665:. More than 18,000 of these features, which have an average diameter of about 800 meters, have been mapped. Mare Acidalium would have received large quantities of mud and fluids form outflow channels, so much mud may have accumulated there. The bright mounds have been found to contain crystalline ferric oxides. Mud volcanism here may be highly significant because long lived conduits for upwelling groundwater could have been produced. These could have been habitats for micro organisms. Mud volcanoes could have brought up samples from deep zones that could therefore be sampled by robots. An article in Icarus reports on a study of these possible mud volcanoes. The authors compare these Martian features to mud volcanoes found on the Earth. There study using HiRISE images and CRISM data support the idea that these features are indeed mud volcanoes. Nanophase ferric minerals and hydrated minerals found with Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) show that water was involved with the formation of these possible Martian mud volcanoes.
1070:. The tsunamis were caused by asteroids striking the ocean. Both were thought to have been strong enough to create 30 km diameter craters. The first tsunami picked up and carried boulders the size of cars or small houses. The backwash from the wave formed channels by rearranging the boulders. The second came in when the ocean was 300 m lower. The second carried a great deal of ice which was dropped in valleys. Calculations show that the average height of the waves would have been 50 m, but the heights would vary from 10 m to 120 m. Numerical simulations show that in this particular part of the ocean two impact craters of the size of 30 km in diameter would form every 30 million years. The implication here is that a great northern ocean may have existed for millions of years. One argument against an ocean has been the lack of shoreline features. These features may have been washed away by these tsunami events. The parts of Mars studied in this research are
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that rising hot magma could have melted ice in the ground and caused water to flow in aquifers. Aquifers are layers that allow water to flow. They may consist of porous sandstone. This layer would be perched on top of another layer that prevents water from going down (in geological terms it would be called impermeable). The only direction the trapped water can flow is horizontally. The water could then flow out onto the surface when the aquifer reaches a break, like a crater wall. Aquifers are quite common on Earth. A good example is "Weeping Rock" in
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frost or snow mixed generously with dust. The atmosphere of Mars contains a great deal of fine dust particles. Water vapor condenses on the particles, then the heavier particles with the water coating fall and pile up on the ground. When ice at the top of the mantling layer goes back into the atmosphere, it leaves behind dust, which insulates the remaining ice.
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Impact craters generally have a rim with ejecta around them, in contrast volcanic craters usually do not have a rim or ejecta deposits. Sometimes craters display layers. Since the collision that produces a crater is like a powerful explosion, rocks from deep underground are tossed unto the surface.
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Changes in Mars' orbit and tilt cause significant changes in the distribution of water ice from polar regions down to latitudes equivalent to Texas. During certain climate periods water vapor leaves polar ice and enters the atmosphere. The water comes back to ground at lower latitudes as deposits of
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Rock can be formed into layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater. Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When
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Many researchers have suggested that Mars once had a great ocean in the north. Much evidence for this ocean has been gathered over several decades. New evidence was published in May 2016. A large team of scientists described how some of the surface in
Ismenius Lacus quadrangle was altered by two
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image below of
Acidalia Colles shows gullies in the northern hemisphere. Gullies occur on steep slopes, especially craters. Gullies are believed to be relatively young because they have few, if any craters, and they lie on top of sand dunes which are themselves young. Usually, each gully has an
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The southern and northern borders of the quadrangle are approximately 3,065 km and 1,500 km wide, respectively. The north to south distance is about 2,050 km (slightly less than the length of
Greenland). The quadrangle covers an approximate area of 4.9 million square km, or a little
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Pingos are believed to be present on Mars. They are mounds that contain cracks. These particular fractures were evidently produced by something emerging from below the brittle surface of Mars. Ice lenses, resulting from the accumulation of ice beneath the surface, possibly created these mounds
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On the other hand, there is evidence for the alternative theory because much of the surface of Mars is covered by a thick smooth mantle that is thought to be a mixture of ice and dust. This ice-rich mantle, a few yards thick, smooths the land, but in places it has a bumpy texture, resembling the
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There is evidence for both theories. Most of the gully alcove heads occur at the same level, just as one would expect of an aquifer. Various measurements and calculations show that liquid water could exist in an aquifer at the usual depths where the gullies begin. One variation of this model is
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There is a 300 km long river system in Idaeus Fossae. It is carved into the highlands of Idaeus Fossae, and it originated from the melting of ice in the ground after asteroid impacts. Dating has determined that the water activity came after most of the water activity ended at the boundary
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Close-up of gully channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. This image shows many streamlined forms and some benches along a channel. These features suggest formation by running water. Benches are usually formed when the water level goes down a bit and stays at that level for a time.
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orbiter. Indeed, a study published in June 2017, calculated that the volume of water needed to carve all the channels on Mars was even larger than the proposed ocean that the planet may have had. Water was probably recycled many times from the ocean to rainfall around Mars.
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Group of craters that may have struck the surface at the same time after an asteroid broke up. If the craters were formed at different times, they would have wiped away parts of the others. Picture was taken by HiRISE, under HiWish program. Image located in
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ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together.
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Rodriguez, J. Alexis P.; Fairén, Alberto G.; Tanaka, Kenneth L.; Zarroca, Mario; Linares, Rogelio; Platz, Thomas; Komatsu, Goro; Miyamoto, Hideaki; Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Yan, Jianguo; Gulick, Virginia; Higuchi, Kana; Baker, Victor R.; Glines, Natalie (2016).
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Rodriguez, J. Alexis P.; Fairén, Alberto G.; Tanaka, Kenneth L.; Zarroca, Mario; Linares, Rogelio; Platz, Thomas; Komatsu, Goro; Miyamoto, Hideaki; Kargel, Jeffrey S.; Yan, Jianguo; Gulick, Virginia; Higuchi, Kana; Baker, Victor R.; Glines, Natalie (2016).
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The quadrangle contains many interesting features, including gullies and possible shorelines of an ancient northern ocean. Some areas are densely layered. The boundary between the southern highlands and the northern lowlands lies in Mare
Acidalium. The
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surface of a basketball. Under certain conditions the ice could melt and flow down the slopes to create gullies. Since there are few craters on this mantle, the mantle is relatively young. An excellent view of this mantle is in the picture of the
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with fractures. Ice is less dense than rock, so the buried ice rose and pushed upwards on the surface and generated these cracks. An analogous process creates similar sized mounds in arctic tundra on Earth that are known as
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Fractures, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. These fractures are believed to eventually turn into canyons because ice in the ground will disappear into the thin
Martian atmosphere and the remaining dust will be blown
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Fan This fan is formed on the edge of a crater. Dirt and rocks mixed with water, flowed down a slope and were deposited in crater. The fan has layers which means that this was done at different intervals, not all at
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Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE. Low area around the volcanoes contains transverse aeolian ridges (TAR's). Only part of picture is in color because HiRISE only takes a color strip in middle of
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Close view of cracks of various sizes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Ice disappears along crack surfaces and makes crack larger. Note that small craters do not have very big rims; they may be just
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periods. Lakes and fan-shaped deposits were formed by running water in this system as it drained eastward into
Liberta Crater and formed a delta deposit. Part of the drainage path is the Moa Valley.
