476:
636:, Israel's intelligence service, a claim that Ammann said was confirmed by a former Israeli intelligence officer. According to Ammann, Rich had helped finance the Mossad's operations and had supplied Israel with strategic amounts of Iranian oil through a secret oil pipeline. Avner Azulay, a former high-ranking Mossad agent and executive director of two of Rich's philanthropic foundations in Israel since 1993, who played a central role in coordinating the pardon effort, was the one who persuaded Rich's ex-wife (divorced in 1996) Denise to personally ask President Clinton to review Rich's pardon request. Azulay was also the one who asked
614:, chairman of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council, which oversees the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. Although none of the figures other than Foxman were investigated for their support of Rich's pardon, Clinton later claimed on more than one occasion that pressure from Jewish communities and the Israeli government contributed to his decision to pardon Rich. He stated in an interview with
874:
312:, learning about the international raw materials markets and commercial trading with poor, third world nations. He helped run the company's operations in Cuba, Bolivia, and Spain. In 1974, he and co-worker Pincus Green set up their own company in Switzerland, Marc Rich + Co. AG, which would later become Glencore Xstrata Plc. Nicknamed "
854:, he has contributed to Project Discovery, he has founded the museum wing for Israeli and international art in the name of his daughter Gabriela, who had died, he has contributed to the establishment of the new building of the Tel Aviv Cinematheque called "Marc Rich Israeli Cinema Center", and the establishment of the main library at
33:
782:
was a corporate successor to "Marc Rich + Co AG." At the end of 1993, Rich lost control of the company when a disastrous attempt to corner the world zinc market led to a number of the Rich Boys insisting he give up his majority stake. After a management buyout, Marc Rich + Co was renamed
Glencore on
434:
in 1981. Due to the indictment filed against Rich for violating U.S. trade sanctions against his deals with Iran while Rich was living in
Switzerland, his assets including his holding in 20th Century Fox were frozen. Davis was permitted by authorities to purchase Rich's holding and subsequently sold
1135:
was criminalizing what should have been a civil tax case. They did not make, compile, or in any other way lay the groundwork for, or make a case for a
Presidential pardon. When former President Clinton stated that they 'reviewed and advocated' 'the case for the pardons,' he suggested that they were
512:
Learning of the plans for the indictment, Rich fled to
Switzerland and, always insisting that he was not guilty, never returned to the U.S. to answer the charges. Rich's companies eventually pleaded guilty to 35 counts of tax evasion and paid $ 90 million in fines, although Rich himself remained on
1145:
Holder, however, during his Senate confirmation hearing to become
Attorney General in 2009, denied that he had attempted to circumvent the standard procedures for consideration of presidential pardons. Holder did say that he had "made mistakes" and "made assumptions that turned out not to be true"
965:
shoe manufacturing fortune, in 1966. They had three children, one of whom, Gabrielle Rich Aouad, died at age 27 of leukemia in 1996. Another daughter, Ilona Rich, is married to Kenny
Schachter, and lost her oldest son, Kai, to suicide in 2019. Rich and Denise divorced in 1996; she continued to use
884:
Rich created the Rich
Foundation, one of the largest funds operating in Israel, which is managed by Avner Azulay (who wrote to Clinton for his pardon), which has invested more than $ 135 million in the last two decades. The fund was established by Avner Azulay, with help from Rich's ex-wife Denise
822:
Although Rich believed that he had relinquished his United States citizenship when he became a citizen of Spain, an appeals court ruled in 1991 that, for purposes of U.S. law, Rich remained a citizen and therefore was still subject to U.S. income taxes. He also held
Belgian, Bolivian, Israeli, and
813:
Trafigura Beheer BV, based in
Netherlands, is another corporate successor, though not ever owned or directly managed by Rich. It was created in March 1993, the name acquired from an existing company registered in Amsterdam. Its founding partners, alongside Claude Dauphin, were former Marc Rich top
560:, a fellow Democrat, said, "I don't think there is any doubt that some of the factors in his pardon were attributable to his large gifts. In my opinion, that was disgraceful." Clinton himself later expressed regret for issuing the pardon, saying that "it wasn't worth the damage to my reputation."
693:
As a condition of the pardon, it was made clear that Rich would drop all procedural defenses against any civil actions brought against him by the United States upon his return there. That condition was consistent with the position that his alleged wrongdoing warranted only civil penalties, not
799:. Until the 2011 Glencore IPO, and the Glencore/Xstrata merger of 2013, Glencore was run as a private partnership. Following the merger, Glencore's website says that the company was founded in 1974 as Marc Rich + Co AG, and also refers to the management buyout from Marc Rich in 1993.
678:, and had had a close relationship with Holder. According to Quinn, Holder had advised that standard procedures be bypassed and the pardon petition be submitted directly to the White House. Congressional investigations were also launched. Clinton's top advisors, Chief of Staff
324:
put it, "Rich's key insight was that oil – and other raw materials – could be traded with less capital, and fewer assets, than the big oil producers thought, if backed by bank finance. It was this leveraged business model that became the template for modern traders, including
733:.) During Congressional hearings after Rich's pardon, Libby, who had represented Rich from 1985 until the spring of 2000, denied that Rich had violated the tax laws but criticized him for trading with Iran at a time when that country was holding U.S. hostages.
2436:
2951:"The rich list: He cornered the market in mercury, aluminium and silver. He bust sanctions to sell oil to the world's most notorious states. He was one of the FBI's most wanted men. But was winning a controversial pardon Marc Rich's smartest coup?"
380:'s Chile among the clients he serviced. According to Ammann, "he had no regrets whatsoever.... He used to say 'I deliver a service. People want to sell oil to me and other people wanted to buy oil from me. I am a businessman, not a politician.'"
2227:(quotes Libby's testimony from government transcript) of "'Take Jack's Word': The Pardons of International Fugitives Marc Rich and Pincus Green" (Chap. One) from "Justice Undone: Clemency Decisions in the Clinton White House" report of the
442:
Rich had ties to many mafia associates in the Soviet Union and, subsequently, the former Soviet Union, such as the
Georgian-Israeli Grigori Loutchansky who owns the Austrian-based oil exporting company Nordex and who was involved in the
631:
Speculation about another rationale for Rich's pardon involved his alleged involvement with the Israeli intelligence community. Rich reluctantly acknowledged in interviews with his biographer, Daniel Ammann, that he had assisted the
2444:
690:, testified that nearly all of the White House staff advising the president on the pardon request had urged Clinton to not grant Rich a pardon. Federal investigators ultimately found no evidence of criminal activity.
