302:
27:
1727:
1691:
1715:
1667:
1703:
457:(NERC) to create standards that would require power grids to be somewhat protected from solar storms and equipment to be continuously tested for possible effects of solar storms. After a technical conference and public comment, the final rule utilities must use for testing equipment and directing future research was published in September, 2016.
1679:
292:
was aloft at the time and suffered a sensor malfunction: a sensor on one of the tanks supplying hydrogen to a fuel cell showed unusually high-pressure readings on March 13. The problem went away after the solar storm subsided.
468:
to examine the sufficiency of cooling systems of stored spent fuel rods of nuclear power plants now considered vulnerable to long-term power outages, which could also be caused by space weather, high-altitude nuclear burst
1072:
1125:
305:
GOES-7 monitors the space weather conditions during the Great
Geomagnetic storm of March 1989, the Moscow neutron monitor recorded the passage of a CME as a drop in levels known as a
1042:
1064:
326:
197:
161:
649:
244:, some people worried that a nuclear first strike might be in progress. Others incorrectly considered the intense auroras to be associated with the Space Shuttle mission
278:
454:
399:
at the time. The storm occurred just as the advance elements of the contingent arrived in
Namibia, but the effects were believed to last for weeks afterwards. The
359:
in 11 months. The power failure lasted nine hours and forced the company to implement various mitigation strategies, including raising the trip level, installing
889:
867:
939:
702:
610:
1203:
933:
200:. The onset time was exceptionally rapid. Other historically significant solar storms occurred later in 1989, during a very active period of
1777:
1326:
450:
445:
Because of serious concerns that utilities have failed to set protection standards and are unprepared for a severe solar storm such as the
1093:
1034:
769:
423:
1166:
285:
communication satellite recorded over 250 anomalies caused by the increased particles flowing into its sensitive electronics. The
1762:
799:
400:
1752:
1552:
1368:
641:
372:
360:
263:
1573:
1474:
1448:
921:
Australia and the New World Order: The
Official History of Australian Peacekeeping, Humanitarian and Post-Cold War Operations
588:
1578:
1343:
465:
1657:
1373:
1338:
795:
681:
143:
1531:
1526:
1747:
1604:
435:
341:
897:
1568:
1196:
925:
497:
461:
1267:
314:
1772:
1599:
1453:
1757:
727:
Jeffrey J. Love; Greg M. Lucas; E. Joshua Rigler; Benjamin S. Murphy; Anna
Kelbert; Paul A. Bedrosian (2022).
863:
1767:
371:
in North
America and Northern Europe and elsewhere implemented programs to reduce the risks associated with
301:
286:
255:
157:
1126:"Rule Reliability Standard for Transmission System Planned Performance for Geomagnetic Disturbance Events"
919:
729:"Mapping a Magnetic Superstorm: March 1989 Geoelectric Hazards and Impacts on United States Power Systems"
706:
416:
620:
1636:
1620:
1250:
1189:
1177:
Mapping a
Magnetic Superstorm: March 1989 Geoelectric Hazards and Impacts on United States Power Systems
1176:
1171:
487:
470:
439:
431:
213:
1099:(Order 779, 18 CFR Part 40). May 16, 2013. p. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Archived from
270:
by the Soviet government. As midnight came and went, a mass of charged particles and electrons in the
212:
The geomagnetic storm causing this event is believed to be the result of two separate events known as
1508:
1436:
1418:
1306:
1279:
1262:
833:
740:
548:
492:
1719:
1408:
615:
446:
1707:
1695:
994:
955:
566:
521:
229:
1162:
Dynamics
Explorer UV image of the aurora on March 13/14, 1989 - L. A. Frank, University of Iowa
1156:
1100:
773:
1489:
1363:
929:
348:
193:
1671:
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748:
556:
306:
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1006:
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prevented current flowing through the earth, finding a less resistant path along the 735
322:
837:
744:
552:
26:
1731:
1431:
1142:
404:
388:
368:
221:
201:
175:
845:
216:(CME) on March 10 and 12, 1989. A few days before, on March 6, a very large X15-class
1741:
1398:
1355:
1284:
1228:
1223:
570:
482:
267:
36:
824:
L. Bolduc (2002). "GIC observations and studies in the Hydro-Quebec} power system".
1726:
1683:
1479:
1403:
1388:
1296:
893:
392:
364:
356:
196:
that struck Earth on March 13. This geomagnetic storm caused a nine-hour outage of
16:
An exceptionally powerful geomagnetic storm that struck the Earth on March 13, 1989
1484:
1274:
1212:
584:
217:
189:
274:
flowed from west to east, inducing powerful electrical currents in the ground.
1319:
1314:
1167:
Artist rendition of the 1989 blackout over Canada and the United States - NASA
517:
271:
32:
803:
677:
422:
Since 1996, geomagnetic storms and solar flares have been monitored from the
1161:
1157:
Aurora observed over Sea Cliff, New York on March 13, 1989 - by Ken
Spencer
281:
communications were interrupted, causing weather images to be lost. NASA's
251:
The storm caused significant interference to the United States power grid.