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Close view of boulders near mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. The boulders may be from an upper layer. Mud from a mud volcano does not contain boulders, only fine-grain material.
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Parker, Timothy J.; Stephen
Saunders, R.; Schneeberger, Dale M. (1989). "Transitional morphology in West Deuteronilus Mensae, Mars: Implications for modification of the lowland/upland boundary".
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This area contains many bright spots on a dark background that may be mud volcanoes. There are also some gullies that are believed to have formed by relatively recent flows of liquid water.
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Salese, F., G. Di
Achille, G. Ori. 2015. SEDIMENTOLOGY OF A RIVER SYSTEM WITH A SERIES OF DAM-BREACH PALEOLAKES AT IDAEUS FOSSAE, MARS. 46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2296.pdf
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There is enormous evidence that water once flowed in river valleys on Mars. Images of curved channels have been seen in images from Mars spacecraft dating back to the early 1970s with the
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is located in the northeastern portion of Mars' western hemisphere and covers 300° to 360° east longitude (0° to 60° west longitude) and 30° to 65° north latitude. The quadrangle uses a
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Approximated by integrating latitudinal strips with area of R^2 (L1-L2)(cos(A)dA) from 30° to 65° latitude; where R = 3889 km, A is latitude, and angles expressed in radians. See:
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Close-up of gully alcove showing "gullygons" (polygonal patterned ground near gullies), as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note this is an enlargement of a previous image.
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Close-up of gully alcove showing "gullygons" (polygonal patterned ground near gullies), as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program Note this is an enlargement of a previous image.
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2003:
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on the Earth. Places on Mars that display polygonal ground may indicate where future colonists can find water ice. Patterned ground forms in a mantle layer, called
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Parker, Timothy J.; Gorsline, Donn S.; Saunders, R. Stephen; Pieri, David C.; Schneeberger, Dale M. (1993). "Coastal geomorphology of the
Martian northern plains".
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3621:"Fate of outflow channel effluents in the northern lowlands of Mars: The Vastitas Borealis Formation as a sublimation residue from frozen ponded bodies of water"
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Clifford, S. (2001). "The
Evolution of the Martian Hydrosphere: Implications for the Fate of a Primordial Ocean and the Current State of the Northern Plains".
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system in previous image showing boulders and their tracks, as seen by HiRISE. Click on image to see a boulder only 2.2 yards across (smaller than a bedroom).
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Craters with white centers in Mare Acidalium. Sand dunes are visible in low areas in image. Some of the features may be mud volcanoes. Picture taken by
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Kreslavsky, M.A., Head, J.W., 2002. High-latitude Recent Surface Mantle on Mars: New Results from MOLA and MOC. European Geophysical Society XXVII, Nice.
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Milliken, R.; et al. (2003). "Viscous flow features on the surface of Mars: Observations from high-resolution Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images".
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Polygonal, patterned ground is quite common in some regions of Mars. It is commonly believed to be caused by the sublimation of ice from the ground.
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2109:
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Wide view of fractured ground, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Cracks form on the Martian surface, and then they turn into large fractures.
218:
alcove, channel, and apron. Although many ideas have been put forward to explain them, the most popular involve liquid water either coming from an
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over the image to see the names of over 60 prominent geographic features, and click to link to them. Coloring of the base map indicates relative
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Picture was taken with HiRISE under HiWish program. Location is the Mare Acidalium quadrangle. Note this is an enlargement of a previous image.
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46:
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Close-up of surface near ejecta of crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Melted ice from ground water may have formed small channel.
397:
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Komatsu, G., et al. 2014. ASTROBIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF MUD VOLCANISM ON MARS. 45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2014). 1085.pdf
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MLA NASA/Jet Propulsion Laboratory (2003, December 18). Mars May Be Emerging From An Ice Age. ScienceDaily. Retrieved February 19, 2009, from
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Baker, V.; Strom, R.; Gulick, V.; Kargel, J.; Komatsu, G.; Kale, V. (1991). "Ancient oceans, ice sheets and the hydrological cycle on Mars".
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Kreslavsky, M., Head, J. 2000. Kilometer-scale roughness on Mars: Results from MOLA data analysis. J. Geophys. Res. 105 (E11), 26695–26712.
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Mustard, J.; et al. (2001). "Evidence for recent climate change on Mars from the identification of youthful near-surface ground ice".
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1388:. A circle is drawn around crater to show that it may be off round because of movement of the fault. Many other faults are in the region.
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Close view of cracks of various sizes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Ice disappears along crack surfaces and makes crack larger.
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Channels in Sklodowska Crater, as seen by CTX camera (on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter). Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image.
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562:, as seen by HiRISE. Click on image for a better view of North and South Walls, as well as central hills. Scale bar is 1000 meters long.
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Komatsu, G., et al. 2016. Small edifice features in Chryse Planitia, Mars: Assessment of a mud volcano hypothesis. Icarus: 268, 56-75.
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Fairén, Alberto G.; Dohm, James M.; Baker, Victor R.; De Pablo, Miguel A.; Ruiz, Javier; Ferris, Justin C.; Anderson, Robert C. (2003).
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Stream meander and cutoff, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. This is part of a major drainage system in the Idaeus Fossae region.
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193:", of great interest to the general public, is located near 40.8 degrees north and 9.6 degrees west, in an area called Cydonia. When
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Davies, M.E.; Batson, R.M.; Wu, S.S.C. "Geodesy and Cartography" in Kieffer, H.H.; Jakosky, B.M.; Snyder, C.W.; Matthews, M.S., Eds.
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Komar, P (1979). "Comparisons of the hydraulics of water flows in Martian outflow channels with flows of similar scale on Earth".
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2024:. Quadrangle numbers (beginning with MC for "Mars Chart") and names link to the corresponding articles. North is at the top;
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Close-up of possible mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Note: this is an enlargement of the previous image.
108:
1508:
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Close-up of gullies in a crater showing plygons that have been called "gullygons" Image taken by HiRISE under HiWish program.