1132:
640:, whom he knew through his prior work at Mossad, to appeal to President Clinton on behalf of Rich for clemency. Barak subsequently raised the issue with Clinton on several occasions. A former Mossad chief,
2228:
320:
for crude oil in the early 1970s, drawing business away from the larger established oil companies that had relied on traditional long-term contracts for future purchases. As Andrew Hill of the
866:, as well as by fulfilling his commitment to making President's Conference contributions each year. Rich has also contributed to the Center for Sloan-Catherine, The Medical Research Center at
2629:"Room Of Secrets Reveals Glencore's Mysteries: Law firm's internal files reveal oil, mineral and grain trader Glencore signed secret deals and loaned millions to a high-risk business partner"
810:, merged with the Zug-based Marc Rich & Co. Investment AG (MRI), which is the Swiss-based commodities trading arm of the Marc Rich Holding company, to create a commodities trading house.
411:. Iran would become Rich's most important supplier of crude oil for more than 15 years. Rich sold Iranian oil to Israel through a secret pipeline. Due to his good relationship with Iran and
276:
to make burlap bags, and later started a business trading agricultural products and helped found the American Bolivian Bank (Banco Boliviano Americano S.A). Rich attended high school at the
602:(ADL), whose organization had received over $ 250,000 from Rich over the years also wrote to President Clinton for Rich's pardon. Among other leading Jewish leaders writing to Clinton were
521:
for many years, narrowly evading capture in Britain, Germany, Finland, and Jamaica. Fearing arrest, he did not even return to the United States to attend his daughter's funeral in 1996.
620:
that "Israeli officials of both major political parties and leaders of Jewish communities in America and Europe urged the pardon of Mr. Rich." He made similar comments off camera to
1323:
1848:
725:
lawyers" who supported a pardon for Rich. (Libby himself later received a presidential commutation from President George W. Bush, and later a presidential pardon from President
3702:
3537:
1989:
3245:
1214:
2194:
1111:
1393:
897:, IDC Herzliya, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Beit Berl, Tel Aviv Museum and the Israel Museum. Rich also helped with the construction of the Bioengineering building at
3587:
2133:
344:
under Philipp Brothers afforded Rich the opportunity to develop relationships with various dictatorial régimes and embargoed nations. Rich would later tell biographer
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3592:
2880:
2244:
3617:
3577:
3341:
2294:
3527:
2679:
3712:
3707:
3677:
3552:
858:, which bears his name. Rich was also an advocate for coexistence between Israelis and the Palestinians by establishing health and education programs in the
1281:
3612:
3607:
744:
717:
had concluded that no crime had been committed, and that Rich's companies' tax-reporting position had been reasonable. In the same essay, Clinton listed
2077:
2715:
501:). The charges would have led to a sentence of more than 300 years in prison had Rich been convicted on all counts. The indictment was filed by then-
3517:
2747:
1127:
According to a House Committee on Government Reform report, however, "The arguments made by Garment, Reynolds and Libby focused on the claim that
2780:
2602:
889:. The fund has contributed over the years for culture, education, and various Israeli health program which honor Humanities and Social Sciences at
3522:
2583:
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2923:
1525:
1492:
1459:
475:
3627:
1788:
1426:
3682:
3299:
1312:
3567:
3547:
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2518:
1734:
1557:
1357:
1190:
2355:
1837:
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563:
Clinton's critics alleged that Rich's pardon had been bought, as Denise Rich had given more than $ 1 million to Clinton's political party (
3013:
1662:
3687:
3454:
2334:
583:
2823:
1888:
1385:
922:
2725:
2628:
3377:
2845:
855:
644:, had also urged Clinton to pardon Rich, who he said had routinely allowed intelligence agents to use his offices around the world.
3242:
1114:(otherwise known as the RICO Act) in tax cases such as the one in which Rich and Green were indicted, and began relying instead on
3095:
921:, Israel, in recognition of his contribution to Israel and to the university's research programs. He received the same honor from
3667:
3582:
1222:
1107:
714:
229:
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hospital. He was 78 and is survived by two daughters, Ilona Schachter-Rich and Danielle Kilstock-Rich. He was buried in Israel.
658:
to investigate Clinton's last-minute pardon of Rich. She stepped down before the investigation was finished and was replaced by
216:. He fled to Switzerland at the time of the indictment and never returned to the United States. He received a widely criticized
3662:
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1029:
514:
444:
225:
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3532:
2176:
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564:
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Rich was a strong supporter of Israel throughout his life, having donated around $ 150 million to institutions such as the
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3480:
3072:
556:
became their attorney. Several of Clinton's strongest supporters distanced themselves from the decision. Former President
518:
2891:
2651:
3692:
3562:
3557:
2627:
Bastian Obermayer; Edouard Perrin; Frederik Obermaier; Oliver Zihlmann; Petra Blum; Will Fitzgibbon (November 5, 2017).
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the name Denise Rich. Six months later, he married Gisela Rossi, although that marriage also ended in divorce, in 2005.
1874:
1684:
718:
3647:
3642:
3572:
404:
3657:
2690:
578:
Clinton also cited clemency pleas he had received from Israeli government officials, including then-Prime Minister
209:
2158:
1904:
McAllester, Matthew (March 1, 2001). "Rich's Suspect Ties/Sources: Clinton Could have Learned Russian Mob Links".
1582:
1136:
somehow involved in arguing that Rich and Green should receive pardons. This was completely untrue". (p. 162)
3227:
2223:
1880:
1808:
779:
399:, the leader of the revolution, to buy oil from Iran despite the American embargo. According to Forbes Magazine,
277:
1080:
pipeline lobbying effort during the Clinton administration. He also made a key donation to the Democratic Party.
3697:
3622:
2011:
2177:"House Committee on Government Reform: "Justice Undone: Clemency Decisions in the Clinton White House" report"
2245:"The Clinton pardons: the Democrats; This time, Clintons find their support buckling from weight of new woes"
2087:
937:, Israel, honored Rich with the Sheba Humanitarian Award 2008. Former recipients of this award include actor
2913:
2280:
1515:
1482:
1449:
1289:
771:
law firm had worked for Rich and Glencore on major projects in the past, even after his indictment in 1983.