1383:
753:
728:
645:
561:
536:
367:
lines and upgrading various monitoring and operational procedures. Other
241:
329:. The utility's very long transmission lines and the fact that most of
1378:
1289:
396:
237:
126:
109:
415:
On August 16, 1989, another storm caused a halt of all trading on the
383:
One of the few publicly reported military operations impacted was the
1426:
352:
330:
282:
245:
1678:
1441:
300:
233:
225:
1065:"COLUMN-U.S. orders power grid to prepare for solar storms: Kemp"
266:
into Russia. It was initially believed that the signals had been
888:
Morin, Michel; Sirois, Gilles; Derome, Bernard (13 March 1989).
427:
338:
277:
Some satellites in polar orbits lost control for several hours.
1506:
1185:
1181:
983:
United
Nations Transition Assistance Group (UNTAG) in Namibia
262:
interference, including the disruption of radio signals from
1124:
Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (September 30, 2016).
248:, which had been launched on March 13 at 9:57:00 a.m.
442:, both sparking northern lights as for south as Florida.
192:
during early to mid March 1989, the most notable being a
864:"Understanding Electricity - March 1989 - Hydro-Québec"
232:
at the poles. The aurora could be seen as far south as
537:"A 21st Century View of the March 1989 Magnetic Storm"
1655:
434:(ESA). Extreme geomagnetic storms were registered in
351:
network went offline in less than 90 seconds, giving
1172:
A 21st Century View of the March 1989 Magnetic Storm
826:
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
524:
from the original on 2021-12-20 – via YouTube.
1629:
1613:
1592:
1561:
1540:
1519:
1467:
1417:
1354:
1305:
1241:
1035:"Solar storms halt stock market as computers crash"
407:radio communications which were severely impacted.
152:
141:
124:
107:
92:
77:
72:
60:
49:
44:
1094:Reliability Standards for Geomagnetic Disturbances
642:"Scientists probe northern lights from all angles"
228:. The storm began on Earth with extremely intense
1063:Kemp, John (2014-02-18). Brown, Veronica (ed.).
857:
855:
455:North American Electric Reliability Corporation
224:on March 13, a severe geomagnetic storm struck
198:Hydro-Québec's electricity transmission system
1197:
419:when three redundant disc drives all failed.
8:
220:also occurred. Several days later, at 01:27
19:
1516:
1503:
1238:
1204:
1190:
1182:
18:
752:
560:
1662:
672:
670:
668:
666:
508:
1002:
992:
963:
953:
705:. Science.ksc.nasa.gov. Archived from
188:occurred as part of severe to extreme
426:(SOHO) satellite, a joint project of
7:
1327:Interplanetary coronal mass ejection
942:from the original on 2 November 2012
451:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
768:Dr. Sten Odenwald (13 March 2009).
770:"The Day the Sun Brought Darkness"
424:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
14:
1019:Ferguson, Jonathan (1989-08-17),
535:David Boteler (10 October 2019).
516:IEEE Spectrum (26 January 2012).
1725:
1713:
1701:
1689:
1677:
1665:
800:National Geophysical Data Center
401:Australian contribution to UNTAG
373:geomagnetically induced currents
39:(size and distance not to scale)
25:
1553:November 1882 geomagnetic storm
1369:Geomagnetically induced current
1075:from the original on 2018-08-01
1045:from the original on 2018-08-01
870:from the original on 2012-03-09
684:from the original on 2020-09-26
652:from the original on 2020-09-25
609:Lerner, Eric J. (August 1995).
591:from the original on 2018-12-26
547:(10). AGU Journals: 1427â1441.
518:"The Geomagnetic Storm of 1989"
1574:January 1938 geomagnetic storm
1475:Health threat from cosmic rays
1449:Sudden ionospheric disturbance
796:"Extreme Space Weather Events"
240:. As this occurred during the
51:
45:Associated solar active region
1:
1579:August 1972 geomagnetic storm
1344:Interplanetary magnetic field
846:10.1016/S1364-6826(02)00128-1
466:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
208:Geomagnetic storm and auroras
1584:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
1374:Disturbance storm time index
1339:Interplanetary current sheet
1033:Dayton, Leigh (1989-09-09).
981:Sowry, Brendan, ed. (1992).
395:force which was deployed to
186:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
20:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
1778:March 1989 events in Canada
1605:2003 Halloween solar storms
678:"A Conflagration of Storms"
587:. sohowww.nascom.nasa.gov.
258:occurred. The burst caused
1794:
1569:May 1921 geomagnetic storm
926:Cambridge University Press
498:May 1921 geomagnetic storm
473:(EMPs), or cyber attacks.
462:Fukushima nuclear accident
1515:
1502:
1268:Solar energetic particles
1237:
1219:
1023:. The Toronto Star, p. E1
171:
167:
68:
24:
1600:Bastille Day solar storm
1454:Ground level enhancement
1021:Computer crash halts TSE
890:"Le Québec dans le noir"
256:communications blackouts
158:communications blackouts
1763:Power outages in Canada
1532:993â994 carbon-14 spike
1527:774â775 carbon-14 spike
611:"Space weather: Page 1"
403:was heavily reliant on
162:Hydro-Québec power grid
160:; loss of power to the
96:13 March 1989
1753:1989 natural disasters
918:Horner, David (2011).