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112:
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Oehler, D. and C. Allen. 2010. Evidence for pervasive mud volcanism in Acidalia Planitia, Mars. Icarus: 208. 636-657.
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32:
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4921:
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4131:
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2955:"Pitted cones and domes on Mars: observations in Acidalia Planitia and Cydonia Mensae using MOC, THEMIS, and TES data"
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2017:
1097:, an Inuit word. They contain pure water ice, so they would be a great source of water for future colonists on Mars.
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952:
104:
3108:"Hydrological and sedimentary analyses of well-preserved paleo fluvial- paleolacustrine systems at Moa Valles, Mars"
123:
at a nominal scale of 1:5,000,000 (1:5M). The Mare Acidalium quadrangle is also referred to as MC-4 (Mars Chart-4).
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Large areas of Mare Acidalium display bright spots on a dark background. It has been suggested that the spots are
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Mangold, N (2005). "High latitude patterned grounds on Mars: Classification, distribution and climatic control".
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467:
88:
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Seibert, N.; Kargel, J. (2001). "Small-scale martian polygonal terrain: Implications for liquid surface water".
1078:. These tsunamis affected some surfaces in the Ismenius Lacus quadrangle and in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle.
615:
Enlarged view of crater ejecta showing channel with a deposit at the end, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
5141:
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4710:
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Head, J.W.; Mustard, J.F.; Kreslavsky, M.A.; Milliken, R.E.; Marchant, D.R. (2003). "Recent ice ages on Mars".
1987:
1980:
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1995:
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examined it with high resolution, the face turned out to just be an eroded mesa. Mare Acidalium contains the
26:
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Gullies on wall of crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Location is the Mare Acidalium quadrangle.
4523:
4380:
4107:
3500:
Head Iii, J. W. (1999). "Possible Ancient Oceans on Mars: Evidence from Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter Data".
2529:
Harris, A and E. Tuttle. 1990. Geology of National Parks. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Dubuque, Iowa
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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1340223/calculating-area-enclosed-by-arbitrary-polygon-on-earths-surface
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2996:"Resurfacing history of the northern plains of Mars based on geologic mapping of Mars Global Surveyor data"
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Arrows point to possible pingos, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Pingos contain a core of pure ice.
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2571:"Recent high-latitude icy mantle in the northern plains of Mars: Characteristics and ages of emplacement"
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Mud volcanoes near the edge of the ejecta of a nearby crater, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program
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Crater with ejecta, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. The box shows area enlarged in next image.
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Layers and small craters, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. Layers are enlarged in next image.
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3368:"New Martian valley network volume estimate consistent with ancient ocean and warm and wet climate"
1973:
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Hanging valley, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program. This may have been a waterfall at one time.
3282:
Carr, M (1979). "Formation of Martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers".
290:. Box shows where the next image came from. This is a CTX image from Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
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Close-up of gullies in a crater from previous image. Image taken by HiRISE under HiWish program.
3062:
Oehler, D; Allen, C. (2011). "Evidence for pervasive mud volcanism in Acidalia Planitia, Mars".
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located at 45° N and 330° E on Mars. The feature was named for a well or fountain in
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Sample of oval pits in this location of unknown origin, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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Close up view of another gully in same HiRISE picture. Picture taken under HiWish program.
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Hanging valley that once may have been a waterfall, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
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2620:"Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera: Interplanetary cruise through primary mission"
2379:"Observations of martian gullies and constraints on potential formation mechanisms. 2004"
3785:
3727:
3673:
3636:
3595:
3556:
3513:
3478:
3436:
3383:
3330:
3295:
3252:
3181:
3123:
3075:
3011:
2970:
2881:
2821:
2786:
2751:
2707:
2672:
2635:
2586:
2508:
2394:
5176:
4498:
4453:
4408:
3802:
3769:
3744:
3711:
3400:
3367:
3198:
3165:
1385:
1153:
Close view of fractures from the previous image, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
588:
559:
303:
287:
92:
3486:
709:
Large field of cones that may be mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
5347:
5336:
5286:
5054:
4883:
4866:
4858:
4792:
4747:
4668:
4603:
4518:
4433:
4423:
4413:
4308:
3564:
3338:
3141:
2315:
2285:
3921:
2604:
5245:
5240:
5181:
5113:
5093:
4757:
4513:
4458:
4398:
3268:
3189:
2905:
2845:
2493:"Observations of martian gullies and constraints on potential formation mechanisms"
1357:
1338:
1075:
202:
198:
136:
3521:
3853:
3083:
2920:
2715:
2516:
2402:
4990:
4985:
4448:
3034:
Grotzinger, J. and R. Milliken (eds.) 2012. Sedimentary Geology of Mars. SEPM
2438:
2300:
795:
Close view of mud volcanoes and boulders, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
662:
639:
Crater wall covered with a smooth mantle, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
462:
is the direct change of solid ice to a gas. This is similar to what happens to
132:
3770:"Tsunami waves extensively resurfaced the shorelines of an early Martian ocean"
3712:"Tsunami waves extensively resurfaced the shorelines of an early Martian ocean"
3580:"Oceans on Mars: An assessment of the observational evidence and possible fate"
2415:
Blunck, J. 1982. Mars and its Satellites. Exposition Press. Smithtown, N.Y.
5098:
5083:
4418:
4348:
3459:
201:
system of canyons. This huge system is 300 miles wide in some places—Earth's
2042:
2029:
1557:
1544:
1523:
1510:
1489:
1476:
61:
48:
5250:
5186:
4820:
4683:
3924:. Photojournal. NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory. February 16, 2002
3303:
2223:
2185:
2173:
2013:
1384:
Close-up of a possible fault in Mare Acidalium, as seen by HiRISE under the
1177:
Close view of cracks on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
924:
874:
3811:
3753:
3681:
3529:
3409:
3207:
2897:
2837:
2794:
771:
Wide view of field of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
91:(upper right) are easily seen. The famous "face" on Mars is located in the
3839:
5260:
4972:
4953:
4825:
3645:
3620:
3604:
3579:
3132:
3107:
3020:
2995:
2979:
2954:
2759:
2680:
2644:
2619:
2595:
2570:
2219:
983:
Channels in Sklodowska Crater, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program
870:
318:
Close up view of some gullies, as seen by HiRISE under the HiWish program
223:
3391:
2889:
1400:
Fan with channels on its surface, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1306:
Close view of layers in a trough, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
306:. Gullies are enlarged in next two images. Location is Bamberg crater.
4782:
4463:
3229:
Baker, V. 1982. The Channels of Mars. Univ. of Tex. Press, Austin, TX
1067:
858:
Close view of mud volcanoes on Earth. Location is Gobustan, Azerbaijan.