3137:
524:
On January 20, 2001, hours before leaving office, U.S. President Bill Clinton granted Rich a controversial
3369:
3318:
3067:
2950:
2262:
1245:
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in the Sinai. He has contributed tens of millions of dollars for the absorption of Jewish immigrants from
599:
502:
348:
that he had made his "most important and most profitable" business deals by violating international trade
221:
2569:
2313:
3602:
3395:
2790:
2113:
422:
His real estate company, Marc Rich Real Estate GmbH, was involved in large developer projects (e.g., in
384:
266:
120:
3346:
2510:
1182:
2757:
2374:"CNN Transcript - Sunday Morning News: Clinton Editorial Defends Marc Rich Pardon - February 18, 2001"
1416:
701:, Clinton (by then out of office) explained why he had pardoned Rich, noting that U.S. tax professors
3512:
3507:
3141:
930:
760:
400:
373:
3464:
2195:"'Take Jack's Word': The Pardons of International Fugitives Marc Rich and Pincus Green (Chap. One)"
1842:
1702:
1094:
914:
898:
890:
878:
764:
671:
667:
553:
525:
498:
281:
269:, then moved the family to Queens, New York City in 1950, where he started a company that imported
217:
213:
3300:"Wealthy art dealer's 21-year-old son hangs himself at home after his model girlfriend dumped him"
2813:
2551:
1561:
497:, and trading with Iran during the oil embargo (at a time when Iranian revolutionaries were still
2055:
1870:
1629:
843:
768:
706:
616:
607:
412:
408:
396:
392:
2467:
1770:
1751:
3021:
3373:
3350:
2514:
2335:"Foxman Meets with Investigators, Admits ADL Took Money from Rich - Jewish Telegraphic Agency"
1936:
Seper, Jerry (December 13, 1997). "Ukrainian Gained U.S. Entry Because of Spelling Mismatch".
1884:
1730:
1616:
1353:
1250:
1186:
978:
796:
541:
3120:
1954:
2482:"Letter from James Comey in respect of the nomination of Eric Holder to be Attorney General"
2481:
2373:
1959:
1938:
1053:
942:
792:
611:
506:
459:
431:
377:
305:
285:
189:
893:, Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, the Cinematheque in Tel Aviv Cameri theaters, the city of
594:, argued on his behalf behind the scenes. Many leading figures of the Jewish world such as
248:, Belgium. In 1941 his parents emigrated with their son to the United States to escape the
3249:
3231:
2818:
2537:
1817:
1644:
1520:
1487:
1454:
1421:
1347:
1090:
938:
910:
867:
839:, research centers, theaters, as well as numerous other documented causes over the years.
836:
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710:
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572:
568:
529:
388:
369:
313:
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In 1985, Rich helped with the compensation to the families of the Israeli victims of the
743:
On November 1, 2016, the FBI released documents related to the pardon, stating it was an
3434:
3415:
2180:
2918:
946:
641:
625:
603:
595:
452:
436:
2221:
For a detailed commentary on the contexts of Libby's work on the Rich case, see 32–33
1620:
3501:
3336:
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2935:
2720:
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1812:
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533:
448:
345:
3459:
3313:
2987:
2955:
2656:
2046:
1069:
989:, where he zealously guarded his privacy. Rich owned property in the ski resort of
986:
886:
814:
brass. Trafigura AG is now the main office, and is located in Geneva, Switzerland.
730:
726:
679:
587:
557:
545:
494:
486:
427:
357:
293:
253:
205:
3206:
2410:
2159:"H. Rept. 107-454 - Justice Undone: Clemency Decisions in the Clinton White House"
3261:
567:), including more than $ 100,000 to the Senate campaign of the president's wife,
2437:"Marc Rich dies at 78; last day pardon by Clinton provoked a flood of criticism"
2356:"Jews feel Clinton scapegoating them in Rich affair - Jewish Telegraphic Agency"
1115:
962:
958:
873:
870:, The Rabin Medical Center, and the center of the Dana Farber Cancer Institute.
740:
editorial called the Marc Rich pardon "a shocking abuse of presidential power."
663:
659:
591:
365:
317:
197:
997:, Spain. He was an art collector, and friends said that he lived surrounded by
3171:
1663:"Marc Rich: controversial commodities trader and former fugitive dies aged 78"
1578:
990:
863:
807:
683:
637:
579:
490:
201:
2982:
2885:
2078:"Pardon Probe: Marc Rich | PBS NewsHour | Feb. 8, 2001 | PBS"
1805:
1218:
926:
918:
894:
859:
662:, who was critical of Clinton's pardons and of then-Deputy Attorney General
537:
464:
353:
326:
186:
3243:
News @ BGU Winter 2008, "Six Honored for Their Outstanding Accomplishments"
3189:
1955:"How Marc Rich Got Insanely Rich, Broke The Law, And Lived A Life In Exile"
1072:, a Lebanese-American who is close to Grigori Loutchansky, spearheaded the
2584:"More Surprises: FBI Releases Files On Bill Clinton's Pardon Of Marc Rich"
552:
representing them as their attorney for the pardon until spring 2000 when
2850:
2752:
1057:
994:
934:
847:
341:
334:
258:
193:
97:
3211:
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1906:
1611:
1596:
1591:
1017:
1006:
788:
675:
349:
245:
76:
57:
3224:
3207:"Pardoned billionaire to get honorary degree from Bar-Ilan University"
2650:
Pidd, Helen; Glaister, Dan; Smith, David; Cobain, Ian (May 19, 2011).
32:
3048:
1707:
1077:
1013:
998:
974:
851:
633:
423:
416:
270:
249:
241:
3172:"Jewish Philanthropist Marc Rich, a Key Donor to Israel, Dies at 78"
2295:"Jewish philanthropist Marc Rich, a key donor to Israel, dies at 78"
2019:
787:
was appointed chief executive in 2002. Glencore merged in 2013 with
509:. At the time, it was the biggest tax evasion case in U.S. history.
196:, and was later indicted in the United States on federal charges of
489:
were indicted on 65 criminal counts, including income tax evasion,
3277:
2134:"Plotting a pardon; Rich cashed in a world of chits to win pardon"
1002:
474:
330:
309:
2652:"The rise of Glencore, the biggest company you've never heard of"
1386:"Marc Rich, fugitive commodities trader in the 1980s, dies at 78"
480:
2001 The Controversial Pardon of International Fugitive Marc Rich
192:, financier, and businessman. He founded the commodities company
1073:
621:
361:
273:
694:
criminal punishment. Rich never returned to the United States.
