbol of the essential
1060:
1004:
967:
934:
459:
status group (a branch of the Roman civil service). He is mentioned in
416:
408:
362:
3868:
3831:
High resolution images of works by Vitruvius in .jpg and .tiff format.
3479:
2782:
New Scientist Careers Guide: The Employer Contacts Book for Scientists
2516:
2445:
2100:. He gives explicit instructions how to design such buildings so that
861:. According to Petri Liukkonen, this text "influenced deeply from the
832:
531:. It is speculated that Vitruvius served with Caesar's chief engineer
54:
5658:
5538:
5468:
5408:
5403:
5370:
5130:
5115:
5065:
5045:
4467:
4344:
4239:
3790:
2127:
2123:
2074:
1950:
1871:
1551:
1458:
1380:
1285:
1200:
1124:
646:
600:
472:
354:
3849:
3838:
2201:
has been named after Vitruvius and also an elongated lunar mountain
253:("strength", "utility", and "beauty"), principles reflected in much
3733:
3694:
Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. 1994. "The Articulation of the House". In
3661:
Gender, Domesticity and the Age of Augustus: Inventing Private Life
3471:
2863:"Vitruvius' basilica at Fano: the drawings of a lost building from
2662:
Vitruvius mentions Massilia several times, and the siege itself in
2508:
2437:
1527:(1404–1472) publicised it in his seminal treatise on architecture,
5443:
5165:
4892:
4184:
3086:
Vincenzo Scamozzi and the Chorography of Early Modern Architecture
2167:– 18th century work on British architecture named after Vitruvius.
2142:. The one which was used in Bath of Caracalla for grinding flour.
2097:
2064:
2016:
1985:
1634:
1148:
1032:
1018:
944:
849:
831:
750:
596:
528:
306:
2541:
published by R. Baldwin, translated by Wickes Skurray, 1750. p62
479:
refers to "Vitruvius the architect" in his late 1st-century work
5653:
5220:
5160:
4742:
4118:
3649:. Edited by Clemente Marconi, 41–69. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2307:
954:
761:
553:
3872:
2932:(25 ed.). Faculty Publications, UNL Libraries. p. 25.
2330:
A History of Architectural Theory from Vitruvius to the Present
4214:
3553:
B. Baldwin, "The Date, Identity, and Career of Vitruvius". In
544:, he does not say he was present. His service likely included
38:
List of The Lego Movie (franchise) characters § Vitruvius
3054:
Folkrets, M., and Lorch, R., (Editors), "Sic itur ad astra",
164:
1029:
by Vitruvius; illustrated edition by Cesare Cesariano (1521)
740:
mentions Vitruvius in connection with the standard sizes of
3680:
Sear, Frank B. 1990. "Vitruvius and Roman Theater Design".
3673:
Rowland, Ingrid D. 2014. "Vitruvius and His Influence". In
3647:
The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture
3128:
Leonardo da Vinci Spirits of Invention. A Search for Traces
2578:
Flavius Vegetius Renatus (390 BC). John Clarke (tr. 1767).
2343:
The Oxford handbook of Greek and Roman art and architecture
974:
deals with many subjects which are now within the scope of
949:
Vitruvius designed and supervised the construction of this
235:
He states that all buildings should have three attributes:
173:
170:
2838:
but with link to English translation, accessed August 2008
1609:
to lift the large stones for the dome of the cathedral in
3302:"LacusCurtius • Vitruvius de Architectura — Liber Primus"
2943:
2941:
2939:
1806:
Thomas Gordon Smith, The Monacelli Press (5 January 2004)
992:
of his design, but equally so to carry it into execution.
595:
At various locations described by Vitruvius, battles and
152:
3021:
3019:
3017:
1835:
in France. The other major source of information is the
783:
In later years the emperor Augustus, through his sister
3753:
online: cross-linked Latin text and English translation
2947:
Vitruvius, Pollio (transl. Morris Hicky Morgan, 1960),
1964:
Vitruvius is the source for the anecdote that credits
1925:
were built, and survive to this day, such as those at
1546:, 1521), French (Jean Martin, 1547), English, German (
1515:
was "rediscovered" in 1414 by the Florentine humanist
865:
onwards artists, thinkers, and architects, among them
338:
published it in his seminal treatise on architecture,
3356:, Architectura website. Retrieved on 18 January 2020.
3099:"LacusCurtius • Vitruvius on Architecture — Book III"
2876:. vol. XXXIV, part 5/W12, pp. 121–126. Archived from
2406:, "The Imperial Roman Army", Routledge, p. 49, 2000,
2212:(DQI) tool for buildings uses Vitruvius's principles.
2073:
under the floor of a Roman villa. The part under the
905:
that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of
185:
176:
3799:(Morris Hicky Morgan translation with illustrations)
167:
161:
158:
149:
5677:
5571:
5384:
4976:
4969:
4891:
4803:
4708:
4583:
4535:
4413:
4363:
4302:
4293:
4175:
4127:
4047:
3964:
3925:
3466:(4). Archaeological Institute of America: 486–491.
3027:"LacusCurtius • Vitruvius on Architecture — Book I"
2482:
Ricerche sulla storia e sul diritto publico di Roma
1777:
Bill Thayer transcription of the Gwilt 1826 Edition
877:(1475–1564)." The next major book on architecture,
415:have been suggested as evidence that Vitruvius and
155:
122:
97:
89:
75:
45:
3659:Milnor, Kristina L. 2005. "Other Men's Wives". In
611:The siege and massacre of the 40,000 residents at
3654:Authorial Voices in Greco-Roman Technical Writing
2503:(1). Archaeological Institute of America: 57–68.
2318:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). pp. 150–151.
1619:as well as surviving Roman monuments such as the
599:occurred. He is the only source for the siege of
365:illustrations based on descriptions in the text.
59:A 1684 depiction of Vitruvius (right) presenting
3839:Werner Oechslin Library, Einsiedeln, Switzerland
3336:http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~wulfric/vitruve/
3326:http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~wulfric/vitruve/
2851:. GISdevelopment.net last accessed 3 August 2008
2625:Mary Corbin Sies and Christopher Silver (1996).