463:
219:
159:
3938:
3896:
3793:
3735:
3444:
2425:
745:
Line of possible mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
4508:
3260:
2829:
2280:
2275:
1342:
437:
271:
214:
2492:
2378:
1270:
Close view of layers in mesa, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
35:(MOLA) data. The highest elevations are red and the lowest are blue.
783:
Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
162:, Greece. According to classical tradition, it is a location where
3166:"Fluvial geomorphology on Earth-like planetary surfaces: a review"
2439:"HiRISE | A Complex Crater in Arabia Terra (PSP_010354_2165)"
2305:
2096:
1424:
Crater with very small rim, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
819:
Wide view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
78:
2540:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/12/031218075443.htmAds
2348:
1055:
Meander. Cutoff was formed, which made a shortcut for the water.
651:
Crater with pits on floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
574:
Exhumed Crater in Mare Acidalium, as seen by Mars Global Surveyor
83:
Image of the Mare Acidalium quadrangle (MC-4). The large craters
4331:
3353:"How Much Water Was Needed to Carve Valleys on Mars? - SpaceRef"
2168:
2056:
2008:
425:
4304:
3942:
2467:"HiRISE | (Almost) Silent Rolling Stones in Kasei Valles"
1165:
Cracks on crater floor, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
959:). Small channels are visible along the eroded, southern rim.
517:
Hence, craters can show us what lies deep under the surface.
302:
Gullies and massive flow of material, as seen by HiRISE under
3873:
Mapping Mars: Science, Imagination, and the Birth of a World
1226:
Cracks around crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
733:
Possible mud volcano, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
532:
Floor, as seen by HiRISE. The scale bar is 500 meters long.
3460:"Episodic flood inundations of the northern plains of Mars"
2347:
Distances calculated using NASA World Wind measuring tool.
1436:
Field of small pits, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1372:
CTX image showing the context for the next image of a fault
354:
Gullies in a crater, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
241:
Gullies on crater wall The bright apron is a bit unusual.
127:
over 3% of Mars' surface area. Most of the region called
3826:"Ancient tsunami evidence on Mars reveals life potential"
3696:"Ancient Tsunami Evidence on Mars Reveals Life Potential"
470:, that fell from the sky when the climate was different.
253:
Gully on crater wall The bright apron is a bit unusual.
4300:
3220:
Carr, M. 1996. in Water on Mars. Oxford Univ. Press.
1189:
Group of cracks, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1031:
Channel network, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1258:
Layers in mesa, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
166:
and the Graces bathed. The name was approved by the
5310:
2198:. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations (
757:
Mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1318:
Layered mesa, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
547:, as seen by HiRISE. Scale bar is 1000 meters long.
5199:
5150:
5132:
5076:
5067:
5047:
5031:
4952:
4904:
4857:
4848:
4806:
4594:
4487:
4389:
4356:
4347:
2773:Hecht, M (2002). "Metastability of water on Mars".
40:
2372:
2370:
2210:; greens and blues are lower elevations (down to
3106:Salese, F.; Di Achille, F.; et al. (2016).
2424:USGS Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. Mars.
1019:Channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
1007:Channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
995:Channels, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
154:Mare Acidalium (Acidalian Sea) is the name of a
3619:Kreslavsky, Mikhail A.; Head, James W. (2002).
2100:
1043:Meandering stream showing early and later loops
415:Gullies, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
403:Gullies, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
342:Gullies, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
3922:"PIA03467: The MGS MOC Wide Angle Map of Mars"
1294:Layers, as seen by HiRISE under HiWish program
831:Close view of mud volcanoes, as seen by HiRISE
4316:
3954:
3840:"HiRISE | Spider Webs (ESP_046359_1250)"
2077:
8:
131:is found in Acidalium quadrangle. Parts of
19:
5073:
4854:
4353:
4323:
4309:
4301:
3961:
3947:
3939:
2338:University of Arizona Press: Tucson, 1992.
2070:
1994:
1242:Groundwater on Mars § Layered terrain
3801:
3743:
3644:
3603:
3399:
3197:
3131:
3019:
2978:
2643:
2594:
2569:Kostama, V.-P.; Kreslavsky, Head (2006).
3978:
3625:Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
5317:
2453:"Mars Global Surveyor MOC2-283 Release"
2327:
1327:
1248:
1118:
1099:
942:
879:
848:
761:
667:
519:
472:
270:Gullies and other features, as seen by
257:
231:
3858:hirise.lpl.arizona.edu?PSP_008437_1750
274:. The scale bar is 1,000 meters long.
31:Map of Mare Acidalium quadrangle from
18:
3875:. New York: Picador USA. p. 98.
7:
2059:. The map images were taken by the
2426:http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/
179:Planetary nomenclature § Mars
121:Lambert conformal conic projection
14:
2953:Farrand, W.; et al. (2005).
2491:Heldmann, J.; Mellon, M. (2004).
2377:Heldmann, J.; Mellon, M. (2004).
175:Classical albedo features on Mars
5320:
5293:
5282:
5281:
2994:Tanaka, K.; et al. (2003).
2167:
2007:
1463:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1377:
1365:
1349:
1330:
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1219:
1207:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1146:
1134:
1121:
1102:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
988:
976:
964:
945:
906:
894:
882:
864:Channels in Idaeus Fossae region
851:
836:
824:
812:
800:
788:
776:
764:
750:
738:
726:
714:
702:
690:
670:
644:
632:
620:
608:
596:
579:
567:
552:
537:
522:
499:
487:
475:
408:
396:
383:
371:
359:
347:
335:
323:
311:
295:
279:
260:
246:
234:
168:International Astronomical Union
25:
3584:Journal of Geophysical Research
3425:Journal of Geophysical Research
3164:Baker, V.; et al. (2015).
2925:. University of Arizona Press.
2202:); followed by pinks and reds (
109:United States Geological Survey
3698:(Press release). May 20, 2016.
3190:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.05.002
2618:Malin, M.; Edgett, K. (2001).
2349:http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/
1:
3522:10.1126/science.286.5447.2134
3487:10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00144-1
3366:Luo, W.; et al. (2017).
143:are also in this quadrangle.