610:, a philanthropist and CEO of Steinhardt Associates; and Rabbi
403:
was also the secret business partner of Rich in helping bypass
316:" by his business partners, Rich was said to have expanded the
3416:"Justice Undone: Clemency Decision in the Clinton White House"
2603:"Revealed: Glencore's secret loan to secure DRC mining rights"
2082:
970:
803:
3225:
The Rich Foundations: "Marc Rich receives honorary doctorate"
1313:"NS business profile: Marc Rich, Glencore's fugitive founder"
1789:"Marc Rich, king of commodities, died on June 26th, aged 78"
586:
over the years, and many senior Israeli officials, such as
2781:"Glencore $ 11 billion IPO to make billionaires of bosses"
1771:"Book on Marc Rich Details Oil Deals With Iran and Others"
1558:"Marc Rich, 'King of Oil' pardoned by Clinton, dies at 78"
185:; December 18, 1934 – June 26, 2013) was an international
1921:
Glover, Tony (May 1, 1994). "The EU's Baltic Extension".
2012:"The double life of Marc Rich - News - Special Coverage"
228:; Rich's ex-wife Denise had made large donations to the
2978:"Claude Dauphine (1951-2015) A tribute from Trafigura"
1831:
1829:
1827:
3366:
Metal Men: Marc Rich and the 10-Billion-Dollar Scam
2881:"Marc Rich Investments acquired by Crown Resources"
1876:
Red Mafiya: How the Russian Mob Has Invaded America
1752:"Marc Rich, the Man Who Sold Iranian Oil to Israel"
1619:on its cover, February 1994 (vol. 41 no. 2) issue,
806:based Crown Resources AG, which is associated with
111:
103:
92:
84:
65:
39:
23:
3420:Report of the House Committee on Government Reform
1112:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
3096:"How foreign donors reshaped Israel: A who's who"
2914:"Marc Rich to get $ 100 million for trading firm"
2716:"Glencore and commodity traders, Nowhere to hide"
2601:Ben Doherty; Oliver Zihlmann (November 5, 2017).
2391:"The real reason Bill Clinton pardoned Marc Rich"
1720:
1718:
1573:
1571:
582:. Rich had made substantial donations to Israeli
395:in 1979, Rich used his special relationship with
284:, but dropped out after one semester to work for
3158:"הארץ - חדשות, ידיעות מהארץ והעולם - עיתון הארץ"
3152:
3150:
2779:MacLellan, Kylie; Barreto, Elzio (May 4, 2011).
2552:"Breaking News, Daily News and Videos - CNN.com"
1678:
1676:
1352:. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 31–32.
674:and chief of staff to Clinton's vice president,
2405:
2403:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1369:
3342:The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich
2507:The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2041:
2039:
2037:
1727:The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1179:The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich
455:, who was convicted of gasoline price fixing.
88:Belgium, Bolivia, United States, Israel, Spain
3007:
3005:
2411:"Hearings: Clinton aides opposed Rich pardon"
8:
3411:– Detailed account leading up to the pardon.
2532:
2530:
1750:Dattel, Lior; Domke, Ronit (June 27, 2013).
1656:
1654:
575:foundation during Clinton's time in office.
544:, had both Rich and Rich's business partner
3703:Recipients of American presidential pardons
3538:American businesspeople in the oil industry
2846:"Glencore: Who We Are, About Us, Our Story"
2430:
2428:
2350:
2348:
2263:"Carter calls pardon of Rich 'disgraceful'"
2127:
2125:
2123:
1990:"Marc Rich, Pardoned Financier, Dies at 78"
1836:Intelligence Online staff (March 8, 2001).
1215:"King of oil" discloses his "secret lives""
1208:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
791:(formerly Südelektra Holding AG) to become
628:that "Israel did influence me profoundly".
536:'s acting Special Counsel who had replaced
2329:
2327:
2107:
2105:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1282:"'King of Oil' who became a target for US"
1060:, was Rich's commodity trader in New York.
981:, Switzerland, residing in a house called
931:Chaim Sheba Medical Center at Tel Hashomer
31:
20:
3394:Lardner Jr., George (November 24, 2008).
2538:"Holder admits 'mistakes' in Rich pardon"
2114:"Pardoned financier Marc Rich dead at 78"
1607:– via Investigative Notes website.
1275:
1273:
885:and his business partners, Elka Acle and
666:'s pardon recommendation. Rich's lawyer,
3481:"Glencore denies copper tax allegations"
3144:30 January 2017 accessed 30 January 2017
2460:"U.S. Attorney White keeps the iron hot"
985:(the pink villa) on the shores of Swiss
872:
356:regime of South Africa. He also counted
3588:American people convicted of tax crimes
3190:"IDC Herzliya - Study Abroad in Israel"
2814:"Glencore finishes takeover of Xstrata"
2243:Berke, Richard L. (February 23, 2001).
2163:congress.gov 107th Congress (2001-2002)
1159:
1046:
1035:List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton
697:In a February 18, 2001, op-ed essay in
16:American commodities trader (1934–2013)
3598:Belgian emigrants to the United States
3593:American businesspeople in real estate
3121:"The Marc Rich Library – IDC Herzliya"
2926:from the original on February 17, 2021
2132:Cowan, Alison Leigh (April 11, 2001).
1851:from the original on November 16, 2020
1639:
1638:
1627:
3618:Fugitives wanted by the United States
3578:American manufacturing businesspeople
3012:Reaves, Jessica (February 13, 2001).
1806:"Former U.S. fugitive has local ties"
1516:"Marc Rich's Road to Riches (part 4)"
1483:"Marc Rich's Road to Riches (part 3)"
1450:"Marc Rich's Road to Riches (part 2)"
1417:"Marc Rich's Road to Riches (part 1)"
1326:from the original on January 30, 2013
1311:Williams, Oliver (October 10, 2012).
1246:"Pardon Reignites Jewish Stereotypes"
1213:Brookes, Robert (November 14, 2009).
439:for $ 232 million during March 1984.
265:His father opened a jewelry store in
7:
3528:21st-century American businesspeople
2986:. September 30, 2015. Archived from
2229:House Committee on Government Reform
1683:Ammann, Daniel (November 23, 2009).