2390:
2388:
2332:(New York, Princeton Architectural Press: 1994).
1023:"Vitruvian Man", illustration in the edition of
682:that fits the same sequence of locations is the
3071:Galison, Peter, and Thompson, Emily (Editors),
2975:, p. 169, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art
2426:Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes
1052:
989:
983:
772:(public buildings) into cathedrals implies the
730:
437:), nor by the little that is known of Mamurra.
3815:– a learning resource from the British Library
3782:An Abridgment of the Architecture of Vitruvius
3638:Clarke, Georgia. 2002. "Vitruvian Paradigms".
2776:Reed Business Information (21 November 1974).
899:Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his book
3884:
3696:Houses and Society in Pompeii and Herculaneum
2181:– 20th century work on civil architecture by
1095:Lists of names given in Book VII Introduction
8:
3500:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2628:Planning the twentieth-century American city
2345:. Marconi, Clemente, 1966–. New York. 2015.
1672:(in Latin). Strasbourg: Georg Messerschmidt.
1579:The surviving ruins of Roman antiquity, the
1087:of the human body, and by extension, of the
309:. It is possible that Vitruvius served with
228:, as well as a major source on the canon of
3541:Vitruvius: Writing the Body of Architecture
3412:. Cambridge University Press. p. 352.
1836:
1730:Danielle Barbaro, includes illustration by
1639:
1614:
1584:
1528:
1508:
1100:
1024:
900:
791:
539:
493:
464:
428:
390:
339:
321:
248:
242:
236:
217:
128:
60:
5891:Classical antiquarian architecture writers
4973:
4299:
3931:
3891:
3877:
3869:
3217:"Architectura – Les livres d'Architecture"
2373:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2019:. The Rio Tinto wheel is now shown in the
283:who actually operated the machines. As an
53:
42:
3824:Discussion of the inventions of Vitruvius
3387:. Harvard University Press. p. 368.
3004:"Vitruvius The Ten Books On Architecture"
2907:Mathematical and Philosophical Dictionary
3354:Books on architecture by Claude Perrault
3202:Architectura – Les livres d'Architecture
2674:
2672:
2298:
2296:
2190:(1794–1838), the son of Irish architect
1814:
1490:
1476:
776:may be incorporated into the Romanesque
3173:"CPSA Palladio's Literary Predecessors"
2581:The Military Institutions of the Romans
2292:
2104:is maximised, so that for example, the
1703:Bill Thayer, transcription of the 1912
573:The Military Institutions of the Romans
3493:
3410:Vitruvius: 'Ten Books on Architecture'
2812:
2802:
2468:Vitruvian Man: Rome under Construction
2366:
2042:which he compares favourably with the
1661:(in Latin). Venezia: Cristoforo Pensi.
1605:, for example, invented a new type of
603:in 56 BC. Of the battlegrounds of the
509:he specialized in the construction of
471:(Natural History), in the heading for
287:he specialized in the construction of
3667:, 94–139. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2023:, and the Dolaucothi specimen in the
1990:Design for an Archimedean water-screw
644:These are all sieges of large Gallic
197:
7:
3640:Papers of the British School at Rome
3437:. The Monacelli Press. p. 224.
3058:Harrassowitz Verlag, 2000, p.563 ff.
2394:De Arch. Book 1, preface. section 2.
1296:List of writers on laws of symmetry:
5906:Military personnel of Julius Caesar
2990:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2784:. Reed Business Information: 552–.
2685:Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi)
2559:An Epitome of Book III of Vitruvius
1432:List of greatest temple architects:
440:Vitruvius was a military engineer (
36:. For the fictional character, see
3543:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004.
2847:Fausto Pugnaloni and Paolo Clini.
1874:, as well as war machines such as
1499:(from an 18th-century painting by
1484:as depicted in an engraving after
907:firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis
670:of 47 BC (modern Turkey), and the
25:
3819:Animation: The Odometer of Vitruv
3675:A Companion to Roman Architecture
1994:He describes the construction of
1783:, with illustrations prepared by
1210:On divergence of the visual rays:
5871:Ancient Roman military engineers
3765:Palladio's Literary Predecessors
3741:
1392:List of writers on architecture:
836:Roman house plan after Vitruvius
748:for describing the technique of
666:in 48 BC (Hellas – Greece), the
145:
5911:Roman people of the Gallic Wars
5856:1st-century BC writers in Latin
3682:American Journal of Archaeology
3460:American Journal of Archaeology
3221:architectura.cesr.univ-tours.fr
2497:American Journal of Archaeology
1957:receive in-depth descriptions.
1001:The Departments of Architecture
662:of 48 BC (modern Albania), the
411:in North Africa, which names a
5876:Ancient Roman military writers
3088:, Routledge, 2014, pp. 85, 179
2951:. Courier Dover Publications.
2741:– via Project Gutenberg.
2691:Public Library. Archived from
1071:based the illustration of the
885:, was not written until 1452.
658:in 49 BC (modern France), the
433:(which Vitruvius dedicated to
1:
5866:Ancient Roman civil engineers
3855:
3813:Vitruvius' theories of beauty
3758:The Ten Books on Architecture
3750:The Ten Books on Architecture
3433:Smith, Thoma Granger (2004).
3369:The Ten Books on Architecture
2949:The Ten Books on Architecture
2926:Anderson, James A.M. (1734).
2721:The Ten Books on Architecture
1848:
1536:
1336:List of writers on machinery:
846:The Ten Books on Architecture
347:
210:
203:
4463:Frontiers and fortifications
3691:. New York: Monacelli Press.
3687:Smith, Thomas Gordon. 2004.
3629:Resources in other libraries
3605:Resources in other libraries
3075:, The MIT Press, 1999, p. 81
2986:"Philosophy of Architecture"
2760:ebook of work also known as
2132:reverse overshot water-wheel
2001:reverse overshot water-wheel
1945:He describes many different
1724:, includes illustrations by
1065:Francesco di Giorgio Martini
842:De architectura, libri decem
828:Mathematics and architecture
690:would be an auxiliary unit.