113:Astrogeology Research Program
4738:Recurring slope lineae (RSL)
3565:10.1016/0019-1035(89)90027-4
3339:10.1016/0019-1035(79)90123-4
3084:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.03.031
2716:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.07.030
2517:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.11.024
2403:10.1016/j.icarus.2003.11.024
2190:Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
955:, as seen by CTX camera (on
683:MOC Public Targeting Program
33:Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
5172:Inspiration Mars Foundation
2291:List of quadrangles on Mars
957:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
953:Sklodowska (Martian crater)
5364:
5207:Artificial objects on Mars
4281:
3981:
2311:Polygonal patterned ground
2055:is at the far left on the
1239:
1080:
936:
930:
454:Polygonal patterned ground
451:
448:Polygonal patterned ground
286:Context for next image of
172:
105:30 quadrangle maps of Mars
5343:Mare Acidalium quadrangle
5276:
5224:List of films set on Mars
5039:C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)
4836:Classical albedo features
4338:
4269:
4259:
4249:
4239:
4229:
4219:
4207:
4197:
4187:
4177:
4167:
4157:
4147:
4137:
4125:
4115:
4105:
4095:
4085:
4075:
4065:
4055:
4043:
4033:
4023:
4013:
4003:
3993:
3976:
3578:Carr, Michael H. (2003).
2188:, based on data from the
2178:global topography of Mars
468:latitude dependent mantle
156:telescopic albedo feature
101:Mare Acidalium quadrangle
24:
20:Mare Acidalium quadrangle
5142:List of missions to Mars
3112:J. Geophys. Res. Planets
2919:Hugh H. Kieffer (1992).
2020:of Mars, defined by the
1356:Enlargement of cliff in
1324:Other landscape features
184:Physiography and geology
5300:Solar System portal
3871:Morton, Oliver (2002).
3304:10.1029/jb084ib06p02995
2016:of the 30 cartographic
205:is only 18 miles wide.
4914:Solar eclipses on Mars
4773:"Swiss cheese" feature
4629:Concentric crater fill
3897:"Online Atlas of Mars"
3682:10.1006/icar.2001.6671
2795:10.1006/icar.2001.6794
2256:
1455:Other Mars quadrangles
933:Valley networks (Mars)
222:or left over from old
103:is one of a series of
96:
87:(far upper right) and
3372:Nature Communications
2174:Interactive image map
2165:
1083:Mars ocean hypothesis
82:
5114:Permanent settlement
3646:10.1029/2001JE001831
3605:10.1029/2002JE001963
3133:10.1002/2015JE004891
3021:10.1029/2002JE001908
2980:10.1029/2004JE002297
2760:10.1029/2000gl012093
2681:10.1029/2002JE002005
2645:10.1029/2000je001455
2630:(E10): 23429–23540.
2596:10.1029/2006GL025946
2195:Mars Global Surveyor
2092:Interactive Mars map
2061:Mars Global Surveyor
679:Mars Global Surveyor
195:Mars Global Surveyor
95:area (bottom right).
5256:Timekeeping on Mars
4933:Planetary transits
4918:Satellite transits
4831:Observation history
4679:Lobate debris apron
3970:Quadrangles on Mars
3901:Ralphaeschliman.com
3786:2016NatSR...625106R
3728:2016NatSR...625106R
3674:2001Icar..154...40C
3637:2002JGRE..107.5121K
3596:2003JGRE..108.5042C
3557:1989Icar...82..111P
3514:1999Sci...286.2134H
3508:(5447): 2134–2137.
3479:2003Icar..165...53F
3437:1993JGR....9811061P
3392:10.1038/ncomms15766
3384:2017NatCo...815766L
3331:1979Icar...37..156K
3296:1979JGR....84.2995C
3253:1991Natur.352..589B
3182:2015Geomo.245..149B
3124:2016JGRE..121..194S
3076:2010Icar..208..636O
3012:2003JGRE..108.8043T
2971:2005JGRE..110.5005F
2890:10.1038/nature02114
2882:2003Natur.426..797H
2822:2001Natur.412..411M
2787:2002Icar..156..373H
2752:2001GeoRL..28..899S
2708:2005Icar..174..336M
2673:2003JGRE..108.5057M
2636:2001JGR...10623429M
2587:2006GeoRL..3311201K
2553:"Refubium - Search"
2509:2004Icar..168..285H
2395:2004Icar..168..285H
2039: /
1554: /
1520: /
1486: /
1341:system, as seen by
58: /
21:
4170:Margaritifer Sinus
3774:Scientific Reports
3716:Scientific Reports
2740:Geophys. Res. Lett
2575:Geophys. Res. Lett
2542:by GoogleAdvertise
2257:
423:Zion National Park
97:
5308:
5307:
5261:Sol (day on Mars)
5229:Martian scientist
5212:Memorials on Mars
5195:
5194:
5166:The Case for Mars
5063:
5062:
4844:
4843:
4778:Terrain softening
4743:Ring mold craters
4711:North Polar Basin
4634:Dark slope streak
4479:Vastitas Borealis
4376:Dust devil tracks
4298:
4297:
4293:
4292:
3794:10.1038/srep25106
3736:10.1038/srep25106
3631:(E12): 4–1–4–25.
3445:10.1029/93je00618
3247:(6336): 589–594.
2932:978-0-8165-1257-7
2876:(6968): 797–802.
2816:(6845): 411–414.
2242:Mars Memorial map
2200:+12 to +8 km
1074:and northwestern
434:Ptolemaeus Crater
129:Acidalia Planitia
77:
76:
5355:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5298:
5297:
5296:
5285:
5284:
5159:The Mars Project
5074:
5022:
5012:
5002:
4980:
4978:
4977:
4855:
4716:Ocean hypothesis
4566:Outflow channels
4354:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4302:
3979:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3918:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3907:
3893:
3887:
3886:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3464:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3403:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3261:10.1038/352589a0
3236:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3201:
3161:
3155:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2950:
2944:
2943:
2941:
2939:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2830:10.1038/35086515
2805:
2799:
2798:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2720:
2719:
2691:
2685:
2684:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2615:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2469:. Archived from
2463:
2457:
2456:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2374:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2254:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2204:+8 to +3 km
2201:
2183:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2099:
2079:
2072:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2032:
2012:
2011:
2010:
1998:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1491:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1467:
1445:
1433:
1421:
1409:
1397:
1381:
1369:
1353:
1334:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1223:
1211:
1198:
1186:
1174:
1162:
1150:
1138:
1125:
1115:Fractured ground
1106:
1052:
1040:
1028:
1016:
1004:
992:
980:
968:
949:
939:Outflow channels
910:
898:
886:
855:
840:
828:
816:
804:
792:
780:
768:
754:
742:
730:
718:
706:
694:
674:
648:
636:
624:
612:
600:
583:
571:
556:
545:Bonestell Crater
541:
526:
503:
491:
479:
436:Rim, as seen by
412:
400:
387:
375:
363:
351:
339:
327:
315:
299:
283:
264:
250:
238:
73:
72:
70:
69:
68:
63:
59:
56:
55:
54:
51:
29:
22:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5321:
5319:
5311:
5309:
5304:
5294:
5292:
5272:
5266:Darian calendar
5191:
5146:
5128:
5059:
5043:
5027:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4975:
4974:
4971:
4948:
4900:
4894:Voltaire crater
4872:Stickney crater
4840:
4802:
4644:Fretted terrain
4590:
4490:
4483:
4444:Sinus Meridiani
4429:Planum Australe
4404:Cerberus (Mars)
4385:
4343:
4341:Outline of Mars
4334:
4329:
4299:
4294:
4286:
4274:
4264:
4254:
4244:
4234:
4224:
4212:
4202:
4192:
4182:
4172:
4162:
4152:
4150:Phoenicis Lacus
4142:
4130:
4120:
4110:
4100:
4090:
4080:
4070:
4060:
4048:
4038:
4028:
4018:
4008:
3998:
3986:
3972:
3967:
3937:
3927:
3925:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3905:
3903:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3883:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3838:
3837:
3833:
3828:. May 19, 2016.