606:, Israel's former foreign minister;
505:(and future mayor of New York City)
3713:People named in the Paradise Papers
3708:Stock and commodity market managers
3678:Jews who emigrated to escape Nazism
3553:American expatriates in Switzerland
2890:. February 21, 2001. Archived from
2826:from the original on August 2, 2018
2756:. November 23, 2018. Archived from
2728:from the original on April 20, 2022
2018:. February 12, 2001. Archived from
1725:Ammann, Daniel (October 13, 2009).
1528:from the original on April 20, 2022
1495:from the original on April 20, 2022
1462:from the original on April 20, 2022
1429:from the original on April 20, 2022
1244:Reich, Walter (February 25, 2001).
929:, Israel, on 18 November 2007. The
877:The Marc Rich Library (c. 2016) at
548:as a client since spring 1985 with
308:, he eventually became a dealer in
3075:from the original on June 11, 2020
3044:Action S.A. v. Marc Rich & Co.
2678:Hanners, Richard (June 15, 2017).
2435:Associated Press (June 26, 2013).
2312:Safire, William (March 29, 2001).
2112:Associated Press (June 26, 2013).
1953:Perlberg, Steven (June 26, 2013).
1661:Rankin, Jennifer (June 26, 2013).
1556:Baghdjian, Alice (June 26, 2013).
1514:Koepp, Stephen (October 3, 1983).
1481:Koepp, Stephen (October 3, 1983).
1448:Koepp, Stephen (October 3, 1983).
1415:Koepp, Stephen (October 3, 1983).
1396:from the original on June 28, 2013
1258:from the original on June 15, 2013
1146:while managing the pardon request.
923:Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
383:Later, following the overthrow of
14:
3613:American businesspeople in metals
3608:Businesspeople from New York City
3453:Vickers, Marcia (July 17, 2005),
2949:Honigsbaum, Mark (May 12, 2001).
2680:"Chapter 48. Creative destructor"
2582:Taylor, Jessica (November 2016).
2283:. PBS Newshour. January 26, 2001.
1988:Martin, Douglas (June 26, 2013).
1838:"The U.S. Connection in Caucasus"
1769:Mouawad, Jad (October 15, 2009).
499:holding American citizens hostage
256:, Spain, Portugal, and the liner
3479:Doward, Jamie (April 17, 2011),
2854:. March 25, 2018. Archived from
2458:Novak, Viveca (April 14, 2001).
2204:. March 14, 2002. Archived from
2179:. March 14, 2002. Archived from
969:After spending several years in
715:Georgetown University Law Center
670:, had previously been Clinton's
280:in Manhattan. He later attended
163:
137:
3518:20th-century American criminals
3094:Sadeh, Shuki (March 17, 2013).
3061:Orth, Maureen (June 13, 2001).
2281:"Clinton's pardon of Marc Rich"
1350:: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich
1030:Bill Clinton pardon controversy
721:as one of three "distinguished
515:Federal Bureau of Investigation
463:reported Rich had an estimated
445:Iridium satellite constellation
292:) in 1954 where he worked with
159:
133:
3523:20th-century Israeli criminals
3051:, 507 (2nd Cir. 1991).
3014:"The Marc Rich Case: A Primer"
1384:Henry, David (June 26, 2013).
1280:Hill, Andrew (June 26, 2013).
1221:(swissinfo.ch). Archived from
909:In May 2007, Rich received an
519:Ten Most-Wanted Fugitives List
1:
3628:Hillary Clinton controversies
3435:"Marc Rich: Hero or villain?"
1685:"How I met the biggest devil"
1589:[King of the World].
1110:ceased using statutes of the
973:, Switzerland, Rich moved to
961:, a songwriter and heir to a
3568:American hedge fund managers
3548:American emigrants to Israel
3543:American commodities traders
2812:Blas, Javier (May 2, 2013).
2314:"Essay; The A.D.L. And Rich"
2051:"My Reasons for the Pardons"
945:, and former U.S. President
426:, Czech Republic). Rich and
419:'s agents contacts in Iran.
352:and doing business with the
3653:Israeli hedge fund managers
3638:Israeli commodities traders
1093:who is fiercely opposed to
729:for his involvement in the
405:U.S. sanctions against Iran
240:Rich was born in 1934 to a
107:Banking, trading activities
3729:
3688:New York University alumni
485:In 1983, Rich and partner
471:U.S. indictment and pardon
3364:Copetas, A Craig (1985).
3178:. Reuters. June 26, 2013.
2413:. ABC News. March 1, 2001
2301:. Reuters. June 26, 2013.
1881:Little, Brown and Company
1560:. Reuters. Archived from
1056:, an Orthodox rabbi from
780:Glencore International AG
755:On November 5, 2017, the
278:Rhodes Preparatory School
30:
3683:Mitterrand–Pasqua affair
3278:"HOME - Kenny Schachter"
3142:The Rabin Medical Center
2540:. CNN. January 15, 2009.
1609:Originally published in
1089:Loutchansky is close to
759:, a set of confidential
447:, and especially in the
3668:American art collectors
3583:American money managers
3312:"The Face of Scandal",
1843:Intelligence Newsletter
1811:September 28, 2007, at
1345:Ammann, Daniel (2009).
1108:U.S. Justice Department
1016:on June 26, 2013, at a
953:Personal life and death
856:IDC Herzliya University
571:, and $ 450,000 to the
503:U.S. Federal Prosecutor
3663:Israeli money managers
3396:"A Pardon to Remember"
3230:June 22, 2007, at the
2724:. September 12, 2015.
2570:An Indefensible Pardon
2489:legaltimes.typepad.com
1729:. St. Martin's Press.
993:, Switzerland, and in
881:
682:, White House Counsel
600:Anti-Defamation League
584:charitable foundations
569:Hillary Rodham Clinton
482:
226:his last day in office
222:President Bill Clinton
3673:Jewish art collectors
3533:American billionaires
3266:New York Social Diary
3248:May 28, 2008, at the
3063:"The Face of Scandal"
2049:(February 18, 2001).
1815:, Michael Mainville,
1703:"Millionaire Mullahs"
876:
719:Lewis "Scooter" Libby
478:
385:Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
267:Kansas City, Missouri
212:with Iran during the
3633:Israeli billionaires
3160:– via Haaretz.