27:Roman architect and engineer
5886:Architectural theoreticians
4522:Decorations and punishments
3740:(public domain audiobooks)
3725:Works by or about Vitruvius
3073:The Architecture of Science
2865:De architectura libri decem
1566:provided illustrations for
1521:library of Saint Gall Abbey
1230:List of writers on temples:
1063:, Pellegrino Prisciani and
840:Vitruvius is the author of
650:. Of the sites involved in
332:library of Saint Gall Abbey
5937:
5429:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
4004:historiography of the fall
3703:Rome's Cultural Revolution
3385:Vitruvius: On Architecture
3366:Vitruvius, Pollio (1914).
2188:William Vitruvius Morrison
1968:with the discovery of the
1676:1800 Augustus Rode, Berlin
1403:Publius Septimius (writer)
825:
819:
709:, mechanical engineering,
407:, and an inscription from
255:Ancient Roman architecture
31:
5881:Roman Republican soldiers
5851:1st-century BC architects
5810:External wars and battles
3934:
3907:
3791:Ten Books on Architecture
3689:Vitruvius on Architecture
3624:Resources in your library
3600:Resources in your library
3435:Vitruvius on Architecture
3153:. The Whole Universe Book
3151:"Bibliographic reference"
2631:. JHU Press, 1996, p. 42.
2470:, Oxford UP (2019), p. 33
1599:Neoclassical architecture
1061:Mariano di Jacopo Taccola
607:there are references to:
500:Roman Theatre at Heraclea
463:'s table of contents for
451:architectus armamentarius
52:
5896:Golden Age Latin writers
5861:Ancient Roman architects
3770:17 December 2018 at the
3408:Rowland, Ingrid (2001).
2553:Trumbull, David (2007).
2537:Niccolò Marcello Venuti
2210:Design Quality Indicator
2025:National Museum of Wales
1789:Harvard University Press
1683:Edition by Valentin Rose
1198:On abusing dead authors:
848:, a treatise written in
699:construction engineering
629:The circumvallation and
569:Flavius Vegetius Renatus
413:Marcus Vitruvius Mamurra
399:Marcus Cetius Faventinus
279:(artillery experts) and
93:after 15 BC (aged 55–65)
5805:Roman–Iranian relations
4280:Optimates and populares
3383:Granger, Frank (1931).
3276:www.thelatinlibrary.com
3247:"bibliotheca Augustana"
3177:www.palladiancenter.org
2706:The "Vitruvius Project"
2315:Encyclopædia Britannica
1953:painting. Concrete and
1785:Herbert Langford Warren
1205:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
746:architectural acoustics
719:architectural engineers
695:construction management
533:Lucius Cornelius Balbus
315:Lucius Cornelius Balbus
18:Marcus Vitruvius Pollio
5815:Civil wars and revolts
5081:Sextus Pompeius Festus
4728:Conflict of the Orders
4087:Legislative assemblies
3516:"Den Danske Vitruvius"
2766:, accessed August 2008
2281:Lucius Vitruvius Cordo
2179:The American Vitruvius
2078:
1991:
1947:construction materials
1837:
1824:
1645:
1640:
1615:
1585:
1529:
1509:
1504:
1488:
1101:
1057:
1047:
1030:
1025:
999:In Book I, Chapter 3 (
994:
988:
976:landscape architecture
958:
901:
837:
792:
735:
593:
540:
494:
465:
429:
404:Lucius Vitruvius Cordo
391:
340:
322:
249:
243:
237:
230:classical architecture
218:
199:[wɪˈtruːwi.ʊs]
129:
61:
5841:1st-century BC Romans
5836:1st-century BC births
5524:Simplicius of Cilicia
5276:Quintus Curtius Rufus
4505:Siege in Ancient Rome
4114:Executive magistrates
3777:Latin text, version 2
3341:15 March 2023 at the
3331:15 March 2023 at the
3306:penelope.uchicago.edu
3103:penelope.uchicago.edu
3031:penelope.uchicago.edu
3008:The Project Gutenberg
2587:21 April 2020 at the
2377:) CS1 maint: others (
2328:Kruft, Hanno-Walter.
2304:Middleton, John Henry
2164:Vitruvius Britannicus
2068:
2031:Surveying instruments
1989:
1818:
1638:
1556:Fra Giovanni Giocondo
1525:Leon Battista Alberti
1494:
1480:
1447:Paeonius the Milesian
1435:Chersiphron of Gnosus
1254:Theodorus the Phocian
1142:List of philosophers:
1036:
1022:
948:
867:Leon Battista Alberti
835:
826:Further information:
707:materials engineering
705:, civil engineering,
674:in 46 BC in Caesar's
660:Battle of Dyrrhachium
577:
359:Fra Giovanni Giocondo
336:Leon Battista Alberti
5534:Stephanus Byzantinus
5439:Eusebius of Caesaria
5301:Sidonius Apollinaris
4991:Ammianus Marcellinus
4330:Tribune of the plebs
3539:Indra Kagis McEwen,
3130:, Hamburg: A.TE.M.,
2606:www.lib.uchicago.edu
2192:Sir Richard Morrison
2172:Den Danske Vitruvius
1970:mass-to-volume ratio
1897:, and the use of an
1819:Drainage wheel from
1613:and was inspired by
1603:Filippo Brunelleschi
1495:The interior of the
1377:Polyidus of Thessaly
929:, as drawn later by
805:De subtilitate rerum
711:military engineering
703:chemical engineering
622:The broken siege at
419:(who was a military
277:doctores ballistarum
226:architectural theory
5710:Distinguished women
5361:Velleius Paterculus
5201:Nicolaus Damascenus
5181:Marcellus Empiricus
4570:Republican currency
3183:on 17 December 2018
2913:5 June 2011 at the
2695:on 13 January 2015.