3824:
3823:
3819:
3766:
3765:
3761:
3708:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3693:
3689:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3542:
3541:
3537:
3499:
3498:
3494:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3452:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3316:
3315:
3311:
3284:J. Geophys. Res
3281:
3280:
3276:
3238:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3095:
3091:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3000:J. Geophys. Res
2993:
2992:
2988:
2959:J. Geophys. Res
2952:
2951:
2947:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2807:
2806:
2802:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2661:J. Geophys. Res
2658:
2657:
2653:
2624:J. Geophys. Res
2617:
2616:
2612:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2555:
2551:
2550:
2546:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2524:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2476:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2342:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2320:
2296:Martian Gullies
2271:Climate of Mars
2266:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2236:Mars Rovers map
2232:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2181:
2166:
2164:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2014:Clickable image
2006:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1879:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1818:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1774:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1664:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1650:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1615:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1571:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1437:
1434:
1425:
1422:
1413:
1410:
1401:
1398:
1389:
1382:
1373:
1370:
1361:
1354:
1345:
1335:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1307:
1304:
1295:
1292:
1283:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1244:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1203:
1199:
1190:
1187:
1178:
1175:
1166:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1142:
1139:
1130:
1126:
1117:
1110:
1107:
1090:
1085:
1072:Chryse Planitia
1063:
1056:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1032:
1029:
1020:
1017:
1008:
1005:
996:
993:
984:
981:
972:
969:
960:
950:
941:
935:
921:
914:
911:
902:
899:
890:
887:
866:
859:
856:
845:
841:
832:
829:
820:
817:
808:
805:
796:
793:
784:
781:
772:
769:
758:
755:
746:
743:
734:
731:
722:
719:
710:
707:
698:
695:
686:
675:
659:
652:
649:
640:
637:
628:
625:
616:
613:
604:
601:
592:
584:
575:
572:
563:
557:
548:
542:
533:
530:Kunowsky Crater
527:
514:
507:
504:
495:
492:
483:
480:
456:
450:
416:
413:
404:
401:
392:
388:
379:
376:
367:
364:
355:
352:
343:
340:
331:
328:
319:
316:
307:
300:
291:
284:
275:
268:Acidalia Colles
265:
254:
251:
242:
239:
229:
211:
186:
181:
173:Main articles:
170:(IAU) in 1958.
152:
141:Chryse Planitia
66:
64:
60:
57:
52:
49:
47:
45:
44:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5361:
5359:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5335:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5306:
5305:
5303:
5302:
5289:
5277:
5274:
5273:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5263:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5177:Mars Institute
5174:
5169:
5162:
5154:
5152:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5144:
5138:
5136:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5071:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5060:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5049:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4983:
4982:
4981:
4964:
4958:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4947:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4939:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4916:
4910:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4896:
4891:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4863:
4861:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4753:Seasonal flows
4750:
4748:Rootless cones
4745:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4723:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4578:
4576:Valley network
4573:
4568:
4563:
4561:Observed rocks
4558:
4557:
4556:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4495:
4493:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4474:Ultimi Scopuli
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4454:Terra Cimmeria
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4362:
4360:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4279:
4278:
4268:
4258:
4248:
4238:
4228:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4200:Mare Tyrrhenum
4196:
4186:
4176:
4166:
4156:
4146:
4135:
4134:
4124:
4114:
4104:
4094:
4084:
4074:
4064:
4053:
4052:
4042:
4032:
4026:Ismenius Lacus
4022:
4012:
4002:
3991:
3990:
3977:
3974:
3973:
3968:
3966:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3943:
3936:
3935:
3913:
3888:
3881:
3863:
3845:
3831:
3817:
3759:
3701:
3687:
3652:
3611:
3570:
3551:(1): 111–145.
3535:
3492:
3450:
3415:
3358:
3355:. 5 June 2017.
3344:
3325:(1): 156–181.
3309:
3274:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3156:
3147:
3118:(2): 194–232.
3098:
3089:
3070:(2): 636–657.
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
2986:
2945:
2931:
2911:
2860:
2851:
2800:
2781:(2): 373–386.
2765:
2746:(5): 899–902.
2730:
2721:
2702:(2): 336–359.
2686:
2651:
2610:
2581:(11): L11201.
2561:
2544:
2531:
2522:
2503:(2): 285–304.
2483:
2458:
2444:
2430:
2417:
2408:
2389:(2): 285–304.