772:. NASA. Archived from
471:electromagnetic pulses
417:Toronto Stock Exchange
315:Earth's magnetic field
313:The variations in the
310:
279:GOES weather satellite
214:coronal mass ejections
81:9 March 1989
31:Artist's depiction of
1637:May 2024 solar storms
1621:July 2012 solar storm
1251:Coronal mass ejection
488:Geomagnetic excursion
432:European Space Agency
304:
297:Quebec power blackout
1509:List of solar storms
1437:Subauroral ion drift
1419:Planetary atmosphere
1307:Interplanetary space
1280:Solar radio emission
1263:Solar particle event
754:10.1029/2021SW003030
562:10.1029/2019SW002278
493:List of solar storms
1409:Magnetic pulsations
838:2002JASTP..64.1793B
745:2022SpWea..2003030L
553:2019SpWea..17.1427B
453:(FERC) ordered the
405:high frequency (HF)
361:series compensation
355:its second massive
335:a large rock shield
21:
1748:Geomagnetic storms
365:ultra high voltage
311:
78:Initial onset
61:Largest SXR flares
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1498:
1497:
1490:Solar observation
1364:Geomagnetic storm
935:978-0-521-76587-9
832:(16): 1793â1802.
387:component of the
264:Radio Free Europe
194:geomagnetic storm
182:
181:
73:Geomagnetic storm
35:striking Earth's
1785:
1730:
1729:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1548:Carrington Event
1517:
1504:
1459:Magnetic crochet
1332:Forbush decrease
1256:Solar prominence
1243:Solar atmosphere
1239:
1206:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1145:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1111:
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1098:
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1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1060:
1054:
1053:
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1050:
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1024:
1017:
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990:
978:
972:
971:
965:
961:
959:
951:
949:
947:
915:
909:
908:
906:
905:
896:. Archived from
885:
879:
878:
876:
875:
859:
850:
849:
821:
815:
814:
812:
811:
802:. Archived from
792:
786:
785:
783:
781:
776:on 13 March 2022
765:
759:
758:
756:
724:
718:
717:
715:
714:
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693:
692:
690:
689:
674:
661:
660:
658:
657:
638:
632:
631:
629:
628:
619:. Archived from
606:
600:
599:
597:
596:
581:
575:
574:
564:
532:
526:
525:
513:
447:Carrington Event
319:circuit breakers
307:Forbush decrease
103:
101:
88:
86:
53:
29:
22:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1773:1989 in science
1738:
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1724:
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1702:
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1690:
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1666:
1664:
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1654:
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1625:
1609:
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1557:
1536:
1511:
1494:
1463:
1413:
1394:Space hurricane
1350:
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1018:
1014:
1001:
991:
987:Australian Army
980:
979:
975:
962:
952:
945:
943:
936:
924:. Vol. 2.
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916:
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903:
901:
887:
886:
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823:
822:
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762:
726:
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721:
712:
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701:
700:
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687:
685:
676:
675:
664:
655:
653:
640:
639:
635:
626:
624:
608:
607:
603:
594:
592:
585:"SOHO Hotshots"
583:
582:
578:
534:
533:
529:
515:
514:
510:
506:
479:
449:, in 2013, the
413:
385:Australian Army
381:
299:
260:shortwave radio
210:
172:
132:
115:
99:
97:
84:
82:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1791:
1789:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1768:1989 in Canada
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1760:
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1740:
1739:
1735:
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1710:
1698:
1686:
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1471:
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1465:
1464:
1462:
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1456:
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1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Auroral chorus
1423:
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1415:
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1186:
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1152:
1151:External links
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973:
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910:
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862:Hydro-Québec.
851:
816:
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719:
694:
662:
648:. 2005-10-22.
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389:United Nations
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287:Space Shuttle
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202:solar cycle 22
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176:solar cycle 22
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1399:Space tornado
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1380:
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1356:Magnetosphere
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1285:Active region
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1229:Space climate
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1224:Space weather
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1200:
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1160:
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1155:
1154:
1150:
1144:
1141:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1106:on 2013-08-26
1102:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1059:
1056:
1044:
1040:
1039:New Scientist
1036:
1029:
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1022:
1016:
1013:
1008:
996:
988:
984:
977:
974:
969:
957:
941:
937:
931:
927:
923:
922:
914:
911:
900:on 2011-06-06
899:
895:
892:(in French).
891:
884:
881:
869:
865:
858:
856:
852:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
817:
806:on 2012-05-22
805:
801:
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1520:Before 1800
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342:power lines
218:solar flare
1742:Categories
1320:Pickup ion
1315:Solar wind
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272:ionosphere
100:1989-03-13
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1672:Astronomy
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411:Aftermath
369:utilities
349:James Bay
289:Discovery
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616:Discover
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477:See also
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333:sits on
317:tripped
242:Cold War
173:Part of
1732:Science
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1468:Related
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1069:Reuters
946:29 July
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133:-index
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