2140:Baths of Diocletian
1982:Dewatering machines
1913:His description of
1625:Baths of Diocletian
1531:De re aedificatoria
1408:List of architects:
1268:and a person named
1201:Zoilus Homeromastix
1173:Alexander the Great
1122:List of physicists:
859:classical antiquity
803:, in his 1552 book
664:Battle of Pharsalus
342:De re aedificatoria
5846:1st-century deaths
5484:Phlegon of Tralles
5291:Seneca the Younger
4765:Naming conventions
4495:Personal equipment
4028:Later Roman Empire
3734:Works by Vitruvius
3716:Works by Vitruvius
3557:49 (1990), 425–34.
3251:www.hs-augsburg.de
3124:Marc van den Broek
3084:Borys, Ann Marie,
2973:Greek Architecture
2861:Clini, P. (2002).
2815:has generic name (
2718:Vitruvius (1914).
2679:Liukkonen, Petri.
2249:Roman architecture
2079:
1992:
1839:Naturalis Historia
1825:
1646:
1517:Poggio Bracciolini
1505:
1489:
1361:Philo of Byzantium
1048:
1031:
1015:Proportions of man
959:
838:
652:Caesar's civil war
467:Naturalis Historia
328:Poggio Bracciolini
313:'s chief engineer
34:Vitruvius (crater)
5916:Technical writers
5901:History of mining
5823:
5822:
5785:Pontifices maximi
5567:
5566:
5424:Diogenes Laërtius
5246:Pliny the Younger
5001:Asconius Pedianus
4961:Romance languages
4833:Civil engineering
4575:Imperial currency
4448:Political control
4409:
4408:
4043:
4042:
3844:Vitruvius Summary
3796:Project Gutenberg
3720:Project Gutenberg
3581:Library resources
3569:978-3-7374-0998-8
3137:978-3-00-063700-1
3067:Long, Pamela O.,
2731:978-0-486-20645-5
2352:978-0-19-978330-4
2309:"Vitruvius"
2259:Roman engineering
2158:Leonardo da Vinci
1996:Archimedes' screw
1933:. The use of the
1852: 75 AD
1743:Jean Martin, 1547
1699:The Latin Library
1482:Battle of Thapsus
1313:, a person named
1305:, a person named
1191:, a person named
1069:Leonardo da Vinci
1044:Leonardo da Vinci
931:Leonardo da Vinci
881:reformulation of
873:(1452–1519), and
871:Leonardo da Vinci
863:Early Renaissance
844:, known today as
672:Battle of Thapsus
656:Siege of Massilia
443:praefectus fabrum
421:praefectus fabrum
269:Leonardo da Vinci
214: 15 BC
138:
137:
114:military engineer
16:(Redirected from
5928:
5775:Magistri equitum
5690:Cities and towns
5683:
5609:Constantinopolis
5419:Diodorus Siculus
5351:Valerius Maximus
5286:Seneca the Elder
5206:Nonius Marcellus
4974:
4527:Hippika gymnasia
4490:Infantry tactics
4396:Consular tribune
4386:Magister equitum
4335:Military tribune
4300:
4260:Pontifex maximus
4255:Princeps senatus
4245:Magister militum
4011:Byzantine Empire
3932:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3870:
3860:
3857:
3803:Vitruvius online
3798:
3745:
3744:
3729:Internet Archive
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3512:
3506:
3505:
3499:
3491:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3430:
3424:
3423:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3298:
3292:
3291:
3289:
3287:
3278:. Archived from
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3223:. Archived from
3213:
3207:
3206:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3179:. Archived from
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3111:
3109:
3095:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3065:
3059:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3023:
3012:
3011:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2966:
2960:
2945:
2934:
2933:
2923:
2917:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2871:
2858:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2810:
2808:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2773:
2767:
2759:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2676:
2667:
2660:
2654:
2642:De bello Gallico
2638:
2632:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2612:
2598:
2592:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2492:
2486:
2477:
2471:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2421:
2415:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2372:
2364:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2320:
2319:
2311:
2300:
2276:Vitruvian scroll
2264:Roman technology
2116:followed by the
1853:
1850:
1842:
1811:Roman technology
1781:Morris H. Morgan
1726:Cesare Cesariano
1718:Cesare Cesariano
1673:
1662:
1643:
1631:Notable editions
1618:
1588:
1544:Cesare Cesariano
1541:
1538:
1534:
1514:
1451:Ephesian Daphnis
1275:List of artists:
1104:
1028:
964:Roman architects
904:
801:Gerolamo Cardano
795:
766:Basilica di Fano
684:Legio VI Ferrata
631:Battle of Alesia
543:
497:
470:
432:
396:
352:
349:
345:
325:
252:
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240:
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66:
57:
43:
21:
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5927:
5926:
5925:
5826:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5681:
5679:
5673:
5563:
5399:Aëtius of Amida
5380:
5366:Verrius Flaccus
5346:Valerius Antias
5306:Silius Italicus
5241:Pliny the Elder
5186:Marcus Aurelius
5061:Cornelius Nepos
5011:Aurelius Victor
4965:
4887:
4799:
4733:Secessio plebis
4704:
4579:
4531:
4405:
4359:
4289:
4171:
4123:
4039:
3960:
3921:
3903:
3897:
3858:
3851:De architectura
3788:
3772:Wayback Machine
3742:
3712:
3665:Kristina Milnor
3635:
3634:
3633:
3610:
3609:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3575:Further reading
3536:
3531:
3521:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3509:
3492:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3445:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3382:
3381:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3352:
3348:
3343:Wayback Machine
3333:Wayback Machine
3324:
3320:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3285:
3283:
3282:on 13 June 2017
3270:
3269:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3227:on 21 July 2011
3215:
3214:
3210:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3083:
3079:
3066:
3062:
3050:Turner, A. J.,
3049:
3045:
3035:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3015:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:Lawrence, A. W.