2366:
2353:
2340:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2231:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2074:
2066:
2064:
2002:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1964:
1957:
1950:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1705:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1638:Ismenius Lacus
1635:
1628:
1624:Mare Acidalium
1621:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1538:
1504:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1386:HiWish program
1383:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1346:
1336:
1329:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1250:
1240:Main article:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1101:
1089:
1086:
1081:Main article:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1011:
1009:
1006:
999:
997:
994:
987:
985:
982:
975:
973:
970:
963:
961:
951:
944:
937:Main article:
931:Main article:
920:
917:
916:
915:
912:
905:
903:
900:
893:
891:
888:
881:
865:
862:
861:
860:
857:
850:
847:
846:
842:
835:
833:
830:
823:
821:
818:
811:
809:
806:
799:
797:
794:
787:
785:
782:
775:
773:
770:
763:
760:
759:
756:
749:
747:
744:
737:
735:
732:
725:
723:
720:
713:
711:
708:
701:
699:
696:
689:
687:
676:
669:
658:
655:
654:
653:
650:
643:
641:
638:
631:
629:
626:
619:
617:
614:
607:
605:
602:
595:
593:
589:Terra Cimmeria
585:
578:
576:
573:
566:
564:
560:Arandas Crater
558:
551:
549:
543:
536:
534:
528:
521:
513:
510:
509:
508:
505:
498:
496:
493:
486:
484:
481:
474:
452:Main article:
449:
446:
418:
417:
414:
407:
405:
402:
395:
393:
389:
382:
380:
377:
370:
368:
365:
358:
356:
353:
346:
344:
341:
334:
332:
329:
322:
320:
317:
310:
308:
304:HiWish program
301:
294:
292:
288:Bamberg crater
285:
278:
276:
266:
259:
256:
255:
252:
245:
243:
240:
233:
210:
207:
185:
182:
151:
150:Origin of name
148:
93:Cydonia Mensae
75:
74:
42:
38:
37:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5360:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5328:
5318:
5314:
5301:
5290:
5288:
5279:
5278:
5275:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5258:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5161:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5149:
5143:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:Human mission
5107:
5105:
5104:Sample return
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5056:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5021:
5014:
5011:
5004:
5001:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4979:
4970:
4969:
4968:
4967:Mars-crossers
4965:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4955:
4951:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4783:Tharsis bulge
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4721:Ore resources
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4690:
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4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
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4672:
4670:
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4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
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4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4614:Chaos terrain
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4604:Brain terrain
4602:
4601:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
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4562:
4559:
4555:
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4551:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4519:Chaos terrain
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4492:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
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4467:
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4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4434:Planum Boreum
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4424:Olympia Undae
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Eridania Lake
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4382:
4379:
4377:
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4369:
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4364:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4312:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4289:
4285:
4284:Mare Australe
4280:
4277:
4273:
4267:
4263:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4181:
4180:Sinus Sabaeus
4175:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4119:
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4079:
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4069:
4063:
4059:
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4051:
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4021:
4017:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3989:
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3975:
3971:
3964:
3959:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3902:
3898:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3882:0-312-24551-3
3878:
3874:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3849:
3846:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3813:
3809:
3804:
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3795:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
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3760:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3737:
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3729:
3725:
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3713:
3705:
3702:
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3688:
3683:
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3656:
3653:
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3642:
3638:
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3606:
3601:
3597:
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3503:
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3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3451:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3431:(E6): 11061.
3430:
3426:
3419:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
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3301:
3297:
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3289:
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3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3217:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3170:Geomorphology
3167:
3160:
3157:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3093:
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3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3058:
3055:
3049:
3046:
3040:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2987:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2946:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
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2875:
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2855:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
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2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2801:
2796:
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2784:
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2776:
2769:
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2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2655:
2652:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2611:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2562:
2554:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2523:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2484:
2473:on 2016-10-01
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2322:
2317:
2316:Water on Mars
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Impact crater
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2237:
2229:
2228:Polar regions
2225:
2221:
2217:
2206:); yellow is
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2179:
2175:
2091:
2080:
2075:
2073:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2052:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1988:Mare Australe
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1567:
1533:
1499:
1466:
1454:
1444:
1439:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1415:
1408:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1314:
1309:
1302:
1297:
1290:
1285:
1278:
1273:
1266:
1261:
1254:
1249:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1087:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
991:
986:
979:
974:
967:
962:
958:
954:
948:
943:
940:
934:
929:
926:
918:
909:
904:
897:
892:
885:
880:
878:
876:
872:
863:
854:
849:
839:
834:
827:
822:
815:
810:
803:
798:
791:
786:
779:
774:
767:
762:
753:
748:
741:
736:
729:
724:
717:
712:
705:
700:
693:
688:
684:
680:
673:
668:
666:
664:
663:mud volcanoes
657:Mud volcanoes
656:
647:
642:
635:
630:
623:
618:
611:
606:
599:
594:
590:
582:
577:
570:
565:
561:
555:
550:
546:
540:
535:
531:
525:
520:
518:
511:
502:
497:
490:
485:
478:
473:
471:
469:
465:
461:
455:
447:
445:
441:
439:
435:
429:
427:
424:
411:
406:
399:
394:
386:
381:
374:
369:
362:
357:
350:
345:
338:
333:
326:
321:
314:
309:
305:
298:
293:
289:
282:
277:
273:
269:
263:
258:
249:
244:
237:
232:
230:
227:
225:
221:
216:
208:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
183:
180:
176:
171:
169:
165:
161:
157:
149:
147:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
124:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
94:
90:
86:
81:
71:
43:
39:
34:
28:
23:
5327:Solar System
5246:Life on Mars
5241:Flag of Mars
5182:Mars Society
5164:
5157:
5124:Terraforming
5119:Colonization
4889:Swift crater
4731:polar wander
4459:Terra Sabaea
4399:Arabia Terra
4108:Syrtis Major
4015:
3928:December 16,
3926:. Retrieved
3916:
3906:December 16,
3904:. Retrieved
3900:
3891:
3872:
3866:
3857:
3848:
3834:
3820:
3777:
3773:
3762:
3719:
3715:
3704:
3690:
3668:(1): 40–79.
3665:
3661:
3655:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3590:(E5): 5042.
3587:
3583:
3573:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3473:(1): 53–67.
3470:
3466:
3453:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3347:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3290:: 2995–300.
3287:
3283:
3277:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3225:
3216:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3150:
3115:
3111:
3101:
3092:
3067:
3063:
3057:
3048:
3039:
3030:
3006:(E4): 8043.
3003:
2999:
2989:
2962:
2958:
2948:
2936:. Retrieved
2921:
2914:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2854:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2778:
2774:
2768:
2743:
2739:
2733:
2724:
2699:
2695:
2689:
2667:(E6): 5057.
2664:
2660:
2654:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2547:
2534:
2525:
2500:
2496:
2486:
2475:. Retrieved
2471:the original
2461:
2447:
2433:
2420:
2411:
2386:
2382:
2356:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2193:
1834:Margaritifer
1750:Syrtis Major
1623:
1616:
1358:Kasei Valles
1339:Kasei Valles
1245:
1235:
1094:
1091:
1076:Arabia Terra
1064:
922:
869:between the
867:
660:
515:
457:
442:
430:
419:
228:
212:
203:Grand Canyon
199:Kasei Valles
191:Face on Mars
187:
153:
145:
137:Arabia Terra
125:
107:used by the
100:
98:
5069:Exploration
4991:5261 Eureka
4659:Groundwater
4624:Composition
4449:Tempe Terra
4439:Quadrangles
4366:Circulation
4222:Phaethontis
4078:Lunae Palus
3984:Mare Boreum
3176:: 149–182.