3049:951 F.2d 504
3024:on February 24, 2001
2760:on November 23, 2018
2687:montana-aluminum.com
2568:The New York Times:
2269:. February 21, 2001.
2022:on February 12, 2013
767:, revealed that the
761:electronic documents
565:the Democratic Party
467:of US$ 2.5 billion.
401:Asadollah Asgaroladi
252:. They traveled via
162: 1996;
136: 1966;
3693:People from Lucerne
3563:American fraudsters
3558:American financiers
3441:, February 15, 2001
2858:on October 10, 2016
2819:The Financial Times
2748:"Glencore Timeline"
2657:The Guardian (U.K.)
2090:on January 19, 2014
1871:Friedman, Robert I.
1225:on October 20, 2012
1095:Eduard Shevardnadze
915:Bar Ilan University
899:Bar Ilan University
891:Tel Aviv University
879:Reichman University
823:Spanish passports.
795:, headquartered in
765:offshore investment
672:White House Counsel
647:Federal Prosecutor
526:presidential pardon
415:, Rich helped give
282:New York University
218:presidential pardon
214:Iran hostage crisis
183:Marcell David Reich
44:Marcell David Reich
3648:Israeli fraudsters
3643:Israeli financiers
3573:American investors
3400:The New York Times
3347:St. Martin's Press
3302:. August 24, 2019.
2922:. March 21, 2001.
2511:St. Martin's Press
2470:on August 5, 2001.
2397:, January 16, 2009
2318:The New York Times
2056:The New York Times
1821:, 28 February 2001
1775:The New York Times
1320:(newstatesman.com)
1183:St. Martin's Press
911:honorary doctorate
882:
844:Ras Burqa massacre
783:1 September 1994.
707:Harvard Law School
699:The New York Times
617:The New York Times
608:Michael Steinhardt
598:, the head of the
483:
413:Ayatollah Khomeini
409:Iranian revolution
397:Ayatollah Khomeini
393:Iranian Revolution
3658:Israeli investors
3356:978-0-312-57074-3
2990:on April 20, 2022
2894:on April 20, 2022
2869:Alternate archive
2793:on April 20, 2022
2696:on April 20, 2022
2520:978-0-312-57074-3
2447:on June 28, 2013.
2341:. March 21, 2001.
2267:Los Angeles Times
1736:978-0-312-57074-3
1637:External link in
1621:table of contents
1617:Anna Nicole Smith
1599:on March 31, 2012
1581:(July 19, 2012).
1359:978-0-312-57074-3
1251:Los Angeles Times
1192:978-0-312-57074-3
979:Canton of Lucerne
797:Baar, Switzerland
651:was appointed by
374:Nicolae Ceaușescu
364:, the Nicaraguan
176:
175:
54:December 18, 1934
3720:
3494:
3493:
3491:
3475:
3474:
3472:
3463:, archived from
3449:
3448:
3446:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3422:, March 14, 2002
3410:
3408:
3406:
3383:
3360:
3323:
3310:
3304:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3280:. March 10, 2016
3274:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3240:
3234:
3222:
3216:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3154:
3145:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3125:portal.idc.ac.il
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3020:. Archived from
3009:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2965:
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2946:
2940:
2939:
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2863:
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2836:
2835:
2833:
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2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2789:. Archived from
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2695:
2689:. Archived from
2684:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2647:
2641:
2640:
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2618:
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2542:
2541:
2534:
2525:
2524:
2499:
2493:
2492:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2466:. Archived from
2455:
2449:
2448:
2443:. Archived from
2432:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2407:
2398:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2364:
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2291:
2285:
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2277:
2271:
2270:
2259:
2253:
2252:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2218:
2216:
2211:on June 13, 2006
2210:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2183:on July 11, 2012
2174:
2172:
2170:
2155:
2142:
2141:
2129:
2118:
2117:
2109:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2086:. Archived from
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2043:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2027:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1985:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1960:Business Insider
1950:
1944:
1943:
1939:Washington Times
1933:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1833:
1822:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1649:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1633:
1625:
1606:
1604:
1595:. Archived from
1575:
1566:
1565:
1564:on May 10, 2016.
1553:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1381:
1364:
1363:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1288:. Archived from
1277:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1210:
1197:
1196:
1171:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1125:
1119:
1104:
1098:
1087:
1081:
1067:
1061:
1054:Ronald Greenwald
1051:
977:, a city in the
959:Denise Eisenberg
943:Elizabeth Taylor
793:Glencore Xstrata
653:Attorney General
612:Irving Greenberg
507:Rudolph Giuliani
460:Business Insider
432:20th Century Fox
378:Augusto Pinochet
376:'s Romania, and
306:Philipp Brothers
286:Philipp Brothers
230:Democratic Party
167:
165:
161:
141:
139:
135:
121:Denise Eisenberg
72:
53:
51:
35:
21:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3717:
3698:People from Zug
3623:Glencore people
3498:
3497:
3489:
3487:
3478:
3470:
3468:
3467:on May 31, 2018
3455:"The Rich Boys"
3452:
3444:
3442:
3433:
3425:
3423:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3393:
3390:
3388:Further reading
3380:
3363:
3357:
3335:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3311:
3307:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3260:
3256:
3252:, 11 April 2008
3250:Wayback Machine
3241:
3237:
3232:Wayback Machine
3223:
3219:
3205:
3201:
3188:
3187:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3156:
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3148:
3136:
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3119:
3118:
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3104:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
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3041:
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3027:
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3010:
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2976:
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2895:
2879:
2878:
2874:
2861:
2859:
2844:
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2829:
2827:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2778:
2777:
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2763:
2761:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2699:
2697:
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2662:
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2649:
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2634:
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2626:
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2621:
2611:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2581:
2580:
2576:
2572:, JAN. 24, 2001
2567:
2563:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2521:
2501:
2500:
2496:
2484:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2441:Washington Post
2434:
2433:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2408:
2401:
2393:, Joe Conason,
2389:
2385:
2372:
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2367:
2354:
2353:
2346:
2333:
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2325:
2311:
2310:
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2274:
2261:
2260:
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2242:
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2237:
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2186:
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2175:
2168:
2166:
2157:
2156:
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2131:
2130:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2045:
2044:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1873:(May 1, 2000).