2967:
2963:
2946:
2937:
2925:
2924:
2920:
2915:Wayback Machine
2900:
2896:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2869:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2828:
2824:
2811:
2801:
2794:
2792:
2778:"New Scientist"
2775:
2774:
2770:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2704:
2700:
2678:
2677:
2670:
2661:
2657:
2650:8 July 2012 at
2640:Julius Caesar,
2639:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2610:
2608:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2589:Wayback Machine
2577:
2573:
2563:
2561:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2536:
2532:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2474:
2466:John Oksanish,
2465:
2461:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2386:
2365:
2353:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2327:
2323:
2302:
2301:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2254:Roman aqueducts
2244:Pliny the Elder
2219:
2183:Werner Hegemann
2156:– a drawing by
2148:
2110:is next to the
2102:fuel efficiency
2090:central heating
2063:
2061:Central heating
2049:a device using
2033:
2011:in Romania and
1984:
1943:
1935:inverted siphon
1923:Roman aqueducts
1911:
1860:
1851:
1845:Pliny the Elder
1813:
1793:Frank Granger,
1747:Claude Perrault
1732:Andrea Palladio
1669:De architectura
1666:
1658:De architectura
1655:
1641:De architectura
1633:
1616:De Architectura
1586:De Architectura
1568:Daniele Barbaro
1564:Andrea Palladio
1548:Walther H. Ryff
1539:
1511:De architectura
1486:Andrea Palladio
1475:
1399:Terentius Varro
1339:Diades of Pella
1189:Ptolemy I Soter
1102:De Architectura
1097:
1026:De architectura
1017:
943:
911:Vitruvian Triad
902:De architectura
830:
824:
822:De architectura
818:
815:De architectura
793:De architectura
541:De Architectura
495:De architectura
461:Pliny the Elder
430:De Architectura
393:De Architectura
387:
385:Life and career
350:
323:De architectura
261:drawing of the
220:De architectura
213:
209:–70 BC – after
206:
194:
187:
148:
144:
131:De architectura
123:
118:
85:
80:
71:
63:De Architectura
48:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5934:
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5868:
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5328:
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5303:
5298:
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5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5251:Pomponius Mela
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
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5173:
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5133:
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5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4986:Aelius Donatus
4982:
4980:
4971:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4958:
4957:
4956:
4954:Ecclesiastical
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4908:
4903:
4897:
4895:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
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4875:
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4855:
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4777:
4772:
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4762:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4714:
4712:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4695:Toys and games
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
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4610:
4605:
4600:
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4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
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4533:
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4519:
4514:
4509:
4508:
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4502:
4497:
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4471:
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4455:
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4411:
4410:
4407:
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4398:
4393:
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4373:
4367:
4365:
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4360:
4358:
4357:
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4337:
4332:
4327:
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4312:
4306:
4304:
4297:
4291:
4290:
4288:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4235:Vigintisexviri
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4195:Cursus honorum
4192:
4187:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4149:
4144:
4139:
4133:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4035:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4001:
3994:Western Empire
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3970:
3968:
3962:
3961:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3951:
3941:
3935:
3929:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3867:
3866:
3846:
3841:
3832:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3731:
3722:
3711:
3710:External links
3708:
3707:
3706:
3699:
3692:
3685:
3684:94.2: 249–258.
3678:
3671:
3668:
3657:
3650:
3643:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3571:
3558:
3551:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3507:
3472:10.2307/504874
3450:
3443:
3425:
3418:
3400:
3393:
3375:
3358:
3346:
3318:
3293:
3263:
3238:
3208:
3194:
3164:
3142:
3136:
3115:
3090:
3077:
3060:
3043:
3013:
2995:
2977:
2961:
2935:
2918:
2902:Charles Hutton
2894:
2883:on 17 May 2012
2853:
2840:
2834:, Book V.i.6)
2822:
2768:
2744:
2730:
2710:
2698:
2668:
2655:
2633:
2618:
2593:
2571:
2545:
2530:
2509:10.2307/501823
2487:
2472:
2459:
2438:10.2307/750736
2416:
2396:
2384:
2351:
2334:
2321:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2234:Colen Campbell
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2203:Mons Vitruvius
2195:
2185:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2147:
2144:
2138:, such as the
2062:
2059:
2032:
2029:
2021:British Museum
1983:
1980:
1942:
1939:
1910:
1907:
1859:
1856:
1847:much later in
1812:
1809:
1808:
1807:
1804:
1801:Ingrid Rowland
1798:
1791:
1778:
1775:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1753:Auguste Choisy
1750:
1744:
1735:
1734:
1728:
1709:
1708:
1701:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1674:
1663:
1632:
1629:
1474:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1467:Gaius Mucianus
1429:
1405:
1389:
1333:
1293:
1272:
1227:
1207:
1195:
1182:On plagiarism:
1179:
1166:List of kings:
1163:
1139:
1096:
1093:
1016:
1013:
942:
939:
894:A. W. Lawrence
855:Marcus Agrippa
820:Main article:
817:
812:
778:Fano Cathedral
715:urban planning
668:Battle of Zela
654:, we find the
642:
641:
634:
627:
620:
386:
383:
136:
135:
126:
120:
119:
117:
116:
111:
110:civil engineer
108:
105:
101:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:Roman Republic
81:
77:
73:
72:
58:
50:
49:
46:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5141:Julius Paulus
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5076:Fabius Pictor
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4968:
4962:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4813:Amphitheatres
4811:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4664:
4661:
4660:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4550:Deforestation
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4500:Siege engines
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4469:
4466:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4433:Establishment
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4364:Extraordinary
4362:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4350:Promagistrate
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4292:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4137:Twelve Tables
4135:
4134:
4132:
4130:
4126:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3957:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3864:
3853:
3852:
3848:VITRUVII, M.
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3766:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3693:
3690:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3561:Kai Brodersen
3559:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:0-262-63306-X
3546:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3440:
3436:
3429:
3426:
3421:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3386:
3379:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3322:
3319:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3252:
3248:
3242:
3239:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3212:
3209:
3203:
3198:
3195:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2957:0-486-20645-9
2954:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2895:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2866:
2857:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2818:
2813:|author=
2806:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2764:
2763:De aquaeductu
2755:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2733:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2675:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2652:archive.today
2649:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2560:
2556:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2534:
2531:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2491:
2488:
2485:(Rome, 1916).