2301:Mud volcano
2233:(See also:
2230:are noted.
2046: /
2018:quadrangles
1904:Phaethontis
1708:Lunae Palus
1582:Mare Boreum
1561: /
1527: /
1493: /
460:Sublimation
133:Tempe Terra
65: /
62:47.5°N 30°W
41:Coordinates
16:Map of Mars
5337:Categories
4726:Polar caps
4706:Mud cracks
4689:Meteorites
4674:Lava tubes
4609:Carbonates
4544:Labyrinthi
4419:Iani Chaos
4358:Atmosphere
4288:(features)
4276:(features)
4266:(features)
4256:(features)
4246:(features)
4236:(features)
4226:(features)
4214:(features)
4204:(features)
4194:(features)
4184:(features)
4174:(features)
4164:(features)
4154:(features)
4144:(features)
4132:(features)
4122:(features)
4112:(features)
4102:(features)
4092:(features)
4088:Oxia Palus
4082:(features)
4072:(features)
4062:(features)
4050:(features)
4040:(features)
4030:(features)
4020:(features)
4010:(features)
4000:(features)
3988:(features)
2965:(E5): 14.
2477:2009-02-19
2323:References
2212:−8 km
2192:on NASA's
2186:elevations
2182:your mouse
1722:Oxia Palus
681:under the
117:quadrangle
5251:Sub-Earth
5234:Mythology
5187:Mars race
4954:Asteroids
4850:Astronomy
4821:Hesperian
4816:Amazonian
4788:Volcanism
4763:Spherules
4684:Marsquake
4639:Dichotomy
4554:by height
4549:Mountains
4349:Geography
4232:Thaumasia
4016:Acidalium
3780:: 25106.
3722:: 25106.
3378:: 15766.
3142:130651090
2224:longitude
2208:0 km
2043:0°N 180°W
1918:Thaumasia
1876:Tyrrhenum
1806:Phoenicis
1558:90°N -0°E
1490:0°N 180°W
1337:Cliff in
925:Mariner 9
875:Hesperian
85:Lomonosov
67:47.5; -30
5287:Category
5151:Advocacy
5134:Missions
5077:Concepts
4906:Transits
4877:Monolith
4826:Noachian
4798:Yardangs
4694:on Earth
4654:Glaciers
4499:"Canals"
4491:features
4489:Physical
4272:Eridania
4160:Coprates
4140:Memnonia
4118:Amenthes
4058:Amazonis
4046:Cebrenia
3812:27196957
3754:27196957
3530:10591640
3410:28580943
3208:29176917
2898:14685228
2838:11473309
2605:17229252
2264:See also
2220:latitude
2180:. Hover
1974:Eridania
1820:Coprates
1792:Memnonia
1764:Amenthes
1680:Amazonis
1666:Cebrenia
1524:0°N -0°E
1068:Tsunamis
919:Channels
871:Noachian
224:glaciers
89:Kunowsky
5219:Fiction
5200:Related
5094:Landing
5089:Orbiter
5048:General
5017:2007 NS
5007:1999 UJ
4997:1998 VF
4986:Trojans
4973:2007 WD
4962:Impacts
4942:Mercury
4808:History
4768:Surface
4699:on Mars
4664:Gullies
4649:Geysers
4596:Geology
4586:Gravity
4581:Valleys
4534:Gullies
4524:Craters
4514:Catenae
4509:Canyons
4464:Tharsis
4409:Cydonia
4391:Regions
4381:Methane
4371:Climate
4252:Noachis
4190:Iapygia
4128:Elysium
4068:Tharsis
4006:Arcadia
3996:Diacria
3803:4872529
3782:Bibcode
3745:4872529
3724:Bibcode
3670:Bibcode
3633:Bibcode
3592:Bibcode
3553:Bibcode
3510:Bibcode
3502:Science
3475:Bibcode
3433:Bibcode
3401:5465386
3380:Bibcode
3327:Bibcode
3292:Bibcode
3269:4321529
3249:Bibcode
3199:5701759
3178:Bibcode
3120:Bibcode
3072:Bibcode
3008:Bibcode
2967:Bibcode
2938:7 March
2906:2355534
2878:Bibcode
2846:4409161
2818:Bibcode
2783:Bibcode
2748:Bibcode
2704:Bibcode
2669:Bibcode
2632:Bibcode
2583:Bibcode
2505:Bibcode
2391:Bibcode
2251:discuss
2176:of the
2057:equator
2048:0; -180
1946:Noachis
1862:Iapygia
1848:Sabaeus
1778:Elysium
1694:Tharsis
1610:Arcadia
1596:Diacria
1495:0; -180
512:Craters
464:dry ice
220:aquifer
209:Gullies
160:Boeotia
111:(USGS)
53:30°00′W
50:47°30′N
5313:Portal
5291:
5280:
5032:Comets
4927:Deimos
4922:Phobos
4884:Deimos
4867:Phobos
4571:Plains
4539:Mensae
4529:Fossae
4282:MC-30
4270:MC-29
4262:Hellas
4260:MC-28
4250:MC-27
4242:Argyre
4240:MC-26
4230:MC-25
4220:MC-24
4210:Aeolis
4208:MC-23
4198:MC-22
4188:MC-21
4178:MC-20
4168:MC-19
4158:MC-18
4148:MC-17
4138:MC-16
4126:MC-15
4116:MC-14
4106:MC-13
4098:Arabia
4096:MC-12
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4076:MC-10
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4036:Casius
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4024:MC-05
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4004:MC-03
3994:MC-02
3982:MC-01
3879:
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3662:Icarus
3545:Icarus
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2810:Nature
2775:Icarus
2696:Icarus
2603:
2497:Icarus
2383:Icarus
2281:HiWish
2276:HiRISE
1960:Hellas
1932:Argyre
1890:Aeolis
1736:Arabia
1652:Casius
1563:90; -0
1343:HiRISE
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1095:pingos
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438:HiRISE
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215:HiRISE
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1939:MC-27
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1869:MC-22
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1771:MC-15
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1701:MC-10
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1061:Ocean
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5348:Mars
4758:Soil
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4332:Mars
3930:2012
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3877:ISBN
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3750:PMID
3526:PMID
3406:PMID
3204:PMID
2940:2011
2927:ISBN
2922:Mars
2894:PMID
2834:PMID
2247:view
2239:and
2222:and
2218:are
2216:Axes
2078:talk
2071:view
2022:USGS
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426:Utah
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3798:PMC
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3641:doi
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3257:doi
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3174:245
3128:doi
3116:121
3080:doi
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