1869:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1835:
1834:
1825:
1818:The Prague Post
1804:
1800:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1724:
1723:
1716:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1689:Huffington Post
1682:
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1674:
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1636:
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1602:
1600:
1577:
1576:
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1432:
1430:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1383:
1382:
1367:
1360:
1348:The King of Oil
1344:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1286:Financial Times
1279:
1278:
1271:
1261:
1259:
1243:
1242:
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1228:
1226:
1212:
1211:
1200:
1193:
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1172:
1161:
1156:
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1150:
1144:
1140:
1126:
1122:
1105:
1101:
1091:Aslan Abashidze
1088:
1084:
1068:
1064:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1026:
1012:Rich died of a
983:"La villa rose"
955:
939:Michael Douglas
907:
868:Yale University
837:Tel Aviv Museum
829:
820:
785:Ivan Glasenberg
777:
757:Paradise Papers
753:
751:Paradise Papers
711:Martin Ginsburg
703:Bernard Wolfman
573:Clinton Library
530:Leonard Garment
473:
370:Muammar Gaddafi
322:Financial Times
314:the King of Oil
302:
300:Business career
238:
172:
169:
166: 2005)
157:
153:
150:
149:
143:
140: 1996)
131:
127:
124:
123:
80:
74:
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61:
55:
49:
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26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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3690:
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3660:
3655:
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3645:
3640:
3635:
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3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
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3580:
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3510:
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3496:
3495:
3476:
3450:
3431:
3412:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3378:
3361:
3355:
3337:Ammann, Daniel
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3305:
3291:
3269:
3254:
3235:
3217:
3199:
3181:
3163:
3146:
3130:
3112:
3086:
3053:
3035:
3001:
2969:
2941:
2919:Bloomberg News
2905:
2888:(swissinfo.ch)
2872:
2837:
2804:
2771:
2739:
2707:
2670:
2642:
2619:
2593:
2574:
2561:
2543:
2526:
2519:
2503:Ammann, Daniel
2494:
2473:
2450:
2424:
2399:
2383:
2365:
2344:
2323:
2304:
2286:
2272:
2254:
2249:New York Times
2235:
2165:. May 14, 2002
2143:
2138:New York Times
2119:
2101:
2069:
2047:Clinton, W. J.
2033:
2003:
1973:
1945:
1928:
1913:
1896:
1890:978-0316294744
1889:
1862:
1823:
1798:
1793:economist.com/
1780:
1761:
1742:
1735:
1714:
1694:
1672:
1650:
1567:
1539:
1506:
1473:
1440:
1407:
1365:
1358:
1337:
1303:
1292:on May 7, 2015
1269:
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947:Gerald R. Ford
906:
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828:
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776:
773:
752:
749:
738:New York Times
686:, and advisor
642:Shabtai Shavit
626:Geraldo Rivera
604:Shlomo Ben-Ami
596:Abraham Foxman
472:
469:
453:Marat Balagula
437:Rupert Murdoch
362:Marxist Angola
301:
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288:(now known as
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3262:"Denise Rich"
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2017:
2013:
2007:
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1991:
1984:
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1962:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1932:
1929:
1925:. p. A1.
1924:
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1910:. p. A5.
1909:
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1813:archive.today
1810:
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1390:Bloomberg L.P
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1318:New Statesman
1314:
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1199:
1194:
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1129:Rudy Giuliani
1124:
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1103:
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957:Rich married
952:
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904:
902:
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849:
845:
840:
838:
834:
833:Israel Museum
826:
824:
817:
815:
811:
809:
805:
802:In 2001, the
800:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
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772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
750:
748:
746:
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720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
689:
688:Bruce Lindsey
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
656:John Ashcroft
654:
650:
649:Mary Jo White
645:
643:
639:
635:
629:
627:
623:
619:
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
561:
559:
555:
551:
550:Scooter Libby
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Richard Nixon
531:
527:
522:
520:
516:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
477:
470:
468:
466:
462:
461:
456:
454:
450:
449:Russian Mafia
446:
440:
438:
433:
429:
425:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:, during the
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
346:Daniel Ammann
343:
338:
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328:
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307:
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191:
188:
184:
180:
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122:
117:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
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91:
87:
83:
79:, Switzerland
78:
69:June 26, 2013
68:
64:
59:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
3603:Belgian Jews
3488:, retrieved
3485:The Guardian
3484:
3469:, retrieved
3465:the original
3460:Businessweek
3458:
3443:, retrieved
3438:
3424:, retrieved
3419:
3403:. Retrieved
3399:
3368:. New York:
3365:
3345:. New York:
3340:
3330:Bibliography
3317:
3314:Maureen Orth
3308:
3294:
3284:February 24,
3282:. Retrieved