2484:
2483:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2463:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2417:
2413:
2412:0-415-22295-8
2409:
2405:
2404:Yann Le Bohec
2400:
2397:
2391:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2305:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2270:Vitruvian Man
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:
2153:Vitruvian Man
2150:
2149:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2085:
2076:
2072:
2069:Ruins of the
2067:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2046:
2041:
2039:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Rosia Montana
2006:
2002:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1887:siege engines
1884:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1857:
1855:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1797:Edition, 1931
1796:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1642:
1637:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1573:Vitruvian Man
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1533:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1512:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1106:
1103:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1074:Vitruvian Man
1070:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1039:Vitruvian Man
1035:
1027:
1021:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
987:
982:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
956:
952:
947:
940:
938:
936:
932:
928:
927:Vitruvian Man
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
897:
895:
891:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
869:(1404–1472),
868:
864:
860:
856:
851:
847:
843:
834:
829:
823:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
788:
786:
785:Octavia Minor
781:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
758:
753:
752:
747:
743:
739:
734:
729:
727:
726:miasma theory
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
639:
636:The siege of
635:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
617:Vercingetorix
614:
610:
609:
608:
606:
602:
598:
592:
589:
586:
584:
576:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
536:
534:
530:
526:
523:
520:
519:
514:
513:
508:
507:army engineer
503:
501:
496:
491:
486:
484:
483:
482:De aquaeductu
478:
474:
469:
468:
462:
458:
457:
452:
450:
445:
444:
438:
436:
431:
426:
425:Julius Caesar
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
400:
395:
394:
384:
382:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
344:
343:
337:
333:
329:
324:
318:
316:
312:
311:Julius Caesar
308:
304:
301:
298:
297:
292:
291:
286:
285:army engineer
282:
278:
272:
270:
266:
265:
264:Vitruvian Man
260:
256:
251:
245:
239:
233:
231:
227:
222:
221:
200:
192:
191:
181:
142:
133:
132:
127:
121:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
102:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
78:
74:
70:
65:
64:
56:
51:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
5755:Institutions
5619:Leptis Magna
5572:Major cities
5479:Philostratus
5375:
5266:Quadrigarius
5086:Rufus Festus
4949:Contemporary
4670:Romanization
4593:Architecture
4200:Collegiality
4049:Constitution
3900:Ancient Rome
3850:
3789:
3757:
3749:
3702:
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3660:
3653:
3646:
3639:
3619:Online books
3613:By Vitruvius
3612:
3595:Online books
3585:
3554:
3540:
3520:. Retrieved
3510:
3496:cite journal
3463:
3459:
3453:
3434:
3428:
3409:
3403:
3384:
3378:
3368:
3361:
3349:
3321:
3309:. Retrieved
3305:
3296:
3284:. Retrieved
3280:the original
3275:
3266:
3254:. Retrieved
3250:
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3225:the original
3220:
3211:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3181:the original
3176:
3167:
3155:. Retrieved
3145:
3127:
3118:
3106:. Retrieved
3102:
3093:
3085:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3034:. Retrieved
3030:
3007:
2998:
2989:
2980:
2972:
2964:
2948:
2928:
2921:
2906:
2897:
2885:. Retrieved
2878:the original
2873:
2864:
2856:
2843:
2830:
2825:
2805:cite journal
2793:. Retrieved
2781:
2771:
2761:
2752:
2747:
2735:. Retrieved
2720:
2713:
2701:
2693:the original
2684:
2663:
2658:
2641:
2636:
2627:
2621:
2609:. Retrieved
2605:
2596:
2580:
2574:
2562:. Retrieved
2558:
2548:
2538:
2533:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2480:
2475:
2467:
2462:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2399:
2342:
2337:
2329:
2324:
2313:
2268:
2199:lunar crater
2178:
2170:
2163:
2151:
2135:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2094:public baths
2082:
2080:
2043:
2036:
2034:
1993:
1974:
1963:
1959:
1944:
1931:Pont du Gard
1912:
1903:steam engine
1895:water clocks
1879:
1861:
1843:compiled by
1826:
1772:Joseph Gwilt
1766:Henry Wotton
1759:
1758:
1737:
1736:
1711:
1710:
1668:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1578:
1571:
1506:
1466:
1462:
1450:
1446:
1434:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1419:Antimachides
1418:
1415:Callaeschrus
1414:
1410:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1391:
1386:Agesistratus
1384:
1372:
1354:
1335:
1326:
1310:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1274:
1253:
1233:
1229:
1209:
1197:
1185:Aristophanes
1181:
1165:
1141:
1121:
1111:
1107:
1098:
1091:as a whole.
1082:
1079:
1072:
1067:and finally
1058:
1053:
1049:
1037:
1009:water clocks
1000:
998:
995:
990:
984:
980:
971:
960:
906:
898:
887:
882:
875:Michelangelo
845:
841:
839:
814:
809:
804:
799:
789:
782:
773:
769:
765:
755:
749:
736:
731:
723:
692:
687:
678:campaign. A
645:
643:
594:
587:
581:
578:
572:
566:
546:north Africa
537:
525:war machines
516:
510:
504:
487:
480:
475:techniques.
454:
447:
441:
439:
420:
412:
402:
388:
371:Michelangelo
319:
303:war machines
294:
288:
280:
276:
273:
262:
234:
140:
139:
124:Notable work
29:
5750:Geographers
5434:Dioscorides
5414:Cassius Dio
5036:Cassiodorus
4939:Renaissance
4545:Agriculture
4517:Auxiliaries
4458:Engineering
4295:Magistrates
4147:Citizenship
4142:Mos maiorum
4077:Late Empire
3859: 1480
3854:. Naples, (
3642:70:319–346.
3272:"Vitruvius"
3205:(in French)
3157:30 November
2737:26 February
2689:Kuusankoski
2687:. Finland:
2681:"Vitruvius"
2564:18 November
2119:frigidarium
2077:is covered.
2051:plumb lines
1901:(the first
1829:water mills
1722:Como, Italy
1697:edition at
1591:Renaissance
1581:Roman Forum
1554:in 1511 by
1540: 1450
1507:Vitruvius'
1473:Rediscovery
1356:Nymphodorus
1292:, Timotheos
1238:Chersiphron
1213:Agatharchus
686:, of which
638:Uxellodunum
556:(including
357:in 1511 by
351: 1450
320:Vitruvius'
259:Renaissance
98:Occupations
5830:Categories
5639:Mediolanum
5579:Alexandria
5544:Themistius
5509:Porphyrius
5336:Tertullian
5271:Quintilian
5261:Propertius
5156:Lactantius
5106:Fulgentius
5041:Censorinus
4863:Sanitation
4848:Metallurgy
4805:Technology
4770:Demography
4718:Patricians
4685:Spectacles
4643:Literature
4638:Hairstyles
4475:Technology
4225:Praefectus
4177:Government
4167:Litigation
4152:Auctoritas
4097:Centuriate
3984:Principate
3979:Pax Romana
3939:Foundation
3444:1885254989
3419:0521002923
3394:0674992776
2887:3 February
2836:(in Latin)
2758:(in Latin)
2288:References
2113:tepidarium
2088:a type of
2038:chorobates
2013:Dolaucothi
2007:in Spain,
1966:Archimedes
1654:1495–1496
1411:Antistates
1347:Archimedes
1307:Demophilus
1290:Praxiteles
1258:Hermogenes
1225:Anaxagoras
1221:Democritus
1137:Xenophanes
1133:Anaxagoras
1129:Democritus
923:Corinthian
892:alone. To
615:in 52 BC.
605:Gallic War
490:Roman army
281:libratores
5795:Quaestors
5725:Empresses
5715:Dynasties
5705:Dictators
5680:and other
5669:Volubilis
5664:Vindobona
5624:Londinium
5549:Theodoret
5519:Procopius
5499:Polyaenus
5474:Pausanias
5376:Vitruvius
5321:Symmachus
5316:Suetonius
5226:Petronius
5211:Obsequens
5176:Macrobius
5171:Lucretius
5096:Frontinus
5071:Eutropius
5056:Columella
5006:Augustine
4996:Appuleius
4944:Neo-Latin
4919:Classical
4910:Versions
4818:Aqueducts
4760:Patronage
4680:Sexuality
4653:Mythology
4628:Education
4618:Cosmetics
4443:Campaigns
4438:Structure
4391:Decemviri
4250:Imperator
3949:overthrow
3837:from the
3586:Vitruvius
3488:193094209
2790:0262-4079
2525:191364921
2479:Pais, E.
2454:195019013
2432:: 36–70.
2369:cite book
2361:881386276
2239:Frontinus
2229:Ctesibius
2224:Aristotle
2205:close by.
2107:caldarium
2084:hypocaust
2071:hypocaust
2055:odometers
2005:Rio Tinto
1941:Materials
1919:Frontinus
1909:Aqueducts
1899:aeolipile
1881:ballistae
1876:catapults
1821:Rio Tinto
1589:inspired
1463:Cossutius
1443:Demetrius
1439:Metagenes
1427:Cossutius
1351:Ctesibius
1331:Euphranor
1303:Theocydes
1278:Leochares
1242:Metagenes
1234:Theodorus
1232:Silenus,
1217:Aeschylus
1153:Aristotle
972:Ten Books
968:craftsmen
890:Parthenon
883:Ten Books
879:Alberti's
770:basilicae
738:Frontinus
640:in 51 BC.
626:in 52 BC.
558:Aquitaine
522:artillery
477:Frontinus
456:apparitor
409:Thilbilis
300:artillery
207: 80
141:Vitruvius
107:architect
47:Vitruvius
5921:Vitruvii
5800:Tribunes
5790:Praetors
5740:Generals
5720:Emperors
5629:Lugdunum
5614:Eboracum
5604:Carthage
5589:Aquileia
5504:Polybius
5494:Plutarch
5464:Libanius
5454:Josephus
5449:Herodian
5341:Tibullus
5256:Priscian
5231:Phaedrus
5191:Manilius
5136:Jordanes
5121:Hydatius
5051:Claudian
5031:Catullus
5021:Boëthius
5016:Ausonius
4934:Medieval
4906:Alphabet
4878:Theatres
4853:Numerals
4838:Concrete
4828:Circuses
4795:Bagaudae
4785:Adoption
4780:Marriage
4753:Assembly
4658:Religion
4633:Folklore
4613:Clothing
4608:Calendar
4565:Currency
4555:Commerce
4453:Strategy
4415:Military
4401:Triumvir
4381:Dictator
4376:Interrex
4355:Governor
4340:Quaestor
4303:Ordinary
4285:Province
4275:Tetrarch
4265:Augustus
4230:Vicarius
4220:Officium
4157:Imperium
4107:Plebeian
4067:Republic
3989:Dominate
3956:Republic
3917:Timeline
3768:Archived
3738:LibriVox
3339:Archived
3329:Archived
3126:(2019),
2911:Archived
2904:(1795),
2831:De Arch.
2753:De Aquis
2648:Archived
2585:Archived
2306:(1911).
2217:See also
2197:A small
2015:in west
1929:and the
1915:aqueduct
1891:sundials
1858:Machines
1833:Barbegal
1787:, 1914,
1720:, 1521,
1623:and the
1621:Pantheon
1611:Florence
1497:Pantheon
1395:Fuficius
1369:Democles
1365:Diphilus
1343:Archytas
1327:Sarnacus
1323:Melampus
1319:Silanion
1315:Leonidas
1262:Arcesius
1161:Epicurus
1145:Socrates
1089:universe
1085:symmetry
1005:sundials
951:basilica
790:Whether
774:basilica
757:basilica
688:ballista
624:Gergovia
613:Avaricum
601:Larignum
591:himself.