3272:
3265:
3257:
3238:
3220:
3210:
3202:
3193:
3184:
3175:
3166:
3133:
3124:
3115:
3105:November 30,
3103:. Retrieved
3099:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3066:
3056:
3043:
3038:
3026:. Retrieved
3022:the original
3017:
2992:. Retrieved
2988:the original
2981:
2972:
2960:. Retrieved
2956:The Guardian
2954:
2944:
2934:– via
2928:. Retrieved
2917:
2908:
2896:. Retrieved
2892:the original
2884:
2875:
2860:. Retrieved
2856:the original
2849:
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2817:
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:the original
2784:
2774:
2762:. Retrieved
2758:the original
2751:
2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2719:
2710:
2698:. Retrieved
2691:the original
2686:
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2655:
2645:
2633:. Retrieved
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2607:The Guardian
2606:
2596:
2587:
2577:
2564:
2555:
2546:
2509:. New York:
2506:
2497:
2488:
2476:
2468:the original
2463:
2453:
2445:the original
2440:
2415:. Retrieved
2394:
2386:
2377:
2368:
2359:
2338:
2317:
2307:
2298:
2289:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2238:
2222:
2220:
2213:. Retrieved
2206:the original
2201:
2185:. Retrieved
2181:the original
2169:November 21,
2167:. Retrieved
2162:
2137:
2094:September 4,
2092:. Retrieved
2088:the original
2081:
2072:
2062:November 21,
2060:. Retrieved
2054:
2024:. Retrieved
2020:the original
2015:
2006:
1994:. Retrieved
1966:November 21,
1964:. Retrieved
1958:
1948:
1937:
1931:
1923:Eurobusiness
1922:
1916:
1905:
1899:
1875:
1865:
1855:November 21,
1853:. Retrieved
1841:
1816:
1801:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1764:
1755:
1745:
1726:
1706:
1697:
1688:
1667:The Guardian
1666:
1640:|quote=
1610:
1608:
1603:November 11,
1601:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1590:
1584:
1562:the original
1530:. Retrieved
1519:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1486:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1453:
1443:
1431:. Retrieved
1420:
1410:
1398:. Retrieved
1389:
1346:
1340:
1330:November 21,
1328:. Retrieved
1316:
1306:
1296:November 21,
1294:. Retrieved
1290:the original
1285:
1262:February 18,
1260:. Retrieved
1249:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1223:the original
1181:. New York:
1178:
1141:
1123:
1106:In 1989 the
1102:
1085:
1070:Roger Tamraz
1065:
1049:
1011:
987:Lake Lucerne
982:
968:
956:
933:in suburban
908:
887:Pincus Green
883:
841:
830:
827:Philanthropy
821:
812:
801:
778:
763:relating to
754:
742:
737:
735:
731:Plame affair
727:Donald Trump
698:
696:
692:
680:John Podesta
646:
630:
615:
588:Shimon Peres
577:
562:
558:Jimmy Carter
546:Pincus Green
523:
511:
495:racketeering
487:Pincus Green
484:
479:
458:
457:
441:
428:Marvin Davis
421:
389:Shah of Iran
382:
358:Fidel Castro
339:
321:
303:
294:Pincus Green
289:
264:
257:
254:Vichy France
239:
206:racketeering
182:
178:
177:
148:Gisela Rossi
71:(2013-06-26)
18:
3513:2013 deaths
3508:1934 births
3490:October 19,
3471:October 19,
3445:October 19,
3426:October 19,
3405:October 19,
3322:, June 2001
3319:Vanity Fair
3068:Vanity Fair
2994:January 30,
2830:January 30,
2797:January 30,
2732:January 30,
2663:January 30,
2635:November 6,
2612:November 6,
2360:www.jta.org
2339:www.jta.org
2202:findlaw.com
2116:. CBS News.
2026:October 31,
1579:Hougan, Jim
963:New England
818:Citizenship
664:Eric Holder
660:James Comey
592:Ehud Olmert
366:Sandinistas
318:spot market
259:Serpa Pinto
198:tax evasion
187:commodities
96:Founder of
85:Citizenship
3502:Categories
3079:August 26,
3028:August 26,
1992:. NY Times
1154:References
991:St. Moritz
941:, actress
808:Alfa Group
723:Republican
684:Beth Nolan
668:Jack Quinn
638:Ehud Barak
580:Ehud Barak
554:Jack Quinn
491:wire fraud
451:, such as
407:after the
372:'s Libya,
290:Phibro LLC
244:family in
236:Early life
202:wire fraud
93:Occupation
50:1934-12-18
2983:Trafigura
2962:April 19,
2930:April 19,
2898:April 19,
2862:March 25,
2764:April 19,
2700:April 19,
2224:et passim
1845:(No. 401)
1669:. London.
1630:cite news
1585:Rex Mundi
1532:April 19,
1499:April 19,
1466:April 19,
1433:April 19,
1118:lawsuits.
927:Beersheba
919:Ramat Gan
895:Beersheba
860:West Bank
747:release.
542:Watergate
538:John Dean
465:net worth
360:'s Cuba,
354:apartheid
350:embargoes
327:Trafigura
210:oil deals
179:Marc Rich
60:, Belgium
25:Marc Rich
3439:BBC News
3339:(2009).
3246:Archived
3228:Archived
3073:Archived
3018:Time.com
2924:Archived
2851:Glencore
2824:Archived
2753:Glencore
2726:Archived
2505:(2009).
2417:June 26,
2215:July 16,
2187:July 16,
2016:NBC News
1996:June 26,
1849:Archived
1809:Archived
1526:Archived
1493:Archived
1460:Archived
1427:Archived
1400:March 8,
1394:Archived
1324:Archived
1256:Archived
1177:(2009).
1058:Brooklyn
1024:See also
1007:Picassos
995:Marbella
935:Tel Aviv
848:Ethiopia
435:this to
342:tutelage
335:Glencore
194:Glencore
98:Glencore
3212:Haaretz
3176:Haaretz
3100:Haaretz
2786:Reuters
2378:cnn.com
2299:Haaretz
1907:Newsday
1756:Haaretz
1612:Playboy
1592:Playboy
1131:of the
1018:Lucerne
999:Renoirs
789:Xstrata
769:Appleby
705:of the
676:Al Gore
540:during
430:bought
271:Bengali
246:Antwerp
168:
156:
152:
142:
130:
126:
112:Spouses
77:Lucerne
58:Antwerp
3376:
3370:Putnam
3353:
3138:source
3047:,
2631:. ICIJ
2517:
1887:
1733:
1708:Forbes
1356:
1189:
1078:Ceyhan
1014:stroke
1005:, and
1003:Monets
975:Meggen
905:Awards
852:Russia
775:Legacy
634:Mossad
424:Prague
417:Mossad
387:, the
333:, and
310:metals
242:Jewish
190:trader
181:(born
2694:(PDF)
2683:(PDF)
2485:(PDF)
2395:Salon
2209:(PDF)
2198:(PDF)
1615:with
1116:civil
1041:Notes
913:from
331:Vitol
250:Nazis
224:, on
220:from
158:(
154:
132:(
128:
3492:2016
3473:2016
3447:2016
3428:2016
3407:2016
3374:ISBN
3351:ISBN
3286:2023
3107:2013
3081:2017
3030:2017
2996:2017
2964:2022
2932:2022
2900:2022
2864:2018
2832:2017
2799:2017
2766:2022
2734:2017
2702:2022
2665:2017
2637:2017
2614:2017
2515:ISBN
2464:Time
2419:2013
2217:2007
2189:2007
2171:2020
2096:2017
2064:2020
2028:2012
1998:2013
1968:2020
1885:ISBN
1857:2020
1731:ISBN
1645:help
1605:2020
1534:2022
1521:Time
1501:2022
1488:Time
1468:2022
1455:Time
1435:2022
1422:Time
1402:2017
1354:ISBN
1332:2012
1298:2020
1264:2020
1231:2012
1187:ISBN
1133:SDNY
1074:Baku
864:Gaza
862:and
850:and
745:FOIA
709:and
622:CNBC
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