588:balistae
550:Hispania
512:ballista
449:praefect
446:), or a
435:Augustus
375:Palladio
367:Bramante
290:ballista
250:venustas
244:utilitas
238:firmitas
79:80–70 BC
69:Augustus
5770:Legions
5730:Fiction
5700:Consuls
5695:Climate
5649:Ravenna
5644:Pompeii
5634:Lutetia
5599:Bononia
5594:Berytus
5584:Antioch
5559:Zosimus
5554:Zonaras
5529:Sozomen
5514:Priscus
5489:Photius
5331:Terence
5326:Tacitus
5311:Statius
5296:Servius
5281:Sallust
5236:Plautus
5216:Orosius
5196:Martial
5151:Juvenal
5126:Hyginus
5111:Gellius
4970:Writers
4901:History
4883:Thermae
4873:Temples
4823:Bridges
4790:Slavery
4738:Equites
4710:Society
4690:Theatre
4663:Deities
4623:Cuisine
4603:Bathing
4585:Culture
4560:Finance
4537:Economy
4428:Borders
4423:History
4325:Tribune
4320:Praetor
4210:Legatus
4205:Emperor
4092:Curiate
4062:Kingdom
4057:History
4033:History
4016:decline
3974:History
3944:Kingdom
3927:History
3912:Outline
3727:at the
3555:Latomus
3534:Sources
3522:23 June
3311:20 June
3286:20 June
3256:20 June
3231:20 June
3187:20 June
3108:20 June
3036:20 June
2992:. 2015.
2756:, I.25
2611:6 April
2136:thermae
1976:Eureka!
1927:Segovia
1872:pulleys
1760:English
1712:Italian
1707:Edition
1705:Teubner
1695:Teubner
1690:Edition
1688:Teubner
1681:Teubner
1595:Baroque
1560:woodcut
1558:, with
1519:in the
1455:Ictinus
1373:Charias
1299:Nexaris
1282:Bryaxis
1270:Pytheos
1266:Satyrus
1250:Carpion
1246:Ictinus
1193:Attalus
1169:Croesus
935:climate
676:African
560:), and
518:scorpio
453:of the
417:Mamurra
379:Vignola
363:woodcut
361:, with
330:in the
296:scorpio
190:-vee-əs
5780:Nomina
5765:Legacy
5745:Gentes
5682:topics
5678:Lists
5659:Smyrna
5539:Strabo
5469:Lucian
5459:Julian
5409:Arrian
5404:Appian
5394:Aelian
5371:Vergil
5146:Justin
5131:Jerome
5116:Horace
5101:Fronto
5091:Florus
5066:Ennius
5046:Cicero
5026:Caesar
4924:Vulgar
4748:Tribes
4675:Romans
4485:Legion
4468:castra
4345:Aedile
4315:Censor
4310:Consul
4270:Caesar
4240:Lictor
4162:Status
4102:Tribal
4082:Senate
4072:Empire
3966:Empire
3902:topics
3861:). At
3583:about
3567:
3547:
3486:
3480:504874
3478:
3441:
3416:
3391:
3134:
2955:
2788:
2728:
2664:Book X
2523:
2517:501823
2515:
2452:
2446:750736
2444:
2410:
2359:
2349:
2146:Legacy
2128:pulley
2124:bronze
2098:villas
2075:exedra
1951:stucco
1868:cranes
1864:hoists
1803:, 2001
1774:, 1826
1768:, 1624
1755:, 1909
1749:, 1673
1738:French
1644:, 1543
1552:Venice
1501:Panini
1423:Pormus
1381:Pyrrus
1311:Pollis
1286:Scopas
1177:Darius
1125:Thales
764:. The
751:echeas
680:legion
647:oppida
597:sieges
583:onagri
562:Pontus
529:sieges
505:As an
473:mosaic
423:under
355:Venice
307:sieges
247:, and
195:Latin:
104:Author
5444:Galen
5386:Greek
5356:Varro
5166:Lucan
4978:Latin
4893:Latin
4868:Ships
4858:Roads
4843:Domes
4775:Women
4723:Plebs
4648:Music
4190:Forum
4185:Curia
3863:Somni
3663:. By
3518:. AOK
3484:S2CID
3476:JSTOR
2881:(PDF)
2870:(PDF)
2795:6 May
2521:S2CID
2513:JSTOR
2450:S2CID
2442:JSTOR
2045:groma
2017:Wales
1823:mines
1693:1912
1686:1899
1679:1857
1665:1543
1649:Latin
1607:hoist
1459:Philo
1149:Plato
941:Scope
919:Ionic
915:Doric
850:Latin
742:pipes
5760:Laws
5735:Film
5654:Roma
5221:Ovid
5161:Livy
4929:Late
4743:Gens
4700:Wine
4512:Navy
4480:Army
4119:SPQR
4021:fall
3999:fall
3565:ISBN
3545:ISBN
3524:2009
3502:link
3439:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3389:ISBN
3313:2017
3288:2017
3258:2017
3233:2017
3189:2017
3159:2011
3132:ISBN
3110:2017
3038:2017
2953:ISBN
2889:2016
2817:help
2797:2013
2786:ISSN
2739:2021
2726:ISBN
2645:7.29
2613:2022
2566:2009
2408:ISBN
2379:link
2375:link
2357:OCLC
2347:ISBN
2208:The
2096:and
1955:lime
1893:and
1885:and
1870:and
1795:Loeb
1597:and
1248:and
1240:and
1157:Zeno
1115:lost
1007:and
955:Fano
921:and
762:Fano
713:and
554:Gaul
527:for
515:and
305:for
293:and
188:TROO
90:Died
76:Born
4914:Old
4598:Art
4371:Rex
4215:Dux
4129:Law
3794:at
3736:at
3718:at
3468:doi
2505:doi
2434:doi
1831:at
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953:in
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